Discussion on The Portrayal of The Protagonist of Jane Austen's 'Pride and Prejudice' and Anne Bronte's 'The Tenant of Wildfell Hall' Using Sociological Approach.

ABSTRACT

Dalam Tugas Akhir ini saya menganalisis elemen penokohan dari novel
Pride and Prejudice yang ditulis oleh Jane Austen dan novel The Tenant of
Wildfell Hall yang ditulis oleh Anne Brontë. Kedua tokoh utama wanita dari novel
ini digambarkan sebagai wanita yang memiliki karakter berbeda dari wanita pada
umumnya di awal abad ke sembilan belas di Inggris. Elizabeth Bennet, tokoh
utama di novel Pride and Prejudice, digambarkan sebagai wanita yang rasionil
(rational), tidak tunduk (incompliant), terang-terangan (outspoken), dan gigih
(persistent). Helen Graham, tokoh dari novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall,
digambarkan sebagai wanita yang berkemauan keras (strong-minded), berani
(brave), tidak bergantung kepada orang lain (independent), dan tidak tunduk
(incompliant). Meskipun terdapat beberapa perbedaan dalam hal penokohan,
kedua penulis ini sama-sama bertujuan mendorong pembacanya untuk berani
menjadi diri sendiri dibandingkan mengikuti stereotip yang dibuat oleh
masyarakat. Kedua penulis ini juga memberikan contoh melalui tokoh utamanya
bahwa wanita pun bisa bahagia sekalipun tidak tunduk kepada stereotip
masyarakat tentang wanita yang ideal.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

i

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Method of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Organization of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1
4

5
5
5

CHAPTER TWO: DISCUSSION ON THE PORTRAYAL OF THE
PROTAGONIST OF JANE AUSTEN’S PRIDE AND
PREJUDICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6

CHAPTER THREE: DISCUSSION ON THE PORTRAYAL OF THE
PROTAGONIST OF ANNE BRONTË’S THE TENANT OF
WILDFELL HALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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APPENDICES
Synopsis of Pride and Prejudice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Synopsis of The Tenant of Wildfell Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biography of Jane Austen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biography of Anne Brontë . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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41
42
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APPENDICES

Synopsis of Pride and Prejudice

Elizabeth Bennet is the second of five daughters of Mr Bennet - a country
gentleman living in Longbourn, and his wife. Having five unmarried daughters
and no son to be the heir of his husband’s inheritance, Mrs Bennet is eager to find
eligible and wealthy husbands for her daughters. When a well-off young
gentleman named Charles Bingley has rented Netherfield Park, a grand house in
the local area, Mrs Bennet sees it as an opportunity for one of her daughters to
obtain a wealthy spouse. Much to her delight, Bingley sets his eyes on Jane, the
eldest of Bennet sisters. Lizzy, on the other hand, finds Mr Darcy – a friend of
Bingley – an arrogant and conceited man. Lizzy’s dislike of him increases when
she finds out that Darcy is the man behind Bingley and Jane’s separation, in
addition to the story of the charming Mr Wickham about how Darcy has cheated
him off his inheritance. A surprising marriage proposal from Darcy, which Lizzy
turns down, results in a letter from Darcy revealing the truths about the matters
that anger her. Lizzy, stunned by this revelation, begins to see Darcy in a new
light. When Mr Wickham and Lydia – the youngest of Bennet sisters – elope, the
family reputation is at stake. Darcy, out of love to Lizzy, settles the affair secretly.
Finding out about this, Lizzy realizes that her opinion of Darcy has changed

