Survival and Growth of Several Important Juveniles Tree Species in a Tropical Rain Forest, West Sumatra.
Survival and Growth of Several Important Juveniles Tree Species in a
Tropical Rain Forest, West Sumatra
Erizal Mukhtar
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Andalas University, Padang 25163, West Sumatra, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Survival and Growth rate of juveniles tree species in a tropical rainforest, West Sumatra, was measured for
seven tree species over 13 year period in 1-ha plot of tropical rain forest in Ulu Gadut, West Sumatra,
Indonesia. All individuals with dbh < 8 cm were sampled in 1989-1998 and 2002. The highest Survival rate
of seedling was observed for Swintonia schwenkii and followed by Cleistanthus glandulosus and Gonystylus
forbesii. The lowest survival rate was observed for Grewia florida. Relative Height Growth Rate (RHGR)
were various between emergent, canopy and subcanopy tree. The highest RHGR was observed for emergent
tree species, S. schwenkii. Whereas between canopy species, Hopea dryobalanoides was showed higher
RHGR than Calophyllum soulattri. Furthermore, S. schwenkii as emergent tree species showed highest
performance in Integrated Response Index (IRI). The relationship between their performances in the forest
stand was also discussed in this paper.
Key Words : Survival, RHGR, IRI, seedling, Ulu Gadut forest.
INTRODUCTION
Regeneration is a key process for the existence of species in the community. It is also a critical
part of forest management, because regeneration maintains desired species composition and
stocking after biotic and abiotic disturbances. Various studies on regeneration of trees have
been carried out in survival and growth. For example, the rate of forest regeneration depends
largely on the growth rates and survival of native species that are planted or arrive on their
own (Clark et al., 1999; Quintana-Ascencio et al, 2004) and large differences in seedling
growth and survival of several species in response to spatial heterogeneity in
microenvironments (Beckage and Clark, 2003).
We have monitored the population of major species at 1-ha permanent plots of a
foothill rain forest in Ulu Gadut, West Sumatra since 1980. Spatial distribution pattern of
major species in this forest have been revealed and their regeneration mechanisms were
discussed with demographic data (Suzuki & Kohyama, 1991; Kohyama et al., 1994; Mukhtar
et al., 1992, 1998). This study follows the above previous paper observing the regeneration
mechanisms of several tree species in respect to their survival and growth rate. We aimed to
clarify species characteristics survival and growth rates of juveniles in differences stage of the
major tree species in this forest.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study site
This study was carried out at 1-ha permanent plot, named Pinang-pinang plot in a foothill
forest of Mt. Gadut (Lat. 0o 55’ S, Long. 100o 30’ E), 18 km east from Padang, West Sumatra,
Indonesia. The elevation ranged from 490 m to 520 m in altitude. This plot is covered primarily
by matured trees occurring in patches with sporadic gap and regrowth patches. Details of stand
descriptions could be referred to the previous papers (Kohyama et al., 1989; Yoneda et al.,
1990; Mukhtar et al, 1992; 1998)
Study species
1
We chosen 7 species which all these species are common and dominant in Ulu Gadut
forest floor. The species were Swintonia schwenkii T & B (Anacardiaceae), Calophyllum
soulattri Burm (Guttiferae), Hopea dryobalanoides Miq. (Dipterocarpaceae), Cleistanthus
glandulosus Jabl. (Euphorbiaceae), Mastixia trichotoma Bl. (Cornaceae), Grewia florida Miq.
(Tiliaceae) and Gonystylus forbesii Gilg. (Thymelaeceae). The species characteristics of seven
tree species in forest stand are shown in Table 1.
Observation for seedling dynamics
All juveniles selected tree species were measured and mapped into a grid of 115 subplots of 10 x 10 m. The trees were marked and the species were identified. In September 1989,
we were carried out first census of individuals for representative tree species in the plot
permanent. The juveniles were re-sampled on September 1998 and on September 2002 in a
second and the third census, respectively. Their positions and tree height were also measured at
the first census and it recorded position make easily for next measurement.
