Preliminary analysis on hybrid vigor in Indonesian indigenous and crossbred cattle population using data from published studies

  PAPER • OPEN ACCESS Related content

   Preliminary analysis on hybrid vigor in Indonesian

  E Smith and S Krishnamurthy indigenous and crossbred cattle population using

   data from published studies

  N Widyas, T Nugroho and S Prastowo -

  To cite this article: S Prastowo et al 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 193 012028 Sumanto View the

  Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

  

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028

  

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028

Preliminary analysis on hybrid vigor in Indonesian indigenous

and crossbred cattle population using data from published studies S Prastowo ¹ , TSM Widi ² , N Widyas ^1*) , ₁ Animal Science Department, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta Indonesia ₂ Department of Animal Production, Animal Science Faculty, Gadjah Mada

  University, Yogyakarta Indonesia _*) E-mail : nwidyas@gmail.com

  Abstract. Hybrid vigor or heterosis is the phenomenon where a crossbreed progeny has better performance compared to its parents. Heterosis can be quantified relative to the mid-parents value or relative to one of its parent’s population average by crossing two breeds.

  Crossbreeding is aimed to increase the production performance of local breeds. According to the Indonesian government policy, crossbreeding program is one of main strategies to achieve meat self-sufficiency. We explore the possibilities observing of heterosis exhibited by crossing Bali and Peranakan Onggole (PO) cattle as local breed with the exotic breed based on the published data. In this paper, growth and reproductive traits from Bali and PO from year 2000- 2010 were used for analysis. Moreover, Limousine and Simmental exotic breed data were collected from official information of artificial insemination (AI) centre. Data in growth trait (chest girth, mature weight, weaning weight and yearling weight) in all breeds and their crosses were then analysed using standard heterosis estimation method. Result, shows that crossbred offspring perform better in the growth trait in relative to Bali and PO as local breed. Specifically in Bali crossed with PO, the offspring shown better estimated heterosis effect in yearling weight compared to both parents. Despite heterosis were observed in some traits, careful planning of crossbreeding program is a must in order to avoid the loss of genetic variance.

1. Introduction

  Indonesian government has aimed for meat self-sufficiency in 2026 and one of the strategies is by implementing crossbreeding program [1]. Local or indigenous breeds have lower production performance compared to the exotic ones; however, they excel in the fitness and robustness against local environment and resources [2,3]. Although exotic breeds might originally have higher productive capacity, without the ability to adapt, the desired performance will be far from expectation. Studies had been made to learn about crossbreeding of local cattle (Bali and PO) with exotic Taurus and

  

Indicus breeds. They reported that crossbred cattle indeed perform better in production traits such as

growth traits [4 –7] and vital statistics [4,7,8] but they have poor reproductive performance [4,9].

  Crossbreeding is expected to be a solution to bring out the advantages of different breeds as well as to overcome within breed weakness. The phenomenon where a crossbred progeny has better characteristics compared to its inbred parents is called the hybrid vigor or heterosis [10]. This concept has been extensively used to increase production performance in livestock and crops. Although studies revealing the advantages of crossbred in Indonesia are abundant and the concept of heterosis is widely known, very less are concerned about formally exploring them in term of traits heterosis. Heterosis can be quantified relative to the mid- parents value or relative to one of its parent’s population average. In a country like Indonesia, where the importance of crossbreeding is to increase the production performance of local

  

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028

  

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028

  breeds, the former type of heterosis is more relevant. Presenting the difference of characteristics among breeds in heterosis term is more feasible for further and advanced analyses from genetics and economic perspectives. This paper explores existing studies on the characteristic of both indigenous and crossbred cattle in Indonesia and presents them in term of heterosis relative to the indigenous parents.

2. Study methods

  Mean and standard deviation data are collected from growth and reproduction related traits from studies on Bali and PO cows and their crosses during the year of 2000 – 2010. Presented in table 1 are girth of chest (CG) and mature weight (MW) on PO cows. All crosses were from female PO crossed with Bos taurus males using artificial insemination (AI). Semen for AI was produced in Government AI facilities. Information of Taurus semen in this paper was obtained from Singosari AI centre in East Java, CG and MW are obtained from official catalogue. The mature weight (MW) variable was estimated based on the Chest girth, thus was named estimated mature weight (EMW). Least square means corrected for the origin of the data effect are presented in table 1 and 2.

  

Table 1. Phenotype data on PO-cross

  Breed Pedigree CG (cm)

  EMW (Kg) Limousine Sire 223.25 912.00 PO Dam 161.41 329.50 ₁ LimPO Offsp 169.25 402.00

  Simmental Sire 217.65 969.00 PO Dam 161.41 329.50 ₂ SimPO Offsp 172.94 413.25 _{1 2} Limousine sire crossed with PO dam (via AI) Simmental sire crossed with PO dam (via AI)

  Data from Bali cows on weaning weight (WW) and yearling weight (YW) are presented in Table 2. Data were tabulated from published papers. Bali cows’ data are the averages of many observations in different areas around the island of Bali; whereas pure Taurus and Indicus data were obtained from Singosari AI centre catalogue.

