https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B z5oZTdyBW1cHlzMFJzWTBuc2M/view
Ready to go …
Catatan Tentang UTS
“Komoditas Strategis
Dikuasai Kelompok”
Pikiran Rakyat – Hal 6
Jum’at, 29 Oktober 2010
Kompetisi Pasar
Hj. Tine Soemartini, Dra., MS.
Tata S. Wirasasmita, S.Si., M.Mgt
01 November 2010
Struktur Pasar
• Market structure – Mengidentifikasi bagaimana
sebuah pasar dibentuk dipandang dari aspek:
Jumlah perusahaan dalam industri
Cara / sifat dari produk dihasilkan
Tingkat kekuatan monopoli yang dimiliki setiap
perusahaan
Tingkat dimana perusahaan dapat mempengaruhi
harga
Tingkat keuntungan
Perilaku Perusahaan – pricing strategies, non-price
competition, output levels
Kondisi barriers to entry
Pengaruh pada efisiensi
Struktur Pasar
• Tingkat Kompetisi dalam pasar akan
berpengaruh kepada konsume – Akankah
bermanfaat atau tidak?
• Struktur Pasar mempengaruhi Kinerja dan
Perilaku perusahaan yang terlibat di dalamnya
Struktur Pasar
• Model Struktur Pasar:
Berkaitan dengan sejumlah ‘model’ ekonomi
Merepresentasikan realitas yang membantu kita
memahami hal mungkin terjadi dalam kehidupan nyata
Terdapat model-model ekstrim yang sepertinya tidak
akan terjadi dalam kenyataannya
Meski demikian, model-model itu masih berharga untuk
membandingkan dengan apa yg terjadi dalam realitas
Model-model tersebut membantu dalam analisis dan
evaluasi – memberikan data benchmark
Struktur Pasar
• Karakteristik masing-masing model:
Jumlah dan besarnya perusahaan yang berada dalam
industri
Peran atau kendali terhadap harga atau output
Kebebasan untuk masuk dan keluar dari industri
Sifat atau jenis produk – tingkat homogenitas
(similarity) dari produk dalam industri (dapat diperluas
kepada produk mana yang dapat dianggap sebagai
barang substitusi untuk barang lainnya)
Representasi secara diagram– the shape of the demand
curve, etc.
Struktur Pasar
Perfect
Competition
Pure
Monopoly
More competitive (fewer imperfections)
Less competitive (greater degree
of imperfection)
Struktur Pasar
Pure
Monopoly
Perfect
Competition
Monopolistic Competition
Oligopoly
Duopoly Monopoly
The further right on the scale, the greater the degree
of monopoly power exercised by the firm.
Persaiangan Sempurna (Perfect
Competition)
• Satu Kondisi ekstrim dalam spektrum Struktur
Market
• Karakteristik:
Jumlah Perusahaan sangat banyak
Produk-produknya homogen (identik) – Konsumen tidak
mempunyai alasan untuk mempunyai kecenderungan
kepada perusahaan tertentu
Mempunyai kebebasan untuk masuk dan keluar dari
industri yang tinggi
Perusahaan adalah price takers – tidak mempunyai
kendali atas harga yang mereka tetapkan untuk produk
Setiap produsen men-supply proporsi yang sangat kecil
terhadap Total Output dalam industry
Konsumen dan Produsen mempunyai memiliki
pengetahuan yang lengkap dan sempurna tentang
pasar
Persaiangan Sempurna (Perfect
Competition)
At this output the firm
is making normal profit.
This
is a long of
run
Given
the assumption
profit
equilibrium
position.
maximisation,
the firm
produces
Diagrammatic representation
Cost/Revenue
MC
AC
Theisindustry
The
the
costprice
of =isMR
at
anMC
output
where
MC
determined
by the
producing
additional
(Q1).
output
level
is demand
a is the
TheThis
average
cost
curve
and
supply
ofoutput.
the industry
(marginal)
units
of
It
fraction
of
the
total
industry
standard ‘U’ – shaped curve.
as
a
whole.
