REPRESENTATION OF THE WHITE ANTOINETTE AS THE “COLONIZED” IN RHYS’ WIDE SARGASSO SEA

  REPRESENTATION OF THE WHITE ANTOINETTE AS THE “COLONIZED” IN RHYS’ WIDE SARGASSO SEA AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

SONI WIJANARKO

  Student Number: 044214012

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008

  i

  

REPRESENTATION OF THE WHITE ANTOINETTE AS THE

“COLONIZED” IN RHYS’ WIDE SARGASSO SEA

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

SONI WIJANARKO

  Student Number: 044214012

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2008

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  Looking all the pages of my life, I realize tha t it is Your love which gives strength to break all the walls in front of me. You make me believe that there is nothing impossible in this world. The door You have chosen for me through Sana ta Dharma University has opened my eyes to the different standpoint of this world and I believe that everything You give to me is the best thing I can have. Jesus, You are the best thing that I believe never wrong to be followed and believed in this world.

  Time always flies and leaves everything behind and here I am now finishing my undergraduate thesis as the zenith of my study in Sanata Dharma University. Pondering about completing my undergraduate thesis, I want to summon up all the people who have helped and cared to me through all these years. I would like to give my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Gabr iel Fajar Sasmita Aji, S.S., M.H um. for his patience, guidance, and help that I can finish this undergraduate thesis. I would also like to give my truthfully appreciation to my co advisor Tatang Iskarna, S.S., M.Hum. for his very careful reading, informed suggestions, and tactful advice.

  My deepest gratitude goes to Mama and Papa for all the love, care, pray, support, and teaching many things to face th is wild world. Mama and Papa, I will never be like now without both of You. My personal and especial gratitude is just for my Eyang who always prays and supports me in every step of mine. I would also like to express my profound gratitude to my brother Dek i and my sister Maya for all the pray, supports, and things we have shared together, both of you are the best thing I ever had.

  I would also like to express my sincere grati tude to my buddies, 612 and Ismoyo, for all the help and things we have shared tog ether. I do not know how I would be without both of you; I do hope we can be the last men standing. I would also like to thank all lectures and staff in Sanata Dharma University who have served me during my study. Last but not least, I would also like to thank all my friends in Sanata Dharma University for all the things we have shared together.

  Soni Wijanarko

  iv

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………. i

APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………………………………………... ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ………………………………………………………… iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………. iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………. v

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………….. vii

ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………….... viii

  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………

  1 A. Background of the Study………………………………………………….

  1 B. Problem Formulation……………………………………………………... 3 C. Objective of the Study…………………………………………………….

  4 D. Definition of Terms……………………………………………………….

  4 CHAPTER II: THEORICAL REVIEW ……………………………………...

  6 A. Review of Related Studies ………………………………………………..

  6 B. Review of Related Theories ……………………………………………....

  7

  1. Theory on Character and Characterization …………………………… 8 2. Theory on Society…………………………………………………….

  10

  3. Theory on Postcolonialism …………………………………………… 11

  4. Theory on Representation…………………………………………… .. 13 C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………… ..

  15 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ………………………………………… … 17 A. Object of the Study……………………………………………………….

  17 B. Approach of the Study……………………………………………………

  18 C. Method of the Study………………………………………………………

  19 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS…………………………………………………...

  21 A. General characteristic of Antoinette……………………………………… 22 1. White………………………………………………………………....

  22 2. Rich………………………………………………………………….

  23 3. Generous…………………………………………………………….

  23 4. Beautiful……………………………………………………………..

  24

  5. Emotional……………………………………………………………

  25 6. Irrational…………………………………………………………….

  26 7. Weak………………………………………………………………...

  27 8. Unhappy…………………………………………………………….

  28 9. Pessimistic…………………………………………………………..

  29 v

  B. Characteristics of the society where Antoinette lives………………………..

  30

  1. General characteristics of the S ociety……………………………………. . 30

  a. Dignified…………………………………………………………… … 31

  b. Cynical……………………………………………………………… .. 33

  c. Rational……………………………………………………………… . 35 d. Smart………………………………………………………………... .

