TOURISM LEAKAGE ON ACCOMMODATION IN BALI.
CENTRE FOR
TOURISM PI.ANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
INDONESIA
ASrAN JOURNAL
ON HOS?TTALIW AND TOURIStr4
Volume 13, Number 1, June 2014
ISSN T4T2-207J
CONTENTS
Editorial
I
-2
Artef Rosyidic, Chief Editor
Tourism Lealmge of The Accommodation Sector in Bali
G A. Oka Suryawardani,I Komang Gde Bendesa"
I
3 - 18
Made Antara & Agung Suryawan llliranatha
Assessing Ecotourism Economics for Livelihood InterventionA Case in Nameri National Park of Assam (India)
Niranjan Das &. Mrinmoy K. Sarma
19 - 32
Conceptualizing Tburism Relationship Management (Trm)
Framework andAssessing Its Impact on Tburism Semice fuality,
Tburist Satisfaction and Destination Loyalty
Arup Kumar Baksi & Bivraj
Parida
33 - 58
"Bhusan
hsiling
hsitors'Willingness to Payfor
The Patenga Beach, Bangladesh
59 - 68
Mo hammad Mahfuzar Rahman
Ecotourism in Disaster-Prone Conservation Areas and
hs Underlying Govemance: A Case Study in
The Mount Merapi National Park
Marwedhi Nwratyo,Arief Rosyidie & Constanza Parra Novoa
Index Volume
13.1
69 - 87
88
TOTIRISM LEAKAGE OF THE ACCOMMODATION SECTOR
IN BALI
I
G.
A Oka Suryarvardeni
*1, I Komang G6e Bendesat, Made
Touriw has hean a drivins
Antaral, Agung Suryawan
Wnnrthal
force of economic develornrent and
ha-s hecome ihe
ladinc
mnomic secto' in Bali Province. Howa'er, lhe eonomic inpacls of wrism
development have not been fultv berclicial for the Balinese communitv. Tarists'
eenditure has not been totallv remaining in Bali's economv- Some of the expenditures
pawents
bV tourists leak out of the destination. called tourism lukase in the form of
nrofits
ond
ennlovas.
for
foreisn
of
waces
nawnent
sen,ices.
for immrted nroductt and
'
eansfqred to foreiSn owners . So far. tlrc anount of taurism leakaee in Bali has nol been
alailated. Thertore lhere is a need to ascertain the annent amount of leakare in Bali
tutrism. This Wper ptimates the amoant of tourism lakase from the accommodalicn
s&r ia Bali throush a micro analvsis at the induseial level There wqe 79 holels
sdatd as a samnle hased umn a narmsive nrohahilim n size samnlins melhotl in {our
main tourist dqfinations in Bali, namelv Kuto- Nusa Dua. Sangr and ubud. Four twes
of aeommodation were considered in qtimalins tourism leakaee' The rsults shc*red
5 1'0
that the hiehest percentase of leakase was in the 4 & 5 Snr-rated chain hotels' Le
(22.-7 %)'
%o of tatal revenue It was followed bv the 4 & 5 Star-rated non'chain hotels
and I . 2 & 3 Star-rated hotels (t 2-0 961- Meanwhile- the lowqt leakase wais on the Non
stat-rsted hotets 6.8 otil. Overall, the average tourism leakase on accommodation
setor in Bali was 18.8 %. These results indicate tha 0 the hieher the levelof hotel
clossifiqtions, rte more leakase will be: and fiil accommodation which was ov'nei bv a
an internationol chain had more leakase than other tvpes
-foreimer and/or manased bv
'of
more
leakase- lherdore the l€l':s r€venue from louricm will he
The
acmmmodatbt
direAlv received bv horel and undirectlv bv the local ammunily as tourism is the ntain
source of economic da,elopment of Bali Province.
Eoeystem Seirde, tourism leakags, aommodation
scor,
Balil
INTRODUCTION
Bali is one of the rmst popular tourist destinations in the world due to its cuftural
activities and natunal scenery. Tourism has now becone the leading economic sector in
Bali. As Bali's econom-v has been developed rmstly through tourisn the focus of
econoric developnrcnt in Bali province has changed from the prirnary sector
(agricuhure) to the tertiary sector (tourism). The contribution of the printsry sector
(aEricutture) to the Gnoss Dorrrcstic Product (@P) of Ba[ has decreased drannticalty
ii,om 61.21% in 1969 to l6.84oh n 2012, while the contribution of the tertiary sector
(trade and tourism) has increased from9.52% in 1969 to 30.66 % n 2012 @ali Statistical
Om"", 2013). Meanwhile, the contribution of the secondary sectof (handicraft and othcl
indusirts) ircreased fiom 1.6'7"/o in 1969 to 9.97Yo in 2010 (Frawan, 199,4 n Vy'imnatha,
2001; Bali Statistical Offce, 2011).
