Beginning T SQL with Microsoft SQL Server 2005 and 2008

  TM Wrox Programmer to Programmer

  T- SQL Beginning T-SQL _{® ®} with Microsoft SQL Server 2005 and 2008 Paul Turley, Dan Wood

  

Beginning

T-SQL with Microsoft® SQL Server® 2005 and 2008

Introduction ................................................................................................ xix

  

Chapter 1: Introducing T-SQL and Data Management Systems ..........................1

Chapter 2: SQL Server Fundamentals ............................................................23 Chapter 3: SQL Server Tools .........................................................................49 Chapter 4: Introducing the T-SQL Language .................................................101 Chapter 5: Data Retrieval ...........................................................................129 Chapter 6: SQL Functions ...........................................................................165 Chapter 7: Aggregation and Grouping ..........................................................219 Chapter 8: Multi-Table Queries ....................................................................245 Chapter 9: Advanced Queries and Scripting .................................................273 Chapter 10: Transactions ............................................................................297 Chapter 11: Advanced Capabilities ..............................................................329 Chapter 12: T-SQL Programming Objects .....................................................355 Chapter 13: Creating and Managing Database Objects ................................409 Chapter 14: Analyzing and Optimizing Query Performance ............................443 Chapter 15: T-SQL in Applications and Reporting .........................................477 Appendix A: Command Syntax Reference ................................................... 527

Appendix B: System Variables and Functions Reference .............................. 549

Appendix C: System Stored Procedure Reference ....................................... 573

Appendix D: Information Schema Views Reference ...................................... 595

Appendix E: FileStream Objects and Syntax ................................................ 609

Appendix F: Answers to Exercises .............................................................. 613

Index ........................................................................................................ 625

  

Beginning

T-SQL with Microsoft® SQL Server®

2005 and 2008

  

Paul Turley and Dan Wood

Wiley Publishing, Inc.

  

Beginning T-SQL with Microsoft® SQL Server® 2005 and 2008

Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc.

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  My wife, Sherri, is the reason I do anything meaningful in my life.

  The rest of it I pretty much come up with on my own.

  Thank you for your love, support and the occasional knock upside the head.

  —Paul Turley For my wonderful wife, Sarah: Without your constant love and support, I could accomplish nothing.

  You are truly my best friend.

  —Dan Wood About the Authors Paul Turley (Vancouver, WA) is a Manager of Specialized Services for Hitachi Consulting Education Services. Paul manages the Business Intelligence training team and teaches classes for companies

throughout the world on Microsoft SQL Server technologies. He works with companies to architect and

build BI and reporting solutions. He has been developing business database solutions since 1991 for

companies like Microsoft, Disney, Nike, and Hewlett - Packard. He has been a Microsoft Certified Trainer

since 1996 and holds several industry certifications, including MCTS and MCITP for BI, MCSD, MCDBA,

MSF Practitioner, and IT Project+. Paul has authored and co - authored several books and courses on database, business intelligence, and

application development technologies. He is the lead courseware developer for the Hitachi Consulting

courses: SQL Server 2008 Business Intelligence Solutions and SQL Server 2008 Reporting Services Solutions. Books include the prior edition of this book, the 2008, 2005 and 2000 editions of Professional

SQL Server Reporting Services , Beginning SQL Server 2005 Administration , Beginning Access 2002 VBA , Data

Warehousing with SQL Server 2000 Analysis Services , and Professional Access 2000 Programming — all from

  Wrox. He is also a contributing author for SQL Server 2005 Integration Services Step by Step from Microsoft Press. Dan Wood (Silverdale, WA) is the senior database administrator for Avalara, a sales tax compliance

company, where he both administers and develops database solutions for several enterprise applications

that handle global address validation, tax rate calculation, and sales tax remittance for e - commerce and

ERP clients. He has been working with SQL Server as a DBA, consultant, and trainer since 1999. Dan was

a contributing author on Beginning Transact - SQL with SQL Server 2000 and 2005 and the lead author of Beginning SQL Server Administration , both from Wrox.

