Anti-inflammatory properties of mangosteen peel extract on the mouse gingival inflammation healing process | Putri | Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 14399 33263 1 PB
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 2017;29(3):189-194.
Anti-inlammatory properties of mangosteen peel extract on
the mouse gingival inlammation healing process
Khairani Putri*, Lusiana Darsono*, Henry Mandalas**
*Department of Microbiology Faculty of Dentistry Maranatha Christian University, Indonesia
**Department of Periodontics Faculty of Dentistry Maranatha Christian University, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L.) peel extract has widely used in the pharmaceutical
ield due to its anticancer, anti-inlammatory, antibacterial, and immunity boost properties. In the ield
of dentistry, mangosteen peel extract has proofed to be able to reduce the amount of plaque, prevents
plaque accumulation, and cure gingivitis. This study was aimed to determine the efect and diferences
of the mangosteen peel extract at the concentration of 12.5% and 25% on the mouse gingival inlammation healing process. Methods: This study was a true experimental laboratory study with completely
randomized design. The subjects consisted of as much as 28 mice divided into 4 groups, which were
negative control (Aquadest) group; positive control (0,2% of Chlorhexidine) group; 12,5% of mangosteen
peel extract group; and 25% of mangosteen peel extract group. Each group consisted of 7 mice. Examination of inlammatory healing results was observed every 2 hours during 6 hours and the inlammatory
measurements of mouse gingival were performed by using callipers. Data obtained was analysed with
the one-way ANOVA test (α = 0,05) and the Tukey’s range test. Results: The results from the one-way
ANOVA test (α = 0,05) and the Tukey’s range test found that there was a signiicant diference on the inlammation size between the group with 12.5% of mangosteen peel extract and the group with aquadest
and 0.2% of chlorhexidine. Meanwhile, the mice group with 12.5% of mangosteen peel extract and group
with 25% of mangosteen peel extract did not show a signiicant diference in inlammatory size decrease.
Conclusion: The mangosteen peel extract at the concentration of 12.5% and 25% were efectively used in
accelerating the inlammatory healing process of the mouse gingival due to its strong anti-inlammatory
efect.
Keywords: Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L.), Aquadest, Chlorhexidine, anti-inlammatory, gingival
inlammation
P-ISSN 1979-0201, e-ISSN 2549-6212 Available from:http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/pjd/index
DOI:
Submission: Jun 2017 Publishing: Nov 2017
Corresponding author: Henry Mandalas, Department of Microbiology Faculty of Dentistry Maranatha Christian Univ, Indonesia
Jl. Prof.drg.Surya Sumantri No. 65, Bandung, Jawa Barat 40164. Email: h_mandalas@yahoo.com
189
Anti-inlammatory properties of mangosteen peel extract (Khairani Putri et al.)
INTRODUCTION
Gingivitis periodontitis is an inlammation that
often occurs in the ield of dentistry. Gingivitis
is included in periodontal disease. Inlammation
of the gingiva or gingivitis is an inlammation
that occurs in the gingiva as a result of bacterial
infection. Gingivitis is characterized by changes
in shape, colour, texture, and pain in the gingiva.
Gingivitis usually results from poor oral hygiene.1-3
Gingivitis in Indonesia ranks second, reaching
96.58%. The Association of Indonesian Dentists
(PDGI) states that the prevalence of gingivitis
worldwide is 75-90%.4,5 Basic Health Research
(RISKESDAS) in 2007 mentioned that periodontal
disease in West Java was the ifth largest, 25.3%.5
Clinical signs are often complained by patients who
have gingivitis is easily bleed gingiva. Bleeding in
the gingiva can be caused by various things. Plaque
and calculus attached to the tooth surface is the
most common cause. This cause if not treated
immediately will cause the gingival attachment to
the tooth surface dislodged and form a sac on the
gum (periodontal pocket) and also cause damage to
the tooth support bone.6
One way to overcome the inlammation of
the gingiva is the use of herbal plant extracts.
