The accuracy of messages rendering seen through the keywords interpretation of English-Indonesia consecutive interpretation in interpreting class of English Letter Study Programme of Sanata Dharma University - USD Repository
THE ACCURACY OF MESSAGES RENDERING SEEN THROUGH THE KEYWORDS
INTERPRETATION OF ENGLISH –INDONESIAN CONSECUTIVE
INTERPRETATION IN INTERPRETING CLASS OF ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY
PROGRAMME OF SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
AN UNDERGRADUATED THESISPresented as partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English LettersBy TAUFIQ JATI MURTAYA Student Number: 044214109
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERSFACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTAPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Why the head is above and feet is below, because we
Why the head is above and feet is below, because we Why the head is above and feet is below, because we
Why the head is above and feet is below, because we
have a heart to place in the middle
have a heart to place in the middle have a heart to place in the middle
have a heart to place in the middle
Bigar Sanyata
Bigar Sanyata Bigar Sanyata
Bigar SanyataPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI For my beloved family, mother and father For my beloved family, mother and father For my beloved family, mother and father For my beloved family, mother and father
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Alloh the Almighty, for the endlessblessing and for giving me guidance in accomplishing this thesis. Also, I have to
thank Muhammad SAW as the truth leader and messenger. Secondly, I would be
glad to say that my mother and father are my biggest inspiration in my life, and I
deeply thank them for that. My gratitude is also for my brother Sidiq, who always
encourage me with their own way.My special thanks goes to my advisor Adventina Putranti, S. S., M. Hum.,
for giving me her precious time and the patience in guiding me to finish this
thesis. My gratitude also goes to Dewi Widyastuti, S. Pd., M. Hum., my co-
advisor. A special appreciation also goes to all English Letters secretariat staff
who have been so kind to help me during my study in Sanata Dharma University.
Afterwards, I would like to thank my best friend Oki, Agung ‘05, Adi and
Aryk who always support and motivate me. I also thank to Mbah Roni for lending
me the handycam; the Power Ranger Crew of Flattering Words; Mbakyu Ningsih,
Ukerimash, and Sennyshimash; KD; and GMPG Sidomulyo. My special thank to
FKM BUDI UTAMA; my dearest teachers and lovable friends mas Syamsi, The
Ronald Company, Bang Fahmi, Bang Abdi, Mr. Rury, and Dugem Community.
Last but not least is my gratitude for all my friends of the 2004 class that I could
not mention one by one.Taufiq Jati Murtaya
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................. i APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE .............................................................................. iii LEMBAR PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA ................................... iv MOTTO PAGE ........................................................................................... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA
ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ................................. vi DEDICATION PAGE................................................................................ vii AKCNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................ viii TABLE OF CONTENT.............................................................................. ix ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... xi ABSTRAK ................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1 A. Backfround of Study ....................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................ 7
C. Objective of the Study ..................................................................... 8
D. Definition of Terms .......................................................................... 8
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
11 A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................... 11
B. Review of Related Theories .............................................................. 15
1. Translation Theory of Omissions, Additions, and Substitutions
and Errors .................................................................................... 15
a. Omissions .............................................................................. 15
1) Skipping Omission .......................................................... 162) Comprehension Omission ............................................... 16 3) Delay Omission ............................................................... 16 4) Compounding Omission ..................................................16
b. Additions ............................................................................... 17
1) Qualifier Addition ........................................................... 17 2) Elaboration Addition ....................................................... 17 3) Relationship Addition ..................................................... 17 4) Closure Addition ............................................................. 17
c. Substitutions and Error.......................................................... 18
1) Mild Semantics Error ...................................................... 19 2) Gross Semantics Error .................................................... 19 3) Mild Phrasing Change .....................................................202. Componential Analysis ............................................................... 20
3. Translation Theory of Equivalence ............................................. 23
C. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................... 27