  36

  e. Racist………………………………………………………………... . 37

  2. Characteristics of the society as the Representation of the C olonizer……. 40 a. Exploitative…………………………………………………………...

  43 b. Dominant……………………………………………………………..

  44 c. Superior……………………………………………………………....

  46 d. Oppressive…………………………………………………………...

  47 e. Powerful……………………………………………………………..

  49 C. Characteristics of Antoinette as the Representation of the Colonized………. 51 A. Double – conscious person……………………………………………….

  52 B. Powerless…………………………… ……………………………………

  54 C. Marginalized……………………………………………………………...

  55 D. Dominated………………………………………………………………...

  57 E. Oppressed………………………………………………………………...

  59 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ………………………………………………..

  62 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………

  63 APPENDIX……………………………………………………… ……………..

  66 vi

  

ABSTRACT

  Soni Wijanarko. Representation of the White Antoinette as the “Colonized” in Rhys’s Wide

  

Sargasso Sea. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma

University, 2008.

  As stated by Elleke Boehmer, postcolonialism i s the term which critically scrutinizes the colonial relationship. However, it is important to think of postcolonialism not in any single sense that it can include various cultures affected by colonization in different periods. In this thesis, the writer focuses on analyzing the characteristics of Antoinette in Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea as the representation of the colonized. The writer is interested in analyzing this character because through this character the writer can see how the postcolonial practices a rise in the novel and how the postcolonial practices can turn to the oppos ite way that represents Antoinette as the figure of the colonized.

  The main objective of this thesis is to reveal how the form of awareness of the black people to regain their voi ce as the colonized, can reverse to the opposite way which finally traps them as the ‘colonizer’. In addition, there are three objectives of this thesis based on the three problem formulations. The first is to explore the general characteristics of Antoinette. The second is to analyze the characteristics of black society that represent them as the colonizer . The third is to find out the representation of Antoinette, which is physically white, as ‘the colonized’.

  The method that was applied in this thesis i s library research since all the data needed were gained from written sources. In conducting the analysis the writer applied Postcolonial approach . Using this approach, the writer is able to find how postcolonial practices arise in the novel.

  From the analysis, the writer discovers that first, Antoinette has several characteristics such as: white, rich, generous, beautiful, emotional, irrational, weak, unhappy, and pessimistic. Second, the dominant characteristics of the black society where Antoinette live s are: exploitive, dominant, superior, oppressive, and powerful. Thus, it makes the society become the representation of the colonizer. Third, the writer discovers that the dominant characteristics of Antoinette are: double – conscious person, powerless, marginalized, dominated, and oppressed. Based on these facts, the writer concludes that Antoinette becomes the representation of the colonized. vii

  

ABSTRAK

  Soni Wijanarko. Representation of the White Antoinette as the “Colonized” in Rhys’s Wide

  

Sargasso Sea.Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma,

2008.

  Sebagaimana dikatakan oleh Elleke Boehmer bahwa pascakolonialisme adalah istilah yang secara kritis digunakan untuk menelanjangi hubungan kolonial yang terbentuk dari sudut pandang bangsa Barat pada umumnya . Namun demikian, penting di sini untuk tidak meng artikan pascakolonialisme dalam konteks tunggal sehingga kita dapat memasukkan berbagai budaya yang terpengaruhi oleh kolonialisasi dari waktu yang berbeda – beda. Dalam skripsi ini penulis memfokuskan analisa karakteristik Antoinett e dari karya Rhys yang berjudul Wide Sargasso Sea sebagai representasi orang yan g terjajah. Penulis tertarik untuk menganalisa karakter ini karena lewat karakter ini penulis dapat melihat bagaimana praktik – praktik pascakolonialisme muncul dalam novel dan bagaimana praktik – praktik pascakolonialisme itu dapat berubah menjadi hal yang sebaliknya yang merepresentasikan Antoinette sebagai figur orang yang terjajah.

