THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORMAL THINKING ABILITIES AND PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS IN KINEMATICS TOPIC.
ISBN: 978-602-294-116-3
i
ISBN: 978-602-294-116-3
Published: 12 May 2016
PROCEEDING
THE 4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
THEORETICAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICTAP) 2014
Bali, I ndonesia
16- 17 Oct ober 2014
Editors:
Ni Nyom an Rupiasih, Wayan Gede Suhart a and Hery Suyant o
Udayana Universit y, Bali, I ndonesia
Cover Design: I Ket ut Put ra
Udayana Universit y, Bali, I ndonesia
Sponsoring Organizat ions
I ndonesian Physical Societ y – I PS
I ndonesian Physical Societ y – Bali Branch
All papers have been peer reviewed
Copyright © 2016 by Udayana University Press. All rights reserved.
Printed by: Udayana University Press, Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Denpasar,
Bali, Indonesia 80114
ii
PREFACE
The 4th International Conference on Theoretical and Applied Physics (ICTAP) 2014 was
held in Bali, Indonesia on October 16-17, 2014. It is an international conference covering a wide
subject in the field of theoretical and applied physics. This Conference was organized by the
Department of Physics, Udayana University (UNUD) and Indonesian Physical Society (HFI).
Many people have unreservedly and enthusiastically participated in the planning and preparation
of this conference, including the Organizing and Scientific Committees, the speakers, the
conference officer, students, etc. Thank you all for your positive attitude and fantastic support.
Thanks to all invited speakers: Prof. Dr. Yusaku Fujii (Gunma University, Japan), Prof.
Jakrapong Kaewkhao, Ph.D (Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University, Thailand), Prof. Dr. Hong
Joo Kim (Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea) and Prof. Dr. Ing Mitra Djamal
(ITB) that you have accepted our invitation. The financial support from Udayana University is
gratefully acknowledged. ICTAP 2014 is aimed at providing the much needed forum of scientific
communication and interaction among distinguished scientists working in the field of physics
and related fields.
This event was also designed to offer the opportunity of making direct contact for the
young Indonesian scientists and students with well-known scientists abroad and thereby fostering
the existing research collaborations and extending international research networking for the
future.
More than 106 authors from 6 countries have submitted their work in the conference.
ICTAP 2014 finally accepted 57 original research papers after a peer review process. During the
conference, 14 parallel sessions were held in order to advance and contribute to specific research
area in physics.
Finally, special thanks to you, the delegates, for supplying the input needed for successful
scientific conferences. We wholeheartedly welcome you and hope you find ICTAP 2014 as
successful and rewarding as we envision it to be.
Denpasar, 12 May 2016
Editors
Ni Nyoman Rupiasih, Ph.D.
Dr. Wayan Gede Suharta
Dr. Hery Suyanto
iii
Table of Contents
PLENARY AND INVITED PAPERS
page
KS-1
Review of the Levitation Mass Method (LMM) – A Precision Method for
Measuring Mechanical Quantities Using An Optical Interferometer, Yusaku Fujii,
Hadi Nasbey, Agus Setyobudi and Akihiro Takita
001-006
KS-2
White Emission Materials from Glass Doped with Rare Earth Ions, P. Yasaka and J.
Kaewkhao
007-020
Parallel Session TC: Theoretical Physics and Computation
TC 1-01
Application of quantum heat engineon the three-dimensional potential, Andika
Kusuma Wijaya
021-026
TC 1-05
Direct Method of Calculus of Variation on Electromagnetism in Differential Form, I
Gusti Ngurah Yudi Handayana and Muhammad Farchani Rosyid
027-034
TC 1-07
Chaos Identification of the Double Pendulum Motion in the Magnetic Field by Joko
Saefan and Suparmi
035-040
TC 1-10
Computer Simulation Development base on Open Source to improve Students
Conceptual Competence, Madlazim and Dyah Permatasari
041-050
TC 1-15
Quantum Physics Learning by Using Matlab 7.6 on Highlights Potential
Transmission Coefficient Parabolic One Dimension, Reni Herniati and Andika
Kusuma Wijaya
051-055
TC 1-21
A Connection For A Partially Asymmetric Driven Lattice Gas of A Mean-Field
Type To An Exact Lattice Density Functional Via A Diagrammatic Method, Wipsar
Sunu Brams Dwandaru
056-061
TC 1-23
Theoretical EQUATION WITH EVIDENCE Relaxation oscillator using an
oscilloscope ON THE CIRCUITS OP-AMP, Yohanes Soenarto, Imas Ratna
Ermawaty, Tri Isti Hartini and Felicianda
062-069
Parallel Session AM: Advanced Material and Nanotechnology
AM 1-02 LPG Gas Sensing Properties of Composite CuO(TiO2) Sensor, Elvaswer,
Muhammad Faisal, Dwi Puryanti, Essy Puspa Zelvia and Ratna Sari Dewi
070-073
AM 1-04 Electrodeposition and Characterization of Ni-TiAlN Composite Film, Esmar Budi,
Agus Setyo Budi, Iwan Sugihartono, Setia Budi and Hadi Nasbey
074-079
Effect of Cold Isostatic Pressing on Properties of Millimeter Wave Sintered High
AM 1-06 Purity Alumina, Ida Usman, I Nyoman Sudiana, La Ode Ngkoimani and Usman
Rianse
080-083
AM 1-07 The Preparation of Natural Rubber –g-Glysidil Metacrilate Nanocomposite, Kurnia
Sembiring and Riani Sari Sembiring
084-092
AM 1-29 Characterization Of ZnO Thin Films Doped with Natrium by Sol-Gel Method, P.L.