Hopea dryobalanoides
> 1000
801-900
901-1000
701-800
601-700
501-600
401-500
301-400
201-300
0-100
200
101-200
> 1000
901-1000
801-900
701-800
601-700
501-600
401-500
301-400
201-300
0-100
Number of Individu
200
101-200
Number of Individu
Calculation of Survival Rate and Relative Growth Rate
Survival rate was calculated in two different census intervals, 1989-1998 and 19892002. For
each tree species, we analyzed survival rate in each year with respect to juveniles
200
Calophyllum soulattri
Swintonia schwenk iii
size and distance to the nearest conspecific adult. 2800
2400
Survival150
rates were determined as : Survival = (Nt2000
/No)/ ∆t x 100 %
where No number of population count at the beginning
of the measurement interval, Nt =
1600
number 100
of emerged among the initial population, 1200
∆t = measurement interval between census
(Stephanie
et al., 2004; Munemitsu and Shiro,
800
50 and Jean-Francois, 2000; Quintana-Ascencio
400
2005).
0
Relative Height
Growth Rate (RHGR) could obtained0 by the following formula :
RHGR = [ ln Ht1 – ln Ht2 ]/ ∆t
where Ht1 and Ht2 are juvenile height in t1 and t2, and the duration (∆t), respectively (Hunt,
1982; Beckage and Clark, 2003; Quintana-Ascencio et al., 2004).
Grewia florida
501-600
601-700
701-800
801-900
901-1000
> 1000
601-700
701-800
801-900
901-1000
> 1000
> 1000
501-600
> 1000
901-1000
401-500
901-1000
801-900
401-500
801-900
701-800
301-400
701-800
601-700
201-300
601-700
501-600
301-400
501-600
401-500
201-300
401-500
0-100
301-400
301-400
101-200
201-300
201-300
0-100
101-200
101-200
101-200
0-100
0-100
Integrated
150 Response Index
150
In order to assess relative establishment success among the species, a composite
100
100
performance
index was used to integrate the contributions
of regeneration responses of
survival and
growth.
The
relative
value
of
the
index
indicates
the expected success of each
50
50
species at their habitat. The Integrated Response Index (IRI) was calculated as IRI = Survival
x RHGR (De
0 Steven, 1991; Quaintana-Ascencio et al.,
0 2004).
300
Population 1989
200
Population 1998
Height class (cm)
> 1000
901-1000
801-900
701-800
601-700
401-500
301-400
201-300
101-200
501-600
Populationi 2008
100
0
Height class (cm)
Mastixia trichotoma
0-100
Number of Individu
Number of Individu
RESULTS
Vertical structure
glandulosus
200
Figure
1 Gonystylus
is shownforbesii
the height distributions 500
of sevenCleistanthus
tree species
in Pinang-pinang plot.
The result
shows
a
time
trend
of
the
population
number
during
13
years
since 1989. The
400
150
population was decreased gradually as the height300class increased. The distributions patterns
100
were founded
majority (six species) in L-shaped whereas the distribution pattern for
Gonystylus50forbesii were changed to Bell-shaped 200
at the second and third census measurement.
100
Furthermore, the numbers of population were dominant at seedling stage (H=0-100 cm) for
0 interval. The highest population number
both census
0
at seedling stage were observed for
Calophyllum soulattri and followed by Cleistanthus glandulosus and Swintonia schwenkii.
The lowest population number was observed for Grewia florida.
