Analysis of Theme in Four of James Laughlin's Poems.
ABSTRACT
Dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisis empat puisi James Laughlin yang
berjudul “The Visitor”, “Fata Morgana”, “The Search” dan “The Invisible Person”.
Empat puisi tersebut memiliki benang merah yang sama yaitu cinta tetapi memiliki
aspek-aspek yang berbeda mengenai hubungan percintaan antara pria dan wanita.
Di dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisis tema dari empat puisi yang
sudah saya sebutkan sebelumnya. Tema-tema yang saya analisis kebanyakan diambil
melalui pilihan kata.
Puisi pertama yang berjudul “The Visitor” memiliki tema suatu hubungan
percintaan membutuhkan saling komunikasi. Puisi kedua yang berjudul “Fata
Morgana” memiliki tema cinta tidak dapat langgeng tanpa komitmen. Sedangkan,
puisi ketiga yang berjudul “The Search” memiliki tema komunikasi adalah hal yang
terpenting di dalam suatu hubungan percintaan. Dan puisi keempat yang berjudul
“The Invisible Person” memiliki tema sungguh mustahil mencintai seseorang yang
tidak bisa mengambil keputusan.
Melalui tema-tema yang sudah saya sebutkan di atas, James Laughlin berhasil
menyampaikan makna dari puisinya kepada para pembaca.
iii
Maranatha Christian University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………........................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………...ii
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………...iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ……………………………………………………..1
Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………......2
Purpose of the Study ……………………………………………………….....2
Method of Research …………………………………………………………..3
Organization of the Thesis ……………………………………………………3
CHAPTER TWO: ANALYSIS OF THEME
IN FOUR OF JAMES LAUGHLIN’S POEMS …………………………...4
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION ……………………………………………15
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………….18
APPENDICES:
Poems ………………………………………………………………………..20
Biography of the author …………………………………………………......24
ii
Maranatha Christian University
APPENDICES
James Laughlin’s Poems
THE VISITOR
When I closed my eyes I could see
the head of a girl in half-light.
But was it you? She had your
aristocratic arch of the neck
and your pretty curls, but where
were your laugh and your sparkle?
And your glance toward me wasn’t
particularly affectionate.
I ran through the catalog of
past loves but this girl was
not there. She must have been you.
But the frown? How had I
displeased you? Please tell me,
but then visions can’t talk.
The telephone rang: I opened
my eyes to go answer it. Drat!
It was the broker who wants me
to buy Bell Atlantic stock.
I went back to the sofa to close
my eyes again. But you were
gone, perhaps never to reappear.
20
5
10
15
20
FATA MORGANA
Like the weather, her visits were
uncertain. Often I would wait for
weeks, fearing I had lost her.
Then, toward midnight, there would
be a scratching at my door. She
never knocked, she would scratch
like a cat with her long nails, and
I awakened myself for pleasure,
for the generosity with which
she dispensed her charms.
She spoke a little English but
she would never tell me about
herself, whence she came or
what her history had been.
To this day I know only the
mysterious radiance of her
being, how when I held her
in my arms she could unleash
an unbridled passion.
She would never stay with me
for long. Then, with a kiss
she would be off. Where was
she going when she left me?
Was there another lover, or
lovers, waiting for her visit?
Nor did she ever tell me her
name. So, to myself, I call
her Fata Morgana, the best
loved of King Arthur’s
damsels.
21
5
10
15
20
25
30
THE SEARCH
She writes that she cannot
Find me in her dreams. She
Has been searching for me
Night after night but with
No success. “Why are you
Hiding from me?” she asks,
“Did I do something to
Offend you, to hurt you?
I think you must have
Misunderstood what was
Meant as a sign of love.”
“Look further, look deeper,”
I write her. “The world of
Dreams is vast. It has many
Passageways that lead to
Corners no one has ever
Visited. Don’t abandon the
Search too easily. Don’t
Give up. I have encountered
You in my dreams, beautiful
As you always were, your
Voice the same, unchanged.
“Yet what difference does
It make where we meet, in
Your dreams or in mine?
Does it matter if we are
Insubstantial? We still
Can speak the words we
Know, the words of love.”