Gareso, N. Syuhada, N. Rauf, E. Juarlin, Sugianto and A. Maddu
093-097
iv
The Influence of the Milling Time Process on Microstructure and Magnetic
AM 1-30 Properties of Isotropic Bonded NdFeB Magnets, Priyo Sardjono, Muljadi, Nenen
Rusnaeni, Suprapedi and Ayu Yuswitasari
098-102
Parallel Session BM: Biophysics and Medical Physics
BM 1-01
Concentrations of Some Natural Occurring Radionuclides and Particles during the
2010 Eruption of Mount Bromo in East Java, Indonesia, Johan A.E. Noor
103-106
BM 1-02
Automatic thresholding with Otsu Method To Identify Plasmodium falciparum
Phase in Malaria-infected Red Blood Cells, Kusworo Adi, Sri Pujiyanto, Rahmat
Gernowo, Adi Pamungkas and Ari Bawono Putranto
107-112
BM 1-04
Head Impact Analysis of Children in Soccer Heading, Nugroho Agung S., Tommy
Apriantono and Suprijanto
113-117
BM 1-06
Development of Low-Cost Modular Wireless EEG System, Andri Rahmadhani, Sra
H. Pratama, Suprijadi, Freddy Haryanto and Suparno Satira
118-122
BM 1-08
Analyzis of Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) value towards X-ray Tube
Current and Voltage Variations of Computed Tomography Scanner (CT Scan) by
using PPMA Phantom, Syamsir Dewang, Bualkar Abdullah, Bannu, Nur Hasanah,
Suryaningsih and Satrial Male
123-127
BM 1-11
Burnable Poison Neutronic Characteristics of Hexagonal Tight Lattice Cell for
Small Long-Life BWR with Thorium Based Fuel, Nuri Trianti, Zaki Su’ud, Idam
Arif, Sidik Permana and Eka Sapta Riyana
128-134
Parallel Session G: Geophysics
G 1-01
Estimation of Ore Body Distribution at X-Field, Nangroe Aceh Darussalam
Province, Using Resistivity Method, Dipole-Dipole Configuration, Adi Susilo
135-139
G 1-02
Estimating Reservoar Temperature Using Geothermometer Equation On Hot
Springs In Panti District, Pasaman Regency, West Sumatera, Indonesia, Ardian
Putra and Rahmat Arrahman
140-143
G 1-03
Relation Model between Electrical and Mechanical Properties on the Exploration
Sub Surface under Ground, Lantu1, D.A. Suriamihardja, A.M. Imran and Tri
Harianto
144-147
G 1-04
The Geothermal Model of Dieng Plateau Complex from Resistivity Image With
Magnetotelluric Method, Eddy Z Gaffar
148-153
G 1-07
Application of Geoelectrical Resistivity Method to Investigate Subsurface Geology
Structure of Lava Spill Area of Gamalama Volcano, Fatma Hamid, Saprudin, M.
Toifur and Yudhiakto Pramudya
154-159
G 1-08
Analysis Of Subsurface Materials Based On The Price Of Medium Permeability In
The Karst Region Pangkep, Muhammad Arsyad, Nasrul Ihsan and Vistarani Arini
Tiwow
160-164
G 1-17
The Analysis of P-Wave Period-Duration as One of Parameters for Tsunami Early
Warning, Zulkarnain Adnan, Sugeng Pribadi and Nanang T. Puspito
165-170
G 1-18
Specific Solutions Groundwater Flow Equation, Muhammad Hamzah Syahruddin
171-174
v
Parallel Session A: Astrophysics
A 1-01
Study of Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics In Curved Space, Luh Putu Budi Yasmini,
and I Gede Aris Gunadi
175-178
Parallel Session IP: Instrumental Physics
IP 1-01
Development of Web-based Power Monitoring System for a Pulse Combustion
Spray Pyrolysis using Java Programming, Agus Fattrya Nanda, Darmawan Hidayat,
Camellia Panatarani, Dwindra W. Maulana and I Made Joni
179-183
IP 1-03
Digital Receiver Synchronization Methods for OFDM Modem, Assa'idah and Hadi
184-189
Parallel Session LO: Laser and Opto-electronics
LO 1-02
Dependence of the defect modes on the strength of localized defects in photonic
lattice, Arif Hidayat, Diana Kurniati, Hari Wisodo and Eny Latifah
190-197
LO 1-05
Potential Candidate for Gigahertz range Electromagnetic wave absorbers of Carbon
Sheets Based on Polymer, Maria Margaretha Suliyanti, Nanik Indayaningsih and
Affi Nurhidayah
198-203
LO 1-08
Study on the Theory of Electron Multiple Scattering on Plasma, Taat Guswantoro,
Muhammad Nur and Vincencius Gunawan
204-209
Parallel Session EE: Energy and Environment Physics
EE 1-03
Development Of Wind Tunnel For Aerodynamic Test To Support The Wind Energy
Research, Hadi Nasbey , Cecep Rustana and Christine Stefphanie
210-215
Parallel Session I: Interdisciplinary Physics
I 1-01
A Misunderstanding of Force Concept; the action-reaction pairs same as a causeeffect sequence, A. Halim, Melvina and Susilawati
216-219
I 1-04
A Study on The Physical Characteristics of Lemukutan Island Territorial Water
Wave in Bengkayang Regency, Eka Murdani and Sumarli
220-224
I 1-08
The Influence of Cooperative Instructional Strategies with STAD Technique on
Students Achievement in Physics of Grade XI SMA Lab School, Palu, Marungkil
Pasaribu
225-229
I 1-11
I 1-12
I 1-14
The Relationship between Formal Thinking Abilities and Problem-Solving Skills in
Kinematics Topics, Sondang R. Manurung
Theoretical Modeling for the Effect Tenacity on Take-Up Roller (Ro) and Tenacity
on Winding Device (Rw) Related With the Yarn Breakage on Rotor Open End
Spinning, Valentinus Galih Vidia Putra, M.F. Rosyid and R. Arief Dewanto
230-234
Comparative Study of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in FAME and
FAEE of Virgin Coconut Oil, Ni Made Suaniti and I Wayan Bandem Adnyana
241-245
vi
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THE 4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THEORETICAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICTAP-2014)
16-17 October 2014, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia
The Relationship between Formal Thinking Abilities and
Problem-Solving Skills in Kinematics Topic
Sondang R. Manurung1, a)
1
Departement of Physics Educational
a)
State University of Medan
Email: sondangrina@gmail.com
Abstract. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between formal thinking students’ ability
level and their competence in problem solving task in physics. The population was all student prospective teacher
students of the first grade in physics education program. A relationship was thought to exist since both sets of skills
strongly emphasize conducting fair experiments as well as other abilities. Pencil and paper measures of formal
operational and problem solving skill achievement in the kinematics topic were given to 36 students. Resulting
correlations showed a moderate relationship between achievements on the two measurements. Factor analysis data
corroborate the correlation evidence. One potential inference to be drawn from these results is that problem solving skill
teaching might be influenced formal thinking ability.