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
30 A. Object of the Study ........................................................................... 30
B. Approach of the Study ..................................................................... 31
C. Method of the Study ........................................................................ 33
1. Data Sampling ............................................................................ 33
2. Data Collection ........................................................................... 34
3. Data Analysis .............................................................................. 35
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
37 A. The English-Indonesian Keywords Interpretation ............................ 38
B. The Analysis of Omissions, Additions, and Substitutions and Errors .................................................................................................42
1. Omission ......................................................................................42
a. Skipping Omission ................................................................ 42
b. Comprehension Omission ..................................................... 44
2. Addition ...................................................................................... 45
3. Substitutions and Errors .............................................................. 46
a. Mild Semantics Errors .......................................................... 46
b. Gross Semantics Errors ......................................................... 47
C. The Influence of the Phenomenon of the Interpreting Result toward the Messages Rendering Process .......................................... 50
1. Componential Analysis ............................................................... 50
a. Frowns .................................................................................. 51
b. Technology available ............................................................ 52
c. Studio .................................................................................... 53
d. Admit .................................................................................... 54
e. Truth ...................................................................................... 54
f. Director ................................................................................. 55
g. Expressions ........................................................................... 55
h. Inherited ................................................................................ 56 i. Blame .................................................................................... 56 j. Easy ....................................................................................... 57
2. The Influence of Omissions, Additions, and Substitutions and Error ......................................................................................57 a. Omissions .............................................................................. 57
b. Additions ...............................................................................58
c. Substitution and Errors ......................................................... 59
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
60 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ 63 APENDIX 1 .................................................................................................. 66 APENDIX 2 ..................................................................................................72
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ABSTRACT
TAUFIQ JATI MURTAYA (2011). The Accuracy of Messages Rendering Seen
through the Keywords Interpretation of English-Indonesian Consecutive
Interpretation in Interpreting Class of English Letters Study Programme of
Sanata Dharma University. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty
of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.Language is developing from time to time as part of communication. In its development, a communication takes place not only within the same language user, but also between two or more different language user. Therefore, to build the bride of the differences, the present of an interpreter is needed in order to minimize such miscommunication. Recently, the study of the interpreting filed is developing. The studies are conducted not only in simultaneous interpreting, but also in consecutive interpreting. The research field of the study in interpreting is very wide. However, accuracy of the interpreting process get more attentions. As a matter of fact, to measure the accuracy of an interpretation, it usually refers to the whether the intention of the source sentence interpreted is transferred into the target text or not.
The discussion in this thesis is made based on the objectives of this research which are to find out how the keywords are interpreted by using consecutive method from English into Indonesian, and to find out the result of the keywords interpretation due to the messages rendering.
The two objectives were accomplished by doing data collecting and data analysis. The object of this research is the oral translation of the keywords from consecutive English-Indonesian test in interpreting class of English Letters Study Programme of Sanata Dharma University. After writing down all of the oral translation that has recorded before, then the researcher is looking for the keywords and juxtaposing them between the source and the target text. The next step is analyzing the keywords interpretation using the theory in translation of omissions, additions, and substitutions and errors. Final step is making an analysis of the phenomenon resulted from the previous analysis by considering the messages rendering process by using componential analysis and translation theory of equivalence.
