A CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN ADULTS AND CHILDREN IN SUNDAY SCHOOL PROGRAM: A STUDY AT SIDANG JEMAAT KRISTUS CHURCH

  

A CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN

ADULTS AND CHILDREN IN SUNDAY

SCHOOL PROGRAM: A STUDY AT SIDANG

JEMAAT KRISTUS CHURCH

  A THESIS

by

Sylvia Adhita Gunawan

  

Student Number : 06.80.0008

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY

SEMARANG

  

A CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN ADULTS AND

CHILDREN IN SUNDAY SCHOOL PROGRAM: A STUDY AT

SIDANG JEMAAT KRISTUS CHURCH

  

A Thesis Presented as a Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements to Obtain the

Sarjana Degree in the English Letters Study Programme

by

Sylvia Adhita Gunawan

  

Student Number : 06.80.0008

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY

SEMARANG

  

A THESIS ON

A CONVERSATIONAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN ADULTS AND

CHILDREN IN SUNDAY SCHOOL PROGRAM: A STUDY AT

SIDANG JEMAAT KRISTUS CHURCH

by

Sylvia Adhita Gunawan

  

Student Number : 06.80.0008

Approved by,

Heny Hartono, S.S., M.Pd May 19, 2011 Major Sponsor Drs. Y.E. Budiyana, M.A. May 19, 2011 Co-Sponsor

  

A thesis defended in front of the board of Examiners on May 19, 2011

and declared acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Chair Person : Heny Hartono, SS., M.Pd

  Secretary : Drs. Y.E. Budiyana, M.A. Member : Emilia Ninik Aydawati, SP. M.Hum Semarang, May 19, 2011 Faculty of Letters Soegijapranata Catholic University Dean, Heny Hartono, SS., M.Pd 058.1.1998.221

  

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

  My very first big thanks are dedicated to my Savior-Jesus Christ, the Almighty God who has given me this great life with these whole amazing up and down experience during my life. His blessing makes me proud of being His child.

  He is my everlasting life and strength who strengthens me to face all the things not with all I am but with all Him inside me. When I am down, His words always remind me that He is my everything. He always guided me during the process of finishing my thesis.

  Second, I would like to express my gratitude to my major and co-major Sponsors Heny Hartono, S.S., M.P.d. and Drs. Y.E. Budiyana, M.A. who have sincerely guided me. They always patiently supported me so I could finish my thesis. They were willing to spend their valuable time to discuss and check my thesis. I am also very pleased to have both of them correct my grammar and offer suggestions for improvement.

  I would like to thank my family, especially my daddy, N.B. Gunawan, who never stops praying for me and my mom Y.E. Shintawati, SH, who is always my guardian, especially for their support, love and trust. My thanks also go to my sisters Bernike Monica Laurent, for her willingness to be my solid partner in doing everything. I am very thankful to have her as my family.

  The next is for my beloved brothers and sisters in Church in Semarang. Thank you so much for praying, supporting and encouraging me. All of you are my second family in my life whom I can share, pray and worship in the fellowship to God. I am so amazed of being part of The Body of The Christ with you all.

  I also would like to express my gratitude to those who have helped me accomplish this thesis. Big thanks are for all of the lecturers and staffs in the Faculty of Letters Soegijapranata Catholic University who have helped and supported me during my study in this faculty. My thanks are also for the participants of Sunday School Program in Sidang Jemaat Kristus Church as the respondents who have given very big support in finishing my thesis. May God bless you all.

  Finally, I would like to thank all these wonderful people around me, especially my lovely boy Hardian Andi Sulistyono who have reminded, supported, assisted, and inspired me to finish my thesis soon. For my lovely best friends in the Faculty of Letters 2006, Julius Ardi, Irene Abigail, Andre Aghatha, Christina Tjioe, Elisabeth Praise Purba, and many more. Thanks for your support and advice. I will never forget our hilarious moments, guys. For my „Kumon

  Thamrin Square‟ family, I would thank Cik Ira as the owner and Ms Dian, Ms Hesti, Ms Meme, Ms Kristin as EFL assistants. I should apologize for not being able to mention your names one by one, I would like to give you all my deepest thanks for giving me the chance to feel the warmth of friendship. I do love you guys. May God bless you all...

