THE PROBLEM OF USING PRONOUNS IN ENGLISH WRITING AMONG THE FIRST YEARS STUDENTS OF SMK NU KALIGARANG IN THE ACADEMIC YEARS OF 20032004 Submitted to the Board of Examiners in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Isla

THE PROBLEM OF USING PRONOUNS IN ENGLISH WRITING

AMONG THE FIRST YEARS STUDENTS OF SMK NU KALIGARANG

IN THE ACADEMIC YEARS OF 2003/2004

Submitted to the Board of Examiners in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I)

in the English Department

\ ER

Kusnul Abadi

NIM, 113 99 029

STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE SALATIGA

2004/2005

DEPARTEMEN AGAMA RI SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI (STAIN) SALATIGA

JL S ta d io n 03 Telp. 0298 323 7 0 6 S a la tig a 50721

DEKLARASI

Dengan penuh kejujuran dan tanggung jawab, peneliti menyatakan bahwa skripsi ini tidak berisi materi yang pernah ditulis oleh orang lain / pernah diterbitkan / demikian juga skripsi ini tidak berisi satupun pikiran- pikiran orang lain, kecuali informasi yang terdapat dalam referensi yang dijadikan bahan rujukan.

Apabila dikenuidian hari ternyata terdapat materi atau pikiran-pikiran orang lain di luar referensi yang peneliti cantumkan, maka peneliti sanggup mempertanggung jawabkan kembali keaslian skripsi ini di hadapan sidang munaqosah skripsi.

Demikian deklarasi ini dibuat oleh peneliti untuk dapat dimaklumi.

Salatiga, 05 Maret 2005 Peneliti

KUSNUL ABADI NIM. 113 99 029

Dra. Woro Retnaningsih, M.Pd. The Lecturer of Educational Faculty State Islamic Studies Institute of Salatiga

ATTENTIVE CONSELOR NOTES Salatiga, March 02th 2005

Case : Kusnul Abadi’s Thesis Dear The Head of State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) Salatiga Assalamu 'ulaikum Wr. Wh.

After reading and correcting Kusnul Abadi’s thesis entitled ’’The Problem of

Using Pronouns in English Writing Among the first year students of SMK

NU Kaligarang in Academic Year of 2003/2004”

1 have decided and would like to propose that it could be accepted by the educational faculty and 1 hope it would be examined as soon as possible.

Wassalamu 'alaikum Wr. Wb.

Consultant

DEPARTMEN OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN) SALATIGA

JL Stadion 03 Phone. 0298 323706 Salatiga 50721

STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION

TIIE PROBLEM OF USING PRONOUNS IN ENGLISH WRITING

AMONG THE FIRST YEAR STUDENTS OF SMK NU KALIGARANG

IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2003/2004”

Has been brought to the board of examiners in March, 12th

2005 M / Shafar, 02nd 1426 H, and hereby considered to

completely fulfill the requirement of Saijana degree in the English

Department of Educational Faculty.

KUSNULABADI

NIM : 113 99 029

March, 12th 2005 M Salatiga,

Shafar, 02nd 1426H

Board of examiners

Prof. Dr. Muh. Zuhri, MA (Q\Prs. Sa’adi, M.Ag

NIP. 150 182 686 NIP. 150 256 821

Atten ‘' nselor

Dra. Woro R ejtnaningsih, M.Pd

NIP. 150 262 646

M OTTO

The difficufty (ies, not in the new ideas,

6ut in escaping from, the o(d ones, which

ramify, for those 6rought up as most o f

us have Been, into every comer o f our

minds. (John M aynard %eynes)

DEDICATION

M y beloved M other (M rs. S iti S a ry a m i)
_- Lecturers an d students o f S T A IN S a la tig a _- M y brother A ti S a'bani an d F am ily
- M y Secret title an g el _- A ll o f my friends

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the compassionate, blesses and praises always go to great prophet Muhammad. Alhamdullillah, everlasting thanks to Allah. The writer must be deeply grateful to Allah for His blessing, whose without help the writer would have not been able to finish the thesis. Those who ask help to Alloh will never feel disappointment.