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completely, and she is indeed in love with him. It is not until Lady Catherine –
Darcy’s haughty aunt – visits Longbourn that Lizzy admits her feelings. Upon
hearing a rumour, Lady Catherine thinks that Darcy is planning to marry Lizzy,
alongside of Bingley that is going to marry Jane. Lizzy refuses to promise Lady
Catherine not to get into engagement with Darcy. Learning about this from his
furious aunt, Darcy sees a new hope of marrying Lizzy. Soon after, Darcy
proposes and Lizzy gladly accepts his proposal.
Synopsis of The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
When an enigmatic young widow named Helen Graham arrives at Wildfell
Hall, she and her young son, Arthur, become the talk of the small village. Gilbert
Markham, a young local farmer, soon finds himself enchanted by Helen’s charms.
Gilbert refuses to believe any scandalous rumours about Helen. However, owing
to the artful Eliza Millward, Gilbert’s former love interest, he is led to believe that
Frederick Lawrence is courting Helen and might be in fact, the father of Arthur on
account of their resemblance. Urged by his feelings, Gilbert proposes to Helen,
which she turns down. Instead of explaining the reason of her refusal, Helen gives
Gilbert her diary. On reading this, Gilbert finds out that Helen is actually Mrs
Helen Huntingdon, the wife of Arthur Huntingdon, the lord of Grassdale Manor.
The diary tells the accounts of their marriage and the degradation of Huntingdon

due to his alcoholic and debauchery lifestyle. Huntingdon’s corruption of their son
– encouraging little Arthur to drink and swear – is the final straw for Helen. Helen
escapes Grassdale with the help from her brother, Frederick Lawrence, and plans
to make a living by painting. Gilbert becomes more determined about his
affection towards her. Unfortunately, Helen is now back at Grassdale, nursing her

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gravely-ill husband, who soon passes away. A year later, when Gilbert hears a
rumour about Helen’s impending wedding, he goes to Grassdale only to find that
it is Frederick who marries Esther Hargrave, Helen’s friend. He also finds out that
Helen is now the heiress of her late uncle and lives at her estate in Staningley.
Gilbert, despite being aware of their different social status and rank, confesses his
unaltered love to Helen. The two marry in the next summer and live happily at
Staningley.
Biography of Jane Austen
Jane Austen was born at Stevenson Rectory, Hampshire, England on 16
December 1775. She was the seventh child (out of eight) and the second daughter
(out of two) of Reverend George Austen and his wife, Cassandra. At their young

age, Austen and her siblings had been encouraged to read from their father’s
extensive library. In order to acquire a more formal education, Austen and her
only sister, also named Cassandra, were sent to Abbey School in Reading.
However, owing to financial constraints, Austen and her sister returned home
after a short period of time and received education at home, guided by their father
and older brothers, James and Henry. Austen began writing at a young age, but
her first novel, Sense and Sensibility, did not appear until 1811. The novel gained
favourable reviews and provided Austen with some financial independence,
although it was pseudonymously published. Her second novel, Pride and
Prejudice, was published in 1813 and received critical acclaims. Her other works,
Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1815) were also quite a success. In 1816,
Austen’s health was declining; yet, she still continued working. Subsequently,
Austen’s health deteriorated, and culminated in her death on 18 July 1817, at the

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age of 41 in Winchester. A retrospective analysis of her symptoms, published
today, suggests that she may have died of tuberculosis. By the effort of Henry and
Cassandra, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion were published posthumously in

1818 with a preface by Henry, unveiling Austen as the author who was then still
nameless to the world. Until today, Austen is still regarded as one of the world
renowned authors whose timeless works have earned her a place as one of the
most widely read authors in English literature.
Source: “Jane Austen Biography”, “Jane Austen’s Biography : Life (1775-1817)
and Family”, Bowcott
Biography of Anne Brontë
Anne Brontë was born in Yorkshire, England on 17 January 1820. She was
the youngest child (out of six) of Patrick Brontë – an Irish clergyman – and his
wife, Maria. Anne and her siblings had been brought up by their father and aunt
since their mother’s death in 1821. The unexpected deaths caused by consumption
of the two eldest Brontës – Maria and Elizabeth – while attending school in 1825,
distressed the family so that their father decided to educate the children at home.
Their father’s well-stocked library was a source of knowledge for the Brontës
children which fed their imagination and later became the apprenticeship for their
literary talents. Anne received her formal education at Miss Margaret Wooler’s
boarding school. After leaving school, a 19-year-old Anne became a governess in
order to earn a living. The traumatic and tiresome experiences while being a
governess at Blake Hall were depicted in her first novel, Agnes Grey (1847).
Anne’s notable work is her second novel, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, published