2
3
0
0
> 1000
Hopea dryobalanoides
12
3
3
0
0
Grewia florida
0-100
6
> 1000
6
101-1000
9
0-100
9
> 1000
3
> 1000
6
101-1000
6
Calophyllum soulattri
0-100
9
101-1000
9
12
Survival (%/yr)
12
101-1000
Swintonia schwenkii
0-100
Survival (%/yr)
12
Figure 1. The height class distribution of seven tree species based on seedling stage (H=0-100
cm), sapling stage (H=101-400 cm) and pole stage (H=400-1000 cm)
12
12
Gonystylus forbesii
Cleistanthus glandulosus
> 1000
101-1000
0-100
> 1000
Height class (cm)
Mastixia trichotoma
SURVIVAL 1989-1998
9
SURVIVAL 1989-2008
6
3
Height class (cm)
> 1000
1011000
0
0-100
Survival (%/yr)
12
101-1000
0-100
Survival (%/yr)
Survival rate
9
Survival
rate was differences among seven9 tree species as shown in Fig. 2. In general
the result
the seedling stage and rapidly increased as
6 showed that survival rate was highest in
6
the height class increased. Among seven tree species studies showed that the similar survival
pattern 3between two interval censuses. The highest
3 survival was observed in small height class
(seedling, < 100 cm in height) for Swintonia schwenkii and followed by Cleistanthus
0
0
glandulosus
and Gonystylus forbesii. Furthermore,
Calophyllum soulattri, Hopea
dryobalanoides and Mastixia trichotoma showed intermediate. The lowest survival rate was
observed for Grewia. The survival rate pattern was also similar for the second census interval.
3
RHGR (cm/cm/yr)
Hopea dryobalanoides
9
6
6
3
3
> 1000
801-900
901-1000
701-800
601-700
501-600
401-500
Grewia florida
12
9
301-400
0-100
> 1000
101-200
12
801-900
0
901-1000
0
701-800
3
601-700
3
501-600
6
401-500
6
301-400
9
201-300
9
Calophyllum soulattri
201-300
12
101-200
Swintonia schwenk ii
0-100
RHGR (cm/cm/yr)
12
401-500
501-600
601-700
701-800
801-900
901-1000
401-500
501-600
601-700
701-800
801-900
901-1000
901-1000
901-1000
301-400
801-900
801-900
301-400
701-800
701-800
201-300
601-700
601-700
101-200
501-600
501-600
201-300
401-500
401-500
0-100
301-400
301-400
0-100
201-300
201-300
101-200
0-100
101-200
0-100
Height class (cm)
> 1000
Mastixia trichotoma
RHGR 1989-1998
9
RHGR 1989-2008
6
3
Height class (cm)
> 1000
901-1000
801-900
701-800
601-700
501-600
401-500
301-400
201-300
101-200
0
0-100
RHGR (cm/cm/yr)
12
> 1000
RHGR (cm/cm/yr)
101-200
0
Figure 2. Frequency
distribution of survival rate for 0seven tree species in two different census
interval.
Growth rate
In general Relative Height Growth Rate (RHGR) was decreased as the hight class
12
forbesii
Cleistanthus
glandulosus
increasead as 12shonGonystylus
in Figure
3. The highest RHGR
was
observed
for Grewia florida for the
first census interval
but at the second census interval
the rate become lowest one. At the
9
9
second census interval the highest RHGR was observed at Swintonia schwenkii. Furthermore,
6
6
Hopea dryobalanoides,
Gonystylus forbesii, were showed
intermediate in both interval census.
Mastixia trichotoma
showed higher RHGR at first3 census but showed the lower one at the
3
second census. From these results it can be concluded that the long term survey for survival
0
0
rate is necessary for clarify exactly the growth rate of
each species.
4
Integrated Response Index
20
10
10
0
0
50
Hopea dryobalanoides
0-100
> 1000
30
20
101-1000
40
30
Calophyllum soulattri
50
40
40
30
30
> 1000
50
40
101-1000
Swintonia schwenk ii
0-100
Integrated Response Index
50
Grewia florida
> 1000
101-1000
101-1000
0-100
0-100
0
> 1000
10
0
50
Height class (cm)
Mastixia trichotoma
40
IRI 1989-1998
30
IRI 1989-2008
20
He ight cl ass (cm)
> 1000
0
101-1000
10
0-100
Integrated Response Index
101-1000
20
10
101-1000
20
0-100
Integrated Response Index
0-100
20
Figure 3. Relative
Growth Rate of seven main tree20species.