The
firm
is a
falls
at
first
(due
to
the
law
supply.
MC cuts the AC curve at of
its
very small
supplier
diminishing
returns)
thenofwithin
rises
lowest point
because
the
the industry
and has no
asmathematical
output
rises. relationship
control over price. They will
between marginal and average
sell each extra unit for the
values.
same price. Price therefore
= MR and AR
P = MR = AR
Q1
Output/Sales
Persaiangan Sempurna (Perfect
Competition)
Diagrammatic representation
Cost/Revenue
MC
MC1
AC
AC1
AC1
Because the model assumes
perfect
knowledge,
thecosts
firm
Now
Average
The
assume
lower
and Marginal
aAC
firmand
makes
MC
would
gains
the
advantage
for
only
some
could
imply
be
form
expected
that
of modification
the firm
to be
is now
to a
short
time
before
others
copy
its
lower
product
but
price,
or
gains
in the
some
short
earning
abnormal
profit
the
idea
or
are
attracted
tobythe
form(AR>AC)
run,
remains
of cost advantage
the
represented
same. (say
athe
industry
by
the
existence
of
new grey
production
area. method).
abnormal
If new firms
What
wouldprofit.
happen?
enter the industry, supply will
increase, price will fall and the
firm will be left making normal
profit once again.
P = MR = AR
Abnormal profit
P1 = MR1 = AR1
Q1
Q2
Output/Sales
Struktur Pasar
Pure
Monopoly
Perfect
Competition
Monopolistic Competition
The further right on the scale, the greater the degree
of monopoly power exercised by the firm.
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
• Bilamana kondisi dari ‘Perfect Competition’
tidak dipenuhi, maka kondisi ‘imperfect
competition’
• Beragam kondisi ‘imperfection’ menyebabkan
beragamnya struktur pasar
• Monopolistic competition merupakan salah
satu bentuk ‘Imperfect Competition’ – Berbeda
dengan pengertian monopoly!
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
• Karakteristik:
Sejumlah besar perusahaan independen
berkompetisi
Masing-masing perusahaan menghasilkan
sebuah ‘differentiated product’.
Perusahaan berkompetisi pada Kualitas
produk, Harga, dan pemasaran.
Perusahaan bebas untuk masuk dan keluar
industri.
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
Implications for the diagram:
MC
Cost/Revenue
AC
£1.00
Abnormal Profit
£0.60
MR
Q1
We
assume
that
the and
firm
The
If
This
the
demand
isfirm
Since
a short
produces
curve
therun
additional
facing
equilibrium
Q1
produces
where
MR
the
sells
position
firm
each
revenue
will
forunit
be
a firm
downward
for
received
in
£1.00
a =from
onMC
(profit
maximising
output).
Marginal
Cost
andfalls,
sloping
average
monopolistic
and
with
represents
market
thesold
cost
(on the
each
unit
At
this
output
level,
AR>AC
Average
Cost
will
bebeing
thethe
the
average)
structure.
AR
MR
earned
for
curve
each
from
lies
unit
sales.
under
and
the
firm
makes
same
shape.
However,
60p, the
ARfirm
curve.
will make 40p x
profit
(the grey
because
the
products
Q1 abnormal
in abnormal
profit.
shaded
area).
are differentiated in
some way, the firm will
only be able to sell
extra output by lowering
price.
D (AR)
Output / Sales
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
Implications for the diagram:
Cost/Revenue
MC
AC
MR1
MR
Q1
AR1
D (AR)
Output / Sales
Because there is relative
freedom of entry and exit
into the market, new
firms will enter
encouraged by the
existence of abnormal
profits. New entrants will
increase supply causing
price to fall. As price falls,
the AR and MR curves
shift inwards as revenue
from each sale is now
less.