22
5
10
15
20
25
THE INVISIBLE PERSON
Life kept rolling her over
like a piece of driftwood
in the surf of an angry sea
she was intelligent and beau-
tiful and well-off she made
friends easily yet she wasn’t
5
able to put the pieces together into any recognizable
shape she wasn’t sure who
she wanted to be so she
10
ended up being no one in particular she made herself al-
most invisible she was the
person you loved so much who
really wasn’t there at all.
23
15
Biography of James Laughlin
James Laughlin (1914-1997) was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S. on October 30,
1914. Beside being a poet, he worked as a U.S. publisher. He was born to a wealthy
family. Laughlin founded New Directions press in 1936 after graduating from
Harvard University. He established the company initially to publish the works of
ignored yet influential writers, including William Carlos Williams and Ezra Pound, a
friend and major influence on his life and work. Laughlin studied for several months
in Rapallo, Italy at the “Ezuversity” for learning and reading. He studied together
with Ezra Pound. Over the years, James Laughlin issued about twenty books,
including poetry, short stories, and essay collections. Laughlin revealed himself in his
poems as a master of concision, of the well-placed word that penetrates the human
heart.
His first book of poems is Some Natural Things. He also writes The River
(1938), Selected Poems (1959, published in England as Confidential Report, and
Other Poems), James Laughlin: Selected Poems, 1935-1985 (1986), William Carlos
Williams and James Laughlin: Selected Letters (1989), Collected Poems of James
Laughlin (1992), Ezra Pound and James Laughlin Selected Letters (1994), Henry
Miller and James Laughlin: Selected Letters (1996), The Love Poems of James
Laughlin (1997). His most recent collections include The Secret Room (1996) and
The Love Poems Laughlin (1997). James Laughlin died in Norfolk, Conn. on
November 12, 1997.
24
Sources:
“James Laughlin (1914-1997)”
“James Laughlin Biography”
“James Laughlin: Poems New and Selected Book Description”
25
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
James Laughlin is an American poet whose “poetry comes mainly in two
sizes, short-line poems and long-line poems. He began by writing in short lines
and, of course, he has frequently returned to that form. These poems seem to
belong at the center of his achievement” (Laughlin xiii). The strength of his
poems is “a flowing distinctiveness and clarity, where many another poet might
sound merely diffuse” (Laughlin xiii).
He is regarded “as a master of concision, of the well-placed word that
penetrates the human heart” (“James Laughlin: Poems New and Selected Book
Description”). Moreover, they are also considered “fresh, concise, full of wit, of
impeccable quality, lucid, ironic, and often intense” (“James Laughlin (19941997)”).
I choose four of Laughlin’s poems which are “The Visitor”, “Fata
Morgana”, “The Search” and “The Invisible Person” because these poems
1
Maranatha Christian University
talk about the same subject matter, namely love. These four poems depict
different kinds of love which becomes the unifying element of these four poems.
It interests me to know what the meaning of these four poems are.
To know and understand the meaning of these four poems, I am going to
analyze the theme of the poems. As Reaske has mentioned, theme is “the central
concept developed in a poem” (42) and I believe the theme will reveal the unique
concept of love that Laughlin wants to present.
I will reveal the theme of the poems through diction and figures of speech.
Diction is “the use of words in poetry” (Reaske 31). While figure of speech is
“where a word or words are used to create an effect, often where they do not have
their original or literal meaning” (“Term: Figure of Speech”). By analyzing the
diction and figures of speech in the poems, I will be able to come up with the
theme statement for each poem.
Statement of the Problem
The statement of the problem is as follows:
1. What is the theme of each poem?
2. How is the theme revealed?
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study is as follows:
1. To show the theme of each poem.
2. To show how the theme is revealed.
2
Maranatha Christian University
Method of Research
I use library research in doing my thesis. Firstly, I read the poems that I
choose. After that, I analyze these poems to understand what the poems tell about
and the meaning of these poems. And then, I search the materials for my
references from books and internet. In the end, I make conclusion for my thesis.
Organization of the Thesis
I organize my thesis as follows: The thesis is preceded by
Acknowledgements, Abstract and Table of Content. Chapter One is Introduction
which consists of the Background Study, the Statement of the Problem, the
Purpose of the Study, the Method of Research and the Organization of the Thesis.
