A study of intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts of darby shaw in john grisham`s the pelican brief - USD Repository
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A STUDY OF INTRAPERSONAL AND INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS OF DARBY SHAW IN JOHN GRISHAM’S THE PELICAN BRIEF A THESIS
Presented as partial Fulfillment of the Requirements To obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education.
By Dodik Prianggo Dono Saliro Student Number: 01 1214 103 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank God for blessing me through my life. I have finally finished this study.
My deepest gratitude is expressed to my major sponsor, Drs. L. Bambang
Hendarto Y, M.Hum, for giving his valuable time during his busy days to correct
and discuss my paper. I thank him for his patience, support, suggestion, and valuable criticism in guiding me to complete this study.
I would also like to thank all the lecturers of English Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University for sharing their knowledge during my study.
I also thank the secretary and library staffs for their good services and friendliness.
With lots of love, I dedicate this paper to my wonderful family. I am sincerely grateful to my beloved parents Bapak Ignatius Sudradjad and Ibu
Iswanti Wiryo Suprapto, for their endless love, prayers, and supports in my life,
especially in my study. I am sorry for taking a long time to finish my study. I also thank my lovely brothers and sister, Irwan Febriantoro, Kunanti, and Androeigo
Mardhotilla for their support, and love. For My Beloved Grandpa and Grandma,
Alm. S. Wiryo Suprapto and Partinah Wiryo Suprapto, The big family of
Wiryo Suprapto, Yohanes Daryanta and Family, Atmo Martono’s Family.My special thanks so to my beloved girlfriend, the one and only, Martina
Asri Sasongko Irmawati for always being there for me, for her love, support and
patience and for all the beautiful and sad times we have spent together.PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
“Coly”, Rismanto ‘Texex’, Lintang, Nanda, ‘Lambhe, Tommy, Bonchu, Doni,
Gowest, Bebe Belgiano, The Bangirejoez, Heineken F.C. I thank them for their
endless, happiest and craziest friendship. My appreciation also goes to my friends in PBI: ‘Memex’, Noo-chie , Reny, Rara, Ukhe, Nophie, Ratri, Ale, Catur, Henry,
Kris and etc. I am honored to have such friends as them. I am so blessed to have
friends like them. Knowing them makes my life more colorful.I would like to thank my SPD’s team, The Incredibles, my Play Performance’s group, AVANTASIA, and also my PPL 2 and KKN’s friends for sharing experiences and time with me.
Last but not least, I would like to thank those whose names are not mentioned on this page. I thank them for their contribution, support and prayer to me.
Dodik Prianggo DS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i
PAGES OF APPROVAL ................................................................................. ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY .............................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. vii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... ix
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................ 1
1.2 Problem Formulation............................................................................... 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study............................................................................ 4
1.4 Benefits of the Study .............................................................................. 4
1.5 Definition of Terms ................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................... 6
2.1 Review on Related Theories ...................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Character and Characterization ......................................................... 6
2.1.1.1 Definitions of Character ................................................................ 6
2.1.1.1. Types of Characters ............................................................ 7
2.1.1.2 Characterization ............................................................................. 8
2.1.2 Critical Approach .............................................................................. 11
2.1.3 Conflict .............................................................................................. 12
2.1.3.1 Psychological Theories of Conflict ............................................... 12
2.1.3.2 Kinds of Conflict ........................................................................... 13
2.1.3.3 Conflict Resolution ........................................................................ 14
2.1.3.3.1 Private Decision Making by Parties......................................... 14
2.1.3.3.2 Private Third-Party Decision Making ...................................... 16
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2.1.3.3.3 Extralegal Approach................................................................. 16
2.2 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................. 17
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ............................................................... 19
3.1 Subject Matter ........................................................................................... 19
3.2 Approach .................................................................................................... 20
3.3 Methods of the study ................................................................................. 21
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 23
4.1 Darby Shaw’s Characterization.................................................................. 23
4.1.1 Beautiful ........................................................................................... 23
4.1.2 Clever ............................................................................................... 25
4.1.3 Brave ................................................................................................ 27