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
Implications for the diagram:
Cost/Revenue
MC
AC
AR = AC
MR1
Q2
MR
Q1
AR1
D (AR)
Output / Sales
Notice that the existence
of more substitutes makes
the new AR (D) curve
more price elastic. The
firm reduces output to a
point where MC = MR
(Q2). At this output AR =
AC and the firm will make
normal profit.
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
Implications for the diagram:
Cost/Revenue
MC
AC
AR = AC
MR1
Q2
MR
Q1
AR1
D (AR)
Output / Sales
Notice that the existence
of more substitutes makes
the new AR (D) curve
more price elastic. The
firm reduces output to a
point where MC = MR
(Q2). At this output AR =
AC and the firm will make
normal profit.
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
Implications for the diagram:
Cost/Revenue
MC
AC
AR = AC
MR1
Q2
AR1
Output / Sales
This is the long run
equilibrium position
of a firm in monopolistic
competition.
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Restaurants
Plumbers/electricians/local builders
Solicitors
Private schools
Plant hire firms
Insurance brokers
Health clubs
Hairdressers
Funeral directors
Estate agents
Damp proofing control firms
Struktur Pasar
Pure
Monopoly
Perfect
Competition
Oligopoly
The further right on the scale, the greater the degree
of monopoly power exercised by the firm.
Oligopoly
• Kompetisi diantara sejumlah kecil Perusahaan
Mungkin terdapat sejumlah besar perusahaan
di industri namun didominasi oleh sejumlah
kecil perusahaan yang menjadi produsen
sangat besar
• Pengkonsentrasian Rasio – Proporsi dari Total
penjualan (saham) dipegang oleh 3,4,5,
perusahaan dst:
4 perusahaan menguasai 75%
penjualan/saham dalam industri
Oligopoly
• Example:
• Music sales –
The music industry has
a 5-firm concentration
ratio of 75%.
Independents make up
25% of the market but
there could be many
thousands of firms that
make up this
‘independents’ group.
An oligopolistic market
structure therefore
may have many firms
in the industry but it is
dominated by a few
large sellers.
Oligopoly
Gambaran Struktur Pasar Oligoply:
• Harga relatif stabil di keseluruhan industri
• Berpotensi terjadi kolusi
• Perilaku perusahaan dipengaruhi oleh sikap
mereka kepada saingannya – interdependence of
firms
• Barang dapat homogenous or highly
differentiated
• Branding dan brand loyalty dapat menjadi
sumber potensial dari competitive advantage
• Non-price competition dapat terjadi
• Game theory dapat digunakan untuk
menjelaskan beberapa perilaku perusahaan
• High barriers to entry
Oligopoly
Price
The kinked demand curve - an explanation for price stability?
The
Assume
The
If the
principle
firm
firm
the
therefore,
seeks
firm
of the
istocharging
effectively
kinked
lower its
demand
aprice
faces
pricetoof
£5
a
gain
‘kinked
and
curve
a producing
competitive
demand
rests onan
curve’
the
advantage,
output
principle
forcing
of 100.
its
it to
rivals
maintain
that:
follow
ato
stable
suit.
Any
or
rigid
gains
pricing
it makes
will
Ifwill
it chose
raise
price
above
£5, its
structure.
quickly
be
Oligopolistic
lost
and
the
firms
%
change
may
in
rivalsIf would
follow
suit and
a.
a firm not
raises
its price,
its the firm
overcome
demand
this
be
byan
smaller
engaging
than
in the
non-%
effectively
rivals will
will
faces
not
follow
elastic
suit
demand
price
reduction
competition.
in
price
–
total
revenue
curveIf for
its product
(consumers
b.
firm
lowers
its would
wouldaagain
fall as its
theprice,
firm now
faces
buy from
the
cheaper
rivals).