Chapter Two is the Analysis of the Four of James Laughlin’s Poems. Chapter
Three is Conclusion. The thesis ends with Bibliography and Appendices which
contain of the poems and the Biography of James Laughlin.
3
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUSION
I am going to draw a conclusion of my thesis which discusses the theme of
four of James Laughlin’s poems. All poems are about love; nevertheless, each
poem presents different aspects of a love relationship.
The theme of the first poem entitled “The Visitor” is a love relationship
needs mutual communication. The theme is revealed through diction. The dictions
which support this theme are “frown” and “displeased” which show the end of a
love relationship, and the diction “talk” which highlights the fact that there is no
mutual communication between the pair, that is why they end up separating.
The theme of the second poem entitled “Fata Morgana” is love cannot last
without commitment. The theme is revealed through diction. Some figures of
speech also help in the revelation of the theme. Dictions such as “uncertain”,
“mysterious radiance” and “Fata Morgana” show the temporary love relationship.
Figures of speech such as simile “scratch like a cat” and transferred epithet “she
could unleash unbridled passion” show the relationship is physical and shallow.
15
Maranatha Christian University
The couple has no commitment to each other, which is why their love relationship
is only temporary.
The theme of the third poem entitled “The Search” is communication is the
most important thing in a love relationship. The theme is revealed through diction
such as “write”, “searching”, “hiding”, “voice”, “insubstantial” and “the words of
love”. The diction show that the couple can still communicate with each other
even though they cannot meet each other physically. So, not meeting each other
does not affect the quality of their love relationship as long as they can
communicate their love to each other.
The theme of the fourth poem entitled “The Invisible Person” is it is
impossible to love an indecisive person. The theme is revealed through diction and
figure of speech. Dictions which support this theme are “the pieces”,
“recognizable shape” and “invisible”. The figure of speech which helps the
revelation of the theme is simile: “Life kept rolling over like a piece of
driftwood”. Both diction and figure of speech show that the woman is indecisive
about who she is and so the speaker finds it hard to love her.
In my opinion, although the themes are general, Laughlin is successful in
presenting the issue about love relationship in his poems in a very interesting and
different way compared to other poets. As a reader, I am confused but curious
about the meaning of his poems. Eventually, I am able to understand the meaning
of his poems after I read them repeatedly.
Even though the subject matter about love has been used repeatedly in a
lot of poems; yet, the love poems of James Laughlin are unique. The uniqueness
of James Laughlin’s poems is that they are written like prose. He writes about the
16
Maranatha Christian University
situations which often happen in real life. All the poems I have analyzed highlight
the problems that couples usually face in their relationships. Lack of
communication, commitment, sense of identity and physical meetings could lead
to the break up of the relationship. Laughlin does not directly teach his readers
how to have a strong relationship but when he presents all the problems that
people usually face, readers are shown ways of overcoming these problems.
Based on my analysis of theme in four of James Laughlin poems, I find
that his poems show that communication, commitment and a stable self - identity
are very important to have a breathy love relationship. These three things could
help couples to overcome problems such as long-distance relationship and
misunderstanding between each other.
Thus, I conclude that James Laughlin is successful in creating poems
about love. The love relationship depicted in the poem can be found commonly in
human life. Even though the subject matter and theme about love are general but
James Laughlin is able to show them in his poems in an interesting way.
17
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary text:
Laughlin, James. Poems New And Selected. New York: New Directions Publishing
Corporation, 1997.
References:
Internet sources:
“Definitions”. Allwords. 2009. 28 Sept. 2009
.
“James Laughlin (1914-1997)”. Poetry Foundation. 2009. 1 Oct. 2009.
.
“James
2008.
28
Sept.
2009.
Laughlin
Biography”.
Biography.
.
“James Laughlin: Poems New and Selected Book Description”. Infibeam. 2009. 28
Sept. 2009.
.
“Other Characters of Arthurian Legend”. King Arthur & the Knights of the Round
Table. 2001. 12 Oct. 2009.
.
“Term:
Figure of Speech”. Using English. 2009. 28 Sept. 2009.
.
“Verizon Communications”. Wikipedia. 2010. 22 April 2010
.
18
Maranatha Christian University
Books:
Hornby, AS. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1989.
Reaske, Chistopher Russel. How to Analyze Poetry. New York: Monarch Press,
1966.