This thesis is presented to English Department of State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) Salatiga in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Sarjana degree. It is important for the writer to thank people behind the making of this thesis. The writer would like to thank to :

1. Drs. Badwan, M.Ag, as the head of State Islamic Studies Institute of Salatiga.

2. Drs. Sa’adi, M.Ag, as the chief of English Department.

3. Dra. Woro Retnaningsih, M.Pd, as the consultant who is always ready to give help in solving problems concerning the writing of this graduating paper. Thank you very much for your patience and guidance.

4. To all lecturers of English Department, the writer deeply thank you all for not only giving knowledge but also insight.

5. To family which has facilitated and encouraged the writer to finish his study. We could have never thanked you enough and never been able to reply what you have done and given to us.

6. To all friends in MAPALA MITAPASA, you almost make me crazy

8. All students of TB1 o f 99, and spec'al thank to “The funny children (pak Kasan, pak Ndut, pak Japrex)”. And for every body who cares on me thank you so much for adding the colour of my life.

7. To

**BBM (Bos Bos Margosari)” for everything

Salatiga, 16th March 2005

The Writer

TAHU'. OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

B. Attempt to Overcome the Problem of Using Pronoun in English Writing Made by the First Students of SMK NU Kaligarang in the Academic year of

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIXS

LIST OF TABLE

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Problem. English is one of the languages used internationally. Its status as an

international language make it effective to spread information, science and technology. In Indonesia, English is regarded as the first Foreign language to be taught. It is taught to the students from the elementary school until

University. Through the program, it is expected that the students have good command of English. So, they can deepen their knowledge and sciences since most of the sciences and technology are written in English.

English is one of the subjects which students consider difficult and consequently, their achievement in English is not satisfactory. Yet, the teaching learning process can not be stopped regarding to the fact. The process and methods which have been used up to now have to be reviewed and renewed in order to find out the students’ difficulty in English learning, so as to make learning English easier.

The goal of foreign language study is to learn a language in order to read its literature or and to benefit from the mental discipline and intellectual development that result from foreign language study1. In teaching learning process, it is needed the professional teachers. Teacher is the important factor

in teaching learning process, teacher also called as facilitator. It means teacher 1

A pproach a n d M eth ods In L an gu age 1 Jack, C, Richards and Theodore,S, Rodger.

uses the easy way to convey the material. In language teaching involves at least three disciplines, they are linguistic, psychology and education2.

Grammar is one of the language components which is considered to be very difficult to master. A rule of grammar is a formula that one makes to account for how a given giammatical construction usually behaves.' The important of studying grammar is as what Veit said:

...grammar is not without practical benefit. We use conscious knowledge about language when we speak and write and conscious language about language can help us to understand what we do and allows us to make some enlightened choice. Knowledge of

grammar also give us a tool for analyzing our writing../

Grammar, which consist of many elements to construct sentences, should be learned carefully in order to avoid incomprehensible sentences.

Generally, grammar contains of tenses, adjective, adverb, article, pronoun, verb, auxiliaries, preposition, gerund, conjunction, etc. Every item must be taught as clear as possible, so that the students may enlarge knowledge by studying these item.

In using pronouns in English writing, students feel difficult and face problems, because pronouns in English writing is different from Indonesian one. For example some students make serious errors in using hisself or

their seifs in the place of the correct objective case forms himself and themselves. So, the writer would like to study about “The Problem of Using *

4 M etodologi P engajaran B ahasa. ‘ Sri Ulami Suibyakto-Nababan. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. 1993. Page 5.

TO EFL: P reposition G uide ' Michael A Pyle and Maty Hellen Munoz Page.

Nebraska Cliffs Notes. 1995 P 39 D iscovering English G ram m ar.