10
Integrated Response
Index
10
Based0 on the values the Integrated Response
Index (IRI) showed that Swintonia as
0
emergent tree species have higher response in their performance compared than another tree
species. This result indicated that the characteristics of this species in order to reach upper
layer of stand forest. Whereeas between canopy tree species, Hopea dryobalanoides showed
50
higher IRI than
Calophyllum
betweenglandulosus
subcanopy species Cleistanthus
Cleistanthus
50
Gonystylus forbesii soulattri. Furthermore,
glandulosus 40and Gonystylus forbesii showed higher
IRI
than
that two other subcanopy
40
species. The30pattern was similar in both two surveys.
30
5
Figure 4. Integrated Response Index (IRI) from seven main tree species
DISCUSSION
Our discussion will focused on their relationship with statue in the forest stand.
Various pattern of survival rate were found between emergent, canopy and subcanopy tree
species. Grewia florida and Mastixia trichotoma as subcanopy tree species have performance
the lower survival for seedling as shown in Figure 2. According to Kohyama et al., (1994) both
of two species were recognized to be more sensitive to gap dynamics than Hopea
dryobalanoides, Gonystylus forbesii and Cleistanthus glandulosus.
In our data founded that G. forbesii and C. glandulosus also as subcanopy tree species
showed higher survival for seedling stage. Both canopy tree species Calophyllum soulattri
showed the lowest in survival rate for seedling. The higher RHGR was observed for emergent
tree species, Swintonia schwenkii. Whereas between canopy species Hopea dryobalanoides
showed higher growth rate compare than Calophyllum soulattri. These result concluded that
the subcanopy species showed their strategies in order to reach upper part of the forest canopy.
The regeneration behaviour of each tree species is controlled by many factors such as
distance from the mother tree, topography and their statue in the forest stand. In our previous
result (Mukhtar et al., 1998) we found clear relationship between mortality rate and distance
from the mother tree of C. soulattri, eventhough the measurement in short time (five years).
Similar result was also found by Suzuki and Kohyama (1991) for Swintonia schwenkii microenvironment in the area around mother tree seemed not to be suitable for the survival of the
seedlings. Many factors affected to low survival rate around mother tree have been proposed
for example, Suzuki and Kohyama (1991) conluded that the wings of Swintonia fruits play a
significant rolw by dispersing the fruit under the crown of other species, and escaping from
hazardous place for seedling survival around mother trees.
Most tropical rain forest tree species have strongly aggregated spatial distribution
pattern. The species distributions are also strongly aggregated with respect to variation in soil
6
nutrient status (Clark et al., 1998). Palmiotto et al., (2004) in Lambir, Borneo founded that
Swintonia schwenkii naturally aggregated on low-fertility humult ultisol and Hopea
dryobalanoides on moderate-fertility udult ultisols. Furthermore, in the same forest, Lambir,
Russo et al., (2005) was also found that growth and mortality were lowest on the poorer soil
(sandy loam). Their result concluded that Hopea dryobalanoides had significantly higher
survival rates in udult than in humult soils in gaps area. Whereas for Swintonia schwenkii had
no significant differences in survival rates between soils or light level. In our study area,
according to Hermansah et al., (2002a,b) mentioned that nitrogen (N), magnesium (Mg) and
sulfur (S) were highest concentration in Pinang-pinang plot. High diversity of tree species and
the diverse nutritional characteristics of tree species contributed to the variation of soil
nutritional status and to edaphic niche. However, in our result, Integrated Response Index as
shown in Fig 4, showed more clear the species characteristics in their performance in growth
and survival in order to reach position in the forest stand.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our appreciation to Prof (Emiretus) Mitsuru Hotta of
Kagoshima University, Prof (Emiretus) Kazuhiko Ogino of Ehime University and Prof
Tsuyoshi Yoneda for their initiation and valuable advices for this long term research. This study
is based on a long-term observation and Prof (Emiretus) Syunzo Kawamura of Kyoto
University had supported this study throughout the period under Sumatra Nature Study (SNS)
Project and Field Biology Research and Training (FBRT) Project in Padang. We also thanks to
Prof Eizi Suzuki (Kagoshima University) and Takeshi Kohyama (Hokkaido University) for
their permission for use their initial data. Finally we would like to thank to DGHE of
Indonesian Government through Basic Science financial support fiscal year 2008.