Keywords: formal thinkng ability, problem solving skill, kinematics, education prospective
PACS: 00-01.Communication, education, history, and philosophy
INTRODUCTION
Low level of performance and poor achievement of students in their education is the concern of the government,
teachers, parents, and the general public. Problems may arise after the graduation of the students, by the time they
will start their careers. Many efforts were already been done by the Government of Republic of Indonesia, through
the Ministry of Education, to improve the performance and achievement of the students in the field of science. These
efforts showed the concern of the government and the educator in motivating the students to reach a certain
objectives of science education. The main objective of science education is to develop individuals to have scientific
literacy and becomes a qualified human resource. The main focus for the educators is to develop the scientific ability
of the students in problem solving, both inside and outside the classroom [1]. The problem solving ability is one
main part in education, which increases the ability for abstraction, conceptual thinking, and generalization [2].
Learning process of science requires high level of reasoning ability, especially formal reasoning thinking. There
is a direct relation between formal thinking and integrated science process such as the ability to identify and control
variables, and the ability to construct hypothesis [3]. Strong formal reasoning ability is expressed as a predictor of
skill attainment process [4]. There are five aspects of the operation of formal reasoning, namely: proportional
reasoning, control of variables, probability reasoning, correlation reasoning, and combinatorial reasoning. The fifth
aspect has been identified as an important ability in order to achieve success in science and mathematics [5]. Based
on the importance, some authors suggest that the development of formal reasoning ability is a key priority in science
education [1]; [6]; [7]. In fact, proportional reasoning, for example, is very important in many aspects of the science
of quantitative reasoning without access to a proportional understanding of the derivation and the use of a large
number of functional relationships in science is not achieved. However, most of the elementary grade students do
not have the ability to think like this. [8]. Lawson found a substantial correlation between formal reasoning and
achievement in biology [6]. Similarly, Chandran, Treagust and Topin showed that formal reasoning ability and prior
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THE 4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THEORETICAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICTAP-2014)
16-17 October 2014, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia
knowledge was a significant predictor of performance on chemical calculations, laboratory applications, and
contents of chemical knowledge [9]. Piaget showed that, there are four stages of growth of logical thinking from
infancy to adolescence, these are; sensory-motor (age 0-2 years), preoperational (age 2-7 years), concrete
operational (ages 7-11 years), and formal operational (age 11-16 years), representing a progressive organization and
reorganization of experience to form mental structures which is able to accommodate new material and use it [10].
Problem solving is a complex process and it is important to solve the problems of everyday life and learn physics.
Hayes defines the process of solving the problem as follows: "Every time there is a gap between where you are now
and where you want, and you do not know how to find a way to cross that gap means you have a problem" [11].
Martinez described problem solving as "the process of moving towards the goal when the path to that goal is
uncertain" [12]. Problem solving ability of a student is not only depended on the level of maturity, but also
determined from the problems they themselves experienced [13]. The strategy refers to the five-step problem
solving include: (a) Focus the problem), (b) Describe the physics, (c) Plan the solution, (d) Execute the plan, and (e)
Evaluate the solution. Problem solving can be done in writing individual and group discussions.
METHODOLOGY
This research was conducted in one of the Physics education program in North Sumatra for the first year
students. The number of research subjects was 36 students with 26 women and 10 men. Data were collected through
two research instruments, namely logical thinking test (TOLT) [4]. developed by Tobin and Capie was translated
and adapted into Turkish by Geban, Askar, and Ozkan, and the reliability was found to be 0.81 [15] has been
translated into Bahasa Indonesia by Sumarmo having reliability of 0.66 [16] by using ANATES software ver. 4.0.9,
the test results obtained from the validity and reliability tests of 0.67 and 0.80. and the ather is test of problem
solving in kinematics, in the form of an essay test consisting 2 questions. The questions of the test were thus tested,
and its reliability was proven. Collected data were analyzed and getting of description of data is shown in the form
of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation. Analysis of the data and the results are presented with particular
reference to the research hypothesis: formal thinking skills affect the ability of solving the problem. The hypothesis
was tested using simple regression analysis. In regression model, formal thinking ability is used as the independent
variable, while the problem-solving ability as the dependent variable.
RESEARCH RESULTS
The test scores of formal thinking ability test and problem solving skills test are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1. Statistical Result of Formal Logical Thinking Test (TOLT).
Dependent variable
(Problem solving skills)
Independent variable
(Formal thinking ability)
Number of
valid data
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Maximum
Minimum
36
13.57
2.95
7.00
18.00
36
6.58
1.68
4.00
18.00
From the above statistics, the scores of independent variables (formal thinking abilities) show the mean and
standard deviation of 6.5833 and 1.67971. On the other hand, the dependent variable (problem solving skills) has the
mean of 13.750 and the standard deviation of 2.95079. The minimum value for the independent variable is 4 and the
maximum value is 10. For dependent variable, the minimum is 7 and the maximum is 18.