4 Richard Viet Boston: Hougthton Mafflin Company.

3 Pronouns in English Writing Among the First Years Students of SMK NU Kaligarang in the Academic Years of 2003/2004”.

B. Limitation of the Problem

It is necessary to the writer to limit the topic of the study. In this study, the writer limits the topic as follow:

1. The populations of study is limited to first years students of SMK NU Kaligarang in the academic years of 2003/2004

2. The researcher is only focused on the students’ capability of using ronoun in English writing.

C. Statement of the Problem

To analyze the problem in using pronouns in English writing of the first / year students of SMK NU Kaligarang, the writer formulates the problems in the following questions:

1. What are the problems in using pronouns which are faced by the first year students of SMK NU Kaligarang?

2 What are the factors influencing the' students in using pronouns?

3. How are the suitable ways to solve those problems?

I). The Objective and Benefits of Study

1. The objectives of the study, are as follow:

a. To find out the problems in using pronouns which are faced by the first year students of SMK NU Kaligarang.

b. To find out the factors influencing the students in using pronouns in English writing.

c. To find out the solution of the problems in using pronouns in English writing.

2. The Benefits of the Study, are as follows:

a. To develop and to enrich knowledge in using pronouns in English writing. b Students are able to use pronouns in English writing correctly,

c. To guide and facilitate the students in using pronouns in English writing.

E. Literature Review

According to Eugene. J. Hall, in the book of Grammar For Use, pronouns are traditionally defined as words which take the place of a nouns.5 6 According to Marcella Frank, pronoun is a word that take the place of noun and applicable to some types of pronouns but not to others. These pronouns that are actual substitutes may refer not only to preceding noun-it antecedent- but also to large part of a discourse that precedes.

F. Research Methodology

1. The object of the study (ira m m a r F or Use.

J Eugene J Hall, Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara. 1903. page 10.

6 Op cif. Marcella Frank, page 20)

a Population Population is the whole subjects of investigation.7 In the

Encyclopedia of Education Evaluation, population is asset of all elements, possessing one or more attributes of interest. In this research the population is all of the first year students of SMK NU Kaligarang.

b. Sample Sample is a part or a representative population, which is investigated8 * . The sample of the research is the first year students of

SMK NU Kaligarang. The researcher take 74 students from two classes, there are 37 student every class which are assumed to have adequate basic of expressing their ideas by using pronouns in writing skill. It is also called total sample.

2. Data sources In this research, the researcher collects the data by using test and questionnaire, a. Test

Test is a series of questions or other instruments which are used to measure individual or groups skill, knowledge, intelligence, capability or talent.7 According to A.S.Homby, test is examination, value and composition.10

M eth odology Research.

7 Sufrisno lladi Yogyakarta: UGM press. 1987. page 21.

* Suharsimi Arikunto P rosedu r P enelitian (Suatu P endekatan P raktik). Jakarta Rineka Cipta 1992. page 115.

Ihid.

7 Suharsimi Arikunto, page 117 O xford A dvan ced L earners D ictionary o f C urrent E nglish. '° A,S, Hornby.

Britain. Oxford University press. 1974 page 893.

6 In this research, the researcher will use multiple choices. This test will be containing about personal and possessive pronouns.

b Questionnaire 1) Definition of Questionnaire

Questionnaire is a number of written questions which are used to obtain information from the respondents in the idea that icport about them selves or the things to know.1'According to

Kartini Kartono questionnaire is investigation regarding which some problem which is many concerning public interest, by circularizing form enlist the question, raised in writing to some subyek, to get the answer ( response comments) needed.1

1 Based on both opinions above, inferential that questionnaire represent technique of data collecting conducted through the communication written to source of data or respondent. Data desired to be poured in the form of question which is later; then raised to responder, and responder asked to gives comments, information about the problem which influence the students in studying personal and possessive pronouns as expected by researcher.

2) The type of questionnaire According to the experts there are some questionnaire clarified become the some types, among others is direct closed

11 Ibid, As Hornby, page. 140.

P en gan tar M etodologi R iset Sosial.