4.1.4 Diligent ............................................................................................. 28
4.1.1 Caring ............................................................................................... 30
4.2 Darby Shaw’s Conflicts and Resolutions.................................................. 32
4.2.1 Intra-personal Conflicts .................................................................... 32
4.2.1.1 Conflict on Thomas Callahan’s Death ....................................... 33
4.2.1.2 On the car Explosion .................................................................. 35
4.2.1.3 Believing in Grantham ............................................................... 37
4.2.1.4 In Solving the Case .................................................................... 39
4.2.2 Interpersonal Conflicts ..................................................................... 41
4.2.2.1 Against Callahan ........................................................................ 41
4.2.2.2 Against the Killer ....................................................................... 43
4.2.2.3 Against FBI ................................................................................ 45
4.2.2.1 Against Grantham ...................................................................... 46
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................. 48
A. Conclusion ............................................................................................. 48 B. Suggestion .............................................................................................. 50PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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2. Suggestion for Teaching English Using Literature ........................... 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 53
APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 54
APPENDIX 1. Lesson Plan for Teaching Speaking Using The Pelican Brief . 55
APPENDIX 2. Material for Teaching Speaking Using The Pelican Brief ....... 57
APPENDIX 3. The Summary of The Pelican Brief.......................................... 60
APPENDIX 4. Biography of John Grisham ..................................................... 62
APPENDIX 5 John Grisham’s Booklists......................................................... 65
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ABSTRACT
Prianggo, Dodik. 2008. A Study of Intrapersonal and Interpersonal conflicts of
Darby Shaw in John Grisham’s The Pelican Brief. Yogyakarta: English Language
Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.This thesis analyzes a twenty four-year-old beautiful and diligent woman named Darby Shaw, who is the main character of John Grisham’s novel entitled The Pelican Brief. She faces both intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts and tries hard to solve them. In the beginning of the story two Supreme Court Justices, Rosenberg and Jensen, are murdered. Darby Shaw, who is clever, starts an investigation in different libraries for some days and opens file about her theory why Rosenberg and Jensen are killed. Her theory is completely true.
This thesis aims (1) to describe Darby Shaw’s characteristics, and (2) Darby Shaw’s solve both intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts she faces. There were two kinds of sources used, namely, primary and secondary sources. The primary source was the novel, The Pelican Brief. Some relevant references such as psychological theories, literary theories and theory of critical approach were the secondary sources. Those theories were used to analyze the novel. The psychological approach was applied, because it was the most appropriate one to observe the main character’s personality in this novel.
Based on the analysis of this study, Darby Shaw is described as beautiful, clever, brave and diligent woman. She wants to prove to everybody that the president of FBI, named Mattiece, is the actor behind the all tragedy. Darby Shaw is experiences various intra-personal conflicts. The conflicts are on believing in Thomas Callahan’s death, on the car explosion, believing Grantham and in solving the case. Darby Shaw experiences many interpersonal conflicts. They are conflict between Darby Shaw and outside powers such as Callahan, the killer, FBI, and Grantham. She can solve them all. She mostly uses negotiation method to solve her intra-personal conflict.
Although Darby Shaw experiences many conflicts, she can resolve them because she is a clever. In resolving her conflicts, she uses negotiation, and mediation process.
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ABSTRAK
Prianggo, Dodik. 2008. A Study of Intrapersonal and Interpersonal conflicts of
Darby Shaw in John Grisham’s The Pelican Brief. Yogyakarta: Program Studi
Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Sanata Dharma. Yogyakarta.Tesis ini mendiskusikan tentang wanita cantik dan rajin yang berusia 24 tahun bernama Darby Shaw. Tak lain adalah tokoh utama dalam novel John Grisham yang berjudul The Pelican Brief. Dia menghadapi dua konflik sekaligus yakni intrapersonal dan interpersonal dan berusaha keras untuk menyelesaikannya. Di awal cerita terjadi pembunuhan dua mahkamah agung, Rosenberg dan Jensen. Darby shaw untuk memulai pemeriksaan di perpustakaan yang berbeda untuk beberapa hari dan membuka file tentang mengapa rosenberg dan Jensen dibunuh. Teori yang didapatnya ternyata tepat.
Tujuan dari tesis ini (1) menggambarkan Darby shaw's karakteristik, dan (2) memecahkan kedua konflik, intrapersonal dan interpersonal. Ada dua jenis sumber yang digunakan, Sumber utama dan sumber kedua. Sumber utama novel, "Pelican
Brief ". Beberapa referensi seperti teori psikologi, Teori literatur dan Teori “critical
approach”. Teori itu digunakan dalam menganalisa novel. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori tentang psikologi karena teori ini yang sangat penting untuk menganalisa kejiwaan dari tokoh utama dalam novel ini.