The description data of ability of formal thinking is shown in Table 2. Combinatorial is the hardest test section,
as indicated by the smallest mean score of tested aspects, 0.6667. Meanwhile, the easiest is proportional reasoning
and control of variables, indicated by the mean score of 1.8056.
The frequency distribution of variable data in formal thinking ability and problem solving skills are shown in
Table 3 and 4. Most students are in the early stages of formal thinking skills (29 students). Only 7 students at the
final stage of formal thought, and still there is one student in the transition phase. All can be seen In Table 3.
In Table 4, it is shown that as many as 47.2 % of students scored below average approximately, by 27.8 % of
students got a score around the average, and as much as 52.87% of students scored above average.
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THE 4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THEORETICAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICTAP-2014)
16-17 October 2014, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia
TABLE 2. Description Data of Aspects in Formal Thinking Abilities.
Number of valid data
Mean
Standard Deviation
Maximum
Minimum
Proportional
ability
36
1.8056
0.40139
1.00
2.00
Ability to control
variable
36
1.8056
0.52478
0.00
2.00
TABLE 3. Frequency Distribution of Variable Data in
Formal Thinking Ability
Score
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Total
Number of
person
Valid
percent
Cumulative
Percent
1
10
11
5
2
4
3
36
2.8
27.8
30.6
13.9
5.6
11.1
8.3
100
2.8
30.6
61.1
75.0
80.6
91.7
100
Probability
Correlation
Combination
36
1.2222
0.89797
0.00
2.00
36
1.1667
0.91026
0.00
2.00
36
0.6667
0.79282
0.00
2.00
TABLE 4. Frequency Distribution of Variable
Data in Problem Solving Skills
Score
7.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
13.00
15.00
17.00
18.00
Total
Number
of person
1
1
5
5
5
12
1
6
36
Percent
2.8
2.8
13.9
13.9
13.9
33.3
2.8
16.7
100
Valid
percent
2.8
2.8
13.9
13.9
13.9
33.3
2.8
16.7
100
Cumulative
Percent
2.8
5.6
19.4
33.3
47.2
80.6
83.3
100
Test of Hypothesis
The relationship between formal thinking abilities (X) with problem solving skills (Y) was examined. From the
calculation results obtained by simple regression analysis, a regression toward b = 10 and a constant a = 0.569 was
obtained, resulting a regression equation: y = 0.569 x + 10.
To determine the significance and the linearity of the regression, ANAVA F-test was conducted, based on tests
of problem solving skills and formal thinking ability as a predictor (independent variable/IV), as shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5. ANAVA Analysis on the Score of Problem Solving.
Source
IV: Ability of Formal Thinking
Error
Total
Error Correction
R2 = 0.252 (adjusted R2 = 0.097).
Type II Sum of Squares
76.652
228.098
7111
304.750
Mean Square
12.775
7.865
F
2.624
Df
6
29
36
35
P
0.017
Conclusion
Significant
ANAVA calculations showed that the problem solving ability of formal thinking can be a significant predictor
in determining the problem solving skills. The results of the calculations indicated that the ability to think formally
is proved to be a good predictor to determine the problem solving scores, F(6.29) = 2.624, p = 0.017, because of
Fcalculation < Ftable for 5 % error level, or 2.624 < 6.296. Thus, the use of a linear regression is confirmed.
The relationship between formal thinking abilities (X) and problem solving skills (Y) from the calculation of the
correlation coefficient of 0.324 is shown in Table 6. From the result in Table 6, N denotes the number of
observations / sample of 36, whereas the correlation indicated by the number 0.324, which means that the
magnitude of the correlation between the variables of formal thinking with problem solving variable is equal to
0.324. Meanwhile, the number of sig. (2-tailed) is 0.054. This value is greater than the critical threshold α of 0.01
that will means that there is no relationship between the two variables at a significance level of 0.01.
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THE 4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THEORETICAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICTAP-2014)
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TABLE 6. Correlation Calculation between Test of Formal Thinking and Problem Solving.
Formal Thinking
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Formal Thinking
1
0
36
Problem Solving
0.324
0.054
36
Based on the criteria of degree of difficulty, the correlation coefficient of 0.324 lies in the medium category
(moderate).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
A high percentage (77.8 %) of the sample is in the early stages of formal reasoning, the final stage of formal
reasoning by 19.4 %, and by 2.7 % in the transition phase. Classification of subjects in a stage of cognitive
development is derived directly from the theory of Piaget. In other words, the need to classify subjects in a stage of
cognitive development is not fully justified from the results of this study because the basic premise of Piaget's
theory that formal reasoning is common in integrated mode and intellectual function not confirmed. Similarly, the
test scores for the problem solving skills are as much as 47.2 % of students scored below average approximately, by
27.8 % of students got a score around the average, and as much as 52.87 % of students scored above the mean
average. The research results also show that the correlation between formal thinking skills and problem solving
abilities is 0.32; thus in the medium category. If we consider the value of the coefficient of determination of 10.5 %,
the positive relationship was contributed mainly by the variable formal thinking skills to students' ability to solve
problems. In other words, the average value of 10.5 % problem solving ability is determined by the value of the
given formal thinking skills, through the equation y = 0.569 x + 10. That is, the higher the formal thinking skills of
students, the more it will affect the growth of problem solving skills. This is supported by Gabel et al DeCarcer and
Lawson, who said that the development of formal reasoning ability is a key priority in science education, which can
improve science process skills and understanding of concepts [17];[7]. This is evidenced by the research by
Diniwati, Padilla which stated that there is a significant relationship between students' formal thinking skills with
the ability to provide an overview of microscopic acid-base concept [18] [19]. Furthermore, Padilla proposed three
strong arguments which emphasized the need and importance of science process skills activities in the classroom
learning [20].