The %
rivals
will
all
do
the
same
a relatively
inelastic
demand
curve.
change
in demand
would
be greater
£5
than the % change in price and TR
would fall.
Total
Revenue B
Total Revenue A
Total Revenue B
Kinked D Curve
D = elastic
D = Inelastic
100
Quantity
Struktur Pasar
Pure
Monopoly
Perfect
Competition
Duopoly
The further right on the scale, the greater the degree
of monopoly power exercised by the firm.
Duopoly
Struktur Pasar dimana industri didominasi oleh 2
(dua) produsen besar:
• Kolusi mungkin terjadi
• Price leadership oleh dua perusahaan terbesar
mungkin terjadi – perusahaan yg lebih kecil
mengikuti harga dari perusahaan yang lebih
besar
• Highly interdependent
• Hambatan masuk industri sangat besar (High
barriers to entry)
Struktur Pasar
Pure
Monopoly
Perfect
Competition
Monopoly
The further right on the scale, the greater the degree
of monopoly power exercised by the firm.
Monoply
• Pure monopoly – Jika hanya satu produsen
yang ada dalam industri
• Pada kenyataannya, sangat jarang ada – selalu
ada tersedia barang substitusi!
• Monopoly ada, Jika satu perusahaan
mendominasi pasar
• Perusahaan dapat disebut untuk contoh
Monopoly jika memiliki saham di industri
melebihi 25%
Monoply
• Monopoly power – merujuk kepada kasus
dimana perusahaan mempengaruhi pasar
melalui beberapa cara dalam perialkunya :
Mempengaruhi harga
Mempengaruhi output
Meningkatkan barriers to entry
Pricing strategies menghambat kompetisi
Mugkin tidak bermotif memaksimumkan profit
– menghambat perusahaan yang tidak terlaly
tertarik masuk ke pasar
Terkadang terlihat dalam kondisi atau kasus
market failure
Monoply
Costs / Revenue
MC
£7.00
AC
Monopoly
Profit
This(D)
AR
Given
isthe
both
curve
barriers
the
forshort
a to
monopolist
entry,
run and
likely
the
long
monopolist
run
to be
equilibrium
relatively
will be
position
price
able to
inelastic.
exploit
for
a monopoly
abnormal
Output assumed
profits in the
to
be atrun
long
profit
as maximising
entry to the output
(note caution
market
is restricted.
here – not all
monopolists may aim
for profit maximisation!)
£3.00
MR
Q1
AR
Output / Sales
Monoply
Welfare
implications of
monopolies
Costs / Revenue
MC
£7
AC
Loss of consumer
surplus
£3
AR
MR
Q2
A
look
back
at
the
diagram
for
The
The
higher
price
monopoly
in
price
a competitive
price
and
lower
would be
perfect
competition
will
reveal
output
market
£7
permeans
unit
would
with
that
beoutput
£3
consumer
with
levels
that
inatis
equilibrium,
price will by
be
surplus
lower
Q2.
reduced,
output
levels
at Q1.indicated
equal
to
the
MC
of
production.
the
shaded
Ongrey
the face
of it,area.
consumers
We
can
look
therefore
a
face higher prices and at
less
comparison
of the differences
choice in monopoly
conditions
between
price
and
output
in a
compared to more competitive
competitive
situation
environments.
compared to a monopoly.
Q1
Output / Sales
Monoply
Welfare
implications of
monopolies
Costs / Revenue
MC
£7
AC
Gain in producer
surplus
The monopolist will benefit
be
affected
from
additional
by a loss
producer
of producer
surplus equal
showntobythe
thegrey
grey
triangle but……..
shaded
rectangle.
£3
AR
MR
Q2
Q1
Output / Sales
Monoply
Welfare
implications of
monopolies
Costs / Revenue
MC
£7
AC
The value of the grey shaded
triangle represents the total
welfare loss to society –
sometimes referred to as
the ‘deadweight welfare loss’.