  

Table 2. Phenotype data on Bali cows and the crosses

  Breed WW (Kg) YW (Kg) Bali 86.00 130.00 Brahman 223.50 372.00 Simmental 235.50 430.00 Limousine 225.00 394.50 PO 102.13 134.30 ₁ Simbal 131.61 179.21 ₂ Limbal 128.75 176.80 ₃ Brahbal 115.90 157.60 _{4 1} PObal 111.66 148.25 ₂ Cross between Simmental sire and Bali dam ₃ Cross between Limousine sire and Bali dam ₄ Cross between Brahman sire and Bali dam Cross between PO sire and Bali dam

  

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028

  

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028

  Considering the purpose of crossbreeding in Indonesia is to increase the production performance of indigenous cattle, we used standard heterosis (= economic/useful heterosis) estimation method as follows:

  

̅̅̅−

  1

  (1) (%) = × 100 where UH is the percentage of standard heterosis, is the performance of immediate offspring and

  1 std is the standard breed phenotype. In this study standard breed referred to PO and Bali.

  Results and discussions

  This paper focused on the crossing of indigenous PO and Bali cows with exotic sires, however, the available information between the crosses differ. Records on chest girth and estimated mature weight were available for PO crosses while for Bali crosses, only data from weaning weight and yearling weights were presented. First step taken in analyzing the data was performance comparison among breeds to confirm the presence of heterosis that is when the crossbred offspring perform better than the standard. In this case, the standard was the performance of local dam populations.

  

Figure 1. Performance of PO cows and the crosses

  Figure 1 presented the performance difference among PO cows and the crosses. Left graph showed the mean chest girth for LimPO dan SimPO group in centimeter unit while the right graph showed the mature weight in kilograms. Each group consisted of three bars. The first bar is the standard or average performance of the dam breed (PO dam), middle bar is the F1 crossbred and the last bar is the performance of exotic sire.

  

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028

Figure 2. Performance of Bali cows and the crosses

  

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028

  The performance of Bali cows and the crosses are presented in Figure 2 (same explanations as Figure 1 apply). The presence of heterosis is confirmed by th e fact that offspring’s performance excelled its average dam population in all traits.

  

Table 3. Usefull (standard) heterosis for both crossbred

  Standard Breed UH (%) PO CG MW

  LimPO

  4.80

  22.00 SimPO

  7.14

  25.41 Bali WW YW SimBal

  53.03

  37.85 LimBal

  49.70

  36.00 BrahBal

  34.76

  21.23 POBal

  29.83

  14.03 The amount of heterosis varied among breeds and traits. In PO cross, CG trait has lower heterosis compared to MW trait while in Bali cross WW has higher heterosis than YW trait. The degree of heterosis depends on the genetic constitution of the traits. Traits with lower heritability tend to have more benefit from heterosis. Weaning weight on cattle are reported to have lower heritability while yearling weight has moderate heritability [11,12]. On the other hand, the relatedness distance among breed also has an effect in heterosis. The further away parental breeds in the phylogenic tree, the heterosis will be higher [10].

  Conclusions

  Based on the estimated heterosis values analysis, it’s concluded that Taurus and Indicus cross, perform better growth trait in relative to Indicus. However, the use of h eterosis doesn’t come without cost.

  Crossbreeding without careful design and program might destroy the genetic constitution in a population or worse, lead to germ plasm extinction. Management cost between indigenous and

  

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028

  

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028

  crossbred animals are also differed. Further analysis on the origin as well as the prediction of the economic value of the heterosis shall be made to understand its genetic background and economic efficiency as to weigh between the lost and benefit of undergoing a crossbreeding program.

  References

  [1] Menteri Pertanian. 2015. Rencana Strategis 2015 - 2019. (Jakarta: Kementrian Pertanian Indonesia)

  [2] FAO. 2010. Breeding strategies for sustainable management of animal genetic resources FAO

  Animal Production and Health Guidelines. No. 3. (Rome)

  [3] Diwyanto K, Iskandar S. 1999. Livestock Industries of Indonesia Prior To The Asian Financial

  Crisis. In: Riethmuller P, editor. Livestock Industries of Indonesia Prior To The Asian Financial Crisis (Bangkok: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific) pp. 1 –10.

  [4] Widi TSM. 2015. Mapping the impact of crossbreeding in smallholder cattle systems in Indonesia. (Wageningen: Wageningen University and Research Centre). [5] Gunawan A, Jakaria. 2011. Media Peternakan. 34: 93 –98. doi:10.5398/medpet.2011.34.2.93 [6] Nasution D. 2010. Agripet. 10: 37 –41. [7] Trifena, Budisatria IGS, Hartatik T. 2011. Buletin Peternakan. 33: 11 –16. [8] Dominanto GP, Nasich M, Wahyuningsih S. 2016. Res Zool . 6: 1 –7. doi:10.5923/j.zoology.20160601.01

  [9] Pribadi LW, Maylinda S, Nasich M, Suyadi S. 2015. Livest Res Rural Dev. 27: 1 –10. [10] Falconer DS, Mackay TFC. 1996. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. 4th ed. (Edinburgh:

  Prentice Hall) [11] Cyrill JNSG, Porte J V, Mercadant MEZ, Bonilh SFM, Dia LT, Branc RH. 2014. Estimation Of

  Genetic Parameters For Body Weight From Birth To 10 Years Old In Nellore Females. Proc

  10th World Congr Genet Appl to Livest Prod . 5 –7.

  [12] Bolton K,. 2002. Heritability and the beef herd. (UW-Extension D& LA) p. 44.