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8
Tropical Rain Forest, West Sumatra
Erizal Mukhtar
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Andalas University, Padang 25163, West Sumatra, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Survival and Growth rate of juveniles tree species in a tropical rainforest, West Sumatra, was measured for
seven tree species over 13 year period in 1-ha plot of tropical rain forest in Ulu Gadut, West Sumatra,
Indonesia. All individuals with dbh < 8 cm were sampled in 1989-1998 and 2002. The highest Survival rate
of seedling was observed for Swintonia schwenkii and followed by Cleistanthus glandulosus and Gonystylus
forbesii. The lowest survival rate was observed for Grewia florida. Relative Height Growth Rate (RHGR)
were various between emergent, canopy and subcanopy tree. The highest RHGR was observed for emergent
tree species, S. schwenkii. Whereas between canopy species, Hopea dryobalanoides was showed higher
RHGR than Calophyllum soulattri. Furthermore, S. schwenkii as emergent tree species showed highest
performance in Integrated Response Index (IRI). The relationship between their performances in the forest
stand was also discussed in this paper.
Key Words : Survival, RHGR, IRI, seedling, Ulu Gadut forest.
INTRODUCTION
Regeneration is a key process for the existence of species in the community. It is also a critical
part of forest management, because regeneration maintains desired species composition and
stocking after biotic and abiotic disturbances. Various studies on regeneration of trees have
been carried out in survival and growth. For example, the rate of forest regeneration depends
largely on the growth rates and survival of native species that are planted or arrive on their
own (Clark et al., 1999; Quintana-Ascencio et al, 2004) and large differences in seedling
growth and survival of several species in response to spatial heterogeneity in
microenvironments (Beckage and Clark, 2003).
We have monitored the population of major species at 1-ha permanent plots of a
foothill rain forest in Ulu Gadut, West Sumatra since 1980. Spatial distribution pattern of
major species in this forest have been revealed and their regeneration mechanisms were
discussed with demographic data (Suzuki & Kohyama, 1991; Kohyama et al., 1994; Mukhtar
et al., 1992, 1998). This study follows the above previous paper observing the regeneration
mechanisms of several tree species in respect to their survival and growth rate. We aimed to
clarify species characteristics survival and growth rates of juveniles in differences stage of the
major tree species in this forest.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study site
This study was carried out at 1-ha permanent plot, named Pinang-pinang plot in a foothill
forest of Mt. Gadut (Lat. 0o 55’ S, Long. 100o 30’ E), 18 km east from Padang, West Sumatra,
Indonesia. The elevation ranged from 490 m to 520 m in altitude. This plot is covered primarily
by matured trees occurring in patches with sporadic gap and regrowth patches. Details of stand
descriptions could be referred to the previous papers (Kohyama et al., 1989; Yoneda et al.,
1990; Mukhtar et al, 1992; 1998)
Study species
1
We chosen 7 species which all these species are common and dominant in Ulu Gadut
forest floor. The species were Swintonia schwenkii T & B (Anacardiaceae), Calophyllum
soulattri Burm (Guttiferae), Hopea dryobalanoides Miq. (Dipterocarpaceae), Cleistanthus
glandulosus Jabl. (Euphorbiaceae), Mastixia trichotoma Bl. (Cornaceae), Grewia florida Miq.
(Tiliaceae) and Gonystylus forbesii Gilg. (Thymelaeceae). The species characteristics of seven
tree species in forest stand are shown in Table 1.
Observation for seedling dynamics
All juveniles selected tree species were measured and mapped into a grid of 115 subplots of 10 x 10 m. The trees were marked and the species were identified. In September 1989,
we were carried out first census of individuals for representative tree species in the plot
permanent. The juveniles were re-sampled on September 1998 and on September 2002 in a
second and the third census, respectively. Their positions and tree height were also measured at
the first census and it recorded position make easily for next measurement.