Based on the analysis in this research, the phenomenon of interpretation found are skipping omission, comprehension omission, elaboration addition, mild semantics error, stemming error, error of false reference, and error of meaning. After conducting an analysis of those phenomena by using componential and translation theory of equivalence, there are two major results. Firstly, skipping omission and mild semantics error phenomena are considered as the less accurate interpretation. Secondly, comprehension omissions, elaboration addition, stemming error, error of false reference, and error of meaning phenomena are considered to be inaccurate. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
TAUFIQ JATI MURTAYA (2011). The Accuracy of Messages Rendering Seen
through the Keywords Interpretation of English-Indonesian Consecutive
Interpretation in Interpreting Class of English Letters Study Programme os
Sanata Dharma University. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra
Universitas Sanata Dharma.Bahasa selalu berkembang dari waktu ke waktu sebagai bagian dari komunikasi. Dalam perkembangannya, sebuah komunikasi dapat terjadi tidak hanya diantara orang yang menggunakan bahasa yang sama, tetapi juga terjadi antara dua pengguna bahasa yang berbeda atau lebih. Oleh karena itu, untuk menyelaraskan perbedaan-perbedaan dalam bahasa tersebut di butuhkan seorang alih bahasa agar dapat meminimalisir kesalahpahaman. Akhir-akhir ini, penelitian di bidang alih bahasa baru berkembang. Penelitian itu dilakukan tidak hanya pada model alih bahasa secara simultaneous tetapi juga dalam model consecutive. Penelitian dalam alih bahasa cakupannya sangatlah luas. Namun demikian, ketepatan dalam proses alih bahasa mendapat perhatian yang lebih. Dalam kenyataanya, untuk mengukur ketepatan dalam alih bahasa selalu merujuk pada apakah maksud dari kalimat daribahasa asal dapat terdapat dalam bahasa target.
Diskusi dalam skripsi ini dibuat berdasarkan tujuan dari penelitian ini, yaitu untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana kata kunci diterjemahkan melalui metode
consecutive dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, dan untuk
menemukan bagaimana hasil alih bahasa dari kata kunci tersebut dengan mempertimbangkan proses pesan yang dialihkan.
Kedua tujuan tersebut dapat dicapai dengan melakukan pengumpulan data dan analisa data. Obyek dari penelitian ini adalah terjemahan lisan dari kata kunci dalam tes metode consecutive di kelas Interpreting program studi Sastra Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Setelah menulis semua terjemahan lisan yang telah direkam sebelumnya, kemudian peneliti mencari kata kunci dari teks asal dan teks target lalu menjajarkannya. Langkah selanjutnya adalah menganalisis kata kunci itu mengunakan teori terjemahan seperti omissions, additions, dan subtitutions
and errors. Langkah yang terakhir adalah membuat analisis dari fenomena yang
ditemukan dalam analisa sebelumnya dengan mempertimbangkan proses perpindahan pesan dengan menggunakan teori componential analysis dan teori
equivalence dalam Ilmu Penerjemahan.
Berdasarkan analisis penelitian ini, fenomena-fenomena dari alih bahasa yang ditemukan adalah skipping omission, comprehension omission, elaboration
addition, mild semantics error, stemming error, error of false reference, dan error
of meaning. Setelah melakukan analisa dari fenomena-fenomena tersebut
menggunakan componential analysis dan teori equivalence dalam Ilmu Penerjemahan ditemukan dua hasil utama. Pertama, fenomena skipping omission dan mild semmantics error disebut sebagai proses alih bahasa yang kurang akurat.
Kedua, comprehension omission, elaboration addition, stemming error, error of
false reference, dan error of meaning dikatakan sebagai alih bahasa yang tidak
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Language is a living thing. Literature lover often suggests that language is
alive because it can so powerfully move a reader and shape his or her ideals (taken
from: http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/ncde/1212). A living thing has the
relation with some general signs such as motion, movement, growth, development, changes, etc, and so does language. In its development, which is considered as one of the characteristics of a living thing, language undergoes some changes as followed by the survival, extinction and new occurrence of the words, the transformation in its structure and the changes of word meaning from time to time. Since language has some changes, therefore Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cabel in their book entitled A History of the English Language also mention an important statement about language.
Although we rarely think of language as something that possesses life apart from the people who speak it, as we can think of plants or animals, we can observe in speech something like the process of change that characterize the live of living thing. When a language ceases to change, we call it a dead language (2002:2). As a living thing, language can also die whenever it is not used by people to communicate. That is why; a study of language field is precious toward the existence of language.
People use language as a way to communicate. According to Finnegan, language often viewed as a vehicle of thought, a system of expression that PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
mediates the transfer of thought from one person to another, which is mentioned as the term of communication (2004:8). All information and messages can be delivered and understood through language (Hanafi, 1986:14). Communication through language enables us to live effectively, to develop our capabilities, and to satisfy our curiosity about our surroundings (Lehmann, 1983:1). To satisfy our curiosity; language, viewed from the essential part of communication of rendering messages, functions as the repository and means of knowledge transmission (Carter, 1995: v). Since language as well as communication always develop through time, a research in those fields will be important and worthwhile.