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Published: 12 May 2016
PROCEEDING
THE 4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
THEORETICAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICTAP) 2014
Bali, I ndonesia
16- 17 Oct ober 2014
Editors:
Ni Nyom an Rupiasih, Wayan Gede Suhart a and Hery Suyant o
Udayana Universit y, Bali, I ndonesia
Cover Design: I Ket ut Put ra
Udayana Universit y, Bali, I ndonesia
Sponsoring Organizat ions
I ndonesian Physical Societ y – I PS
I ndonesian Physical Societ y – Bali Branch
All papers have been peer reviewed
Copyright © 2016 by Udayana University Press. All rights reserved.
Printed by: Udayana University Press, Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Denpasar,
Bali, Indonesia 80114
ii
PREFACE
The 4th International Conference on Theoretical and Applied Physics (ICTAP) 2014 was
held in Bali, Indonesia on October 16-17, 2014. It is an international conference covering a wide
subject in the field of theoretical and applied physics. This Conference was organized by the
Department of Physics, Udayana University (UNUD) and Indonesian Physical Society (HFI).
Many people have unreservedly and enthusiastically participated in the planning and preparation
of this conference, including the Organizing and Scientific Committees, the speakers, the
conference officer, students, etc. Thank you all for your positive attitude and fantastic support.
Thanks to all invited speakers: Prof. Dr. Yusaku Fujii (Gunma University, Japan), Prof.
Jakrapong Kaewkhao, Ph.D (Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University, Thailand), Prof. Dr. Hong
Joo Kim (Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea) and Prof. Dr. Ing Mitra Djamal
(ITB) that you have accepted our invitation. The financial support from Udayana University is
gratefully acknowledged. ICTAP 2014 is aimed at providing the much needed forum of scientific
communication and interaction among distinguished scientists working in the field of physics
and related fields.
This event was also designed to offer the opportunity of making direct contact for the
young Indonesian scientists and students with well-known scientists abroad and thereby fostering
the existing research collaborations and extending international research networking for the
future.
More than 106 authors from 6 countries have submitted their work in the conference.
ICTAP 2014 finally accepted 57 original research papers after a peer review process. During the
conference, 14 parallel sessions were held in order to advance and contribute to specific research
area in physics.
Finally, special thanks to you, the delegates, for supplying the input needed for successful
scientific conferences. We wholeheartedly welcome you and hope you find ICTAP 2014 as
successful and rewarding as we envision it to be.
Denpasar, 12 May 2016
Editors
Ni Nyoman Rupiasih, Ph.D.
Dr. Wayan Gede Suharta
Dr. Hery Suyanto
iii
Table of Contents
PLENARY AND INVITED PAPERS
page
KS-1
Review of the Levitation Mass Method (LMM) – A Precision Method for
Measuring Mechanical Quantities Using An Optical Interferometer, Yusaku Fujii,
Hadi Nasbey, Agus Setyobudi and Akihiro Takita
001-006
KS-2
White Emission Materials from Glass Doped with Rare Earth Ions, P. Yasaka and J.
Kaewkhao
007-020
Parallel Session TC: Theoretical Physics and Computation
TC 1-01
Application of quantum heat engineon the three-dimensional potential, Andika
Kusuma Wijaya
021-026
TC 1-05
Direct Method of Calculus of Variation on Electromagnetism in Differential Form, I
Gusti Ngurah Yudi Handayana and Muhammad Farchani Rosyid
027-034
TC 1-07
Chaos Identification of the Double Pendulum Motion in the Magnetic Field by Joko
Saefan and Suparmi
035-040
TC 1-10
Computer Simulation Development base on Open Source to improve Students
Conceptual Competence, Madlazim and Dyah Permatasari
041-050
TC 1-15
Quantum Physics Learning by Using Matlab 7.6 on Highlights Potential
Transmission Coefficient Parabolic One Dimension, Reni Herniati and Andika
Kusuma Wijaya
051-055
TC 1-21
A Connection For A Partially Asymmetric Driven Lattice Gas of A Mean-Field
Type To An Exact Lattice Density Functional Via A Diagrammatic Method, Wipsar
Sunu Brams Dwandaru
056-061
TC 1-23
Theoretical EQUATION WITH EVIDENCE Relaxation oscillator using an
oscilloscope ON THE CIRCUITS OP-AMP, Yohanes Soenarto, Imas Ratna
Ermawaty, Tri Isti Hartini and Felicianda
062-069
Parallel Session AM: Advanced Material and Nanotechnology
AM 1-02 LPG Gas Sensing Properties of Composite CuO(TiO2) Sensor, Elvaswer,
Muhammad Faisal, Dwi Puryanti, Essy Puspa Zelvia and Ratna Sari Dewi
070-073
AM 1-04 Electrodeposition and Characterization of Ni-TiAlN Composite Film, Esmar Budi,
Agus Setyo Budi, Iwan Sugihartono, Setia Budi and Hadi Nasbey
074-079
Effect of Cold Isostatic Pressing on Properties of Millimeter Wave Sintered High
AM 1-06 Purity Alumina, Ida Usman, I Nyoman Sudiana, La Ode Ngkoimani and Usman
Rianse
080-083
AM 1-07 The Preparation of Natural Rubber –g-Glysidil Metacrilate Nanocomposite, Kurnia
Sembiring and Riani Sari Sembiring
084-092
AM 1-29 Characterization Of ZnO Thin Films Doped with Natrium by Sol-Gel Method, P.L.