Hopea dryobalanoides
> 1000
801-900
901-1000
701-800
601-700
501-600
401-500
301-400
201-300
0-100
200
101-200
> 1000
901-1000
801-900
701-800
601-700
501-600
401-500
301-400
201-300
0-100
Number of Individu
200
101-200
Number of Individu
Calculation of Survival Rate and Relative Growth Rate
Survival rate was calculated in two different census intervals, 1989-1998 and 19892002. For
each tree species, we analyzed survival rate in each year with respect to juveniles
200
Calophyllum soulattri
Swintonia schwenk iii
size and distance to the nearest conspecific adult. 2800
2400
Survival150
rates were determined as : Survival = (Nt2000
/No)/ ∆t x 100 %
where No number of population count at the beginning
of the measurement interval, Nt =
1600
number 100
of emerged among the initial population, 1200
∆t = measurement interval between census
(Stephanie
et al., 2004; Munemitsu and Shiro,
800
50 and Jean-Francois, 2000; Quintana-Ascencio
400
2005).
0
Relative Height
Growth Rate (RHGR) could obtained0 by the following formula :
RHGR = [ ln Ht1 – ln Ht2 ]/ ∆t
where Ht1 and Ht2 are juvenile height in t1 and t2, and the duration (∆t), respectively (Hunt,
1982; Beckage and Clark, 2003; Quintana-Ascencio et al., 2004).
Grewia florida
501-600
601-700
701-800
801-900
901-1000
> 1000
601-700
701-800
801-900
901-1000
> 1000
> 1000
501-600
> 1000
901-1000
401-500
901-1000
801-900
401-500
801-900
701-800
301-400
701-800
601-700
201-300
601-700
501-600
301-400
501-600
401-500
201-300
401-500
0-100
301-400
301-400
101-200
201-300
201-300
0-100
101-200
101-200
101-200
0-100
0-100
Integrated
150 Response Index
150
In order to assess relative establishment success among the species, a composite
100
100
performance
index was used to integrate the contributions
of regeneration responses of
survival and
growth.
The
relative
value
of
the
index
indicates
the expected success of each
50
50
species at their habitat. The Integrated Response Index (IRI) was calculated as IRI = Survival
x RHGR (De
0 Steven, 1991; Quaintana-Ascencio et al.,
0 2004).
300
Population 1989
200
Population 1998
Height class (cm)
> 1000
901-1000
801-900
701-800
601-700
401-500
301-400
201-300
101-200
501-600
Populationi 2008
100
0
Height class (cm)
Mastixia trichotoma
0-100
Number of Individu
Number of Individu
RESULTS
Vertical structure
glandulosus
200
Figure
1 Gonystylus
is shownforbesii
the height distributions 500
of sevenCleistanthus
tree species
in Pinang-pinang plot.
The result
shows
a
time
trend
of
the
population
number
during
13
years
since 1989. The
400
150
population was decreased gradually as the height300class increased. The distributions patterns
100
were founded
majority (six species) in L-shaped whereas the distribution pattern for
Gonystylus50forbesii were changed to Bell-shaped 200
at the second and third census measurement.
100
Furthermore, the numbers of population were dominant at seedling stage (H=0-100 cm) for
0 interval. The highest population number
both census
0
at seedling stage were observed for
Calophyllum soulattri and followed by Cleistanthus glandulosus and Swintonia schwenkii.
The lowest population number was observed for Grewia florida.