19
Maranatha Christian University
Dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisis empat puisi James Laughlin yang
berjudul “The Visitor”, “Fata Morgana”, “The Search” dan “The Invisible Person”.
Empat puisi tersebut memiliki benang merah yang sama yaitu cinta tetapi memiliki
aspek-aspek yang berbeda mengenai hubungan percintaan antara pria dan wanita.
Di dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisis tema dari empat puisi yang
sudah saya sebutkan sebelumnya. Tema-tema yang saya analisis kebanyakan diambil
melalui pilihan kata.
Puisi pertama yang berjudul “The Visitor” memiliki tema suatu hubungan
percintaan membutuhkan saling komunikasi. Puisi kedua yang berjudul “Fata
Morgana” memiliki tema cinta tidak dapat langgeng tanpa komitmen. Sedangkan,
puisi ketiga yang berjudul “The Search” memiliki tema komunikasi adalah hal yang
terpenting di dalam suatu hubungan percintaan. Dan puisi keempat yang berjudul
“The Invisible Person” memiliki tema sungguh mustahil mencintai seseorang yang
tidak bisa mengambil keputusan.
Melalui tema-tema yang sudah saya sebutkan di atas, James Laughlin berhasil
menyampaikan makna dari puisinya kepada para pembaca.
iii
Maranatha Christian University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………........................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………...ii
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………...iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ……………………………………………………..1
Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………......2
Purpose of the Study ……………………………………………………….....2
Method of Research …………………………………………………………..3
Organization of the Thesis ……………………………………………………3
CHAPTER TWO: ANALYSIS OF THEME
IN FOUR OF JAMES LAUGHLIN’S POEMS …………………………...4
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION ……………………………………………15
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………….18
APPENDICES:
Poems ………………………………………………………………………..20
Biography of the author …………………………………………………......24
ii
Maranatha Christian University
APPENDICES
James Laughlin’s Poems
THE VISITOR
When I closed my eyes I could see
the head of a girl in half-light.
But was it you? She had your
aristocratic arch of the neck
and your pretty curls, but where
were your laugh and your sparkle?
And your glance toward me wasn’t
particularly affectionate.
I ran through the catalog of
past loves but this girl was
not there. She must have been you.
But the frown? How had I
displeased you? Please tell me,
but then visions can’t talk.
The telephone rang: I opened
my eyes to go answer it. Drat!
It was the broker who wants me
to buy Bell Atlantic stock.
I went back to the sofa to close
my eyes again. But you were
gone, perhaps never to reappear.
20
5
10
15
20
FATA MORGANA
Like the weather, her visits were
uncertain. Often I would wait for
weeks, fearing I had lost her.
Then, toward midnight, there would
be a scratching at my door. She
never knocked, she would scratch
like a cat with her long nails, and
I awakened myself for pleasure,
for the generosity with which
she dispensed her charms.
She spoke a little English but
she would never tell me about
herself, whence she came or
what her history had been.
To this day I know only the
mysterious radiance of her
being, how when I held her
in my arms she could unleash
an unbridled passion.
She would never stay with me
for long. Then, with a kiss
she would be off. Where was
she going when she left me?
Was there another lover, or
lovers, waiting for her visit?
Nor did she ever tell me her
name. So, to myself, I call
her Fata Morgana, the best
loved of King Arthur’s
damsels.
21
5
10
15
20
25
30
THE SEARCH
She writes that she cannot
Find me in her dreams. She
Has been searching for me
Night after night but with
No success. “Why are you
Hiding from me?” she asks,
“Did I do something to
Offend you, to hurt you?
I think you must have
Misunderstood what was
Meant as a sign of love.”
“Look further, look deeper,”
I write her. “The world of
Dreams is vast. It has many
Passageways that lead to
Corners no one has ever
Visited. Don’t abandon the
Search too easily. Don’t
Give up. I have encountered
You in my dreams, beautiful
As you always were, your
Voice the same, unchanged.
“Yet what difference does
It make where we meet, in
Your dreams or in mine?
Does it matter if we are
Insubstantial? We still
Can speak the words we
Know, the words of love.”