£3
AR
MR
Q2
Q1
Output / Sales
Catatan Tentang UTS
“Komoditas Strategis
Dikuasai Kelompok”
Pikiran Rakyat – Hal 6
Jum’at, 29 Oktober 2010
Kompetisi Pasar
Hj. Tine Soemartini, Dra., MS.
Tata S. Wirasasmita, S.Si., M.Mgt
01 November 2010
Struktur Pasar
• Market structure – Mengidentifikasi bagaimana
sebuah pasar dibentuk dipandang dari aspek:
Jumlah perusahaan dalam industri
Cara / sifat dari produk dihasilkan
Tingkat kekuatan monopoli yang dimiliki setiap
perusahaan
Tingkat dimana perusahaan dapat mempengaruhi
harga
Tingkat keuntungan
Perilaku Perusahaan – pricing strategies, non-price
competition, output levels
Kondisi barriers to entry
Pengaruh pada efisiensi
Struktur Pasar
• Tingkat Kompetisi dalam pasar akan
berpengaruh kepada konsume – Akankah
bermanfaat atau tidak?
• Struktur Pasar mempengaruhi Kinerja dan
Perilaku perusahaan yang terlibat di dalamnya
Struktur Pasar
• Model Struktur Pasar:
Berkaitan dengan sejumlah ‘model’ ekonomi
Merepresentasikan realitas yang membantu kita
memahami hal mungkin terjadi dalam kehidupan nyata
Terdapat model-model ekstrim yang sepertinya tidak
akan terjadi dalam kenyataannya
Meski demikian, model-model itu masih berharga untuk
membandingkan dengan apa yg terjadi dalam realitas
Model-model tersebut membantu dalam analisis dan
evaluasi – memberikan data benchmark
Struktur Pasar
• Karakteristik masing-masing model:
Jumlah dan besarnya perusahaan yang berada dalam
industri
Peran atau kendali terhadap harga atau output
Kebebasan untuk masuk dan keluar dari industri
Sifat atau jenis produk – tingkat homogenitas
(similarity) dari produk dalam industri (dapat diperluas
kepada produk mana yang dapat dianggap sebagai
barang substitusi untuk barang lainnya)
Representasi secara diagram– the shape of the demand
curve, etc.
Struktur Pasar
Perfect
Competition
Pure
Monopoly
More competitive (fewer imperfections)
Less competitive (greater degree
of imperfection)
Struktur Pasar
Pure
Monopoly
Perfect
Competition
Monopolistic Competition
Oligopoly
Duopoly Monopoly
The further right on the scale, the greater the degree
of monopoly power exercised by the firm.
Persaiangan Sempurna (Perfect
Competition)
• Satu Kondisi ekstrim dalam spektrum Struktur
Market
• Karakteristik:
Jumlah Perusahaan sangat banyak
Produk-produknya homogen (identik) – Konsumen tidak
mempunyai alasan untuk mempunyai kecenderungan
kepada perusahaan tertentu
Mempunyai kebebasan untuk masuk dan keluar dari
industri yang tinggi
Perusahaan adalah price takers – tidak mempunyai
kendali atas harga yang mereka tetapkan untuk produk
Setiap produsen men-supply proporsi yang sangat kecil
terhadap Total Output dalam industry
Konsumen dan Produsen mempunyai memiliki
pengetahuan yang lengkap dan sempurna tentang
pasar
Persaiangan Sempurna (Perfect
Competition)
At this output the firm
is making normal profit.
This
is a long of
run
Given
the assumption
profit
equilibrium
position.
maximisation,
the firm
produces
Diagrammatic representation
Cost/Revenue
MC
AC
Theisindustry
The
the
costprice
of =isMR
at
anMC
output
where
MC
determined
by the
producing
additional
(Q1).
output
level
is demand
a is the
TheThis
average
cost
curve
and
supply
ofoutput.
the industry
(marginal)
units
of
It
fraction
of
the
total
industry
standard ‘U’ – shaped curve.
as
a
whole.