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

  2.4 The Conversational Devices

  2.1 Conversational Analysis

  6

  2.2 Turn Taking Organization

  8

  2.3 Adjacency Pairs

  9

  9

  5 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

  2.4.1 Pauses or Attributable Silence

  10

  2.4.2 Overlaps

  11

  2.4.3 Repetitions

  12

  2.4.4 Backchannels

  6

  1.7 Definitions of Terms

  ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv

  1.2 Field of the Study

  TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

  ABSTRACT ix

  ABSTRAK x

  CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

  1

  1.1 Background of the Study

  1

  3

  4

  1.3 Scope of the Study

  3

  1.4 Problem Formulation

  3

  1.5 Objectives of the Study

  4

  1.6 Significance of the Study

  13

  2.5 Sunday School Program

  3.2.2 Instruments

  23

  23

  22 CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

  3.3.2 Analysis of Conversational Devices

  22

  3.3.1 Turn-Taking

  21

  20

  3.2.3 Procedures

  20

  19

  13

  3.2.1 Participants

  19

  3.2 Method of Data Collection

  18

  3.1 Method of Research

  18

  16 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  2.7 The Language of Children

  14

  2.6 The Language of Adults

3.3 Method of Data Analysis

4.1 The Pattern of Turn Takings

  meeting

  28

  4.1.1 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the first level class at the 1

  31

  meeting

  rd

  4.1.8 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the second level class at the 3

  30

  meeting

  rd

  4.1.7 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the first level class at the 3

  29

  meeting

  nd

  4.1.6 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the third level class at the 2

  meeting

  23

  nd

  4.1.5 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the second level class at the 2

  27

  meeting

  nd

  4.1.4 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the first level class at the 2

  26

  meeting

  st

  4.1.3 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the third level class at the 1

  25

  meeting

  st

  4.1.2 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the second level class at the 1

  st

  4.1.9 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the third level class at the 3

  4.4.3 To Request for Clarification

  4.3.2 The Speakers ‟ Need of Time for Thinking to Keep the Conversation

  Going

  56

  4.4 Repetitions Analysis

  66

  4.4.1 To Ensure Correctness

  67

  4.4.2 To Request for Confirmation

  73

  79

  4.3.1 To Get A Response from Others

  4.4.4 To Indicate Surprise

  83

  4.5 Backchannels Analysis

  85 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

  95

  5.1 Conclusion

  95

  5.2 Suggestions

  96 Bibliography

  51

  51

  rd

  34

  meeting

  32

  4.1.10 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the first level class at the 4

  th

  meeting

  33

  4.1.11 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the second level class at the 4

  th

  meeting

  4.1.12 The Pattern of Turn Takings in the third level class at the 4

  4.3 Pauses Analysis

  th

  meeting

  35

  4.2 Overlaps Analysis

  39

  4.2.1 Overlaps Which Communicates Competition

  39

  4.2.2 Overlaps Which Is Remarked As Choral Repetition

  46

  97 Appendices

  ABSTRACT

  All of people in this world interact one another. They need a language to communicate one another to convey their aims and purposes. Even, when they interact in the conversation, they use some conversational devices unconsciously.

  This study aims to figure out the patterns of turn takings and the conversational devices used in the conversations between adults and children in Sunday school program. This research involves teachers and Sunday school students who are grouped into three classes. The result shows that the patterns of turn-taking are varied. The conversational devices such as pauses (31.4%), overlaps (29.07%), repetitions (26.35%), and backchannels (13.18%) were found in the conversations between adults and children in this program. The main reason for respondents‟ overlaps is closely connected with “overlaps communicating competition” as they need to compete with their friends during the conversation. Similarly, the respondents did pauses when they needed time to think for keeping the conversation going and the main reason for respo ndents‟ repetitions is to ensure correctness. Finally, the respondents‟ backchannels are mainly connected with the fact that the listeners still receive the message from the speaker.

  

Keywords: The patterns of turn takings, conversational devices, Sunday

school program

  ABSTRAK

  Semua orang di dunia ini berinteraksi satu sama lain. Mereka membutuhkan bahasa untuk berkomunikasi satu sama lain untuk menyampaikan maksud dan tujuan mereka. Bahkan, ketika mereka berinteraksi di dalam percakapan, tanpa disadari, mereka menggunakan beberapa “alat-alat” percakapan.

  Orang- orang menggunakan beberapa “alat-alat” percakapan ketika mereka saling berinteraksi di dalam komunikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan unyuk mencari tahu pola-pola turn-takin gs dan “alat-alat” percakapan yang digunakan di dalam percakapan-percakapan antara orang-orang dewasa dan anak-anak dalam program sekolah Minggu. Penelitian ini melibatkan para pengajar dan murid-murid sekolah Minggu yang dibagi ke dalam tiga kelas.

  Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pola dari turn-taking bervariasi. “Alat-alat” percakapan seperti pauses (31.4%), overlaps (29.07%), repetitions (26.35%), dan backchannels (13.18%) ditemukan di dalam percakapan antara orang dewasa dengan murid di program ini. Alasan utama overlaps dari responden sangat terkait erat dengan “overlaps yang menunjukkan kompetisi” pada saat mereka berlomba dengan temannya selama percakapan. Sama halnya, responden melakukan pauses karena mereka membutuhkan waktu untuk berpikir dalam melanjutkan percakapan dan alasan utama untuk repetitions dari responden adalah untuk meyakinkan kebenaran. Akhir kata, backchannels dari responden berhubungan dengan kenyataan bahwa pendengar masih menerima pesan dari pembicara.

  Kata kunci:Pola-pola turn-taking ,”alat-alat” percakapan, program sekolah Minggu