Herbal plants used as a traditional treatment
ingredient one of them is the skin of mangosteen
(Garcinia Mangostana L.) because this fruit contains
xanthone compounds. Xanthone compounds are
compounds that contain alpha-mangostin and
gamma-mangostin which are as antibacterial and
anti-inlammatory. Xanthone compounds play a
role in the cessation of inlammation by inhibiting
the production of COX enzymes that can cause
inlammation.2
The results of Avira’s research in 2013 stated
that mangosteen peel extract contains xanthone
and xanthone compounds proved to have antiinlammatory activity and very high antioxidant
activity. The pathogenesis of inlammation occurs
due to an increase in inlammatory cells that play
a role in the process of phagocytosis and stimulate
free radical expenditure. Antiinlammation and
antioxidants play a role in converting active
free radicals to less reactive and shortening the
inlammatory stage to the healing stage.7
Ni Wayan Arini et al’s study on the efectiveness
of gum rinse of mangosteen peel decoction states
190
that the concentration of 12.5% mangosteen peel
decoction decreases the amount of plaque on tooth
surface, prevents plaque accumulation, and cures
mild gingivitis.8 Chlorhexidine 0.2% a comparator
containing 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, proved
to be an antiplaque that can treat gingivitis and
prevent periodontal abnormalities. Inlammatory
measurements were performed at 2, 4, and 6 hours
because the induction of carrageenan can cause
oedema that can last for six hours and gradually
diminish within 24 hours.9 The above description
leads to the need for research on the Efect of
Garcinia Mangostana L extract on the healing
process of mice gingival inlammation.
METHODS
This research is a true experimental laboratory
with complete randomized design (Completely
Randomized Design) so that this research is
analyzed by using one-way ANOVA method followed
by Tukey HSD. Animal try irst adapted for 7 days
in Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine,
Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin Hospital,
Bandung.
Twenty-eight Wistar rats were grouped
randomly into 4 treatment groups and each group
consisted of 7 tails. First anaesthesia is performed
using a ketamine injected with a dose of 0.3 ml in
the rat’s thighs. After the rat was anaesthetized,
0.1% of carrageenan 0.5 ml was injected in rat
gingiva to form inlammation and waited for 3 h
for maximum inlammation. Mice that had been
divided into each group were treated in each group.
Group I was applied with Aquades on inlamed
gingiva, Group II was applied Chlorhexidine 0.2%
in inlamed gingiva, Group III was applied with
mangosteen leaf extract (Garcinia mangostana
L.) with concentration 12,5% in inlamed gingiva,
and group IV was applied mangosteen peel extract
(Garcinia mangostana L.) with 25% concentration
in inlamed gingiva. The measured data were the
longest diameter inlammatory diameter in mm in
all four groups by using the sliding term at 2, 4,
and 6 hours.
RESULTS
The results of the inlammation measurement
were presented in Table 1 below:
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 2017;29(3):189-194.
Table 1. The average of the inlammation measure of each group per hour
The measure after the injection
of carrageenans (mm)
Group
The measure after given the antiinlammatory treatment (mm)
X1
The 2nd hour
The 4th hour
The 6th hour
G (-)
0.34
0.38
0.46
0.50
G (+)
0.34
0.39
0.35
0.32
12.5% of mangosteen peel extract group
0.35
0.25
0.23
0.17
25% of mangosteen peel extract group
0.38
0.30
0.24
0.16
Notes :
G (-)
: given Aquadest as negative control group
G (+)
: given 0.2% of Chlorhexidine as positive control group
12.5% of mangosteen peel extract group
: given 12.5% of mangosteen peel extract
25% of mangosteen peel extract group: given 25% of mangosteen peel extract
Figure 1. The average of the inlammation measure of each treatment group
Figure 1 showed the mean time of decreasing
the size of gingival inlammation in the increasingly
small rats in each treatment group calculated
in hours. Diagram 1 shows the occurrence of
a very rapid healing process between groups of
mice given mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia
Mangostana L.) 12,5% and group of mice given
mangosteen skin extract (Garcinia Mangostana L.)
25%, while the negative control group aquadest
with a positive control of 0.2% chlorhexidine
did not show a signiicant healing process.
Before the data were analyzed using ANOVA
one way, the data was irst tested by homogeneity
test of variance. Obtained result 0.415 which
means non-signiicant data, so it can be continued
by using ANOVA one way test. Data of inlammatory
size of each group as referred to in Table 1 shows
that there is a signiicant decrease in inlammatory
size at 2 o’clock so the analysis is performed.
The data obtained were then analyzed statistically
using ANOVA one way test with a signiicance level
α = 0,05 with the hypothesis that is Ho: No efect
of giving mangosteen skin extract on inlammatory
size in all treatment groups. H1: There is an efect
of giving mangosteen skin extract on inlammatory
size to at least one pair of treatment groups. The
results of statistical analysis give the following
results.