'* Kartino kartono Bandung: PT Mondar Maju 1990 P 217

questionnaire. Masri Singarimbun and Sofyan Effendi said that "closed question by possibility the answered is determined before hand and responder is not given the opportunity to give the other answer”.1'

Later; Sutrisno Hadi explain that "a questionnaire referred as direct questionnaire if the list of question sent directly to one who asked by the opinion, faith or asked to narrate about their/his self situation" .*

14 Based on the definition about questionnaire above, the writer used closed questionnaire in this research with the pallet an:

Responder is one who can be invited by a direct communications in writing so that need not medium. By using closed questionnaire, it will be easy to responder to reply/ answer, also easy for writer to analyze the answer.
To get the objective answer from responder.

Efficient energy, time and fund. -

3. Technique of the data analysis The researcher uses steps in analyzing data as follows:

a. Identification In this step, the researcher identifies many errors made by the students in using personal and possessive pronouns in correcting test

items given to them. u Masri Singarimbun dan Sofyan Effendi. M eto d o lo g i P en elitian S u n ’ai. Jakarta: LP3ES. 8th edition. 1987. page 177

Op. Lit.,

14 Sutrisno Hadi, 1992, P. 158

b. Classification of the statistical conclusion In this step, the researcher uses a formulation as follow: By which .

100% r=—x

P : Total Percentage F : Frequency N : Number of subjects (Respondents)

c. Analysis This way is used to find what problems in using pronouns faced by the students.

G. Thesis Outlines

Chapter I is Introduction that consist of Background of The Problem, Limitation of the Problem, Statement of the Problem, The Objective and Benefits of Study, Literature Review, Research Methodology, Thesis Outlines. Chapter II is Related Literature of Pronoun that consists of Theoretical Framework; the Definition of Pronoun, The Kind of Pronoun, The Type of Pronoun, The Position of Pronoun, The Function of Pronoun. Hypothesis and the Problems of Using Pronoun. Chapter III is Research Methodology that consists of The Design of the Research, The Technique of Collecting Data, The Procedure of the Research, Data Presentation, The Method of Data Analysis and Test Result.

9 Chapter IV is Data Analysis and Interpretation that consists of Data

Analysis and Attempt to Overcome the Problems of Using Pronouns in English Writing Made by the First Year Students o f SMK NU Kaligarang.

Chapter V is Closure that consists of Conclusion and Suggestion The last part is bibliography and appendix

CHAPTER II RELATED LITERATURE OF PRONOUN A. Theoretical Frame Work

1. The Definition of Pronoun Pronoun makes up a small class of word of a very high frequency.

The traditional definitive of pronoun is word that takes the place of noun.

It is applicable to some types of pronouns but not to others.1 Those pronouns that are actual substitutes may refer not only to preceding noun-it antecedent-but also to large part of a discourse that proceeds. Those pronouns that are not substitutes may simply have indefinite reference or express indefinite quantity.

Modem grammarians who regard position and function as the decisive factors in classifying a part of speech often consider pronoun as a sub class of a nouns. However, they point out important formal differences: many pronouns are more highly inflected for grammatical properties (person, number, case and gender) and all pronouns lack the derivational endings (such as tion, ment) that nouns have whatever meaning, they have derives from context. In addition, many pronouns have the ability to serve either of two functions. They may stand alone in noun function or they may act as adjectives (determines) that precedes descriptive adjectives. A pronoun (from Latin Pro: mean fo r, and Nornerv.

M odern a

1 Marcella Frank, Eni'litf preference $ui<ie, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.,

mean Name) is a word used instead of a noun or noun equivalent. The meaning of pronouns is restricted to the relation or reference. From the above definition, we can see that what is referred by a pronoun is noun equivalent.

For example:

a. I read news paper (personal pronoun)

b. My shoes is black and your shoes is red (possessive pronoun)

c. 7 will talk to any one (indefinite pronoun)

d. He praises himself too highly (reflexive pronoun)

e. This (thing) is larger than that (the thing over there) (demonstrative pronoun) f. To whom were you speaking? (interrogative pronoun)

Pronoun is a word that takes place of noun. An antecedent is the word for which a pronouns stands. The antecedents are not always stated.