Gareso, N. Syuhada, N. Rauf, E. Juarlin, Sugianto and A. Maddu
093-097
iv
The Influence of the Milling Time Process on Microstructure and Magnetic
AM 1-30 Properties of Isotropic Bonded NdFeB Magnets, Priyo Sardjono, Muljadi, Nenen
Rusnaeni, Suprapedi and Ayu Yuswitasari
098-102
Parallel Session BM: Biophysics and Medical Physics
BM 1-01
Concentrations of Some Natural Occurring Radionuclides and Particles during the
2010 Eruption of Mount Bromo in East Java, Indonesia, Johan A.E. Noor
103-106
BM 1-02
Automatic thresholding with Otsu Method To Identify Plasmodium falciparum
Phase in Malaria-infected Red Blood Cells, Kusworo Adi, Sri Pujiyanto, Rahmat
Gernowo, Adi Pamungkas and Ari Bawono Putranto
107-112
BM 1-04
Head Impact Analysis of Children in Soccer Heading, Nugroho Agung S., Tommy
Apriantono and Suprijanto
113-117
BM 1-06
Development of Low-Cost Modular Wireless EEG System, Andri Rahmadhani, Sra
H. Pratama, Suprijadi, Freddy Haryanto and Suparno Satira
118-122
BM 1-08
Analyzis of Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) value towards X-ray Tube
Current and Voltage Variations of Computed Tomography Scanner (CT Scan) by
using PPMA Phantom, Syamsir Dewang, Bualkar Abdullah, Bannu, Nur Hasanah,
Suryaningsih and Satrial Male
123-127
BM 1-11
Burnable Poison Neutronic Characteristics of Hexagonal Tight Lattice Cell for
Small Long-Life BWR with Thorium Based Fuel, Nuri Trianti, Zaki Su’ud, Idam
Arif, Sidik Permana and Eka Sapta Riyana
128-134
Parallel Session G: Geophysics
G 1-01
Estimation of Ore Body Distribution at X-Field, Nangroe Aceh Darussalam
Province, Using Resistivity Method, Dipole-Dipole Configuration, Adi Susilo
135-139
G 1-02
Estimating Reservoar Temperature Using Geothermometer Equation On Hot
Springs In Panti District, Pasaman Regency, West Sumatera, Indonesia, Ardian
Putra and Rahmat Arrahman
140-143
G 1-03
Relation Model between Electrical and Mechanical Properties on the Exploration
Sub Surface under Ground, Lantu1, D.A. Suriamihardja, A.M. Imran and Tri
Harianto
144-147
G 1-04
The Geothermal Model of Dieng Plateau Complex from Resistivity Image With
Magnetotelluric Method, Eddy Z Gaffar
148-153
G 1-07
Application of Geoelectrical Resistivity Method to Investigate Subsurface Geology
Structure of Lava Spill Area of Gamalama Volcano, Fatma Hamid, Saprudin, M.
Toifur and Yudhiakto Pramudya
154-159
G 1-08
Analysis Of Subsurface Materials Based On The Price Of Medium Permeability In
The Karst Region Pangkep, Muhammad Arsyad, Nasrul Ihsan and Vistarani Arini
Tiwow
160-164
G 1-17
The Analysis of P-Wave Period-Duration as One of Parameters for Tsunami Early
Warning, Zulkarnain Adnan, Sugeng Pribadi and Nanang T. Puspito
165-170
G 1-18
Specific Solutions Groundwater Flow Equation, Muhammad Hamzah Syahruddin
171-174
v
Parallel Session A: Astrophysics
A 1-01
Study of Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics In Curved Space, Luh Putu Budi Yasmini,
and I Gede Aris Gunadi
175-178
Parallel Session IP: Instrumental Physics
IP 1-01
Development of Web-based Power Monitoring System for a Pulse Combustion
Spray Pyrolysis using Java Programming, Agus Fattrya Nanda, Darmawan Hidayat,
Camellia Panatarani, Dwindra W. Maulana and I Made Joni
179-183
IP 1-03
Digital Receiver Synchronization Methods for OFDM Modem, Assa'idah and Hadi
184-189
Parallel Session LO: Laser and Opto-electronics
LO 1-02
Dependence of the defect modes on the strength of localized defects in photonic
lattice, Arif Hidayat, Diana Kurniati, Hari Wisodo and Eny Latifah
190-197
LO 1-05
Potential Candidate for Gigahertz range Electromagnetic wave absorbers of Carbon
Sheets Based on Polymer, Maria Margaretha Suliyanti, Nanik Indayaningsih and
Affi Nurhidayah
198-203
LO 1-08
Study on the Theory of Electron Multiple Scattering on Plasma, Taat Guswantoro,
Muhammad Nur and Vincencius Gunawan
204-209
Parallel Session EE: Energy and Environment Physics
EE 1-03
Development Of Wind Tunnel For Aerodynamic Test To Support The Wind Energy
Research, Hadi Nasbey , Cecep Rustana and Christine Stefphanie
210-215
Parallel Session I: Interdisciplinary Physics
I 1-01
A Misunderstanding of Force Concept; the action-reaction pairs same as a causeeffect sequence, A. Halim, Melvina and Susilawati
216-219
I 1-04
A Study on The Physical Characteristics of Lemukutan Island Territorial Water
Wave in Bengkayang Regency, Eka Murdani and Sumarli
220-224
I 1-08
The Influence of Cooperative Instructional Strategies with STAD Technique on
Students Achievement in Physics of Grade XI SMA Lab School, Palu, Marungkil
Pasaribu
225-229
I 1-11
I 1-12
I 1-14
The Relationship between Formal Thinking Abilities and Problem-Solving Skills in
Kinematics Topics, Sondang R. Manurung
Theoretical Modeling for the Effect Tenacity on Take-Up Roller (Ro) and Tenacity
on Winding Device (Rw) Related With the Yarn Breakage on Rotor Open End
Spinning, Valentinus Galih Vidia Putra, M.F. Rosyid and R. Arief Dewanto
230-234
Comparative Study of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in FAME and
FAEE of Virgin Coconut Oil, Ni Made Suaniti and I Wayan Bandem Adnyana
241-245
vi
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THE 4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THEORETICAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICTAP-2014)
16-17 October 2014, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia
The Relationship between Formal Thinking Abilities and
Problem-Solving Skills in Kinematics Topic
Sondang R. Manurung1, a)
1
Departement of Physics Educational
a)
State University of Medan
Email: sondangrina@gmail.com
Abstract. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between formal thinking students’ ability
level and their competence in problem solving task in physics. The population was all student prospective teacher
students of the first grade in physics education program. A relationship was thought to exist since both sets of skills
strongly emphasize conducting fair experiments as well as other abilities. Pencil and paper measures of formal
operational and problem solving skill achievement in the kinematics topic were given to 36 students. Resulting
correlations showed a moderate relationship between achievements on the two measurements. Factor analysis data
corroborate the correlation evidence. One potential inference to be drawn from these results is that problem solving skill
teaching might be influenced formal thinking ability.