  Executive Editor Robert Elliott Development Editor John Sleeva Technical Editor David Norton Production Editor Daniel Scribner Copy Editor Nancy Rapoport Editorial Manager Mary Beth Wakefield

  Production Manager Tim Tate Vice President and Executive Group Publisher Richard Swadley Vice President and Executive Publisher Joseph B. Wikert Project Coordinator, Cover Lynsey Stanford Proofreader Publication Services , Inc. Indexer Robert Swanson

  

Credits Acknowledgments This book wouldn ’ t exist without the hard work and dedication of my coauthor, Dan Wood. Dan ’ s a good friend, a true professional, a great father and husband - and I hear he ’ s an okay football coach. Thanks to Bob Elliot and John Sleeva at Wrox who have been incredibly patient and professional with two completely over - committed authors for the past year. DJ Norton did a great job with the technical review. Thanks, DJ, for breaking my code and making more work for me. Thanks to Lance Baldwin and Drew Naukam on Hitachi Consulting ’ s Microsoft Strategic Alliance team for giving me the space to complete this and the Reporting Services book this year. To all of the amazing people I work with at

Hitachi Consulting, thanks for making this such a terrific organization for our clients and a great place to

call home.

   — Paul Turley I ’ d like to thank Paul Turley, who is not only a great friend, but an amazing person, and I appreciate the opportunity to work with him again. Many thanks to our Wrox development editor, John Sleeva, who did an outstanding editing job — not to mention the job he did working with us, which was probably very much like herding cats. Special thanks go to the awesome development team at Avalara for a

rewarding and stimulating work environment and for giving me inspiration for many of the examples in

this book. Most important, I would like to thank my wonderful wife, Sarah, for all her patience and support as I disappeared for hours at a time and spent many a late night trying to finish the latest chapter. I would also like to thank my kids, Lukas, Tessa, and Caleb, who think it ’ s cool that Dad is writing a book but would much prefer that I spend time with them.

   — Dan Wood Contents Introduction xix

Chapter 1: Introducing T-SQL and Data Management Systems

  22 Summary

  30

  28 Relationships

  27 Semantics 27 Changing Terminology

  26 Relational Database Engine

  26 SQL Server Enterprise Edition

  26 SQL Server Standard Edition

  25 SQL Server Workgroup Edition

  25 SQL Server Express Edition

  25 SQL Server Compact Edition

  23 SQL Server Editions and Features

  23 Who Uses SQL Server?

  22 Chapter 2: SQL Server Fundamentals

  1 T-SQL Language

  1 Programming Language or Query Language?

  21 Microsoft Access (Jet) Primary Keys

  21 Sybase SQLAnywhere

  21 Informix

  20 IBM DB2

  20 Oracle

  20 Microsoft SQL Server

  17 SQL Server and Other Products

  14 RDBMS and Data Integrity

  5 Relationships

  5 Tables

  4 SQL Server as a Relational Database Management System

  3 Database Management Systems

  2 What’s New in SQL Server 2008

  21 MySQL

  31 Foreign Keys

  79 Scripting Options

  71 SQL Server Business Intelligence Development Studio

  75 SQL Server Profiler

  76 Database Tuning Advisor

  76 SQL Server Configuration Manager

  76 Command-Line Tools

  76 SQLCMD

  76 Writing Queries

  81 Using the Graphical Query Designer

  56 Toolbars

  83 Using Templates

  88 Using the Debug Feature

  91 Summary

  97 Exercises

  97 Exercise 1

  98 Exercise 2

  98 Exercise 3

  98 Exercise 4

  64 SQL Server Management Studio Configuration

  51 Tool Windows

  32 Normalization Rules

  37 Thinking Ahead

  33 First Normal Form

  34 Second Normal Form

  35 Third Normal Form

  35 Boyce-Codd Normal Form, Fourth and Fifth Normal Form

  35 Other Normal Forms

  36 Transforming Information into Data

  36 Applying Normalization Rules

  39 Multiple Associations

  49 SQL Server Management Studio

  42 Multi-Valued Columns

  43 To Normalize or To De-normalize?

  44 Question Authority

  44 The Mechanics of Query Processing

  45 The AdventureWorks Databases

  47 Summary

  48 Chapter 3: SQL Server Tools

  49 Common SQL Server Tasks

  99

  

Chapter 4: Introducing the T-SQL Language 101

The Nature of SQL 102 Where to Begin? 103 Data Manipulation Language 103

  Queries Have Layers 104 Set-Based Operations 104 Row-Based Operations 105 Query Syntax Basics 105 Naming Conventions 108 Object Delimiting 111 Commenting Script 112 Using Templates 114 Generating Script 115 Managing Script 115 Version Control 115