In English, there are seven pronouns. They are personal pronoun,

interrogative pronoun, relative pronoun, demonstrative pronoun reflexive

pronoun, reciprocal pronoun and indefinite pronoun.

The antecedent to which a pronoun refers must be clear and unmistakable. Here, at least we must: a. Avoid ambiguous means, “having two or more possible meaning”.

Ambiguity occurs when two antecedents are possible for same pronoun. Ambiguous reference may be corrected by (1) repeating the antecedent or (2) rewording the sentence.

12 For example: 1 removed the plastic lids from the cans and threw them a way.

(ambiguous) I removed the plastic lids from the cans and threw the cans a way.

(Clear)

b. Avoid implied reference. Implied reference means that the antecedent is not actually stated but must be inferred from other words.

For example: He persistent refused of counsel from ungodly students greatly aided his spiritual progress. (Clear-sentence reworded)

Avoid the indefinite use of it, you, and they.

1) It should usually have a definite antecedent

for example: In his book says that walking is an excellent exercise, (indefinite)

This book says that walking is an excellent exercise, (clear)

2) Do not use you unless you are speaking specifically to the reader.

If you are referring to people in general. Use general words, such as one, anyone, person, people.

For example: In communist - controlled countries, you live in constant fear, (incorrect)

In communist-controlled countries, the people live in constant fear, (correct).

d. Demonstrative pronoun :

- This table (over there) is prettier than

(over there)

that are

- This pleased her very
1 must tell you

This

: - The child hurts

e. Reflexive pronoun himself

They found themselves in the wrong
We enjoy

ourselves in the beach

f. Reciprocal pronoun : - The amused

each other by telling stories

Bosko and admire love each other
They run way

one another

g. Indefinite pronoun :

- Every man should do his duty
- No one passed the examination - Any student may contributed to the fund.

3. The Type of Pronoun

a. Personal Pronoun A personal pronoun is the most important class pronoun which refer to2:

1) The speaker, called the first person Singular:

I (spelled with a capital letter)

Example : I want hold your hand. (I refer to the speaker only) Plural : we (melodies the speaker and one or more other’s)

Ibid 2 , Page 21

15 Example : we all get into trouble sometimes. (We includes the

Speaker / the writer) 2) The person speaker called the second person

-you (singular and

plural) Singular : - he (for males)

Example- He cries everyday

she (for females)

Example- she does not like go to party

it (for thing; also for live being whose sex is unknown or unimportant to the speaker)

Example- A cat is lying on the street. It is collided by the car.

Plural : they (for all live beings and for all things).

Example- They grow cafe in Brazil. (They refer to a smaller group or one that is removed from the speaker and his audience).

b. Interrogative Pronouns is one that introduces a question, either direct or indirect. ’ There are three interrogative pronouns-who (for person), what (for thing) and which (for a choice involving either person or things), for example : 1) . who wrote the report?

2) . what do you think about his shirt?

, Page 21 3 1 hid

3). which of the problems are you studying? There are three interrogative pronouns which have generalizing form who ever, whatever, whichever, for example:

1) . whoever told you to do such a thing?

2) . whatever could happen around is suddenly

3) . Here are some dresses choose whichever (one or ones) you like.

The pronoun what also introduces exclamations- what beautiful flowers those are:

what is used with a singular countable noun - “what a beautiful flower that” is.

c. Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns refer to noun antecedents, which immediately precede them.4 They introduce adjective clauses in which they serve as a subject or object. There are three relative pronouns,

who used with reference to persons (objective case: whom, possessive

case :

whose, which referring animal and things, and that referring to

persons, animal and things), for example : 1) . Romy who studies law, work for us.

2) . the girl whom you met is my sister. 3) . every person that miss marry gave is persuasive. 4) . Mr. Black whose order you took, lives in Canada

4 Ibid

d. Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns points out someone or something.3

The most common demonstrative pronouns are

this (plural these)

generally refers to what is near at hand and

that (plural those)

generally refers to what is farther a way. This distinction in space is related to the distinction between adverbs

here and there.