Berdasarkan analisis ini, Darby Shaw digambarkan sebagai wanita cantik, pintar, berani dan rajin. Dia ingin membuktikan ke setiap orang bahwa presiden FBI, Bernama Mattiece, adalah aktor di belakang semua tragedi pembunuhan. Darby mengalami berbagai macam konflik intrapersonal. Konflik itu adalah kematian Thomas Callaghan dalam ledakan mobil, mempercayai Grantham dalam pemecahan masalah. Darby juga mengalami benyak konflik interpersonal, yaitu konflik dirinya dengan Callahan, the killer, FBI, and Grantham. Dia dapat memecahkan itu semua. Kebanyakan Darby menggunakan cara negosiasi dalam memecahkan semua persoalan itu.
Meskipun Darby Shaw mengalami berbagai macam konflik, dia dapat menyelesaikannya semua karena dia pintar dan cekatan. Dalam pemecahan semua masalah dia menggunakan proses negosiasi dan mediasi.
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of five parts. Those are background of the study, problem
formulation, and objectives of the study, benefits and definition of terms. The first
part is background of the study, which discusses the reasons of why I chose the topic
of this study and the need for analyzing the topic. The second part is problem
formulation, which expresses the general description of the problems that would be
analyzed in this thesis. The third part states the objectives of the study that explains
the goals of the study. The fourth part describes the benefits of the study and the last
part is the definition of terms. In this part, some key words which are related to the
study would be defined based on valid references.1.1 Background of the Study
Everybody knows that human cannot live alone. Everybody needs to interact
with other people. In order to be able to survive with his or her lives, everybody
needs someone else. However, every condition may lead to the fact that everybody
might encounter problems when building relations with others. As we know, in
social interaction someone is experiencing may cause her to have conflict within
herself and with the other people.According to Redman (1964, 363), conflicts can be divided into two types;
they are intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. First, intrapersonal conflict is a
conflict that arises within one self. Second, interpersonal conflict is a conflict that
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arises between someone and the power outside the character. We often have a
conflict that comes from us and outside, because situation creates us with the power
to gain our goal. Even though sometimes we cannot reach that goal, it may create
conflicts.An intrapersonal conflict usually happens because of the failure of doing
something. So, self evaluation, is needed when we have an intrapersonal conflict.
With self evaluation we can know how to achieve the goals based on our capability
and if we only have motivation but we forget our own potential, the process to
achieve the goals will be not effective.We live in the world and we always interact with other people who are
unique in personality and have different point of view, reaction, or response in facing
problem. Thus interpersonal conflict may happen when we try to interact or
communicate with people around us because they have their own habits and opinions
that may be against what we have, and the result is we will solve conflicts in our life.
According to Little (1982, 2) a novel as one of the literary works that can reflect
human’s life such as human conflicts. We can assume that literary work is the
expression of reality because it reflects human’s problem. It can describe how people
overcome or solve the problems or their conflicts in their life. Based on that fact, it is
interesting to discuss a novel entitled The Pelican Brief, because we can see many
conflicts that the main character faces; both interpersonal and intrapersonal.This novel tells about 24 year old beautiful and diligent woman named Darby
Shaw. In the beginning of the story two Supreme Court Justice, Rosenberg and
Jensen, are murdered. Darby Shaw who is clever enough starts an investigation in
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different libraries for some days and opens a file about her theory why Rosenberg
and Jensen are killed. Her theory is completely true.Darby Shaw writes a brief named "Pelican Brief" and shows the document to
Thomas Callahan. The man who can take the "Pelican Brief" brings it to the FBI, the
CIA and of course the White House. The president now has to restructure the Court
because of Rosenberg’s and Jensen's death. Mattiece, the president of FBI, becomes
aware of the "Pelican Brief" and decides to kill everyone who is involved in it to
keep his plans secretly. He hires a killer "Khamel", who also kills the two Supreme
Court Justices, to kill Darby Shaw and Thomas Callahan. Callahan is killed in a car
explosion. Darby is very suspicious because she knows that Thomas murderers
follow her.Darby Shaw runs away and phones Gray Grantham, a reporter, to help her to
make a list of people who have contributed the President’s campaign three years
before. The situation forces her to be a strong and clever, because if Darby is not
strong and clever the problem cannot be solved as soon as possible. She decides to
ask Gray Grantham for help to go to the office of the Washington Post where Gray
writes his story. After that contact Denton Voyles, Mattiece's lawyers and the White
House. The White House decides to tell everyone what Mattiece has done and denies
any connection between Mattiece and the President. FBI Director helps Darby to
leave the country unknown. Darby and Gray are safe at the island of St.Thomas.The Pelican Brief is an interesting novel to discuss because there are lots of
conflicts that the main character faces. The way she deals with conflicts which come
from within her and the people around her are interesting to analyze. That is why, I
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want to analyze her intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts in this novel and how
she deals with the conflicts.1.2 Problem Formulation
The problems of this study are formulated as follows:
1. How is the main character, Darby Shaw, described?
2. How does Darby Shaw solve both intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts?
1.3 Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are formulated as follows: 1. To find out the characteristics of the main character that described in the novel.
2. To find the conflict that Darby Shaw faces and to analyze how she deals with the conflicts
1.4 Benefits of the Study The benefits of the study are formulated as follows; First, I hope with this study
can help the readers understand the characters and kind of the conflicts are resolved.
In my opinion, this novel is good for literary analysis. Second, I expect that the result
of this writing will be useful for teaching literature and this study can be used as a
reference to introduce the students to some of the elements of the novel such as the
characters and their conflicts.PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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1.5 Definitions of Terms
To analyze this novel, there are four terms to define. These are character,
conflict, intrapersonal conflict and interpersonal conflict. To make the discussion
become easier, each will be described.1.5.1 Character According to Abrams (1981, 20) characters are persons or characteristics of
the figures that are presented in dramatic or narrative work, which are taken by the
reader of being capable with moral and character qualities and that are expressed in
the dialogue and the action. It means that characteristic of the character is the
important thing in the novel.1.5.2 Conflict According to Laurence Perrine (1974, 44) conflict means a clash of action, ideas,
and desires or wills between two characters or among the people in the society. In
this study, the main character is facing many problem both intrapersonal and
interpersonal conflicts.1.5.3 Intrapersonal Conflict and Interpersonal Conflict Stephen Worchel and Joel Cooper (1974, 499) define intrapersonal conflict as a
conflict within the individual. The terms in this study refer to the above definition.
While, interpersonal conflict refers to a conflict that can involve a competition
between two or more individuals in reaching a goal or it can involve a disagreement
as to the means for reaching a goal.PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents a review of related literature. It consists of the theory of
character and characterization, the theory of conflict and the theory of conflict
resolution.2.1 Review on related theories
This section is used as a basis to analyze the novel. It consists of the theory of
character and theory of characterization, which help to find out the description of the
main character. The theory of critical approach is also an important element in this
section to make a better understanding on the work of literature.2.1.1 Character and Characterization
2.1.1.1 Definitions of Character
A novel contains many characters. The characters are presented by the author
with physical or psychological appearances and through their behaviors and ways of
thinking to make them like ordinary human beings. Stanton (1965, 17) states that a
character is a person who does the action in a story. From the character itself the
readers can enjoy the development of the story from beginning to the end. Fictional
character of a story will lead the readers to imagine or may experience the course and
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7 Abrams (1981, 20) defines characters as people established in a literary work
that have “moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say –the
dialogue-and what they do –the action”. He also adds that the character in the novel
has similar disposition with the real human beings that can be found on their moral
and temperaments, which become the base or the reason of their actions and their
discourse. The characters in the literary works are created as living characters in the
fictional world.2.1.1.1.1 Types of characters
According to Milligan (1983, 155) character can be categorized into two
kinds based on their roles in a story, namely major and minor characters. The story
usually focuses on a major character because she/ he is the center of the story.
Whereas a minor character is character that appears only once or twice in the story
and their roles are less important than the major character. A major character in the
novel performs an important role, so the readers’ expectation depends on it. The
minor characters are those who appear in a certain setting, just necessarily to become
the background of the major characters. Their role is less important (Milligan 1983,
55)According to Foster in Abrams (1981, 85), there are two types of characters
that can be found in literature. Firstly type is “flat or simple character” that is built
around “a single idea or quality” and presented without much individualizing details.
Flat characters generally have a dominant characteristic and are not developed.
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8 Because they are not central to the plot, they do not change or grow. The term stock character is used to refer the characters that perform in repeating situations.