There will be no doubt that one of the essential goals of communication is to understand the intentions conveyed. The understanding achievement should be in both the speaker and the listener, or it could be called the mutual understanding. Thus, during the mutual understanding, both the speaker and listener share the information needed. In other word they will cooperate with each other (Yule, 1996: 36-37). In George Yule’s book entitled Pragmatics, this kind of cooperative action named as cooperative principle. In such a principle, the responsibility for understanding is shared by both parties, the speaker and listener (Hale, 2007: 15). Commonly, it will be much easier to understand the intended meaning in the communication for the people who speak the same language, because they merely have the same pragmatic conventions.
A language that is used and understood as the same conception in a certain society will minimize an understanding distortion (Hanafi, 1986: 15). Meanwhile, in fact, people often communicate using two or more languages as they are PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
demanded to cope the various objectives in their life. For instance, how people from many different nations held their communication in a multilateral conference, while they tend to use their own language to communicate rather than English, and they do not understand each other language. Indeed, a big misconception has a large space to appear since the communication carries not only the different pragmatic conventions but also different language and culture. However, what the writer wants to underline is that the communication between two different languages is possible.
According to Hanafi, there are two models of communication in relation with the number of the used language; there are intra-lingual communication model, a communication which used one language. The other is inter-lingual communication model, this communication uses more than one language (1986: 16-17).
From the statements mentioned above, it implies that cooperative principle occurs in intra-lingual communication in order to decrease misunderstanding. The question is, what if the communication uses inter-lingual communication. As Sandra Beatriz Hale mentioned an important aspect of communication in her book entitled Community Interpreting.
Speakers who share the same pragmatic conventions will usually understand them in the way they were intended. However, when their intention is not clearly understood by the hearer, they can cause communication breakdown. If misunderstandings occur between speakers who share the same language, culture and past common histories, how much greater the potential for misunderstanding is when different languages and cultures come into contact. Here is where the mediation of the interpreter is crucial, as the interpreter will share common ground with both speakers (Hale, 2007: 16). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
From the quotation above it shows that the greater chance of misunderstanding will appear since the more languages are used in a communication, namely in inter-lingual interpretation. It also implies that misunderstanding is undeniable. Referring to the last sentence of the quotation, it is clearly said that, in order to achieve the understanding of two speakers who use different language, an interpreter is definitely needed.
Since an interpreter is needed in any occasion of inter-lingual communication, namely an international conference, a scientific study is also needed in purpose to develop a better method of interpretation training and minimize the misinterpretation; and achieve the goal of messages delivery.
Interpretation which is commonly defined as the oral transfer of a message from language into another has a very long history (Simpson, 1994: 1731). According to The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, it is described that
Interpretation is said to be the world’s second oldest trade, interpreting as a profession only developed after World War I, when conference interpretation made its appearance at international gatherings at which French and English were used concurrently. The first regular teams of interpreters were employed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, at which the consecutive interpretation mode was worked out (Simpson, 1994:1737).
Although the practice of interpretation is old, however the profession and discipline of interpreter are very young. According to Daniel Geil an interpreter expert and researcher who are the member of AAIC (Association Internationale, des Interpretes de Conference) the study of interpretation has been largely developing in recent decades, namely in the seventies there are about 180 studies published in the field, close to 500 in the eighties, and more than 1000 in the
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nineties (taken from: http//www.aiic.net/viewpage.cfm/article299.htm). Those mean the range of the study will always expand and grow. That is what stimulates the writer’s interest.