  Data Definition Language 116

  Creating a Table 117 Creating a View 117 Creating a Stored Procedure 118 Creating a Trigger 118 Creating a User-Defined Function 119 Scripting Practices 120

  Data Control Language 124 Summary 126

  Exercises 127 Exercise 1

  127 Exercise 2 127

  Chapter 5: Data Retrieval 129

  Storage and Retrieval 129 The SELECT Statement 130

  Choosing Columns 131 Column Aliasing 137 Calculated and Derived Columns 139 Filtering Rows 141 The WHERE Clause 141 Using Parentheses 156 Sorting Results 158 Top Values 160

  Summary 162 Exercises 163 Exercise 1 163 Exercise 2 163 Exercise 3 163 Exercise 4 163

Chapter 6: SQL Functions

  Cursor Functions and Variables 184

  191 The ASCII(), CHAR(), UNICODE(), and NCHAR() Functions 191

  191 String Manipulation Functions

  The GETDATE() and GETUTCDATE() Functions 190 The SYSDATETIME() and SYSUTCDATETIME() Functions 191 The DAY(), MONTH(), and YEAR() Functions

  The DATEADD() Function 186 The DATEDIFF() Function 187 The DATEPART() and DATENAME() Functions 190

  Date Functions 185

  The CURSOR_STATUS() Function 185 The @@CURSOR_ROWS Global Variable 185 The @@FETCH_STATUS Global Variable 185

  165 The Anatomy of a Function

  166 I’d Like to Have an Argument

  Conversion Functions 178

  The @@ERROR Variable 173 The @@SERVICENAME Variable 175 The @@TOTAL_ERRORS Variable 175 The @@TOTAL_READ Variable 175 The @@VERSION Variable 175 Error Functions 176

  Configuration Variables 173

  The AVG() Function 171 The COUNT() Function 172 The MIN() and MAX() Functions 172 The SUM() Function 173

  Aggregate Functions 170

  166 Deterministic Functions 167 Using User Variables with Functions 168 Using Functions in Queries 169 Nested Functions 169

  The CAST() Function 178 The CONVERT() Function 181 The STR() Function 184 1.0000 184

  The CHARINDEX() and PATINDEX() Functions 195 The LEN() Function 195 The LEFT() and RIGHT() Functions 196 The SUBSTRING() Function 197 The LOWER() and UPPER() Functions 198 The LTRIM() and RTRIM() Functions 201 The REPLACE() Function 201 The REPLICATE() and SPACE() Functions 202 The REVERSE() Function 202 The STUFF() Function 202 The QUOTENAME() Function 203

  Mathematical Functions 203 Metadata Functions 204 Ranking Functions 207

  The ROW_NUMBER() Function 207 The RANK() and DENSE_RANK() Functions 208 The NTILE(n) Function 210

  Security Functions 210 System Functions and Variables 211

  The COALESCE() Function 214 The DATALENGTH() Function 214

  Global System Statistical Variables 216 Summary 216

  Exercises 217 Exercise 1

  217 Exercise 2 217 Exercise 3 217 Exercise 4 217 Exercise 5 217

Chapter 7: Aggregation and Grouping

  219 To Group or Not to Group

  219 Using Aggregate Functions 220

  The COUNT() Function 221 The SUM() Function 222 The AVG() Function 222

  Understanding Statistical Functions 223

  The STDEV() Function 224 The STDEVP() Function 224 The VAR() Function 224 The VARP() Function 226 User-Defined Aggregate Functions 226 Grouping Data 226

  The GROUP BY Clause 226 The HAVING Clause 231 Total and Subtotal Group Modifiers 235 Subgrouping 236 The ROLLUP Clause 237 The CUBE Clause 238 The GROUPING() Function 238 The COMPUTE and COMPUTE BY Clauses 241

  Summary 243 Exercises 244 Exercise 1

  244 Exercise 2 244 Exercise 3 244

  Chapter 8: Multi-Table Queries 245

  Understanding Subqueries and Joins 248

  Joining Tables in the WHERE Clause 248 Joining Tables in the FROM Clause 249 Types of Joins 250 Inner Joins 250 Outer Joins 251 Multicolumn Joins 256 Non-Equijoins 257 Special-Purpose Join Operations 258 Union Queries 266