in 1848 and became an instant, phenomenal success. Anne and her sisters –

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Charlotte and Emily – under the pseudonyms of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell, the
initials of which were the same as theirs, published Poems by Currer, Ellis and
Acton Bell in 1846. In 1848, following the deaths of her brother Branwell and her
sister Emily, Anne fell ill. In May 1849, when visiting Scarborough, Anne’s
physical health was gradually declining. She died of pulmonary tuberculosis on 28
May 1849, at the age of 29.
Source: “Anne Brontë (1820-1849)”, “Anne Brontë : Biography”

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study
The nineteenth century society in England was divided into three major
classes. They were the aristocrats; the middle class, which was divided into uppermiddle class and lower-middle class; and the lower class, which was divided into
the working class and the poor. During that time, the middle class people were the
largest population. (“19th Century England Social Hierarchy”)
Besides the class division in the society, there was also a distinction
between men and women. The women in the nineteenth century England were
stereotyped as weak, passive, timid, illogical, dependent, emotional, susceptible to
madness or hysteria, and unable to resist temptation. These traits are the opposite
of men’s, following the thought that men and women were contrary to one
another. More importantly, women who expressed traits or desires contrary

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to these ideals were ostracized and deemed to have "unsexed" themselves.
(“Women in the Nineteenth Century”) Women’s roles were limited to the
domestic sphere, meaning that their business only revolved around managing the
household. They were “expected to be primarily responsible for housework and
childcare” (“Gender in the Proceedings”).

From the information mentioned above, it is known how women were
treated and expected to behave during the nineteenth century. This notion mainly
affected the middle class women as they were the largest subject in the society.
However, the protagonists of the two novels I have chosen are considered to have
some characteristics that were unusual for young middle class women during that
time. Both the protagonists lived at the first half of nineteenth century when
women – mostly the young middle class ones – received unfair treatment from the
society; still, they managed to maintain their characteristics.
One of the novels I have chosen to analyze is written by Jane Austen.
Austen is an English novelist who has earned her place as one of the most wellknown authors through her novels. Most of Austen’s novels depict the lives of the
early nineteenth century women. Austen is praised for her social observation
towards the patriarchal society at that time. Austen’s second novel, Pride and
Prejudice, which was published in 1813, is “an unputdownable read” (Lambert).
Austen “manages her characters with a master’s touch” (Thornley & Roberts
116). Anthony Trollope, one of the most successful English novelists of the
Victorian era, praised that “Miss Austen was surely a great novelist. What she
did, she did perfectly” (“Jane Austen’s Art and Her Literary Reputation”).
Through Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist of the novel whom Austen described

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“as delightful a creature as ever appeared in print” (Bilger & Greenfield), Austen
criticizes the society during the first half of the nineteenth century, in which
young middle class women are not considerably in favourable position.
Another author who also gives insight into the lives of the nineteenth
century women is Anne Brontë. She also gives the readers a view into young
middle class women’s life in the first half of the nineteenth century. Through her
notable novel published in 1848, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, which “should be
credited for its bravery in including elements that stand out as protesting the maledominated values of the society” (Narter), Brontë refers to certain errors of the
society. The protagonist of this novel is a married woman named Helen, who flees
from her profligate and alcoholic husband with her young son. At that time, even
a married woman was not in better estate because “women who held property of
any kind were required to give up all rights to it to their husbands on marriage”
(“Marriage: Property and Children”). In addition, at that time it was difficult for a
woman to obtain a divorce even if her husband was not faithful or treated her
badly (“19th Century Marriage”).
Although this novel received some harsh criticisms because it contained
some issues which were considered inappropriate to be displayed openly at that
time, it also gained a success throughout England and America. The protagonist in
this novel remains as a fascinating character for “Helen’s transgressing the society
standards is not only constrained to words; she also acts accordingly” (Narter).
Through the two female protagonists as mentioned above, I will analyze
the characteristics of young middle class women who were considered unusual at
that time. Both of the protagonists are women who are regarded as inferior to men