2
3
0
0
> 1000
Hopea dryobalanoides
12
3
3
0
0
Grewia florida
0-100
6
> 1000
6
101-1000
9
0-100
9
> 1000
3
> 1000
6
101-1000
6
Calophyllum soulattri
0-100
9
101-1000
9
12
Survival (%/yr)
12
101-1000
Swintonia schwenkii
0-100
Survival (%/yr)
12
Figure 1. The height class distribution of seven tree species based on seedling stage (H=0-100
cm), sapling stage (H=101-400 cm) and pole stage (H=400-1000 cm)
12
12
Gonystylus forbesii
Cleistanthus glandulosus
> 1000
101-1000
0-100
> 1000
Height class (cm)
Mastixia trichotoma
SURVIVAL 1989-1998
9
SURVIVAL 1989-2008
6
3
Height class (cm)
> 1000
1011000
0
0-100
Survival (%/yr)
12
101-1000
0-100
Survival (%/yr)
Survival rate
9
Survival
rate was differences among seven9 tree species as shown in Fig. 2. In general
the result
the seedling stage and rapidly increased as
6 showed that survival rate was highest in
6
the height class increased. Among seven tree species studies showed that the similar survival
pattern 3between two interval censuses. The highest
3 survival was observed in small height class
(seedling, < 100 cm in height) for Swintonia schwenkii and followed by Cleistanthus
0
0
glandulosus
and Gonystylus forbesii. Furthermore,
Calophyllum soulattri, Hopea
dryobalanoides and Mastixia trichotoma showed intermediate. The lowest survival rate was
observed for Grewia. The survival rate pattern was also similar for the second census interval.
3
RHGR (cm/cm/yr)
Hopea dryobalanoides
9
6
6
3
3
> 1000
801-900
901-1000
701-800
601-700
501-600
401-500
Grewia florida
12
9
301-400
0-100
> 1000
101-200
12
801-900
0
901-1000
0
701-800
3
601-700
3
501-600
6
401-500
6
301-400
9
201-300
9
Calophyllum soulattri
201-300
12
101-200
Swintonia schwenk ii
0-100
RHGR (cm/cm/yr)
12
401-500
501-600
601-700
701-800
801-900
901-1000
401-500
501-600
601-700
701-800
801-900
901-1000
901-1000
901-1000
301-400
801-900
801-900
301-400
701-800
701-800
201-300
601-700
601-700
101-200
501-600
501-600
201-300
401-500
401-500
0-100
301-400
301-400
0-100
201-300
201-300
101-200
0-100
101-200
0-100
Height class (cm)
> 1000
Mastixia trichotoma
RHGR 1989-1998
9
RHGR 1989-2008
6
3
Height class (cm)
> 1000
901-1000
801-900
701-800
601-700
501-600
401-500
301-400
201-300
101-200
0
0-100
RHGR (cm/cm/yr)
12
> 1000
RHGR (cm/cm/yr)
101-200
0
Figure 2. Frequency
distribution of survival rate for 0seven tree species in two different census
interval.
Growth rate
In general Relative Height Growth Rate (RHGR) was decreased as the hight class
12
forbesii
Cleistanthus
glandulosus
increasead as 12shonGonystylus
in Figure
3. The highest RHGR
was
observed
for Grewia florida for the
first census interval
but at the second census interval
the rate become lowest one. At the
9
9
second census interval the highest RHGR was observed at Swintonia schwenkii. Furthermore,
6
6
Hopea dryobalanoides,
Gonystylus forbesii, were showed
intermediate in both interval census.
Mastixia trichotoma
showed higher RHGR at first3 census but showed the lower one at the
3
second census. From these results it can be concluded that the long term survey for survival
0
0
rate is necessary for clarify exactly the growth rate of
each species.
4
Integrated Response Index
20
10
10
0
0
50
Hopea dryobalanoides
0-100
> 1000
30
20
101-1000
40
30
Calophyllum soulattri
50
40
40
30
30
> 1000
50
40
101-1000
Swintonia schwenk ii
0-100
Integrated Response Index
50
Grewia florida
> 1000
101-1000
101-1000
0-100
0-100
0
> 1000
10
0
50
Height class (cm)
Mastixia trichotoma
40
IRI 1989-1998
30
IRI 1989-2008
20
He ight cl ass (cm)
> 1000
0
101-1000
10
0-100
Integrated Response Index
101-1000
20
10
101-1000
20
0-100
Integrated Response Index
0-100
20
Figure 3. Relative
Growth Rate of seven main tree20species.