The
firm
is a
falls
at
first
(due
to
the
law
supply.
MC cuts the AC curve at of
its
very small
supplier
diminishing
returns)
thenofwithin
rises
lowest point
because
the
the industry
and has no
asmathematical
output
rises. relationship
control over price. They will
between marginal and average
sell each extra unit for the
values.
same price. Price therefore
= MR and AR
P = MR = AR
Q1
Output/Sales
Persaiangan Sempurna (Perfect
Competition)
Diagrammatic representation
Cost/Revenue
MC
MC1
AC
AC1
AC1
Because the model assumes
perfect
knowledge,
thecosts
firm
Now
Average
The
assume
lower
and Marginal
aAC
firmand
makes
MC
would
gains
the
advantage
for
only
some
could
imply
be
form
expected
that
of modification
the firm
to be
is now
to a
short
time
before
others
copy
its
lower
product
but
price,
or
gains
in the
some
short
earning
abnormal
profit
the
idea
or
are
attracted
tobythe
form(AR>AC)
run,
remains
of cost advantage
the
represented
same. (say
athe
industry
by
the
existence
of
new grey
production
area. method).
abnormal
If new firms
What
wouldprofit.
happen?
enter the industry, supply will
increase, price will fall and the
firm will be left making normal
profit once again.
P = MR = AR
Abnormal profit
P1 = MR1 = AR1
Q1
Q2
Output/Sales
Struktur Pasar
Pure
Monopoly
Perfect
Competition
Monopolistic Competition
The further right on the scale, the greater the degree
of monopoly power exercised by the firm.
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
• Bilamana kondisi dari ‘Perfect Competition’
tidak dipenuhi, maka kondisi ‘imperfect
competition’
• Beragam kondisi ‘imperfection’ menyebabkan
beragamnya struktur pasar
• Monopolistic competition merupakan salah
satu bentuk ‘Imperfect Competition’ – Berbeda
dengan pengertian monopoly!
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
• Karakteristik:
Sejumlah besar perusahaan independen
berkompetisi
Masing-masing perusahaan menghasilkan
sebuah ‘differentiated product’.
Perusahaan berkompetisi pada Kualitas
produk, Harga, dan pemasaran.
Perusahaan bebas untuk masuk dan keluar
industri.
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
Implications for the diagram:
MC
Cost/Revenue
AC
£1.00
Abnormal Profit
£0.60
MR
Q1
We
assume
that
the and
firm
The
If
This
the
demand
isfirm
Since
a short
produces
curve
therun
additional
facing
equilibrium
Q1
produces
where
MR
the
sells
position
firm
each
revenue
will
forunit
be
a firm
downward
for
received
in
£1.00
a =from
onMC
(profit
maximising
output).
Marginal
Cost
andfalls,
sloping
average
monopolistic
and
with
represents
market
thesold
cost
(on the
each
unit
At
this
output
level,
AR>AC
Average
Cost
will
bebeing
thethe
the
average)
structure.
AR
MR
earned
for
curve
each
from
lies
unit
sales.
under
and
the
firm
makes
same
shape.
However,
60p, the
ARfirm
curve.
will make 40p x
profit
(the grey
because
the
products
Q1 abnormal
in abnormal
profit.
shaded
area).
are differentiated in
some way, the firm will
only be able to sell
extra output by lowering
price.
D (AR)
Output / Sales
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
Implications for the diagram:
Cost/Revenue
MC
AC
MR1
MR
Q1
AR1
D (AR)
Output / Sales
Because there is relative
freedom of entry and exit
into the market, new
firms will enter
encouraged by the
existence of abnormal
profits. New entrants will
increase supply causing
price to fall. As price falls,
the AR and MR curves
shift inwards as revenue
from each sale is now
less.