Secondly, a round or complex character is the one who is complex in
temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularly. Such a
character is difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in real life and like
real people. Round characters are more complex, many sided and life like than the
flat characters. Round characters are also complex and difficult to understand as
individual living people. Abrams (1981, 20) states that to some degree a round
characters posses many individual and unpredictable human traits. They may be
considered as dynamic; that is, they demonstrate their capacity to change or to grow.
Furthermore, a major character could be static or dynamic. A static character
is the one who changes little or not at all. Meanwhile, a dynamic character is a
character that undergoes any changes. The circumstance where the character lives
gives significant influences on their personality development.2.1.1.2 Characterization
Sometimes a character cannot easily be understood if we do not know what
characteristics inside the character are. To help us understand a character in details,
we have to know how the author characterizes them. It is important to understand the
process of revealing the character in order to figure out the description of the main
character. Character and characterization are tightly connected and they cannot be
separated. Characterization is a process by which an author creates a character
(Rohberger and Woods. Jr. 1971, 20). Therefore, to understand the character well,
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readers have to read the whole story and draw a conclusion from that. The author
usually just presents a brief description of the character. The rest is given to the
readers to increase their imagination about the character through the story.According to Perrine, to be convincing, characterization must also observe
three principles (1974, 69). The first principle is consistency in behavior that is
characters must not behave one way on one occasion and a different way on another
unless there is a clearly sufficient reason for the changes. The second is motivation;
characters should be motivated in whatever they do especially when there is any
change in their behavior. Readers must be able to understand the reason for what
they do if not immediately or at least by the end of the story. The last principle is
plausibility; characters must be plausible or lifelike. They must be relevant to the
readers. Characters must have some traits which are the same as those of human
beings in the real world.According to Murphy (1972, 161-173), there are nine ways of how an author
may reveal the characters’ personality. These methods will give significant
contribution to the readers in understanding the characters through characterization.
Those methods are personal descriptions, character as seen by another, speech, past
life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comments, thoughts, and mannerisms.The first is personal descriptions in which the author can describe a person’s
character from the appearance and clothes. The description is focused in our mind’s
eye and what is the physical appearance we see.PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10 The second method is character as seen by another. Using this method the
author describes a person/ character through the eyes and opinions of other
characters in the novel.The third method is speech. In this method the author can describe the
character through what that person says. Sometimes one’s characteristics can be
clearly seen through their words.The forth method is past life. The author can give us a clue to describe the
character through their past life events that have helped to shape that person’s
character.The fifth method is about conversation of others. Using this method the
author describes someone’s character through what they are talking about the person.
The sixth method is the character’s reactions in facing a problem became
people may have various ways to solves. Different people may have different ways.
From their reactions, we will also get some clues to describe a character.
The seventh method is direct comments. In this method; the author describes
or gives comment on a person’s character directly so that it would be very easy for
the reader to get the image of the character.The eighth method is thoughts. The author lets the readers know the
character’s personality by stating explicitly what is in the character’s mind or what
the character is thinking about. The readers are led to the mental process of the
character that conveys the idea.PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11 The last method is mannerisms. The author can describe the character’s
behavior and also his habits either the positive or the negative ones. From his or her
habits and behavior, the readers can know the reflection of his personality.2.1.2 Critical approach
According Rohberger and Woods Jr. (1971, 6-15), the theory of critical
approach involves five approaches. The first approach is the formalist approach; this
approach tries to examine the literature work reference to the fact of the author’s life
without reference to the genre of the work or its place in the development of the
genre or literary history, and without reference to its social milieu.The second approach is the biographical approach; this approach will guide
the readers to tries learning as much as they understand about the author’s life and
the development of the author.The third approach is the sociocultural-historical approach; it takes us to
analyze a novel based on the civilization that produces the novel. Civilization is
defined as the attitude and actions of a specific group of people. The subject matter
of the novel itself is their attitudes and actions.The forth is about the mythopoeic approach. Applying this approach the
readers analyze a novel by trying to discover certain universally recurrent patterns or
a human thought, which is found first expression in ancient myth and folk rites and
also basic to human thought that they have meaning for all characters. The last
approach is the psychological approach; the psychological approach brings us to
analyze the novel from psychological aspects.PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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2.1.3 Conflict
Conflict is something very common in our life. Almost everyday we experience
conflicts. Perrine (1974, 44) describes conflict as “a clash of action, ideas, desire, or
wills between two individuals or people in the society that can include, physical,
mental, emotional, or moral. “ While Kalish (1973, 450) states that conflict is a type
of stress as a result of two or more different needs. The satisfaction of one need leads
to the non satisfaction of another need, or the satisfaction of one need brings
unpleasant consequences.A novel as a reflection of human life experiences shows conflict in it. Meredith
and Fitzgerald (1972, 27) states “conflict is something which is unpleasant which has
happened or to be experienced by the character, and if the character has a free choice
to choose, he will not choose it”.2.1.3.1 Psychological theories of conflict
Atkinson and Hillgard (1983, 424) state that a major source of frustration is
conflict between two opposing motives. When two motives are in conflict, the
satisfaction of one leads to the frustration of the order. There are two kinds of
conflicts which could be happen in our daily life. Atkinson and Hillgard (1983, 424)
also state this in their book: Sometimes conflicts arise between a motive and a person’s internal standards rather than between two external goals. An individual’s desires may conflict with his or her standards of acceptable social behavior. Achievement motives may conflict with individual standards of helpful and cooperative; to succeed may require competing with – or even undermining collogues and associates (1983, 424)PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13 They also state that conflicts between motives and internal standards often can be more difficult to resolve than between external goals.