* Correspording
author, email: gungdani@gnail.oom
rLectwer at Doctoral Program in Tourisrn, UdayamUniYenity, Bali lndonesia'
Tounsm m balr has been devenpeo slgnlucantry as ualr us rGGil uw[.
nunber of visiton and tourism ftcilities. The nunber of direct anivals of foreign tourists
in Bali increased dranatically from 23,340 tourists in 1970 to 1,412'839 tourists in 2000.
Howevir, the tenorist attack on Bali on 12 October 2002 resulted in a decrease in the
nunber of foreign tourist direct arrivals only 93.029 in 2003, although it then increased
again in 2004. Furthernpre, the second tenorist attack on Bali in 2005 led to another
dicrease in foreign visitors in 2006 (see Figure l). Efforts were undertaken by the
govemnpnt and the tourism industry to convince foreign tourists to visit Bali Cl'adual
increases have been reported in the following years and reach the highest foreign tourist
direct anivals n 2012, about 2.892.019 tourists (Bali C'ovenrnrnt Tourism Office, 2013).
During period 2007 to 2012 the average growth rate of direct foreign tourist arrivals to
Bali was 14.7 % peryear.
As a world tourism destination, Bali is supported by the availability of infrastructure,
including an intemational airport which provides easy access to Bali and nnin roads
which provide access to various tourism facilitbs and tourism attractions within the
region. Accorrding to Bali Govemment Tourism office (2013), there were 2,212
accorrrrndation establishrrpnts with a total of .116,025 roons regbtered in Bali m 2012These included 156 star-rated hotels (20,269 roorm), 1,031 Non star-rated hotels (2l,ll4
roons), and 1,025 horrrcstays (d542 roons). Developnrnt of registered acconrncdations
in Bali during period of 2W2-2012 is shown in Figure 2. However, Bali Hotel and
Restaunant Association EHRI Bali) counted 3,346 acconrrndation establishnpnts
(62407 roons) in Bali in 2011, that consisted of 165 star-rated hotels (22,161 roons),
1,371 Non star-rated hotels (28,585 roons), 1,760 hornestays (9,282 roons), l5 condotels
(1,793 roons), and 35 rental houses (586 roorm). There could be nnre acconxmdation
available in Bali than the above nunbers as nBny nror€ acconxrndations are unregistered
or operate illegally.
(
l
I
NUM BER OF FOREIGN TOURTST DIREGT ARRIVAS
IN
1
BALI YEAR 1970.2012
3.000.000
o
o
L
Fog
2.750.000
2.500.000
2.250.000
2.000.000
.9
1.750.000
l!
1.250.000
o
o
't.500.000
o
1.000-000
o
750.000
.ct
s00.000
E
250.000
z
0
O
..t
(9
O
N
lO
@
t
l-
SbSSEBIEEEIEAEE
I
a'l
lg
O
Gl
6lN$l(\l$l
Year
Figure
1.
Number of Direct Arrirals of Foreign Tourists in Bali Yeal. 1970 -2012
(Source: Bali Tourism Govemnpnt Office, 2013)
I
G. A. Oka Suryawardani" Komang Gde Bendesa, Made
Annra & Agang Suryawan [iliranatha
DEVELOPMENT OF AGCOMMODAITON IN BAII
YEAR 2A02-2012
(,
50.000
E
4s.000
to
40.000
o
o
o
JI
35.000
30.000
r
25.000
E
# Nonetar Hobl
20.000
z
I
15.000
.E
10.000
o
5.000
F
Star+ated Hotel
Homestay
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 m10 2a11 m12
Year
Figure 2. Number of Rooms ArrailaHe in Bali
(Source: Bali Tourism Crovemnrcnt Office, 2013)
in2002-2012
Global economic crisis in 2008 did not obviously have an effect on foreign tourists to
Bali. It was proven by the nunber of foreign tourists to Bali as outlined above, as well as
the average their expenditures and length of stay. The average e4enditure of fbreign
tourists per penon per day increased fromUS$ 137.90 in 20(D to US$ 158.87 i:r 2011.