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
Implications for the diagram:
Cost/Revenue
MC
AC
AR = AC
MR1
Q2
MR
Q1
AR1
D (AR)
Output / Sales
Notice that the existence
of more substitutes makes
the new AR (D) curve
more price elastic. The
firm reduces output to a
point where MC = MR
(Q2). At this output AR =
AC and the firm will make
normal profit.
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
Implications for the diagram:
Cost/Revenue
MC
AC
AR = AC
MR1
Q2
MR
Q1
AR1
D (AR)
Output / Sales
Notice that the existence
of more substitutes makes
the new AR (D) curve
more price elastic. The
firm reduces output to a
point where MC = MR
(Q2). At this output AR =
AC and the firm will make
normal profit.
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
Implications for the diagram:
Cost/Revenue
MC
AC
AR = AC
MR1
Q2
AR1
Output / Sales
This is the long run
equilibrium position
of a firm in monopolistic
competition.
Monopolistic or Imperfect Competition
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Restaurants
Plumbers/electricians/local builders
Solicitors
Private schools
Plant hire firms
Insurance brokers
Health clubs
Hairdressers
Funeral directors
Estate agents
Damp proofing control firms
Struktur Pasar
Pure
Monopoly
Perfect
Competition
Oligopoly
The further right on the scale, the greater the degree
of monopoly power exercised by the firm.
Oligopoly
• Kompetisi diantara sejumlah kecil Perusahaan
Mungkin terdapat sejumlah besar perusahaan
di industri namun didominasi oleh sejumlah
kecil perusahaan yang menjadi produsen
sangat besar
• Pengkonsentrasian Rasio – Proporsi dari Total
penjualan (saham) dipegang oleh 3,4,5,
perusahaan dst:
4 perusahaan menguasai 75%
penjualan/saham dalam industri
Oligopoly
• Example:
• Music sales –
The music industry has
a 5-firm concentration
ratio of 75%.
Independents make up
25% of the market but
there could be many
thousands of firms that
make up this
‘independents’ group.
An oligopolistic market
structure therefore
may have many firms
in the industry but it is
dominated by a few
large sellers.
Oligopoly
Gambaran Struktur Pasar Oligoply:
• Harga relatif stabil di keseluruhan industri
• Berpotensi terjadi kolusi
• Perilaku perusahaan dipengaruhi oleh sikap
mereka kepada saingannya – interdependence of
firms
• Barang dapat homogenous or highly
differentiated
• Branding dan brand loyalty dapat menjadi
sumber potensial dari competitive advantage
• Non-price competition dapat terjadi
• Game theory dapat digunakan untuk
menjelaskan beberapa perilaku perusahaan
• High barriers to entry
Oligopoly
Price
The kinked demand curve - an explanation for price stability?
The
Assume
The
If the
principle
firm
firm
the
therefore,
seeks
firm
of the
istocharging
effectively
kinked
lower its
demand
aprice
faces
pricetoof
£5
a
gain
‘kinked
and
curve
a producing
competitive
demand
rests onan
curve’
the
advantage,
output
principle
forcing
of 100.
its
it to
rivals
maintain
that:
follow
ato
stable
suit.
Any
or
rigid
gains
pricing
it makes
will
Ifwill
it chose
raise
price
above
£5, its
structure.
quickly
be
Oligopolistic
lost
and
the
firms
%
change
may
in
rivalsIf would
follow
suit and
a.
a firm not
raises
its price,
its the firm
overcome
demand
this
be
byan
smaller
engaging
than
in the
non-%
effectively
rivals will
will
faces
not
follow
elastic
suit
demand
price
reduction
competition.
in
price
–
total
revenue
curveIf for
its product
(consumers
b.
firm
lowers
its would
wouldaagain
fall as its
theprice,
firm now
faces
buy from
the
cheaper
rivals).
The %
rivals
will
all
do
the
same
a relatively
inelastic
demand
curve.
change
in demand
would
be greater
£5
than the % change in price and TR
would fall.