Keywords: formal thinkng ability, problem solving skill, kinematics, education prospective
PACS: 00-01.Communication, education, history, and philosophy
INTRODUCTION
Low level of performance and poor achievement of students in their education is the concern of the government,
teachers, parents, and the general public. Problems may arise after the graduation of the students, by the time they
will start their careers. Many efforts were already been done by the Government of Republic of Indonesia, through
the Ministry of Education, to improve the performance and achievement of the students in the field of science. These
efforts showed the concern of the government and the educator in motivating the students to reach a certain
objectives of science education. The main objective of science education is to develop individuals to have scientific
literacy and becomes a qualified human resource. The main focus for the educators is to develop the scientific ability
of the students in problem solving, both inside and outside the classroom [1]. The problem solving ability is one
main part in education, which increases the ability for abstraction, conceptual thinking, and generalization [2].
Learning process of science requires high level of reasoning ability, especially formal reasoning thinking. There
is a direct relation between formal thinking and integrated science process such as the ability to identify and control
variables, and the ability to construct hypothesis [3]. Strong formal reasoning ability is expressed as a predictor of
skill attainment process [4]. There are five aspects of the operation of formal reasoning, namely: proportional
reasoning, control of variables, probability reasoning, correlation reasoning, and combinatorial reasoning. The fifth
aspect has been identified as an important ability in order to achieve success in science and mathematics [5]. Based
on the importance, some authors suggest that the development of formal reasoning ability is a key priority in science
education [1]; [6]; [7]. In fact, proportional reasoning, for example, is very important in many aspects of the science
of quantitative reasoning without access to a proportional understanding of the derivation and the use of a large
number of functional relationships in science is not achieved. However, most of the elementary grade students do
not have the ability to think like this. [8]. Lawson found a substantial correlation between formal reasoning and
achievement in biology [6]. Similarly, Chandran, Treagust and Topin showed that formal reasoning ability and prior
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THE 4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THEORETICAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICTAP-2014)
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knowledge was a significant predictor of performance on chemical calculations, laboratory applications, and
contents of chemical knowledge [9]. Piaget showed that, there are four stages of growth of logical thinking from
infancy to adolescence, these are; sensory-motor (age 0-2 years), preoperational (age 2-7 years), concrete
operational (ages 7-11 years), and formal operational (age 11-16 years), representing a progressive organization and
reorganization of experience to form mental structures which is able to accommodate new material and use it [10].
Problem solving is a complex process and it is important to solve the problems of everyday life and learn physics.
Hayes defines the process of solving the problem as follows: "Every time there is a gap between where you are now
and where you want, and you do not know how to find a way to cross that gap means you have a problem" [11].
Martinez described problem solving as "the process of moving towards the goal when the path to that goal is
uncertain" [12]. Problem solving ability of a student is not only depended on the level of maturity, but also
determined from the problems they themselves experienced [13]. The strategy refers to the five-step problem
solving include: (a) Focus the problem), (b) Describe the physics, (c) Plan the solution, (d) Execute the plan, and (e)
Evaluate the solution. Problem solving can be done in writing individual and group discussions.
METHODOLOGY
This research was conducted in one of the Physics education program in North Sumatra for the first year
students. The number of research subjects was 36 students with 26 women and 10 men. Data were collected through
two research instruments, namely logical thinking test (TOLT) [4]. developed by Tobin and Capie was translated
and adapted into Turkish by Geban, Askar, and Ozkan, and the reliability was found to be 0.81 [15] has been
translated into Bahasa Indonesia by Sumarmo having reliability of 0.66 [16] by using ANATES software ver. 4.0.9,
the test results obtained from the validity and reliability tests of 0.67 and 0.80. and the ather is test of problem
solving in kinematics, in the form of an essay test consisting 2 questions. The questions of the test were thus tested,
and its reliability was proven. Collected data were analyzed and getting of description of data is shown in the form
of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation. Analysis of the data and the results are presented with particular
reference to the research hypothesis: formal thinking skills affect the ability of solving the problem. The hypothesis
was tested using simple regression analysis. In regression model, formal thinking ability is used as the independent
variable, while the problem-solving ability as the dependent variable.
RESEARCH RESULTS
The test scores of formal thinking ability test and problem solving skills test are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1. Statistical Result of Formal Logical Thinking Test (TOLT).
Dependent variable
(Problem solving skills)
Independent variable
(Formal thinking ability)
Number of
valid data
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Maximum
Minimum
36
13.57
2.95
7.00
18.00
36
6.58
1.68
4.00
18.00
From the above statistics, the scores of independent variables (formal thinking abilities) show the mean and
standard deviation of 6.5833 and 1.67971. On the other hand, the dependent variable (problem solving skills) has the
mean of 13.750 and the standard deviation of 2.95079. The minimum value for the independent variable is 4 and the
maximum value is 10. For dependent variable, the minimum is 7 and the maximum is 18.