The length of stay of foreign tourists also went up from 8.75 days in 20(D to {}.?"1 ti
TOURISM PI.ANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
INDONESIA
ASrAN JOURNAL
ON HOS?TTALIW AND TOURIStr4
Volume 13, Number 1, June 2014
ISSN T4T2-207J
CONTENTS
Editorial
I
-2
Artef Rosyidic, Chief Editor
Tourism Lealmge of The Accommodation Sector in Bali
G A. Oka Suryawardani,I Komang Gde Bendesa"
I
3 - 18
Made Antara & Agung Suryawan llliranatha
Assessing Ecotourism Economics for Livelihood InterventionA Case in Nameri National Park of Assam (India)
Niranjan Das &. Mrinmoy K. Sarma
19 - 32
Conceptualizing Tburism Relationship Management (Trm)
Framework andAssessing Its Impact on Tburism Semice fuality,
Tburist Satisfaction and Destination Loyalty
Arup Kumar Baksi & Bivraj
Parida
33 - 58
"Bhusan
hsiling
hsitors'Willingness to Payfor
The Patenga Beach, Bangladesh
59 - 68
Mo hammad Mahfuzar Rahman
Ecotourism in Disaster-Prone Conservation Areas and
hs Underlying Govemance: A Case Study in
The Mount Merapi National Park
Marwedhi Nwratyo,Arief Rosyidie & Constanza Parra Novoa
Index Volume
13.1
69 - 87
88
TOTIRISM LEAKAGE OF THE ACCOMMODATION SECTOR
IN BALI
I
G.
A Oka Suryarvardeni
*1, I Komang G6e Bendesat, Made
Touriw has hean a drivins
Antaral, Agung Suryawan
Wnnrthal
force of economic develornrent and
ha-s hecome ihe
ladinc
mnomic secto' in Bali Province. Howa'er, lhe eonomic inpacls of wrism
development have not been fultv berclicial for the Balinese communitv. Tarists'
eenditure has not been totallv remaining in Bali's economv- Some of the expenditures
pawents
bV tourists leak out of the destination. called tourism lukase in the form of
nrofits
ond
ennlovas.
for
foreisn
of
waces
nawnent
sen,ices.
for immrted nroductt and
'
eansfqred to foreiSn owners . So far. tlrc anount of taurism leakaee in Bali has nol been
alailated. Thertore lhere is a need to ascertain the annent amount of leakare in Bali
tutrism. This Wper ptimates the amoant of tourism lakase from the accommodalicn
s&r ia Bali throush a micro analvsis at the induseial level There wqe 79 holels
sdatd as a samnle hased umn a narmsive nrohahilim n size samnlins melhotl in {our
main tourist dqfinations in Bali, namelv Kuto- Nusa Dua. Sangr and ubud. Four twes
of aeommodation were considered in qtimalins tourism leakaee' The rsults shc*red
5 1'0
that the hiehest percentase of leakase was in the 4 & 5 Snr-rated chain hotels' Le
(22.-7 %)'
%o of tatal revenue It was followed bv the 4 & 5 Star-rated non'chain hotels
and I . 2 & 3 Star-rated hotels (t 2-0 961- Meanwhile- the lowqt leakase wais on the Non
stat-rsted hotets 6.8 otil. Overall, the average tourism leakase on accommodation
setor in Bali was 18.8 %. These results indicate tha 0 the hieher the levelof hotel
clossifiqtions, rte more leakase will be: and fiil accommodation which was ov'nei bv a
an internationol chain had more leakase than other tvpes
-foreimer and/or manased bv
'of
more
leakase- lherdore the l€l':s r€venue from louricm will he
The
acmmmodatbt
direAlv received bv horel and undirectlv bv the local ammunily as tourism is the ntain
source of economic da,elopment of Bali Province.
Eoeystem Seirde, tourism leakags, aommodation
scor,
Balil
INTRODUCTION
Bali is one of the rmst popular tourist destinations in the world due to its cuftural
activities and natunal scenery. Tourism has now becone the leading economic sector in
Bali. As Bali's econom-v has been developed rmstly through tourisn the focus of
econoric developnrcnt in Bali province has changed from the prirnary sector
(agricuhure) to the tertiary sector (tourism). The contribution of the printsry sector
(aEricutture) to the Gnoss Dorrrcstic Product (@P) of Ba[ has decreased drannticalty
ii,om 61.21% in 1969 to l6.84oh n 2012, while the contribution of the tertiary sector
(trade and tourism) has increased from9.52% in 1969 to 30.66 % n 2012 @ali Statistical
Om"", 2013). Meanwhile, the contribution of the secondary sectof (handicraft and othcl
indusirts) ircreased fiom 1.6'7"/o in 1969 to 9.97Yo in 2010 (Frawan, 199,4 n Vy'imnatha,
2001; Bali Statistical Offce, 2011).