Total
Revenue B
Total Revenue A
Total Revenue B
Kinked D Curve
D = elastic
D = Inelastic
100
Quantity
Struktur Pasar
Pure
Monopoly
Perfect
Competition
Duopoly
The further right on the scale, the greater the degree
of monopoly power exercised by the firm.
Duopoly
Struktur Pasar dimana industri didominasi oleh 2
(dua) produsen besar:
• Kolusi mungkin terjadi
• Price leadership oleh dua perusahaan terbesar
mungkin terjadi – perusahaan yg lebih kecil
mengikuti harga dari perusahaan yang lebih
besar
• Highly interdependent
• Hambatan masuk industri sangat besar (High
barriers to entry)
Struktur Pasar
Pure
Monopoly
Perfect
Competition
Monopoly
The further right on the scale, the greater the degree
of monopoly power exercised by the firm.
Monoply
• Pure monopoly – Jika hanya satu produsen
yang ada dalam industri
• Pada kenyataannya, sangat jarang ada – selalu
ada tersedia barang substitusi!
• Monopoly ada, Jika satu perusahaan
mendominasi pasar
• Perusahaan dapat disebut untuk contoh
Monopoly jika memiliki saham di industri
melebihi 25%
Monoply
• Monopoly power – merujuk kepada kasus
dimana perusahaan mempengaruhi pasar
melalui beberapa cara dalam perialkunya :
Mempengaruhi harga
Mempengaruhi output
Meningkatkan barriers to entry
Pricing strategies menghambat kompetisi
Mugkin tidak bermotif memaksimumkan profit
– menghambat perusahaan yang tidak terlaly
tertarik masuk ke pasar
Terkadang terlihat dalam kondisi atau kasus
market failure
Monoply
Costs / Revenue
MC
£7.00
AC
Monopoly
Profit
This(D)
AR
Given
isthe
both
curve
barriers
the
forshort
a to
monopolist
entry,
run and
likely
the
long
monopolist
run
to be
equilibrium
relatively
will be
position
price
able to
inelastic.
exploit
for
a monopoly
abnormal
Output assumed
profits in the
to
be atrun
long
profit
as maximising
entry to the output
(note caution
market
is restricted.
here – not all
monopolists may aim
for profit maximisation!)
£3.00
MR
Q1
AR
Output / Sales
Monoply
Welfare
implications of
monopolies
Costs / Revenue
MC
£7
AC
Loss of consumer
surplus
£3
AR
MR
Q2
A
look
back
at
the
diagram
for
The
The
higher
price
monopoly
in
price
a competitive
price
and
lower
would be
perfect
competition
will
reveal
output
market
£7
permeans
unit
would
with
that
beoutput
£3
consumer
with
levels
that
inatis
equilibrium,
price will by
be
surplus
lower
Q2.
reduced,
output
levels
at Q1.indicated
equal
to
the
MC
of
production.
the
shaded
Ongrey
the face
of it,area.
consumers
We
can
look
therefore
a
face higher prices and at
less
comparison
of the differences
choice in monopoly
conditions
between
price
and
output
in a
compared to more competitive
competitive
situation
environments.
compared to a monopoly.
Q1
Output / Sales
Monoply
Welfare
implications of
monopolies
Costs / Revenue
MC
£7
AC
Gain in producer
surplus
The monopolist will benefit
be
affected
from
additional
by a loss
producer
of producer
surplus equal
showntobythe
thegrey
grey
triangle but……..
shaded
rectangle.
£3
AR
MR
Q2
Q1
Output / Sales
Monoply
Welfare
implications of
monopolies
Costs / Revenue
MC
£7
AC
The value of the grey shaded
triangle represents the total
welfare loss to society –
sometimes referred to as
the ‘deadweight welfare loss’.
£3
AR
MR
Q2
Q1
Output / Sales