  Summary 271 Exercises 272 Exercise 1

  272 Exercise 2 272 Exercise 3 272

Chapter 9: Advanced Queries and Scripting 273 Subqueries 274 Scalar Expressions

  274 Alternate Join Operations 277 Correlated Subqueries 283 Business Cases for Subqueries 286

  Common Table Expressions 289 Cursors 291

  Rowset Versus Cursor Operations 292

  Creating and Navigating a Cursor 292

  Chapter 11: Advanced Capabilities 329

  Summary 353 Exercises 354 Exercise 1

  Full-Text Query Expressions 347

  Managing and Populating Catalogs 340

  Soundex Matching 337 The DIFFERENCE() Function 339

  Full-Text Queries and Approximation Matching 336 Microsoft Search Service 337

  The PIVOT Operator 331 The UNPIVOT Operator 334

  Pivoting Data 329

  328 Exercise 2 328 Exercise 3 328

  Summary 295 Exercises 295 Exercise 1

  Exercises 328 Exercise 1

  Explicit Transactions 325 Summary 327

  Adding Records 301 Modifying Records 310 Removing Records 316 Automating Inserts, Updates, and Deletes with the MERGE Command 322

  Let’s Do CRUD with Data 300

  Transaction Types 298 The ACID Test 299 The Transaction Log 299 Logged Operations 300

  Introducing Transactions 298

  Chapter 10: Transactions 297

  295 Exercise 2 296 Exercise 3 296

  354 Exercise 2 354 Exercise 3 354

  

Chapter 12: T-SQL Programming Objects 355

Views 356

  Virtual Tables 356 Creating a View 357 Securing Data 369 Hiding Complexity 369 Modifying Data Through Views 371

  Stored Procedures 372

  Stored Procedures as Parameterized Views 372 Using Parameters 373 Returning Values 374 Record Maintenance 376 Handling and Raising Errors 381 Error Messages 381 Processing Business Logic 391 Looping 397

  User-Defined Functions 399

  Scalar Functions 399 Inline Table-Valued Functions 402 Multi-Statement Table-Valued Functions 403

  Transaction Management 405

  Locking Options 405

  Summary 407 Exercises 408 Exercise 1

  408 Exercise 2 408 Exercise 3 408

  

Chapter 13: Creating and Managing Database Objects 409

Data Definition Language 409

  Creating Objects 410 Altering Objects 410 Dropping Objects 410 Naming Objects 410 Creating DDL Scripts 413 CREATE TABLE 414 Unique Identifiers 421 Constraints 422 CREATE VIEW 429 Indexed Views 432

CREATE PROCEDURE

  434 CREATE FUNCTION 438

IF EXISTS

  Summary 441 Exercises 442 Exercise 1

  442 Exercise 2 442

  

Chapter 14: Analyzing and Optimizing Query Performance 443

Data Retrieval 443 Analyzing Queries 445

  Session Options 447 Graphical Execution Plans 460

  Writing Efficient T-SQL (Best Practices) 471

  Writing Efficient Filters 472

  438 Securing Database Objects 439

  476

  

Chapter 15: T-SQL in Applications and Reporting 477

Application Programming Models 477 Selecting a Model 478

  Desktop Database Applications 481 Client/Server Database Solutions 481 n-tier Component Solutions 485 Web Server Applications 490 Multi-Tier Web Service Solutions 491 Multi-System Integrated Solutions 492

  SQL Server 2008 Reporting Services 494

  Reporting Services Architecture 494 SQL Server 2008 Report Design 495 Deploying the Report 518 Viewing the Report with Report Manager 519 Report Data Caching 519 Business Intelligence and Business Reporting 520

  Report Application Integration 522

  Summary 524

  Managing Security Objects 440 Data Control Language 440

  Summary 476 Exercises 476 Exercise 1

  

Appendix A: Command Syntax Reference 527

Appendix B: System Variables and Functions Reference 549

Appendix C: System Stored Procedure Reference 573

Appendix D: Information Schema Views Reference 595

Appendix E: FileStream Objects and Syntax 609

Appendix F: Answers to Exercises 613

Index 625

  Introduction

  Welcome to the world of Transact - Structured Query Language programming with SQL Server 2005 and 2008. Transact - SQL, or T - SQL, is Microsoft Corporation ’ s powerful implementation of the ANSI standard SQL database query language, which was designed to retrieve, manipulate, and add data to relational database management systems (RDBMS).