  Tujuan utama skripsi ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana bentuk kewaspadaan orang – orang kulit hitam sebagai orang yang terjajah untuk mendapatkan kembali hak mereka dapat berubah menjadi hal yang sebaliknya yang pada akhirnya justru menyebabkan mereka menjadi figur penjajah. Selain itu, skripsi ini mempunyai tiga tujuan yang berdasarkan rumusan masalah. Yang pertama adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik Antoinette secara umu m. Yang kedua adalah untuk menganalisa karakteristik masyarakat kulit hitam yang menjadikan mereka sebagai figure penjajah. Yang ketiga adalah untuk menemukan representasi Antoinette, yang secara fisik putih, sebagai figur orang yang terjajah.

  Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah studi pustaka karena semua data – data yang diperlukan berasal dari sumber tertulis. Dalam melakukan analisa penulis menggunakan pendekatan pascakolonial. Dengan pendekatan ini penulis dapat menemukan bagaimana praktik – praktik pascakolonial muncul dalam novel.

  Dari analisa yang telah diakukan, penulis menemukan bahwa: Pertama, Antoinette memiliki beberapa karakteristik sepert: putih, kaya, murah hati, emosional, tidak rasional, lemah, tidak bahagia, dan pesimis. Yang ked ua, karakteristik utama dari masyarakat kulit hitam dimana Antoinette tinggal adalah: suka mengeksploitasi, dominan, berada di “atas”, suka menekan, dan memiliki kuasa. Dengan demikian, hal itu membuat masyarakat tersebut menjadi representasi dari figur penjajah. Yang ketiga, penulis menemukan bahwa karakteristik utama dari Antoinette adalah: orang dengan dua kesadaran, tanpa kuasa, terpinggirkan, terdominasi, dan berada dibawah tekanan. Berdasarkan fakta – fakta ini, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa Antoinette merupakan representasi dari figure orang yang terjajah. viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Postcolonialism is the term which occurs as the response to colonization and

  its aim is to scrutinize the colonial relationship (which is universally shaped by Western point of view). Thus, it is often deeply marked by experiences of cultural exclusion and division under empire (Boehmer, 2005: 3). The discussion of postcolonialism covers all the culture affected by the imperial process from the moment of colonization to the present day and it involves the binary opposition between the colonizer, or west, or white and the colonized, or east, or black. Postcolonialism arises a new sight towards the relation between east, or black and west or white with the awareness of European exploitation of other worlds as stated by Ashcroft, et all.

  The designation "postcolonial" has been used to describe writing and reading practices grounded in colonial experience occurring outside of Europe but as a consequence of European expan sion and exploitation of "other” worlds (1991: 1-2).

  Postcolonialism asserts the relation between the colonizer and the colonized in which the colonized always becomes the object of exploitation, suppression and oppression by the colonizer. As stated by Mishra and Hodge, cited in

  

Colonialism/postcolonialism , that “whichever direction human beings and materials

  traveled, the profit always flowed back t o the so-called mother country” (the colonizer) (2005: 9). Because of that, there is stereotyping that the white is the agent of colonial rule since they are never the subject to the genocide, economic exploitation, cultural decimation and political exclusion felt by indigenous people

  1

  2 (the colonized) (2005: 14). On the contrary, if the white is closed to the colonizer , the black is, sometimes, regarded as the colonized as Fanon stresses, cited in the

  

Empire Writes Back , that ‘Blackness’ is the racial characteristic through which all

  the colonized people have to pass (1991: 124). Unfortunately, those critics seem to be trapped in the discourse by saying that ‘the colonized’ is al ways black and the “colonizer” is white. However, since the word postcolonialism cannot be used in any single sense, it is important noting here, as suggested by Loomba, to think of postcolonialism not just as coming literary after colonialism and signifyi ng its demise, but more flexibly as the contestation to colonial domination and the legacies of postcolonialism. By doing so, we might include the exploitation which occurs in the white people that we cannot simply align it to the exploitation experienced by the other colonized people (the black) (2005: 16).