From the statement quoted above, the first method which is used in interpretation is consecutive method. Generally, there are two models of interpretation, namely consecutive and simultaneous interpretation. In simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter gives the interpretation in the target language at virtually the same as the source express the messages in the source language. On the other hand, in consecutive interpretation, the interpreter provides the interpretation of a message in the target language after the source has stopped speaking in the original language (Simpson, 1994: 1732-1733). Therefore, in consecutive interpreting, the interpreter is usually taking notes during the speech before the pause, and it is quite helpful in rendering the messages in the target language later.
The concern of this study is in the consecutive interpretation. Although consecutive interpretation use note taking in its process, the data or the notes are not going to be analyzed since those are not readable and structuralized for the researcher. Nevertheless, it will be supported also by its recorded oral source.
Compared to simultaneous interpretation, consecutive interpretation considered as the more accurate in rendering the messages, because the interpreter is not only recalling his or her short or long term memories, but also consulting to the notes whenever losing some points to say. For that reason, the notes have to be
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understandable before the eye of the interpreter who wrote it, so that the misinterpretation can be reduced.
Although note taking can minimize the misinterpretation, still some mistakes are occurring and those make the messages in the target language less accurate. Accuracy is the main concern in interpretation process. Therefore, it becomes a big question to the writer, what factors do influence the accuracy, especially in the linguistics range. The writer then makes a deeper analysis that one of the linguistics factors, which is considered as the most influential and the first important step in note taking and delivering messages in target language, is the key words of the speech. Thus, this research tries to know how key words are interpreted so that they can render the messages from the source language into the target language.
In order to narrow the field and make the more focusing and detail analysis, the writer conducts the study on English-Indonesian interpretation. The object that is going to be observed are not interpretation experts, however they are learners. Based on the topic, the learners are students who took interpreting class in English Letters study Programme of Sanata Dharma University. The writer specifies the field research by selecting the learners of interpreting because they have valuable situations to observe through its interpreting processes. The writer aims to find a scientific finding of messages rendering during the English- Indonesian interpreting process which seen through the keywords that will be transferred equivalently or not by the learners. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
By analyzing the data and finally finding the answer, generally this study is aimed to give a contribution to the development of interpretation study in Indonesia. Specifically, the aim this study is to give a guidance and or explanation for interpreting learner from Indonesia in avoiding and minimizing the errors and misinterpretations. Also this study is aimed to give explanation to the interpreting expert about the phenomenon occurrence in message delivery during the interpretation process which influences the accuracy; and as one of the references for trainer and researcher in formulating the best method on consecutive interpretation learning. In other words, it is expected that Indonesian interpreters can improve their skill, especially using consecutive interpretation method.
B. Problem Formulation
According to the background mentioned above, there are two problems which the writer tries to answer. The problems are formulated as follow:
1. How are the keywords interpreted in English-Indonesian consecutive interpretation in the interpreting class of English Letters study Programme of Sanata Dharma University?
2. How does the interpretation of the keywords affect the message rendering? PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
C. Objectives of the Study
This chapter explains some objectives that are related to the problems formulation. According to first problem formulation above, first objective is to find out how the key words are interpreted by using consecutive method from English as the source language to Indonesian as the target language in interpreting class of English Letters students of Sanata Dharma University. The second, which is also the last objective, is to analyze the result of the keywords interpretation due to the messages rendering in interpreting process.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid a misleading of understanding and to give distinct explanation and limitation of the analysis of the study, it is important to know some explanation of linguistics terminologies. The terms that will be used in this analysis are accuracy, message rendering, keywords, and consecutive interpretation.
The first term to explain is accuracy. Considering the quality in interpreting and translation, accuracy is the most essential part to discuss in the scientific range. What is meant by accuracy in this research is the interpreter‘s fidelity in interpreting a text, and also closely related to the concept of equivalence in linguistic study of interpretation or translation. According to Mona Barker’s Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies mentions that the proponents of equivalence-based theories of translation usually define equivalence as the relationship between a source text and a target text that allows the target PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI text to be considered as a translation of the source text in the first place (2001:77).