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and have some traits that challenge the social conventions at their times. Since
protagonist is “the central character in a literary work” (Perrine 44), I believe that
protagonist plays an important role in a novel. Thus, by analysing the
protagonists, I expect to reveal the authors’ purpose of creating the characters.
Since the two novels are considered social criticism I believe the strength
of such characters will be best revealed using sociological approach. According to
the article “Critical Approaches to Literature”, X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia
explain that sociological approach “examines literature in the cultural, economic
and political context in which it is written or received.” It also explores the
relationship between the artist and society and sometimes, in order to understand
the author’s literary works better, this approach examines the artist’s society;
other times, it may examine the representation of such societal elements within
the literature itself. (“Critical Approaches to Literature”) By using this approach, I
hope the readers can understand why both the protagonists are considered
different from other young middle class women in their times. The approach will
give the readers some explanation about the customs at that time that were
thought of as important. By using this approach, I also hope to reveal the authors’
purpose of creating the protagonists.
Statement of the Problem
The problems I am going to discuss in this thesis are:
1. How is the protagonist portrayed in each novel?
2. What is the authors’ purpose of creating such characters?

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Purpose of the Study
Based on the problems above, the purposes of this study are:
1. To show how the protagonist is portrayed in the story.
2. To show the authors’ purpose of creating such characters.
Method of Research
The method I use in writing my thesis is library research. I begin the study
by reading the primary texts, which are Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice and
Anne Brontë’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. Then I read some references from the
Internet and books that are relevant to the topic to support my analysis. The
information and the knowledge that I have gathered are then used to analyse the
texts. Finally, I draw a conclusion from the research I have done.
Organization of the Thesis
This thesis consists of four chapters, preceded by the Table of Contents
and the Abstract. Chapter One is the Introduction, which consists of the
Background of the Study, the Statement of the Problem, the Purpose of the Study,
the Method of Research, and the Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two is the
discussion on the portrayal of the protagonist of Jane Austen’s Pride and
Prejudice by using sociological approach. Chapter Three is the discussion on the
portrayal of the protagonist of Anne Brontë’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall by using
sociological approach. Chapter Four is the Conclusion. The thesis ends with the
Bibliography and the Appendices, which consist of the Synopsis of the Novels
and the Biography of the Authors.

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CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

After having discussed the two novels in the previous chapters, I have
come to some conclusions which will be discussed in this chapter.
In Pride and Prejudice, Austen portrays the protagonist to have different
characteristics from the stereotypes of women during the first half of the
nineteenth century that mainly affected the young middle class women. Lizzy is
portrayed as a rational, incompliant, outspoken and persistent woman. All these
characteristics are proven from the events in the novel. Her being rational is
proven by her family. Her incompliance can be seen when she gives opinions that
are against the societal customs at that time. Her being outspoken can be seen
when she is having a conversation with Lady Catherine. Lizzy says her opinion
regarding the custom at that time and the reason why she thinks it is not a good
idea. Lastly, her persistence can be seen when she refuses two marriage offers
because she does not love the suitors.
In