Table 2 showed p-value = 0.000
Anti-inlammatory properties of mangosteen peel extract on
the mouse gingival inlammation healing process
Khairani Putri*, Lusiana Darsono*, Henry Mandalas**
*Department of Microbiology Faculty of Dentistry Maranatha Christian University, Indonesia
**Department of Periodontics Faculty of Dentistry Maranatha Christian University, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L.) peel extract has widely used in the pharmaceutical
ield due to its anticancer, anti-inlammatory, antibacterial, and immunity boost properties. In the ield
of dentistry, mangosteen peel extract has proofed to be able to reduce the amount of plaque, prevents
plaque accumulation, and cure gingivitis. This study was aimed to determine the efect and diferences
of the mangosteen peel extract at the concentration of 12.5% and 25% on the mouse gingival inlammation healing process. Methods: This study was a true experimental laboratory study with completely
randomized design. The subjects consisted of as much as 28 mice divided into 4 groups, which were
negative control (Aquadest) group; positive control (0,2% of Chlorhexidine) group; 12,5% of mangosteen
peel extract group; and 25% of mangosteen peel extract group. Each group consisted of 7 mice. Examination of inlammatory healing results was observed every 2 hours during 6 hours and the inlammatory
measurements of mouse gingival were performed by using callipers. Data obtained was analysed with
the one-way ANOVA test (α = 0,05) and the Tukey’s range test. Results: The results from the one-way
ANOVA test (α = 0,05) and the Tukey’s range test found that there was a signiicant diference on the inlammation size between the group with 12.5% of mangosteen peel extract and the group with aquadest
and 0.2% of chlorhexidine. Meanwhile, the mice group with 12.5% of mangosteen peel extract and group
with 25% of mangosteen peel extract did not show a signiicant diference in inlammatory size decrease.
Conclusion: The mangosteen peel extract at the concentration of 12.5% and 25% were efectively used in
accelerating the inlammatory healing process of the mouse gingival due to its strong anti-inlammatory
efect.
Keywords: Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L.), Aquadest, Chlorhexidine, anti-inlammatory, gingival
inlammation
P-ISSN 1979-0201, e-ISSN 2549-6212 Available from:http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/pjd/index
DOI:
Submission: Jun 2017 Publishing: Nov 2017
Corresponding author: Henry Mandalas, Department of Microbiology Faculty of Dentistry Maranatha Christian Univ, Indonesia
Jl. Prof.drg.Surya Sumantri No. 65, Bandung, Jawa Barat 40164. Email: h_mandalas@yahoo.com
189
Anti-inlammatory properties of mangosteen peel extract (Khairani Putri et al.)
INTRODUCTION
Gingivitis periodontitis is an inlammation that
often occurs in the ield of dentistry. Gingivitis
is included in periodontal disease. Inlammation
of the gingiva or gingivitis is an inlammation
that occurs in the gingiva as a result of bacterial
infection. Gingivitis is characterized by changes
in shape, colour, texture, and pain in the gingiva.
Gingivitis usually results from poor oral hygiene.1-3
Gingivitis in Indonesia ranks second, reaching
96.58%. The Association of Indonesian Dentists
(PDGI) states that the prevalence of gingivitis
worldwide is 75-90%.4,5 Basic Health Research
(RISKESDAS) in 2007 mentioned that periodontal
disease in West Java was the ifth largest, 25.3%.5
Clinical signs are often complained by patients who
have gingivitis is easily bleed gingiva. Bleeding in
the gingiva can be caused by various things. Plaque
and calculus attached to the tooth surface is the
most common cause. This cause if not treated
immediately will cause the gingival attachment to
the tooth surface dislodged and form a sac on the
gum (periodontal pocket) and also cause damage to
the tooth support bone.6
One way to overcome the inlammation of
the gingiva is the use of herbal plant extracts.