There also mentions that ...equivalence is commonly established on the basis of: the source language (SL) and target language (TL) words supposedly referring to the same thing in the real world, i.e. on the basis of their referential or denotative equivalence; the SL and the TL words triggering the same or similar association in the minds of native speakers of the two languages, i.e. their connotative equivalence; the SL and TL words being used in the similar contexts in their respective language,...(2001:77).
The second is message rendering. What is meant by messages rendering here is the intention of the source language flawlessly transferred in the target language. In the other word, concerning its implementation, the listener of the target language understands the aim of the speaker of the source language. There is no such a violation of the meaning conveyed in the source language when it is translated into the target language. The message conveyed in the target language must match the source language message in meaning, content and intent (taken from:http://seattlecentral.edu/faculty/baron/Winter_courses/ITP163/ITP163CEU
Nit7Monitoring&Correction.htm).
The next term that needs to be explained is keywords. In Larson’s book, A
Guide to Cross Language Equivalent there is stated that key words are words
which are used over and over in the text and are crucial to the theme or topic under discussion. Keywords are most often words which represent an essential or basic concept of the text (1984:177). Since they are often thematic, it is very important to find and determine what the keywords are presented on the text, in order to gain the most adequate or accurate lexical equivalent from the source language to the target language in the messages rendering process.
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The last term is Consecutive Interpretation. In its purest form, consecutive interpretation is a mode in which the interpreter begins their interpretation of complete message after the speaker has stopped producing the source utterance (taken from: http://home.erthlink.net/~terparto/id7.html).
According to Ginori and Scimone, consecutive interpreting consists of listening to a speech in one language and translating or summarizing it orally into another (2001:17). In consecutive interpreting, the interpreter has a longer time to think before rendering the messages accurately, since there is a temporal pause during the speech. During the pause, the consecutive interpreter takes notes that record ideas to be used later in delivering messages in target language (taken from:http//www.interpreters.net.cn/articles/interpreter_in_doing_bussiness_in_ch ina.htm).
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter covers three parts; review of related study, review of related
theories, and theoretical framework. The first part mentions the review of other study which also discuss similar topic with this analysis. They are the text condensation in consecutive interpreting and also the analysis of form-based and meaning-based interpreting in relation with the effect of source text difficulty on lexical target text form in simultaneous interpreting. The second part contains some theories that are will be applied in the analysis. The theories that will be used in here are the theory in interpreting such as theory of omissions, additions, and errors of interpreting; the theory in semantics field namely componential analysis; and equivalent theory of interpreting.
A. Review of Related Studies
An expert in interpreting field, Helle V. Dam, in her Ph.D. dissertation entitled Text Condensation in Consecutive Interpreting at first, in the superficial finding, mentioned that
A first, quantitative comparison of the two sets of texts reveals that all the target texts are shorter than their source text, the average length reduction constituting 25,9% measured in characters on the basis of transcripts. All the target texts are, in other words, condensed versions of the source text
(taken from: http://download2. hermes. asb. dk/ archive/ download /H17 _14.pdf)
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It implied that during the consecutive interpreting process there would be a reduction of the target text compared to the source text. Thus, to propose a framework for an empirical investigation of this phenomenon, further she elaborated her analysis by using two major modules, namely formal analysis and linguistic analysis. From her investigation of the texts by using formal analysis, she found that the main contribution of formal analysis to the present study is to have identified the relevant condensation operations or forms as deletion and substitution. In her findings, deletion is reflected partly in the segments categorized as selective, partly in the segments represented by full deletion in the target texts. Meanwhile, substitution is reflected in three subcategories of substituting segments, i.e. in the formal substituting, the generalizing and the integrating segments. Going deeper in her next investigation of the formal analysis finding, that are deletion and substitution, by using linguistic analysis then she took two different levels of analysis, namely syntactic analysis and semantics-pragmatic analysis. From the analysis of deletion, it was hypothesized that the phenomenon of deletion is probably mainly governed by semantic- pragmatic position of source text elements, this position is frequently, however not all the time, syntactically marked, in the sense that elements which are less important in terms of information value tend to appear as syntactic modifiers, whereas more important elements often appear as constitutive parts of sentence or phrases (taken from:
http://download2.hermes.asb.dk/archive/download/H17_14.pdf).