  Regarding to the problem s above, the writer sees an interesting phenomenon in the novel Wide Sargasso Sea written by Jean Rhys. This novel tells about the life of Antoinette who is physically whi te and living in the black society. It is told in the novel that the society does not accept her and she almost has no friend in her childhood. She has also to live with the mocking and pressure of the society which calls her as ‘white cockroach’. It is also told in the novel how the hatred of the society gets to its climax with the incident of the burning of Antoinette’s house which forces her to move. Unfortunately Antoinette’s suffer does not only stop with the incident of the burning of the house, but s he is also underestimated by her black servant who not only disobeys and mocks her, but also dares to attack her. From all these facts, it seems that the novel is stressed on the bad relationship between

  3 Antoinette, who is physically white, and the society , which is described as black society, around her.

  Based on the description of the relationship between Antoinette and the society the writer decides to look for the deeper meaning behind the phenomenon , the relation between the white and the black, which occur in the novel since, as Hall states that, meaning can be drawn from imaginary worlds of fictional objects (Hall, 2003: 17). By using postcolonial approach, the writer will examine the relationship between Antoinette (the white) and the society (the b lack) since everything in fictional objects may create different representation. Furthermore, in relation to postcolonialism, this thesis will focus on how t he topic of postcolonialism can be revealed through the major character of the novel, Antoinette; since, as stated by Henkle, the writer can presumably understand the focal experience of the novel by putting full attention to the major character (1977: 92). Thus , the writer would like to analyze the life of Antoinette who is living in the black society. This thesis will not only stop in analyzing the life of Antoinette who is living in the black society, further, the writer will analyze the representation of this character.

  A. Problem Formulation To examine this novel, the writer formulates three probl ems as follows:

  1. What are the characteristics of Antoinette as the main character in the novel?

  2. What are the characteristics of the black society, where Antoinette lives, that represents “the colonizer”?

  3. How does Antoinette, who is white, represe nt ‘the colonized’?

  4

  B. Objectives of the Study

  The main objective of this thesis is to reveal how the form of awareness of the black people to regain their voice as the colonized, can reverse to the opposite way which finally traps them as the ‘colonizer’.

  In addition, there are three objectives of this undergraduate thesis based on the three problem formulations . The first is to explore the characteristics of Antoinette’s character in the novel. Secondly is to analyze the characteristics of black society in the novel. The third is to find out the representation of Antoinette, which is white, as ‘the colonized’.

  C. Definition of Terms

  The writer uses some key terms in this undergraduate thesis and to avoid confusion, it is better to define the key term s.

  1. Characteristics of the Colonized and the Colonizer According to Bijay Kumar Das, the colonized refers to people who are marginalized by the colonizer (2002: 203). The colonizer-colonized relationship is based on a Manichaean division of the world: the colonizer is good, has power, and controls the colony’s resources; the colonized is bad, must be dominated, and must forfeit control over both land and labor (1995: 20). As cited by Loomba, Fanon defines colonized people as not simply those whose labou r has been appropriated but those ‘in whose soul an inferiority complex has been created by the death and burial of its local cultural originality’ (2005: 26). Thus, the writer sees the characteristics of the colonized that are marginalized, inferior, and dominated. Meanwhile, the colonizer is the one who superior, has the power, and dominant.

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  2. Representation Representation is the production of meaning through language. Languages can use signs to symbolize people or events in the so -called “real” world, but they can also reference imaginary things and fantasy worlds or abstract ideas which are not in any obvious sense part of our material world (Hall, ed. 1997: 28).

