A CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN ADULTS AND CHILDREN IN SUNDAY SCHOOL PROGRAM: A STUDY AT SIDANG JEMAAT KRISTUS CHURCH
A CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN
ADULTS AND CHILDREN IN SUNDAY
SCHOOL PROGRAM: A STUDY AT SIDANG
JEMAAT KRISTUS CHURCH
A THESIS
by
Sylvia Adhita Gunawan
Student Number : 06.80.0008
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
SEMARANG
A CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN ADULTS AND
CHILDREN IN SUNDAY SCHOOL PROGRAM: A STUDY AT
SIDANG JEMAAT KRISTUS CHURCH
A Thesis Presented as a Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements to Obtain the
Sarjana Degree in the English Letters Study Programme
by
Sylvia Adhita Gunawan
Student Number : 06.80.0008
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
SEMARANG
A THESIS ON
A CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN ADULTS AND
CHILDREN IN SUNDAY SCHOOL PROGRAM: A STUDY AT
SIDANG JEMAAT KRISTUS CHURCH
by
Sylvia Adhita Gunawan
Student Number : 06.80.0008
Approved by,
Heny Hartono, S.S., M.Pd May 19, 2011 Major Sponsor Drs. Y.E. Budiyana, M.A. May 19, 2011 Co-Sponsor
A thesis defended in front of the board of Examiners on May 19, 2011
and declared acceptable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Chair Person : Heny Hartono, SS., M.PdSecretary : Drs. Y.E. Budiyana, M.A. Member : Emilia Ninik Aydawati, SP. M.Hum Semarang, May 19, 2011 Faculty of Letters Soegijapranata Catholic University Dean, Heny Hartono, SS., M.Pd 058.1.1998.221
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
My very first big thanks are dedicated to my Savior-Jesus Christ, the Almighty God who has given me this great life with these whole amazing up and down experience during my life. His blessing makes me proud of being His child.
He is my everlasting life and strength who strengthens me to face all the things not with all I am but with all Him inside me. When I am down, His words always remind me that He is my everything. He always guided me during the process of finishing my thesis.
Second, I would like to express my gratitude to my major and co-major Sponsors Heny Hartono, S.S., M.P.d. and Drs. Y.E. Budiyana, M.A. who have sincerely guided me. They always patiently supported me so I could finish my thesis. They were willing to spend their valuable time to discuss and check my thesis. I am also very pleased to have both of them correct my grammar and offer suggestions for improvement.
I would like to thank my family, especially my daddy, N.B. Gunawan, who never stops praying for me and my mom Y.E. Shintawati, SH, who is always my guardian, especially for their support, love and trust. My thanks also go to my sisters Bernike Monica Laurent, for her willingness to be my solid partner in doing everything. I am very thankful to have her as my family.
The next is for my beloved brothers and sisters in Church in Semarang. Thank you so much for praying, supporting and encouraging me. All of you are my second family in my life whom I can share, pray and worship in the fellowship to God. I am so amazed of being part of The Body of The Christ with you all.
I also would like to express my gratitude to those who have helped me accomplish this thesis. Big thanks are for all of the lecturers and staffs in the Faculty of Letters Soegijapranata Catholic University who have helped and supported me during my study in this faculty. My thanks are also for the participants of Sunday School Program in Sidang Jemaat Kristus Church as the respondents who have given very big support in finishing my thesis. May God bless you all.
Finally, I would like to thank all these wonderful people around me, especially my lovely boy Hardian Andi Sulistyono who have reminded, supported, assisted, and inspired me to finish my thesis soon. For my lovely best friends in the Faculty of Letters 2006, Julius Ardi, Irene Abigail, Andre Aghatha, Christina Tjioe, Elisabeth Praise Purba, and many more. Thanks for your support and advice. I will never forget our hilarious moments, guys. For my „Kumon
Thamrin Square‟ family, I would thank Cik Ira as the owner and Ms Dian, Ms Hesti, Ms Meme, Ms Kristin as EFL assistants. I should apologize for not being able to mention your names one by one, I would like to give you all my deepest thanks for giving me the chance to feel the warmth of friendship. I do love you guys. May God bless you all...