For example, words and sentences which are said by a man can influence
another man’s feeling and mind, whether he is happy or being hurt. If they cause a
conflict and it cannot be solved, third –party (mediator) is needed to help (Lim and
Corneval, 1990, 373). When the bad communications may lead a conflict, a good and
intense communication can be used as the media to resolve the differences among the
people who have the conflicts.2.1.3.2 Kinds of Conflict
Worchel and Cooper (1979, 460) use different terms in defining kinds of
conflicts. First is intrapersonal conflict. It is a conflict that arises within one
character. Second is interpersonal conflict it is a conflict that arises between the
characters with the power outside the character. They use the term intrapersonal
conflict to mean internal conflict and the term interpersonal conflict to mean external
conflict. Discussing further about intrapersonal conflict, they categorize this conflict
into four types.The first kind of conflict is approach-approach. This kind of conflict will
happen when someone is motivated to reach two positive goals or ambition but only
can attain one. This is a simple conflict that everyone usually faces, because an
individual only has to choose one goal from many equally attracting things.The second is avoidance-avoidance. This type of conflict usually happens
when someone must choose one goal from two unattractive goals. This conflict is
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difficult to resolve, since whenever he gets more pay attention to one negative goal
and the force to avoid those goals increases. The best way to resolve this type of
conflict is to get out from situation and refresh.The third is approach-avoidance. This kind of conflict involves only one goal,
which has both attractive and unattractive aspects associated with it. This conflict is
rather difficult to resolve as the individual’s own desire to both obtain the goal and
escape from it trap human.The last is double approach-avoidance. This type of conflict can involve
having to choose between two goals, each of which has positive and negative
aspects, or having to choose whether to approach or to avoid a goal that has two
positive and two negative aspects.2.1.3.3 Conflict Resolution
Everybody that has a conflict can generally resolve their dispute by a variety
of means. Conflict can arise in relationship easily. Every body who has a conflict
does not want to stay inside the conflict in for a long time. They want to solve their
conflicts as soon as possible in order to continue their peaceful life. In this analysis,
there are many ways to resolve the conflict. According to Moore (1999, 23) those
four continuums can be the strategy to resolve the conflict. Those are private
decision-making by parties, private third-party decision-making, legal authoritative
third-party decision making and extralegal coerced decision-making.PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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2.1.3.3.1 Private Decision Making by Parties
Private decision making by parties is explained into four ways. First is
avoidance, sometimes people prefer to interact with other with certain condition, or
they feel what it has less potential of conflict. They realize that there is something
important beneath it. They have the power to change the situation and believe that
the situation can be improved. Many people are likely to repress emotional reactions,
looking different view, or leave the situation totally.The second is informal problem-solving discussion. As we know when
avoidance is no longer possible and the pressure of the conflict grows stronger and
the parties have to solve the disagreements immediately. They can use informal
problem solving discussion to resolve their differences between the parties. The
consequence from these discussion is either the conflicts are resolved or less to the
satisfaction of the people that involved or dropped the conflicts immediately because
they are unable and do not have the capacity to make the resolution for it.The third is negotiation. This way is used by the parties to resolve of their
conflicts by communicating their interest between them. Negotiation is an option
which emotional degree and substantive polarization will make the process lead to a
conflict resolution.