  You may already have a basic idea of what SQL is used for, but you may not have a good understanding of the concepts behind relational databases and the purpose of SQL. This book will help you build a solid foundation of understanding, beginning with core relational database concepts and continuing to reinforce those concepts with real - world T - SQL query applications.

  If you are familiar with relational database concepts but are new to Microsoft SQL Server or the T - SQL language, this book will teach you the basics from the ground up. If you ’ re familiar with earlier versions of SQL Server, it will get you up to speed on the newest features. And if you know SQL Server 2005, you ’ ll learn about some exciting new capabilities in SQL Server 2008.

  A popular online encyclopedia lists about 800 distinct programming languages in use today. These languages are used to develop different types of applications for different types of computer systems and specialized devices. Needless to say, we have a lot of software in our information - rich society. Programming languages rapidly evolve and come and go, but one of few constants in the industry is that most business applications read, store, and manipulate data — data stored in relational databases. If you use Microsoft SQL Server in any capacity, the need to learn and use T - SQL is inescapable. Amazing things are possible with just a few keystrokes of powerful SQL script. Indeed, SQL is one of the few standard languages in the industry that doesn ’ t come and go and has remained constant over the decades. The capabilities of T - SQL expand as features are added to each version of the SQL Server product. The concepts and exercises in this book will help you to understand and use the core language and its latest features.

  Who This Book Is For

  Information Technology professionals in many different roles use T - SQL. Our goal is to provide a guide and a reference for IT pros across the spectrum of operational database solution design, database application development, and reporting and business intelligence solutions. Database solution designers will find this book to be a thorough introduction and comprehensive reference for all aspects of database modeling, design, object management, query design, and advanced query concepts. Application developers who write code to manage and consume SQL Server data will benefit from our thorough coverage of basic data management and simple and advanced query design. Several examples of ready - to - use code are provided to get you started and to continue to support applications with embedded T - SQL queries. Report designers will find this book to be a go - to reference for report query design. You will build on a thorough introduction to basic query concepts and learn to write efficient queries to support business reports and advanced analytics. Finally, database administrators who are new to SQL Server will find this book to be an all - inclusive introduction and reference of mainstream topics. This can assist you as you support the efforts of other team members. Beyond the basics of database object management and security concepts, we recommend Beginning SQL Server 2005 Administration and Beginning SQL Server 2008 Administration from Wrox, co - authored in part by the same authors.

  What This Book Covers

  This book introduces the T - SQL language and its many uses, and serves as a comprehensive guide at a beginner through intermediate level. Our goal in writing this book was to cover all the basics thoroughly and to cover the most common applications of T - SQL at a deeper level. Depending on your role and skill level, this book will serve as a companion to the other Wrox books in the Microsoft SQL Server Beginning and Professional series. Check the back cover of this book for a road map of other complementary books in the Wrox series.

  This book will help you to learn: How T - SQL provides you with the means to create tools for managing databases of different

  ❑ size, scope, and purpose Various programming techniques that use views, user - defined functions, and stored procedures

  ❑ Ways to optimize query performance

  ❑ How to create databases that will be an essential foundation to applications you develop later

  ❑

  How This Book Is Str uctured

  Each section of this book organizes topics into logical groups so the book can be read cover - to - cover or used as a reference guide for specific topics. We start with an introduction to the T - SQL language and data management systems, and then continue with the SQL Server product fundamentals. This first section teaches the essentials of the SQL Server product architecture and relational database design principles. This section (Chapters 1 – 3) concludes with an introduction to the SQL Server administrator and developer tools. The next section, encompassing Chapters 4 through 9, introduces the T - SQL language and teaches the core components of data retrieval, SQL functions, aggregation and grouping, and multi - table queries. We start with the basics and build on the core structure of the SQL statement, progressing to

  SELECT advanced forms of queries. SELECT Chapter 10 introduces transactions and data manipulation. You will learn how the , , and INSERT UPDATE statements interact with the relational database engine and transaction log to lock and modify

  DELETE

  data rows with guaranteed consistency. You will not only learn to use correct SQL syntax but will understand how this process works in simple terms. More advanced topics in the concluding section will teach you to create and manage T - SQL programming objects, including views, functions, and stored procedures. You learn to optimize query performance and use T - SQL in application design, applying the query design basics to real - world business solutions. Chapter 15 contains a complete tutorial on using SQL Server 2008 Reporting Services to visualize data from the T - SQL queries you create. The book concludes with a comprehensive set of reference appendixes for command syntax, system stored procedures, information schema views, file system commands, and system management commands.