1) This table (over there) is prettier than that one (over there) 2) This pleased her very much or those may be more emphatic alternatives, for the example:

That A sidewalk is that (the part of the street on which pedestrians walk).

e. Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronoun is a combination of self with one of the personal pronouns or with the impersonal pronoun one5 The reflexive

pronoun generally refers to an animal being, usually a person. The most common use of the Reflexive pronoun is as an object that

"reflects hack ” to the subject; in other words it has the same identity

as the subject. Thus in the sentence “The child hurt himself (child and him self gate identical).

The personal pronouns change their form for person (first, second, third) for case (subject, object, possessive and neuther).

5 Ibid.

6 Ibid., Page 22

18 Possessive Possessive Subject Object Reflexive pronouns adjective

Singular

1 Me Mine myself my

You You Your Yours Yourself

He Him His His Himself

She Her Her Hers Herself

It It Its Its Itself Plural We Us Our Ours Ourselves

You You Your Yours Yourselves

They Them Their Theirs Themselves

Below for the example: 1) Mr. John corrected himself.

2) Mrs. Anne gave herself an increase in pay 3) 1 told myself to try again

4) We bought the ball for one selves

f. Reciprocal pronoun Like Reflexive pronoun, reciprocal pronoun has the same identity as the subject. The reciprocal pronoun indicate that the individual members of a plural mutually react one on the other.7 It always reflects to the subject or to a preceding noun or pronoun, and it

7 Ibid

is always treated in phrasal (or compound) pronouns and cannot be separated and used as adjectives to express the reciprocal relation.

The reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another. Each other is referred to refer to two antecedents. While one another is preferred when there are more than two antecedents. The following sentences illustrated typical usages: 1) Romeo and Juliet admired each other.

2) Little children be good to one another 3) He and 1 like each other 4) The five lions looked at one another

g. Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns refer to indefinite (usually unknown) persons or things, or to indefinite quantities.8 Indefinite person or things are pronouns, which all singular inform and are used without noun antecedents. They consist of following compound:

Body - One - Thing Some- Somebody Someone Something Any-

Anybody Anyone Anything No-

Nobody No one Nothing Every- Every body

Everyone Everybody

20 Indefinite quantities:

All - few
>Another - least - most
Any - less - much
Both - little - one
Each - a lot (of) - other (s)
Either - lots (of) - plenty (of)
Neither -
several For example: 1) I do not have any, but I would like some.

2) Anyone (every body) can do it. 3) No one (no body) saw me. 4) I will talk to anyone. 5) Nothing is happening. 6) 1 saw someone (somebody, something) in those buses

The other indefinite pronouns are

either, neither. Though they

are usually referred to two, they are considered grammatically singular when used as subject, so the verb takes the singular form, for example: 1) Either (Ane or Jane) has done it. 2) Neither (Ane or Jane) has done it. 3) Either (of the two) is acceptable to me.

Generally indefinite pronouns are singular form and personal pronouns referring to indefinite pronouns are also singular and

depending upon the context, such personal pronouns may be feminism may be masculine or neuter, for example: 1) Everybody should finish her assignment soon

2) Somebody left his coat in the room 3) Everyone may pick up his or her check later 4) Something is wrong, and it must be found and corrected without delay

5) Some of this food is spoiled, and should be thrown out

4. The Position of Pronoun When you use a pronoun as a subject or after a linking verb, always use a Nominative form.

1) The subject of a verb is in the nominative case.

A pronoun used as the subject must always be one of these forms. I, you, he, she, it, we, they.

Example: - They made candles form antique molds.

(They is the subject of the verb made) - He and 1 mowed lawns on Saturday afternoon.

(He and 1 are the subjects of the verb mowed.) 2) A predicate Nominative is in the nominative case

A predicative nominative always refers to the subject. It follows a linking verb. A pronoun used as a predicate nominative must be in the nominative case: I, He, She, We, And They.