  3. Black society According to Krech, et all, the central characteristic of a societ y is that it is an organized collectively of interacting people whose activities become centered around a set of common goals, and who tend to share common beliefs, attitudes, and modes of action (1962: 308). Thus, black society is a group of black people who is interacting and sharing common beliefs, attitudes, and modes of action.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies To more understand and get more information of the work and about the topic, in this part the writer would like to give some previous studies of this novel. Andrew Gibson states this novel as a nove l which lies somewhere in between

  classic realist and modernist narrative, “It can help us to think differently about narrative voice without either lapsing into an established frame of reference or reverting yet again to a celebration of the avant -garde”. His review focuses on the major character of the novel, Antoinette. He states that the voice Antoinette’s narrative discourse are various and shifting. He also says that the voices in Rhys’s narrative constantly fade in and fade out, “Those voices are som etimes subject to interference, blurred or placed within or behind other voices”. In the last part of his review, Gibson states that the voice in Wide Sargasso Sea is like the principle of the Creole, “not one thing nor the other, displaced, modified by co ntext, caught between identities, always suspended somewhere between absent origin and alien context” (1996: 163-165).

  In his book, entitled The Language of Postcolonial Literature , Ismail asserts that “attitudes toward language in fiction are very often reflective of, or are affected by, what goes on outside it”. He gives Wide Sargasso Sea as the example and states that “one of the reasons for Mr. Rochester’s growing dislike of his wife is her use of

  6

  7 the Jamaican variety of English”. He says that this attitude perhaps due to the prejudice that the author or readers may not regard the use of certain varieties of English as ‘acceptable’. Thus, he concludes that this attitude is a reflection of linguistic attitudes which have a social dimension (2002: 133).

  The article by Judie Newman, cited in Postcolonial Discourse and Changing

  

Cultural Context , states that the colonial voice within the motherland hardly makes

  itself heard until it has become postcolonial and one of the examples of the figure to represent it is jean Rhys. She compares the distance between Rhys ’s Voyage in the

  

Dark and Wide Sargasso Sea as emblematic of their author’s trajectory from

  colonial surrender to postcolonial resistance. “The first novel depicts the trauma of arrival while in her final novel Rhys finds in the intertextuality the means to resist, the interstitial spaces where the identity in formation could enunciate infraction” (1995: 48).

  The information above is very important and it gives the writer useful insights in doing the study since the writer focuses on the topic of postcolonialism which revealed through the main character in the novel, Antoinette. By analyzing the characterization of this main character, the writer can see the representation of this character as “the colonized”.

B. Review of Related Theories

  To support this thesis, the writer will use some theories to analyze the novel such as the theory on character and characterization, theory on society, theory on postcolonialism, and theory on representation.

  8

1. Theory on Character and Characterization

  Character is an important element in a story in which a person can be described. The author employs the character to make the story alive. On the basis of their importance, the characters are categorized into two, namely major and minor character. Major character is the one frequently discussed in the novel. Usually the acts of the story focus on this character from the beginning to the end. This major character emerges from background to the end of the story. The character’s personality is revealed in the interaction with others. While minor character appears in a certain setting, just necessary to become the background for the major character (Abrams, 1981: 50-56).

  Another related definition of the character is raised by Stanton in An

  

Introduction to Fiction . The term ‘character’ is used in two ways: firstly, it gives a

  particular description about the individuals who appear in the story and secondly, it refers to the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that form the individuals. Every story usually has a main character that is significant to all events in the story; usuall y they cause the conversion either in him or in the readers’ attitude toward him (1965: 17).

  Lilian White and Jay Cline in Outlooks through Literature state that characterization is the technique used by an aut hor to make his characters come alive for the reader. According to them, an author may reveal a character in several ways: (1) he may directly describe the character’s appearance and personality; (2) he may describe the character’s actions; (3) he may tell us what the character say; (4) he may combine all of these ways (White and Cline, 1964:35).

  9 The ability to characterize is the most import ant element for a good writer . It is the way the writer creates imaginary persons so that the readers can feel their existence as lifelike. M.J. Murphy (1972: 1 61 – 173) gives us nine ways to make a character understood by the readers. Those are: a. Personal description.