  What You Need to Use This Book

  The material in this book applies to all editions of Microsoft SQL Server 2005 and 2008. To use all the features discussed, we recommend that you install the Developer Edition, although you can also use the Enterprise, Standard, or Workgroup editions. SQL Server 2005 Developer Edition or SQL Server 2008 Developer Edition can be installed on a desktop computer running Windows 2000, Windows XP, or Windows Vista. You can also use Windows 2000 Server, Windows Server 2003, or Windows Server 2008 with the Enterprise or Standard edition. The SQL Server client tools must be installed on your desktop computer and the SQL Server relational database server must be installed on either your desktop computer or on a remote server with network connectivity and permission to access. Consult for information about the latest service packs, specific

  www.microsoft.com/sql compatibilities, and minimum recommend system requirements.

  The examples throughout this book use the following sample databases, which are available to download from Microsoft: the sample database for SQL Server 2005 is called AdventureWorks , and the sample database for SQL Server 2008 is called AdventureWorks2008 . Because the structure of these databases differs significantly, separate code samples are provided throughout the book for these two version - specific databases. An example using the AdventureWorks2008DW database for SQL Server 2008 is also used in Chapter 15. To download and install these sample databases, browse .

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1 Introducing T - SQL and Data

  

Management Systems

  This first chapter introduces you to some of the fundamentals of the design and architecture of relational databases and presents a brief description of SQL as a language. If you are new to SQL and database technologies, this chapter will provide a foundation to help ensure the rest of the book is as useful as possible. If you are already comfortable with the concepts of relational databases and Microsoft ’ s implementation, you might want to skip ahead to Chapter 2 , “ SQL Server Fundamentals, ” or Chapter 3 , “ SQL Server Tools. ” Both of these chapters introduce the features and tools in SQL Server 2005 and 2008 and discuss how they are used to write T - SQL.

  T - SQL Language

  I have mentioned to my colleagues and anyone else who might have been listening that one day I was going to write a version of Parker Brother ’ s Trivial Pursuit entitled “ Trivial Pursuit: Geek Edition. ” This section gives you some background on the T - SQL language and provides the information you need to get the orange history wedge on the topic of “ Database History ” in Trivial Pursuit: Geek Edition. T - SQL is Microsoft ’ s implementation of a standard established by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for the Structured Query Language (SQL). SQL was first developed by researchers at IBM. They called their first pre - release version of SQL “ SEQUEL, ” which is a pseudo - acronym for S tructured E nglish QUE ry L anguage. The first release version was renamed to SQL, dropping the English part but retaining the pronunciation to identify it with its predecessor. As of the release of SQL Server 2008, several implementations of SQL by different stakeholders are in the database marketplace. As you sojourn through the sometimes mystifying lands of database technology you will undoubtedly encounter these different varieties of SQL. What makes them all similar is the ANSI standard to which IBM, more than any other vendor, adheres to with tenacious rigidity. However, what makes the many implementations of SQL different are the customized programming objects and extensions to the language that make it unique to that particular platform. Microsoft SQL Server 2008 implements the 2003 ANSI standard. The term “ implements ” is of significance. T - SQL is not fully compliant with ANSI standards in any of its implementations; neither is Oracle ’ s P/L SQL, Sybase ’ s SQLAnywhere, or the open - source MySQL. Each implementation has custom extensions and variations that deviate from the established standard. ANSI has three levels of compliance: Entry, Intermediate, and Full. T - SQL is certified at the entry level of ANSI compliance. If you strictly adhere to the features that are ANSI - compliant, the same code you write for Microsoft SQL Server should work on any ANSI - compliant platform; that ’ s the theory, anyway. If you find that you are writing cross - platform queries, you will most certainly need to take extra care to ensure that the syntax is perfectly suited for all the platforms it affects. The simple reality of this issue is that very few people will need to write queries to work on multiple database platforms. The standards serve as a guideline to help keep query languages focused on working with data, rather than other forms of programming. This may slow the evolution of relational databases just enough to keep us sane.