22 Example : - The candidates for class president were he and she

The members of the debating team are

we three

This rule is often ignored the usage it is me or it’s me. Although

me is the objective form, it is acceptable as a predicate

nominative. It is

her, him, us, them are usually acceptable in spoken

English, but not in writing. In doing the following exercises follow the usage of written English.

3) The direct and indirect object or indirect object of a verb must always be one of these forms: me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.

Example : - Mother called

me to the phone,

(Me is the direct object of the verb called)

The hostess handed her a piece of cake.

(Her is the indirect object of the verb

handed)

Difficulties in choosing the correct form of the pronoun usually a rise when the object it compound. It can make sure the pronoun in a compound object is correct by trying it alone in the sentences.

Example: Problem : the teacher chose (she, her) and (I, me) Awkward : The teacher chose

she

The teacher chose

The teacher chose her and me

4) The object of a preposition is in the objective case. You know objects always follow preposition. When a pronoun is used as the object of preposition, it is the objective case. The objective forms of pronouns, recall are me, you, him, her, it, us, them.

Example : - The secret is between you and me (You and me are the objects of the preposition between)

We waited for Ed and

them to arrive (Them is one of the objects of the preposition for)

Nonstandard : The secretary voted for hisself in the last election Standard : The secretary voted for

himself in the last election

Non standard . The cooks served theirselfs some of the cake Standard : The cooks served themselves some of the cake

5. The Function of Pronoun 1) Pronoun used as subject or predicate nominatives must be nominative case pronouns. Memorize the following list of nominative case pronouns: 1, he, she, we, they, who, whoever.

It is easy to use the wrong pronoun when the pronoun is part of a compound subject. In order to recognize the correct pronoun, try the pronouns a lone in the sentences below: - Roy and (he, him) decorated the gymnasium.

Him decorated the gymnasium. (Incorrect)
He decorated the gymnasium. (Correct) - Roy and he decorated the gymnasium.

2) Sometimes the pronouns subject is followed by an appositive. It is helpful to try the pronoun a part form the appositive in the sentences below: - (We, us) Moslems should do right.

Us should do right. (Incorrect)
We should do right. (Correct) - We Moslems should do right.

3) Pronouns may be used as direct object following the action verb advised. Example: Dad gave him advice. (Him is an indirect between the action verb gave and the direct object advice). 4) Pronouns used as object must be objective case pronouns. Memorize the following list of objective case pronouns me, him, her, us, them, whom, whomever. (You and it are in both the objective case and nominative case).

Most problems occur when the object are compound. It is helpful to try each pronoun alone in the sentence.

For example:

The senator praised Bert and (I. me)
The senator praised I. (incorrect)
The senator praised me (correct)
The senator praised Bert and me

Hand your papers in Hand in your papers Hang your coat up Hang up your coat Take your shoes o ff Take off your shoes

11 Thomson A. J., and Martinet, A P ractical E n glish G ram m ar,

10 Jhon E Warriner and Sheila, Y laws, E nglish G ram m ar a n d C om position , New York, Harcount Brace Javanovich. Inc, 1973. page 34.

P. 70

9 As Hornby, Op. Cit.,

Hand them in Hang it Up Take them off

A pronoun object, however, must be placed in the middle: “

8) With many phrasal verbs a noun object can be either in the middle or at the end.

I made it fo r her. I sent them to him

However, if the direct object is a personal pronoun it is more usual to place it directly after the verb and use to or for:

I sent Bill the Photos

1 7) An indirect object comes before a direct objects: / made Ann Her cake.

Pronouns is a word that stands for a noun10 1

Jho’s mechanizes, I landoyo and he have many years of experience. 6) According to A S 1 lornby, Pronoun is a word used in place of noun or noun phrase. For example: he, it, hers, them, and me.9 In other word

5) Sometimes the pronoun object is followed by an appositive. It is helpful to try' the pronoun a part from appositive. For exampl^/ Mr.