The

Tenant

of

Wildfell

Hall

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Brontë also portrays the protagonist differently from the commonly believed and
accepted stereotypes of women that influenced young women from middle class.
Helen is portrayed as a strong-minded, brave, independent and incompliant
woman. Her strong-minded characteristic is shown when she does not change her
decision of not marrying someone she does not love even that someone is an
eligible gentleman. Her being brave is clearly seen when Helen – who is now
married to Arthur Huntingdon and has a son – decides to leave her husband in
order to protect her son from the bad influence of his father. Her independence is
proven by the fact that she manages to make a living by selling her paintings
instead of relying on someone else. Lastly, her being incompliant is stated by
Arthur’s friend, Mr Hattersley and Arthur himself.
There are some similarities in the two novels discussed. The first similarity
is both of the protagonists are women in their twenties. Secondly, both of the
protagonists are from the middle-class. Thirdly, both of the novels are set in
England at the first half of nineteenth century. The next similarity is that both of
the protagonists are portrayed to be different from the stereotypes of women
during the first half of the nineteenth century. For example, at the time when
marriage was seen as an opportunity for women to be socially and financially
secured, both the protagonists want to marry for love. Lizzy and Helen also act
and think differently from the societal expectation of women then, thus, proven
themselves to be different from the other women around them because of their
characteristics. The last similarity is both the authors have the same purpose of
creating the protagonists, that is to encourage and show women that being
different in today’s standard is alright and it can also bring happiness. Austen and

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Brontë show the readers how women were treated and stereotyped during the first
half of the nineteenth century, yet, both of them created the protagonists that are
against the stereotypes to convey their ideas of how a woman should react to the
treatment.
Although the two novels have some similarities, there are also some
differences. One of the differences between both of the protagonists that I can find
is their marital status. Lizzy is portrayed as a single woman whereas Helen is
portrayed as a married woman. The different marital status leads to an effect
which influences one of the protagonists. That is one of the protagonist is more
lively and cheerful than the other. I think that is because this protagonist is still a
single woman while the other is more serious and quiet because she is a married
woman. I also think that the authors have deliberately created their protagonists
this way because the authors want to focus on particular aspect. Austen puts her
focus on the life of single woman in the first half of nineteenth century while
Brontë focuses on the life of a married one. Regardless the different marital status
of the protagonists, both of the authors eventually show the readers that women
still received the same treatment even that it was generally believed that a
marriage would result in a better life for a woman.
I find that the purpose of the authors to encourage women is accomplished
through the portrayal of both the protagonists. Both of the protagonists represent
women who lived at the time when they were believed to be inferior and
stereotyped as the opposite of men’s good traits; yet, both of the protagonists
manage to maintain their characteristics and eventually achieve their happiness. I
hope that by reading these two novels, readers worldwide – especially women –

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will get encouragement to be themselves rather than forcing themselves to be
ideal women according to society. I also hope they will understand that society
can sometimes be wrong for labelling people based on gender. Women can also
be happy even if they think, act and behave differently, as long as it is still in a
good way, from the societal expectations.
I find both novels are enjoyable. Austen and Brontë created interesting
storylines that can immerse the readers. Both Austen and Brontë have successfully
portrayed the protagonists in accordance with their purpose. In my opinion, both
the novels are worth reading and analysing.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Texts:
Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. London : HarperCollins Publishers,
2010. Print.
Brontë, Anne. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. London : HarperCollins Publishers,
2011. Print.
References:
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Century

England

Social

Hierarchy.”

Hierarchy

Structure.

Hierarchystructure.com. N.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2013.
“19th Century Marriage.” Ancestry Aid Genealogy & Family History Community.
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“Anne Brontë (1820-1849).” Penn Libraries. University of Pennsylvania. N.d.
Web. 15 Apr. 2013.
“Anne Brontë : Biography.” Bio.true story. A+E Television Networks, LLC. N.d.
Web. 15 Apr. 2013.
Bilger, Audrey and Susan Celia Greenfield. “Pride and Prejudice Forever.” Los
Angeles Review of Books. Los Angeles Review of Books. 27 Jan. 2013.
Web. 23 Apr. 2013.

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Bowcott, Owen. “Cause of Jane Austen’s Death Not Universally Acknowledged.”
The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. 1 Dec. 2009. Web. 15
Apr. 2013.
“Brave” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 7th ed. 2010. Print.
Cody, David. “Social Class.” The Victorian Web. N.p. N.d. Web. 26 Nov.2013.
“Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765-1769) Book 1 Chapter 15, Of
Husband and Wife.” The Laws of Nature and Nature’s God. LONANG
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Def.