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.4 The Conversational Devices
2.1 Conversational Analysis
6
2.2 Turn Taking Organization
8
2.3 Adjacency Pairs
9
9
5 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.4.1 Pauses or Attributable Silence
10
2.4.2 Overlaps
11
2.4.3 Repetitions
12
2.4.4 Backchannels
6
1.7 Definitions of Terms
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
1.2 Field of the Study
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
ABSTRACT ix
ABSTRAK x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background of the Study
1
3
4
1.3 Scope of the Study
3
1.4 Problem Formulation
3
1.5 Objectives of the Study
4
1.6 Significance of the Study
13
2.5 Sunday School Program
3.2.2 Instruments
23
23
22 CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
3.3.2 Analysis of Conversational Devices
22
3.3.1 Turn-Taking
21
20
3.2.3 Procedures
20
19
13
3.2.1 Participants
19
3.2 Method of Data Collection
18
3.1 Method of Research
18
16 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.7 The Language of Children
14
2.6 The Language of Adults
3.3 Method of Data Analysis
4.1 The Pattern of Turn Takings
meeting
28
4.1.1 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the first level class at the 1
31
meeting
rd
4.1.8 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the second level class at the 3
30
meeting
rd
4.1.7 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the first level class at the 3
29
meeting
nd
4.1.6 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the third level class at the 2
meeting
23
nd
4.1.5 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the second level class at the 2
27
meeting
nd
4.1.4 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the first level class at the 2
26
meeting
st
4.1.3 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the third level class at the 1
25
meeting
st
4.1.2 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the second level class at the 1
st
4.1.9 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the third level class at the 3
4.4.3 To Request for Clarification
4.3.2 The Speakers ‟ Need of Time for Thinking to Keep the Conversation
Going
56
4.4 Repetitions Analysis
66
4.4.1 To Ensure Correctness
67
4.4.2 To Request for Confirmation
73
79
4.3.1 To Get A Response from Others
4.4.4 To Indicate Surprise
83
4.5 Backchannels Analysis
85 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
95
5.1 Conclusion
95
5.2 Suggestions
96 Bibliography
51
51
rd
34
meeting
32
4.1.10 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the first level class at the 4
th
meeting
33
4.1.11 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the second level class at the 4
th
meeting
4.1.12 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the third level class at the 4
4.3 Pauses Analysis
th
meeting
35
4.2 Overlaps Analysis
39
4.2.1 Overlaps Which Communicates Competition
39
4.2.2 Overlaps Which Is Remarked As Choral Repetition
46
97 Appendices
ABSTRACT
All of people in this world interact one another. They need a language to communicate one another to convey their aims and purposes. Even, when they interact in the conversation, they use some conversational devices unconsciously.
This study aims to figure out the patterns of turn takings and the conversational devices used in the conversations between adults and children in Sunday school program. This research involves teachers and Sunday school students who are grouped into three classes. The result shows that the patterns of turn-taking are varied. The conversational devices such as pauses (31.4%), overlaps (29.07%), repetitions (26.35%), and backchannels (13.18%) were found in the conversations between adults and children in this program. The main reason for respondents‟ overlaps is closely connected with “overlaps communicating competition” as they need to compete with their friends during the conversation. Similarly, the respondents did pauses when they needed time to think for keeping the conversation going and the main reason for respo ndents‟ repetitions is to ensure correctness. Finally, the respondents‟ backchannels are mainly connected with the fact that the listeners still receive the message from the speaker.
Keywords: The patterns of turn takings, conversational devices, Sunday
school programABSTRAK
Semua orang di dunia ini berinteraksi satu sama lain. Mereka membutuhkan bahasa untuk berkomunikasi satu sama lain untuk menyampaikan maksud dan tujuan mereka. Bahkan, ketika mereka berinteraksi di dalam percakapan, tanpa disadari, mereka menggunakan beberapa “alat-alat” percakapan.
Orang- orang menggunakan beberapa “alat-alat” percakapan ketika mereka saling berinteraksi di dalam komunikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan unyuk mencari tahu pola-pola turn-takin gs dan “alat-alat” percakapan yang digunakan di dalam percakapan-percakapan antara orang-orang dewasa dan anak-anak dalam program sekolah Minggu. Penelitian ini melibatkan para pengajar dan murid-murid sekolah Minggu yang dibagi ke dalam tiga kelas.
Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pola dari turn-taking bervariasi. “Alat-alat” percakapan seperti pauses (31.4%), overlaps (29.07%), repetitions (26.35%), dan backchannels (13.18%) ditemukan di dalam percakapan antara orang dewasa dengan murid di program ini. Alasan utama overlaps dari responden sangat terkait erat dengan “overlaps yang menunjukkan kompetisi” pada saat mereka berlomba dengan temannya selama percakapan. Sama halnya, responden melakukan pauses karena mereka membutuhkan waktu untuk berpikir dalam melanjutkan percakapan dan alasan utama untuk repetitions dari responden adalah untuk meyakinkan kebenaran. Akhir kata, backchannels dari responden berhubungan dengan kenyataan bahwa pendengar masih menerima pesan dari pembicara.
Kata kunci:Pola-pola turn-taking ,”alat-alat” percakapan, program sekolah Minggu