10
Integrated Response
Index
10
Based0 on the values the Integrated Response
Index (IRI) showed that Swintonia as
0
emergent tree species have higher response in their performance compared than another tree
species. This result indicated that the characteristics of this species in order to reach upper
layer of stand forest. Whereeas between canopy tree species, Hopea dryobalanoides showed
50
higher IRI than
Calophyllum
betweenglandulosus
subcanopy species Cleistanthus
Cleistanthus
50
Gonystylus forbesii soulattri. Furthermore,
glandulosus 40and Gonystylus forbesii showed higher
IRI
than
that two other subcanopy
40
species. The30pattern was similar in both two surveys.
30
5
Figure 4. Integrated Response Index (IRI) from seven main tree species
DISCUSSION
Our discussion will focused on their relationship with statue in the forest stand.
Various pattern of survival rate were found between emergent, canopy and subcanopy tree
species. Grewia florida and Mastixia trichotoma as subcanopy tree species have performance
the lower survival for seedling as shown in Figure 2. According to Kohyama et al., (1994) both
of two species were recognized to be more sensitive to gap dynamics than Hopea
dryobalanoides, Gonystylus forbesii and Cleistanthus glandulosus.
In our data founded that G. forbesii and C. glandulosus also as subcanopy tree species
showed higher survival for seedling stage. Both canopy tree species Calophyllum soulattri
showed the lowest in survival rate for seedling. The higher RHGR was observed for emergent
tree species, Swintonia schwenkii. Whereas between canopy species Hopea dryobalanoides
showed higher growth rate compare than Calophyllum soulattri. These result concluded that
the subcanopy species showed their strategies in order to reach upper part of the forest canopy.
The regeneration behaviour of each tree species is controlled by many factors such as
distance from the mother tree, topography and their statue in the forest stand. In our previous
result (Mukhtar et al., 1998) we found clear relationship between mortality rate and distance
from the mother tree of C. soulattri, eventhough the measurement in short time (five years).
Similar result was also found by Suzuki and Kohyama (1991) for Swintonia schwenkii microenvironment in the area around mother tree seemed not to be suitable for the survival of the
seedlings. Many factors affected to low survival rate around mother tree have been proposed
for example, Suzuki and Kohyama (1991) conluded that the wings of Swintonia fruits play a
significant rolw by dispersing the fruit under the crown of other species, and escaping from
hazardous place for seedling survival around mother trees.
Most tropical rain forest tree species have strongly aggregated spatial distribution
pattern. The species distributions are also strongly aggregated with respect to variation in soil
6
nutrient status (Clark et al., 1998). Palmiotto et al., (2004) in Lambir, Borneo founded that
Swintonia schwenkii naturally aggregated on low-fertility humult ultisol and Hopea
dryobalanoides on moderate-fertility udult ultisols. Furthermore, in the same forest, Lambir,
Russo et al., (2005) was also found that growth and mortality were lowest on the poorer soil
(sandy loam). Their result concluded that Hopea dryobalanoides had significantly higher
survival rates in udult than in humult soils in gaps area. Whereas for Swintonia schwenkii had
no significant differences in survival rates between soils or light level. In our study area,
according to Hermansah et al., (2002a,b) mentioned that nitrogen (N), magnesium (Mg) and
sulfur (S) were highest concentration in Pinang-pinang plot. High diversity of tree species and
the diverse nutritional characteristics of tree species contributed to the variation of soil
nutritional status and to edaphic niche. However, in our result, Integrated Response Index as
shown in Fig 4, showed more clear the species characteristics in their performance in growth
and survival in order to reach position in the forest stand.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our appreciation to Prof (Emiretus) Mitsuru Hotta of
Kagoshima University, Prof (Emiretus) Kazuhiko Ogino of Ehime University and Prof
Tsuyoshi Yoneda for their initiation and valuable advices for this long term research. This study
is based on a long-term observation and Prof (Emiretus) Syunzo Kawamura of Kyoto
University had supported this study throughout the period under Sumatra Nature Study (SNS)
Project and Field Biology Research and Training (FBRT) Project in Padang. We also thanks to
Prof Eizi Suzuki (Kagoshima University) and Takeshi Kohyama (Hokkaido University) for
their permission for use their initial data. Finally we would like to thank to DGHE of
Indonesian Government through Basic Science financial support fiscal year 2008.
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