22
5
10
15
20
25
THE INVISIBLE PERSON
Life kept rolling her over
like a piece of driftwood
in the surf of an angry sea
she was intelligent and beau-
tiful and well-off she made
friends easily yet she wasn’t
5
able to put the pieces together into any recognizable
shape she wasn’t sure who
she wanted to be so she
10
ended up being no one in particular she made herself al-
most invisible she was the
person you loved so much who
really wasn’t there at all.
23
15
Biography of James Laughlin
James Laughlin (1914-1997) was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S. on October 30,
1914. Beside being a poet, he worked as a U.S. publisher. He was born to a wealthy
family. Laughlin founded New Directions press in 1936 after graduating from
Harvard University. He established the company initially to publish the works of
ignored yet influential writers, including William Carlos Williams and Ezra Pound, a
friend and major influence on his life and work. Laughlin studied for several months
in Rapallo, Italy at the “Ezuversity” for learning and reading. He studied together
with Ezra Pound. Over the years, James Laughlin issued about twenty books,
including poetry, short stories, and essay collections. Laughlin revealed himself in his
poems as a master of concision, of the well-placed word that penetrates the human
heart.
His first book of poems is Some Natural Things. He also writes The River
(1938), Selected Poems (1959, published in England as Confidential Report, and
Other Poems), James Laughlin: Selected Poems, 1935-1985 (1986), William Carlos
Williams and James Laughlin: Selected Letters (1989), Collected Poems of James
Laughlin (1992), Ezra Pound and James Laughlin Selected Letters (1994), Henry
Miller and James Laughlin: Selected Letters (1996), The Love Poems of James
Laughlin (1997). His most recent collections include The Secret Room (1996) and
The Love Poems Laughlin (1997). James Laughlin died in Norfolk, Conn. on
November 12, 1997.
24
Sources:
“James Laughlin (1914-1997)”
“James Laughlin Biography”
“James Laughlin: Poems New and Selected Book Description”
25
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
James Laughlin is an American poet whose “poetry comes mainly in two
sizes, short-line poems and long-line poems. He began by writing in short lines
and, of course, he has frequently returned to that form. These poems seem to
belong at the center of his achievement” (Laughlin xiii). The strength of his
poems is “a flowing distinctiveness and clarity, where many another poet might
sound merely diffuse” (Laughlin xiii).
He is regarded “as a master of concision, of the well-placed word that
penetrates the human heart” (“James Laughlin: Poems New and Selected Book
Description”). Moreover, they are also considered “fresh, concise, full of wit, of
impeccable quality, lucid, ironic, and often intense” (“James Laughlin (19941997)”).
I choose four of Laughlin’s poems which are “The Visitor”, “Fata
Morgana”, “The Search” and “The Invisible Person” because these poems
1
Maranatha Christian University
talk about the same subject matter, namely love. These four poems depict
different kinds of love which becomes the unifying element of these four poems.
It interests me to know what the meaning of these four poems are.
To know and understand the meaning of these four poems, I am going to
analyze the theme of the poems. As Reaske has mentioned, theme is “the central
concept developed in a poem” (42) and I believe the theme will reveal the unique
concept of love that Laughlin wants to present.
I will reveal the theme of the poems through diction and figures of speech.
Diction is “the use of words in poetry” (Reaske 31). While figure of speech is
“where a word or words are used to create an effect, often where they do not have
their original or literal meaning” (“Term: Figure of Speech”). By analyzing the
diction and figures of speech in the poems, I will be able to come up with the
theme statement for each poem.
Statement of the Problem
The statement of the problem is as follows:
1. What is the theme of each poem?
2. How is the theme revealed?
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study is as follows:
1. To show the theme of each poem.
2. To show how the theme is revealed.
2
Maranatha Christian University
Method of Research
I use library research in doing my thesis. Firstly, I read the poems that I
choose. After that, I analyze these poems to understand what the poems tell about
and the meaning of these poems. And then, I search the materials for my
references from books and internet. In the end, I make conclusion for my thesis.
Organization of the Thesis
I organize my thesis as follows: The thesis is preceded by
Acknowledgements, Abstract and Table of Content. Chapter One is Introduction
which consists of the Background Study, the Statement of the Problem, the
Purpose of the Study, the Method of Research and the Organization of the Thesis.
Chapter Two is the Analysis of the Four of James Laughlin’s Poems. Chapter
Three is Conclusion. The thesis ends with Bibliography and Appendices which
contain of the poems and the Biography of James Laughlin.