Herbal plants used as a traditional treatment
ingredient one of them is the skin of mangosteen
(Garcinia Mangostana L.) because this fruit contains
xanthone compounds. Xanthone compounds are
compounds that contain alpha-mangostin and
gamma-mangostin which are as antibacterial and
anti-inlammatory. Xanthone compounds play a
role in the cessation of inlammation by inhibiting
the production of COX enzymes that can cause
inlammation.2
The results of Avira’s research in 2013 stated
that mangosteen peel extract contains xanthone
and xanthone compounds proved to have antiinlammatory activity and very high antioxidant
activity. The pathogenesis of inlammation occurs
due to an increase in inlammatory cells that play
a role in the process of phagocytosis and stimulate
free radical expenditure. Antiinlammation and
antioxidants play a role in converting active
free radicals to less reactive and shortening the
inlammatory stage to the healing stage.7
Ni Wayan Arini et al’s study on the efectiveness
of gum rinse of mangosteen peel decoction states
190
that the concentration of 12.5% mangosteen peel
decoction decreases the amount of plaque on tooth
surface, prevents plaque accumulation, and cures
mild gingivitis.8 Chlorhexidine 0.2% a comparator
containing 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, proved
to be an antiplaque that can treat gingivitis and
prevent periodontal abnormalities. Inlammatory
measurements were performed at 2, 4, and 6 hours
because the induction of carrageenan can cause
oedema that can last for six hours and gradually
diminish within 24 hours.9 The above description
leads to the need for research on the Efect of
Garcinia Mangostana L extract on the healing
process of mice gingival inlammation.
METHODS
This research is a true experimental laboratory
with complete randomized design (Completely
Randomized Design) so that this research is
analyzed by using one-way ANOVA method followed
by Tukey HSD. Animal try irst adapted for 7 days
in Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine,
Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin Hospital,
Bandung.
Twenty-eight Wistar rats were grouped
randomly into 4 treatment groups and each group
consisted of 7 tails. First anaesthesia is performed
using a ketamine injected with a dose of 0.3 ml in
the rat’s thighs. After the rat was anaesthetized,
0.1% of carrageenan 0.5 ml was injected in rat
gingiva to form inlammation and waited for 3 h
for maximum inlammation. Mice that had been
divided into each group were treated in each group.
Group I was applied with Aquades on inlamed
gingiva, Group II was applied Chlorhexidine 0.2%
in inlamed gingiva, Group III was applied with
mangosteen leaf extract (Garcinia mangostana
L.) with concentration 12,5% in inlamed gingiva,
and group IV was applied mangosteen peel extract
(Garcinia mangostana L.) with 25% concentration
in inlamed gingiva. The measured data were the
longest diameter inlammatory diameter in mm in
all four groups by using the sliding term at 2, 4,
and 6 hours.
RESULTS
The results of the inlammation measurement
were presented in Table 1 below:
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 2017;29(3):189-194.
Table 1. The average of the inlammation measure of each group per hour
The measure after the injection
of carrageenans (mm)
Group
The measure after given the antiinlammatory treatment (mm)
X1
The 2nd hour
The 4th hour
The 6th hour
G (-)
0.34
0.38
0.46
0.50
G (+)
0.34
0.39
0.35
0.32
12.5% of mangosteen peel extract group
0.35
0.25
0.23
0.17
25% of mangosteen peel extract group
0.38
0.30
0.24
0.16
Notes :
G (-)
: given Aquadest as negative control group
G (+)
: given 0.2% of Chlorhexidine as positive control group
12.5% of mangosteen peel extract group
: given 12.5% of mangosteen peel extract
25% of mangosteen peel extract group: given 25% of mangosteen peel extract
Figure 1. The average of the inlammation measure of each treatment group
Figure 1 showed the mean time of decreasing
the size of gingival inlammation in the increasingly
small rats in each treatment group calculated
in hours. Diagram 1 shows the occurrence of
a very rapid healing process between groups of
mice given mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia
Mangostana L.) 12,5% and group of mice given
mangosteen skin extract (Garcinia Mangostana L.)
25%, while the negative control group aquadest
with a positive control of 0.2% chlorhexidine
did not show a signiicant healing process.
Before the data were analyzed using ANOVA
one way, the data was irst tested by homogeneity
test of variance. Obtained result 0.415 which
means non-signiicant data, so it can be continued
by using ANOVA one way test. Data of inlammatory
size of each group as referred to in Table 1 shows
that there is a signiicant decrease in inlammatory
size at 2 o’clock so the analysis is performed.
The data obtained were then analyzed statistically
using ANOVA one way test with a signiicance level
α = 0,05 with the hypothesis that is Ho: No efect
of giving mangosteen skin extract on inlammatory
size in all treatment groups. H1: There is an efect
of giving mangosteen skin extract on inlammatory
size to at least one pair of treatment groups. The
results of statistical analysis give the following
results.
Table 2 showed p-value = 0.000