  The author can describe the character through the character’s physical appearance, face, body, and clothes that the reader can have the descripti on about the characteristic of the character.

  b. Character as seen by another.

  The author can also describe the characteristic of a certain character from the eyes and opinion of other character.

  c. Speech.

  The author can also describe the characteristic of a character through the information about the person’s character that is given from the speech of the person itself in the story.

  d. Past life.

  The person’s past life contributes to the characteristics of a character. Thus, the author can also give the read er a clue to events that have helped to shape the characteristics of a character from his past life.

  e. Conversation of others.

  The characteristic of a character can be described through the conversation of other people and what they say about him or her.

  10 f. Reaction.

  The characteristic of a character can also be understood by the reader from his or her reaction toward various situation and events.

  g. Direct comment.

  The characteristic of a character in the story can be given by the author himself through the direct comments of the other character.

  h. Thought.

  The author can describe the characteristic of a character through the person’s thought. It means that the reader can have knowledge of a character through the way of thinking of the character itself. i. Mannerisms.

  The description about the person’s mannerism can make the reader know the characteristics of that person. Thus, the author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies which can also tell us something about the character.

2. Theory on Society

  According to Krech, et all , the central characteristic of a society is that it is an organized collectively of interacting people whose activities become centered around a set of common goals, and who tend to share common beliefs, attitudes, and modes of action (1962: 308). Thus, society is a group of people who is interacting and sharing common beliefs, attitudes, and modes of action.

  In the book The study of Society, Rose Peter Isaac gives another definition of society in which it is not only a group of men who live together and share common opinions, values, beliefs, and customs, but they also continually interact, responding

  11 to one another and shaping their behavior in relation to the behavior and expectations of others (1977: 89).

3. Theory on Postcolonialism

  The term ‘Postcolonial’ addresses all aspects of the colonial process from the beginning of colonial contact until after -independence. The development of new elites within independence societies; the development of internal divisions based on racial, linguistic or religious discriminations; the continuing unequal treatment of indigenous people in settler/invader societies – all these testify to the fact that postcolonialism is a continuing process of resistance and reconstruction (Ash croft, et all, 1995:2).

  Helen Tiffin in her article, entitled Post Colonial Literature and Counter

  Discourse , adds that post-colonial performance includes these following features:

  a. Acts that respond to the experience of imperialism, whether directly or indirectly.

  b. Acts that performed for the continuation and or regeneration of the colonized community.

  c. Acts that performed with the awareness of and sometimes the incorporation of post contact forms.

  d. Acts that interrogate the hegemony that underlies imperial representation (Ashcroft, Griffith, and Tiffin, 1995: 95 -98)

  By those features we can see the relation between the colonizer and colonized country. The form of postcolonialism usually marked by th ose features as the way of the ex-colonized country to obtain and regain their voice.

  Postcolonialism can be the discussion of resistance which according to Bhabha, as cited in the book Twentieth Century Literary Criticism , is not necessarily an opposition al act of political intention, nor the simple negation or the exclusion of the ‘content’ of another culture, as difference once perceived, but the

  12 effect of an ambivalence produced within the rules of recognition of dominating discourses as they articulate the signs of cultural difference (2002: 224).

  There are some differences in defining resistance, but according to Sharpe there are two key points which can be drawn out as stated below

  First , you can never easily locate the sites of anti -colonial

  resistance-since resistance itself is always in some measure an effect of the contradictory representation of colonial authority and never simply a ‘reversal’ of power. Secondly, resistance itself never purely resistance, never simply there in the text or the inte rpretative community, but is always necessarily complicit in the apparatus it seeks to transgress (Ashcroft, et all, 1995: 108).