3
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUSION
I am going to draw a conclusion of my thesis which discusses the theme of
four of James Laughlin’s poems. All poems are about love; nevertheless, each
poem presents different aspects of a love relationship.
The theme of the first poem entitled “The Visitor” is a love relationship
needs mutual communication. The theme is revealed through diction. The dictions
which support this theme are “frown” and “displeased” which show the end of a
love relationship, and the diction “talk” which highlights the fact that there is no
mutual communication between the pair, that is why they end up separating.
The theme of the second poem entitled “Fata Morgana” is love cannot last
without commitment. The theme is revealed through diction. Some figures of
speech also help in the revelation of the theme. Dictions such as “uncertain”,
“mysterious radiance” and “Fata Morgana” show the temporary love relationship.
Figures of speech such as simile “scratch like a cat” and transferred epithet “she
could unleash unbridled passion” show the relationship is physical and shallow.
15
Maranatha Christian University
The couple has no commitment to each other, which is why their love relationship
is only temporary.
The theme of the third poem entitled “The Search” is communication is the
most important thing in a love relationship. The theme is revealed through diction
such as “write”, “searching”, “hiding”, “voice”, “insubstantial” and “the words of
love”. The diction show that the couple can still communicate with each other
even though they cannot meet each other physically. So, not meeting each other
does not affect the quality of their love relationship as long as they can
communicate their love to each other.
The theme of the fourth poem entitled “The Invisible Person” is it is
impossible to love an indecisive person. The theme is revealed through diction and
figure of speech. Dictions which support this theme are “the pieces”,
“recognizable shape” and “invisible”. The figure of speech which helps the
revelation of the theme is simile: “Life kept rolling over like a piece of
driftwood”. Both diction and figure of speech show that the woman is indecisive
about who she is and so the speaker finds it hard to love her.
In my opinion, although the themes are general, Laughlin is successful in
presenting the issue about love relationship in his poems in a very interesting and
different way compared to other poets. As a reader, I am confused but curious
about the meaning of his poems. Eventually, I am able to understand the meaning
of his poems after I read them repeatedly.
Even though the subject matter about love has been used repeatedly in a
lot of poems; yet, the love poems of James Laughlin are unique. The uniqueness
of James Laughlin’s poems is that they are written like prose. He writes about the
16
Maranatha Christian University
situations which often happen in real life. All the poems I have analyzed highlight
the problems that couples usually face in their relationships. Lack of
communication, commitment, sense of identity and physical meetings could lead
to the break up of the relationship. Laughlin does not directly teach his readers
how to have a strong relationship but when he presents all the problems that
people usually face, readers are shown ways of overcoming these problems.
Based on my analysis of theme in four of James Laughlin poems, I find
that his poems show that communication, commitment and a stable self - identity
are very important to have a breathy love relationship. These three things could
help couples to overcome problems such as long-distance relationship and
misunderstanding between each other.
Thus, I conclude that James Laughlin is successful in creating poems
about love. The love relationship depicted in the poem can be found commonly in
human life. Even though the subject matter and theme about love are general but
James Laughlin is able to show them in his poems in an interesting way.
17
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary text:
Laughlin, James. Poems New And Selected. New York: New Directions Publishing
Corporation, 1997.
References:
Internet sources:
“Definitions”. Allwords. 2009. 28 Sept. 2009
.
“James Laughlin (1914-1997)”. Poetry Foundation. 2009. 1 Oct. 2009.
.
“James
2008.
28
Sept.
2009.
Laughlin
Biography”.
Biography.
.
“James Laughlin: Poems New and Selected Book Description”. Infibeam. 2009. 28
Sept. 2009.
.
“Other Characters of Arthurian Legend”. King Arthur & the Knights of the Round
Table. 2001. 12 Oct. 2009.
.
“Term:
Figure of Speech”. Using English. 2009. 28 Sept. 2009.
.
“Verizon Communications”. Wikipedia. 2010. 22 April 2010
.
18
Maranatha Christian University
Books:
Hornby, AS. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1989.
Reaske, Chistopher Russel. How to Analyze Poetry. New York: Monarch Press,
1966.
19
Maranatha Christian University