Fourth Edition, Oxford

26 B. Hipotesis

1. There are problems of using pronouns in English writing which found among the first years of SMK NU Ungaran.

2. There are some factors dominantly influence the students’ problem of using pronouns in English writing among the first years of SMK NU Ungaran.

3. There are some solution to minimize the problems of using pronouns in English writing.

C. The Problems of Using Pronoun.

Problem is an unsettled matter demanding or decision and requiring usually, considerable thought or skill for its proper settlement a perplexing or puzzling question.1' Some students make serious errors by using hisself or in the place of the correct objective case forms himself and

(heirseifs

themselves. What should remember that hisself and theirselfs are not acceptable words. It means that students are less in their capability of distinguishing the use of pronoun.

W ebter's Third In tern a tio n a l D iction ary VoL II,

12 Merriam Webster, AVv> Merriam Webster. Inc , USA, P 1867

CHAPTER HI

RESEARCH METODOLOGY

Research, may be defined as an effort to discover, develop, and test the truth of science, which is conducted by using scientific method.1 Methodology is the way to get knowledge or to solve the problem, so the method can be called scientific method which is used to identify problem in a research.

In this research, the writer uses certain research methodology covering research design, technique of data collection, research procedures, data presentation, the method of data analysis and test result.

A. Research Design

The writer conducts the test to the first students of SMK NU Kaligarang in the academic year 2003/2004 to collect the data. The writer take 74 students of first students of SMK NU Kaligarang in the academic year 2003/2004, then the result of the test are used as the primary data. The data are analyzed to find the apprehensible and inapprehensible data.

Firstly, the writer gives the test; the data will be collected and grouped into two types: Apprehensible and Inapprehensible data. Secondly, the writer will analyze and come to conclusion. The writer also uses books as secondary data.

28 Objects of the study in this research are follows:

1. Population Population is the whole subject of investigation. In the

Encyclopedia of Educational Evaluation, population is a set (or collection) of all elements possesing one or more attribute of interest.2 3 In this study, the population is the first year students of SMK NU Kaligarang in the academic year of 2003/2004.

2. Sample Sample is a part or a representative population which is investigated/ The samples of this study are the first year students of SMK

NU Kaligarang in the academic year of 2003/2004 The choosen sample must really represent the population because the result will be generated toward the whole population. The writer chooses all of the first students of SMK NU Kaligarang in the academic year of 2003/2004 which are assumed having adequate basic of expressing their ideas in writing in average level. Suharsimi suggests that when the number of subjects in research is more than 100 persons, we take 10%-

30% of the population but when the number of subjects in research is lies than 100 we take the entire subject.4 So the researcher take all Students (74) from two classes, there are 37 students every class, and it is also called total sample.

2 Suharsimi Arikunto, P rosedu re P enelitian, S u a tu P en dekatan P raktik, Rineka Cipta,

Jakarta: 1992, page 115 I b i d

3 , page 117

4 I b id , page 114

29 B. The Technique of Data Collection In this study, the writer collects the data by test and questionnaire.

1. Test Test is series of question or other instrument which are used to measure individual or group’s skill, knowledge, intelligence, capability or talent.5 In this study, the writer wants to know the problem in using pronoun among the first year students of SMK NU Kaligarang in the academic year of 2003/2004.

2. Questionnaire Questionnaire is a number of written questions which are used to get information from the respondent in the idea that respond about themselves or the things they know.6 The writer uses questionnaires to know what problems are the dominantly influences the students mastery of using pronoun and to find out the solution to minimize their problems of using pronoun.

C. Research Procedure

In conducting the research, the writer uses the following procedures:

1. Distributing the test to the students 2. Correcting the test.

3. Analyzing the result of the test to find the apprehensible and inapprehensible data and used as primary data.

5 Ibid . , page 134

I b id ,

.U)

4. A n alyzin g whole collected data 5. Making the report of the finding.

D. Data Presentation

1. Respondent >

Table I Name of Respondents

r------

No Name of Respondents Number of Students