* Correspording
author, email: gungdani@gnail.oom
rLectwer at Doctoral Program in Tourisrn, UdayamUniYenity, Bali lndonesia'
Tounsm m balr has been devenpeo slgnlucantry as ualr us rGGil uw[.
nunber of visiton and tourism ftcilities. The nunber of direct anivals of foreign tourists
in Bali increased dranatically from 23,340 tourists in 1970 to 1,412'839 tourists in 2000.
Howevir, the tenorist attack on Bali on 12 October 2002 resulted in a decrease in the
nunber of foreign tourist direct arrivals only 93.029 in 2003, although it then increased
again in 2004. Furthernpre, the second tenorist attack on Bali in 2005 led to another
dicrease in foreign visitors in 2006 (see Figure l). Efforts were undertaken by the
govemnpnt and the tourism industry to convince foreign tourists to visit Bali Cl'adual
increases have been reported in the following years and reach the highest foreign tourist
direct anivals n 2012, about 2.892.019 tourists (Bali C'ovenrnrnt Tourism Office, 2013).
During period 2007 to 2012 the average growth rate of direct foreign tourist arrivals to
Bali was 14.7 % peryear.
As a world tourism destination, Bali is supported by the availability of infrastructure,
including an intemational airport which provides easy access to Bali and nnin roads
which provide access to various tourism facilitbs and tourism attractions within the
region. Accorrding to Bali Govemment Tourism office (2013), there were 2,212
accorrrrndation establishrrpnts with a total of .116,025 roons regbtered in Bali m 2012These included 156 star-rated hotels (20,269 roorm), 1,031 Non star-rated hotels (2l,ll4
roons), and 1,025 horrrcstays (d542 roons). Developnrnt of registered acconrncdations
in Bali during period of 2W2-2012 is shown in Figure 2. However, Bali Hotel and
Restaunant Association EHRI Bali) counted 3,346 acconrrndation establishnpnts
(62407 roons) in Bali in 2011, that consisted of 165 star-rated hotels (22,161 roons),
1,371 Non star-rated hotels (28,585 roons), 1,760 hornestays (9,282 roons), l5 condotels
(1,793 roons), and 35 rental houses (586 roorm). There could be nnre acconxmdation
available in Bali than the above nunbers as nBny nror€ acconxrndations are unregistered
or operate illegally.
(
l
I
NUM BER OF FOREIGN TOURTST DIREGT ARRIVAS
IN
1
BALI YEAR 1970.2012
3.000.000
o
o
L
Fog
2.750.000
2.500.000
2.250.000
2.000.000
.9
1.750.000
l!
1.250.000
o
o
't.500.000
o
1.000-000
o
750.000
.ct
s00.000
E
250.000
z
0
O
..t
(9
O
N
lO
@
t
l-
SbSSEBIEEEIEAEE
I
a'l
lg
O
Gl
6lN$l(\l$l
Year
Figure
1.
Number of Direct Arrirals of Foreign Tourists in Bali Yeal. 1970 -2012
(Source: Bali Tourism Govemnpnt Office, 2013)
I
G. A. Oka Suryawardani" Komang Gde Bendesa, Made
Annra & Agang Suryawan [iliranatha
DEVELOPMENT OF AGCOMMODAITON IN BAII
YEAR 2A02-2012
(,
50.000
E
4s.000
to
40.000
o
o
o
JI
35.000
30.000
r
25.000
E
# Nonetar Hobl
20.000
z
I
15.000
.E
10.000
o
5.000
F
Star+ated Hotel
Homestay
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 m10 2a11 m12
Year
Figure 2. Number of Rooms ArrailaHe in Bali
(Source: Bali Tourism Crovemnrcnt Office, 2013)
in2002-2012
Global economic crisis in 2008 did not obviously have an effect on foreign tourists to
Bali. It was proven by the nunber of foreign tourists to Bali as outlined above, as well as
the average their expenditures and length of stay. The average e4enditure of fbreign
tourists per penon per day increased fromUS$ 137.90 in 20(D to US$ 158.87 i:r 2011.
The length of stay of foreign tourists also went up from 8.75 days in 20(D to {}.?"1 ti