   Programming Language or Query Language?

  T - SQL was not really developed to be a full - fledged programming language. Over the years, the ANSI standard has been expanded to incorporate more and more procedural language elements, but it still lacks the power and flexibility of a true programming language. Antoine, a talented programmer and friend of mine, refers to SQL as “ Visual Basic on Quaaludes. ” I share this bit of information not because I agree with it, but because I think it is funny. I also think it is indicative of many application developers ’ view of this versatile language.

  T - SQL was designed with the exclusive purpose of data retrieval and data manipulation. Although T - SQL, like its ANSI sibling, can be used for many programming - like operations, its effectiveness at these tasks varies from excellent to abysmal. That being said, I am still more than happy to call T - SQL a programming language if only to avoid someone calling me a SQL “ queryers. ” However, the undeniable fact still remains: as a programming language, T - SQL falls short. The good news is that as a data retrieval and set manipulation language it is exceptional. When T - SQL programmers try to use T - SQL like a programming language, they invariably run afoul of the best practices that ensure the efficient processing and execution of the code. Because T - SQL is at its best when manipulating sets of data, try to keep that fact foremost in your thoughts during the process of developing T - SQL code.

  With the release of SQL Server 2005, Microsoft muddied the waters a bit with the ability to write calls to the database in a programming language like C# or VB.NET, rather than in pure SQL. SQL Server 2008 also supports this very flexible capability, but use caution! Although this is a very exciting innovation in data access, the truth of the matter is that almost all calls to the database engine must still be manipulated so that they appear to be T - SQL based. Performing multiple recursive row operations or complex mathematical computations is quite possible with T - SQL, but so is writing a .NET application with Notepad. When I was growing up my father used to make a point of telling me that “ Just because you can do something doesn ’ t mean you should. ” The point here is that oftentimes SQL programmers will resort to creating custom objects in their code that are inefficient as far as memory and CPU consumption are concerned. They do this because it is the easiest and quickest way to finish the code. I agree that there are times when a quick solution is the best, but future performance must always be taken into account. One of the systems I am currently working on is a perfect example of this problem. The database started out very small, with a small development team and a small number of customers using the database. It worked great. However, the database didn ’ t stay small, and as more and more customers started using the system, the number of transactions and code executions increased exponentially. It wasn ’ t long before inefficient code began to consume all the available CPU resources. This is the trap of writing expedient code instead of efficient code. Another of my father ’ s favorite sayings is “ Why is there never enough time to do the job right, but plenty of time to do it twice? ” This book tries to show you the best way to write T - SQL so that you can avoid writing code that will bring your server to its knees, begging for mercy. Don ’ t give in to the temptation to write sloppy code just because it is a “ one time deal. ” I have seen far too many times when that one - off ad - hoc query became a central piece of an application ’ s business logic.

   What ’ s New in SQL Server 2008

  When SQL Server 2005 was released, it had been five years since the previous release and the changes to the product since the release of SQL Server 2000 were myriad and significant. Several books and hundreds of websites were published that were devoted to the topic of “ What ’ s New in SQL Server 2005. ” With the release of SQL Server 2008, however, there is much less buzz and not such a dramatic change to the platform. However, the changes in the 2008 release are still very exciting and introduce many changes that T - SQL and application developers have been clamoring for. Since these changes are sprinkled throughout the capabilities of SQL Server, I won ’ t spend a great deal of time describing all the changes here. Instead, throughout the book I will identify those changes that are applicable to the subject being described. In this introductory chapter I want to quickly mention two of the significant changes to SQL that will invariably have an impact on the SQL programmer: the incorporation of the .NET Framework with SQL Server and the introduction of Microsoft Language Integrated Query (LINQ).

   Kiss T - SQL Goodbye?

  I have been hearing for years that T - SQL and its ANSI counterpart, SQL, were antiquated languages and would soon be phased out. However, every database vendor, both small and large, has devoted millions of dollars to improving their version of this versatile language. Why would they do that if it were a dead language? The simple fact of the matter is that databases are built and optimized for the set - based operations that the SQL language offers. Is there a better way to access and manipulate data? Probably so, but with every major industry storing their data in relational databases, the reign of SQL is far from over.