Whereas the analysis of formal substitution described that the phenomenon of substitution depended on the paradigmatic nature. It meant that those phenomenon might occur in different linguistic representations.
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In the other work, an article, published in the proceedings of the ASLA Symposium on Translation and Interpreting held in Stockholm in November 1998, Helle V. Dam scientifically explained about the two generalized paradigmatic strategies in interpreting namely form-based and meaning-based interpreting. Her work entitle On The Option between Form-Based and Meaning- Based Interpreting: The Effect of Source Text Difficulty on Lexical Target Text Form in Simultaneous Interpreting set out to test a prevailing hypothesis that the more difficult the source text, the more the interpreter tend to deviate from the meaning-based approach and to interpret on the basis on the basis of source text form. Form-based interpreting was generally described as the direct transmission of the source text in composing the target text. In other word, it constructed the target text only by referring to the surface form of the source text as much as possible. Meanwhile, meaning-based interpreting focused more in the representation of the source text in transmitting and constructing it into the target text. Derived from that hypothesis, a basic premise was set out, that were lexical similarity between source and target texts was taken to reflect form-based interpreting, whereas lexical dissimilarity was held to reflect meaning-based interpreting.
Then she found three phenomena in her analysis, which while having simultaneous activities there rapidly occurred omissions; additions; and core- material or the substitution with respect to the source text material. Then she specified the research scope in the additions field. In order to ease and give plausible explanation, she took larger entities of the text, namely the segment. The
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segments consist of a series of words grouped around a finite verb. In most cases, the segment therefore corresponded to a clause. According to her model of analysis, she categorized the segments into five categories; those are similar segments, dissimilar segments, similar (dissimilar) segment, dissimilar (similar) segments, and similar/dissimilar segments. Then the addition phenomenon were analyzed by using those models. In short, based on the lexical similarity and dissimilarity concept she provided a finding that the meaning–based approach to interpreting was more associated with non-difficult source texts, and the form- based technique was more associated with difficult texts.
Since the two studies above are discussing about the analysis of interpreting texts, weather the portion of analysis is more on the interpreting field of simultaneous interpreting, which is the second study or linguistic scope of consecutive interpreting, which is the first study; both studies analyzed the same phenomenon in interpreting namely omission, addition, etc. Therefore, this research is going to have two steps of analysis which is used theory on interpreting and also theory in linguistic. What make the different from the other two studies above is that this research is trying to explain the phenomenon in interpreting and its affect to the messages rendering in consecutive interpreting. Regarding on the development of the research’s topic, then the two studies will be helpful.
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B. Review of Related Theories
1. Translation Theory of Omissions, Additions, and Substitutions and Errors
According to PÓ§chhacker (2004: 142) since the first experimental studies of interpreting, researchers have sought to examine the interpreter’s output for various types of lexico-semantic “deviations” from the source text. It implies that research on the product of interpreting, namely the source text, is evident to be done since there are some digressions. Therefore, Henri C. Barik conducted a research on simultaneous interpreting based on the theory of omission, addition, and error in translation; and he concluded that
In simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter’s version may depart from the general version in three ways: the interpreter (henceforth abbreviated T for “translator,” since it cannot conveniently be abbreviated “I”) may omit some material uttered by the speaker (abbreviated “S”), he may add some material to the text, or he may substitute material, resulting in his saying not quite the same thing as the S. If the substitution is at considerable variance with the original version we may speak of an “error” of translation (Lambert, 1994: 121)
Thus, he classifies some code schemes related to the three events above as follows.
a. Omissions Omissions refer to items present on the original version which are left out of the translation by the translator. Omissions are determined on the basis of the final content of the original message, so that is it not considered an omission if the translator does not translate a lexically irrelevant repetition or “false start” on the part of the speaker of the source language (Lambert, 1994: 122). There are four types of omission, namely:
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