  In the book entitled Colonialism/Postcolonialism Loomba states how colonial intellectuals consistently raise d the question of their culture, both as the sites of colonial oppression, and as vital tool for their own resistance. “The oppressed subject possesses a dual consciousness , which is beholden to the rulers, and complicit with their will, and that which is capable of develo ping into resistance” (2005: 29). From this quotation the writer can see the characteristic of the colonized that it does not only have to oblige to the rule and the ruler, but it also has its own consciousness which is possible to develop into resistance toward the rule or ruler.

  In the book Twentieth Century Literary Criticism , Bijay Kumar Das states how the colonizer has taken advantages over the colonized by exploiting the colonized both politically and culturally. “The colonial power had exploited the colonized both politically and culturally and sought to establish the superiority of the colonizer over the colonized” (2002: 214). Thus, the writer can see the characteristic of the colonizer that it has the power and control over the colonized,

  13 politically and culturally, that the colonizer becomes superior and dominant over the colonized through the exploitation they did. This quotation also enables the writer to see the characteristic of the colonized in which the colonized becomes the one who is exploited and dominated.

  The other idea of the characteristic of the colonized is raised by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak who gives the term ‘subaltern’ toward the colonized. Her vie w towards the subaltern, as cited in A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary

  , is that the subaltern cannot speak or silenced. “That is to say, the oppressed

  Theory

  and silenced cannot, by definition, speak or achieve self -legitimation without ceasing to be that named subject under neo -colonialism” (1998: 227). From this quotation the writer can see the other characteristic of the colonized in which it does not have voice that it becomes powerless and marginalized.

  Based on the description between t he colonizer and the colonized by critics above, such as, Ania Loomba, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, and Bijay Kumar Das, the writer can see the characteristics of the colonizer and the colonized. The characteristics of the colonizer are: have the power (tha t it can exploit and take advantages over the colonized), dominant, smart, have the control over the colonized, and superior. Meanwhile, the characteristics of the colonized are: dominated and exploited by the colonizer, marginalized by the colonizer, oppr essed, and possesses dual consciousness (obliged to the rule and ruler and the one which can turn into resistance).

4. Theory on Representation

  According to Stuart Hall, r epresentation is the production of meaning through language (1997: 28). Based on his opinion, there are two process of

  14 representation. The first is how we correlate and construct the objects, people, and events in the material world to the concepts we have in our mind. The second is how we arrange those concepts in various languages which stand for or to represent those concepts (1997: 17 -19). He also gives three theories of approach in representation, which are reflective approach, intentional approach , and

  

constructionist approach . Reflective approach stresses that meaning always lies to

  the object, person, event, or idea in the real world. Intentional approach asserts to the use of language to represent the object, idea or event in the real world.

  Constructionist approach emphasizes that there is no fixed meaning within the material world that we are not supposed to confuse with the material world. Thus, it stresses that representation is not only related to the material world and the language we use to represent the material world , but it is also related with the other systems in the society (1997: 24-25). From these three approaches of representation, the writer will only use constructionist approach since it can represent a thing in the wider sense that is not only limited by the thing or the language to represent it.

  As stated by Gibson that representation reappears in a double figure, in the imitation of imitation, the simulation of imitative form (1996: 71). Based on classical theory there are two accounts of narrative representation developed, surface representation and depth represe ntation (1996: 81).

  Surface representation conceives of language as unproblematically adequate to what it represents. It thinks of representation as a rendering of individual phenomena as documentation over an experience of surface. Surface representation is apparently founded in the visual and it tells us about things only within norms of justification that determine what things are from the outset (1996: 81 -83).

  15 Representation of depths means penetrating the visible. This is the representation of essence, general features, types which thus depends on and express ontological conviction (1996: 82). The representation of depths enables us to see the unseen from the seen, meaning to say that it makes us enable to see not only the outside (e.g. physical appeara nce) but also the inside of the thing.

C. Theoretical Framework

  All the reviews and theories above are very important in supporting the analysis. The analysis takes some theories to answer the problems proposed in the problem formulation. There are so me theories on character and characterization, theories on society, theories on representation and theories on postcolonialism in order to analyze the novel.