2.

Merriam-Webster

Dictionary.

Merriam-Webster,

Incorporated. N.d . Web. 28 Mar. 2014.
“Critical Approaches to Literature.” Home.olemiss.edu. N.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014.
“Gender in the Proceedings.” Old Bailey Proceedings. Old Bailey Proceedings
Online. N.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2013.
Gilbert, Deirdre E. “Willy-Nilly” and Other Tales of Male-Tails: Rightful and
Wrongful Laws of Inheritance in Northanger Abbey and Beyond”. Jane
Austen Society of North America, Ver.20, no. 1. N.p. N.d. Web. 30 Mar.
2014.
“Independent” Def. 1c(1). Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster,
Incorporated. N.d . Web. 30 Aug. 2013.
“Incompliant”. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
N.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2014.
“Jane Austen Biography.” Bio.true story. A+E Television Networks, LLC. N.d.
Web. 15 Apr. 2013.

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“Jane Austen’s Art and Her Literary Reputation : Trollope.” The Republic of
Pemberley. N.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2013.
“Jane Austen’s Biography : Life (1775-1817) and Family.” The Republic of
Pemberley. N.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013.
Jeffers, Regina. “Manners in Regency England – How to Behave Like an
Aristocrat.” Regina Jeffers’s Blog. N.p. 12 Dec. 2012. Web. 10 Sep. 2013.
Jeffries, Sabrina. “The Gentle Sex.” The Regency Era. Sabrina Jeffries. N.d.
Web. 10 Sept. 2013.
Kent, Susan Kingsley. Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1987. Print.
Lambert, Victoria. “Pride and Prejudice: Universally Acknowledged Guide to the
Human Heart.” The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. 24 Jan.
2013. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.
Marks, Tracy. “Gentry Women and Men.” Social Classes, Money, and Servants
in Austen’s Society. Tracy Marks. N.d. Web. 10 Sept. 2013.
“Marriage : Property and Children.” Relationships. Parliamentary Copyright. N.d.
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Narter, Cagla. “Anne Bronte's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall : An Opposition To
The Patriarchal Society of The 19th Century Britain.” Academia.edu.
Academia. N.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.
Offen, Karen. “A Brief History of Marriage.” International Museum of Women.
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“Out-spoken”. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 7th ed. 2010. Print.

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Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-century England. London:
Routledge, 1989. Print.
Perrine, Laurence. Story and Structure. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
Inc., 1974. Print.
“Persistent” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 7th ed. 2010. Print.
Petrie, Charles. “Victorian Women Expected to Be Idle and Ignorant.” Victorian
England. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 2000.
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Porter, Roy. English Society in the Eighteenth Century. London: Penguin Group,
1990. Print.
“Rational” Def. 2. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 7th ed. 2010. Print.
Simkin, John.“Marriage in the 19th Century.” Spartacus Educational.Spartacus
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“Strong-minded”. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary. 7th ed. 2010. Print.
Thornley, G. C and Gwyneth Roberts. An Outline of English Literature. Harlow :
Longman Group Limited, 1995. Print.
Trevelyan, G.M. English Social History. London: Penguin Group, 1986. Print.
Whalan, Pamela. “Understanding the Society in which Jane Austen Sets Pride
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Australia Inc.. 7 Sep. 2003. Web. 31 Aug. 2013.
“Women’s Rights: Custody, Children, Family, Law, History England Ireland.”
HubPages. HubPages Inc. N.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2014.
“Women in the Nineteenth Century.” Women in Literature. Kimberly M. Radek.
N.d. Web. 25 Nov 2013.

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Ziegenfuss, Jen. “The Rules”. Marriage in the Victorian Era. N.p. N.d. Web. 28
Nov. 2013.

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