The description data of ability of formal thinking is shown in Table 2. Combinatorial is the hardest test section,
as indicated by the smallest mean score of tested aspects, 0.6667. Meanwhile, the easiest is proportional reasoning
and control of variables, indicated by the mean score of 1.8056.
The frequency distribution of variable data in formal thinking ability and problem solving skills are shown in
Table 3 and 4. Most students are in the early stages of formal thinking skills (29 students). Only 7 students at the
final stage of formal thought, and still there is one student in the transition phase. All can be seen In Table 3.
In Table 4, it is shown that as many as 47.2 % of students scored below average approximately, by 27.8 % of
students got a score around the average, and as much as 52.87% of students scored above average.
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THE 4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THEORETICAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICTAP-2014)
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TABLE 2. Description Data of Aspects in Formal Thinking Abilities.
Number of valid data
Mean
Standard Deviation
Maximum
Minimum
Proportional
ability
36
1.8056
0.40139
1.00
2.00
Ability to control
variable
36
1.8056
0.52478
0.00
2.00
TABLE 3. Frequency Distribution of Variable Data in
Formal Thinking Ability
Score
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Total
Number of
person
Valid
percent
Cumulative
Percent
1
10
11
5
2
4
3
36
2.8
27.8
30.6
13.9
5.6
11.1
8.3
100
2.8
30.6
61.1
75.0
80.6
91.7
100
Probability
Correlation
Combination
36
1.2222
0.89797
0.00
2.00
36
1.1667
0.91026
0.00
2.00
36
0.6667
0.79282
0.00
2.00
TABLE 4. Frequency Distribution of Variable
Data in Problem Solving Skills
Score
7.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
13.00
15.00
17.00
18.00
Total
Number
of person
1
1
5
5
5
12
1
6
36
Percent
2.8
2.8
13.9
13.9
13.9
33.3
2.8
16.7
100
Valid
percent
2.8
2.8
13.9
13.9
13.9
33.3
2.8
16.7
100
Cumulative
Percent
2.8
5.6
19.4
33.3
47.2
80.6
83.3
100
Test of Hypothesis
The relationship between formal thinking abilities (X) with problem solving skills (Y) was examined. From the
calculation results obtained by simple regression analysis, a regression toward b = 10 and a constant a = 0.569 was
obtained, resulting a regression equation: y = 0.569 x + 10.
To determine the significance and the linearity of the regression, ANAVA F-test was conducted, based on tests
of problem solving skills and formal thinking ability as a predictor (independent variable/IV), as shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5. ANAVA Analysis on the Score of Problem Solving.
Source
IV: Ability of Formal Thinking
Error
Total
Error Correction
R2 = 0.252 (adjusted R2 = 0.097).
Type II Sum of Squares
76.652
228.098
7111
304.750
Mean Square
12.775
7.865
F
2.624
Df
6
29
36
35
P
0.017
Conclusion
Significant
ANAVA calculations showed that the problem solving ability of formal thinking can be a significant predictor
in determining the problem solving skills. The results of the calculations indicated that the ability to think formally
is proved to be a good predictor to determine the problem solving scores, F(6.29) = 2.624, p = 0.017, because of
Fcalculation < Ftable for 5 % error level, or 2.624 < 6.296. Thus, the use of a linear regression is confirmed.
The relationship between formal thinking abilities (X) and problem solving skills (Y) from the calculation of the
correlation coefficient of 0.324 is shown in Table 6. From the result in Table 6, N denotes the number of
observations / sample of 36, whereas the correlation indicated by the number 0.324, which means that the
magnitude of the correlation between the variables of formal thinking with problem solving variable is equal to
0.324. Meanwhile, the number of sig. (2-tailed) is 0.054. This value is greater than the critical threshold α of 0.01
that will means that there is no relationship between the two variables at a significance level of 0.01.
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THE 4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THEORETICAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICTAP-2014)
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TABLE 6. Correlation Calculation between Test of Formal Thinking and Problem Solving.
Formal Thinking
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Formal Thinking
1
0
36
Problem Solving
0.324
0.054
36
Based on the criteria of degree of difficulty, the correlation coefficient of 0.324 lies in the medium category
(moderate).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
A high percentage (77.8 %) of the sample is in the early stages of formal reasoning, the final stage of formal
reasoning by 19.4 %, and by 2.7 % in the transition phase. Classification of subjects in a stage of cognitive
development is derived directly from the theory of Piaget. In other words, the need to classify subjects in a stage of
cognitive development is not fully justified from the results of this study because the basic premise of Piaget's
theory that formal reasoning is common in integrated mode and intellectual function not confirmed. Similarly, the
test scores for the problem solving skills are as much as 47.2 % of students scored below average approximately, by
27.8 % of students got a score around the average, and as much as 52.87 % of students scored above the mean
average. The research results also show that the correlation between formal thinking skills and problem solving
abilities is 0.32; thus in the medium category. If we consider the value of the coefficient of determination of 10.5 %,
the positive relationship was contributed mainly by the variable formal thinking skills to students' ability to solve
problems. In other words, the average value of 10.5 % problem solving ability is determined by the value of the
given formal thinking skills, through the equation y = 0.569 x + 10. That is, the higher the formal thinking skills of
students, the more it will affect the growth of problem solving skills. This is supported by Gabel et al DeCarcer and
Lawson, who said that the development of formal reasoning ability is a key priority in science education, which can
improve science process skills and understanding of concepts [17];[7]. This is evidenced by the research by
Diniwati, Padilla which stated that there is a significant relationship between students' formal thinking skills with
the ability to provide an overview of microscopic acid-base concept [18] [19]. Furthermore, Padilla proposed three
strong arguments which emphasized the need and importance of science process skills activities in the classroom
learning [20].
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