WOMEN‟S REBELLION IN KHALED HOSSEINI‟S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS: Women’s Rebellion in Khaled Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Sun: A Marxist Approach.
WOMEN‟S REBELLION IN
KHALED HOSSEINI‟S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS:
A MARXIST APPROACH
THESIS
Submitted to the Department of Language Studies
Graduate School of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement
for Degree of Master of Education
Arranged by:
PITOYO MEIYONO
ID No. S 200140065
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE STUDIES
GRADUATE PROGRAM
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2016
i
NOTE OF PRIMARY SUPERVISOR
Dear
The Director of the Graduate Program of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh,
The students submits the thesis for examination:
Name
: Pitoyo Meiyono
ID Number
: S200140065
Department
: Language Studies
Focus
: Literature
Title
: “WOMEN‟S REBELLION IN KHALED HOSSEINI‟S A
THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS: A MARXIST APPROACH”
Supervisor’s Approval
I confirm that the thesis written by the above-named students meets the scholarly
standards for the degree and is therefore eligible to proceed to an examination by
the board of examiners of the Department of Language Studies, the Graduate
School of Universitas Muhammadiyah.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
Surakarta, October 4th, 2016
Primary Supervisor
Dr. M. Thoyibi, MS.
ii
NOTE OF CO-SUPERVISOR
Dear
The Director of the Graduate Program of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh,
The students submits the thesis for examination:
Name
: Pitoyo Meiyono
ID Number
: S200140065
Department
: Language Studies
Focus
: Literature
Title
: “WOMEN‟S REBELLION IN KHALED HOSSEINI‟S A
THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS: A MARXIST APPROACH”
Supervisor’s Approval
I confirm that the thesis written by the above-named students meets the scholarly
standards for the degree and is therefore eligible to proceed to an examination by
the board of examiners of the Department of Language Studies, the Graduate
School of Universitas Muhammadiyah.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
Surakarta, October 4th, 2016
Co-supervisor
Dr. Abdillah Nugroho, M. Hum
iii
A THESIS
WOMEN‟S REBELLION IN
KHALED HOSSEINI‟SS A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS:
A MARXIST APPROACH
Arranged by:
Pitoyo Meiyono
ID No. S 200140065
Approved to be examined by
Primary Supervisor
Co-supervisor
Dr. M. Thoyibi, MS.
Dr. Abdillah Nugroho, M. Hum.
iv
APPROVAL OF THESIS FOR SUBMISSION
THE WOMEN REBELLION IN
KHALED HOSSEINI „S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS:
A MARXIST APPROACH
presented by
Pitoyo Meiyono
S200140065
has been examined for all revisions and corrections recommended
by the board of examiners on July …, 2016
and is certified to be accepted for submission
THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Examiner I
: Dr. M. Thoyibi, MS.
_______________________
Examiner II
: Dr. Abdillah Nugroho, M. Hum.
_______________________
Examiner III : Prof. Dr. M. Thoyibi, MS.
_______________________
Surakarta, July …, 2016
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
The Graduate School Director,
Prof. Dr. Khudzaifah Dimyati
v
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
I hereby confirm that the thesis entitled “WOMEN‟S REBELLION IN A
THOUSAND SPLENDID SUN: A MARXIST APPROACH” is an original and
authentic work written by myself and it has satisfied the rules and regulations of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta with respect to plagiarism. I certify that all
quotations and the sources of information have been fully referred and
acknowledged accordingly.
I confirm that this thesis has not been submitted for the award of any previous
degree in any tertiary institutions in Indonesia or abroad.
Name
: PITOYO MEIYONO
ID Number
: S 200140065
Department
: Language Studies
Field of Study
: Literature
Date
: October 4th, 2016
Signed :
Pitoyo Meiyono
vi
MOTTO
Glory be to YOU, we have no knowledge except what YOU have
taught us. Verily, it is to YOU, the All Knower, the All Wise
(QS 2: 32)
To infinity and beyond !!!
(Buzz LIghtyear; Toy Story the Movie)
Please Manage Yourself!!
(PMy’81)
vii
DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis whole heartedly to:
o My beloved family, especially for my son;
Wiphi Nashat Akram and My Wife; Dewi
Retnowati
o My beloved partners in SMK Negeri 2
Sragen
o My beloved collegemates and everyone
who always feels that s/he still needs
learning
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirobbil‟alamin, first and foremost, I bend my knees to praise
my Lord, Allah SWT for giving me blessing, health, power, inspiration, and
leading me to the completion of this thesis.
There were many parties who were involved in this research. In this
opportunity, I would like to express my gratitude to all parties who have helped
me in finishing this research.
1. Prof. Dr. Bambang Setiaji., the rector of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta,
2. Prof. Dr. H. Khuzaifah Dimyati., the director of the Graduate Program of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
3. Prof. Dr. Markhamah., the head of the Graduate Program of Language
Studies of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
4. Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S., the Primary supervisor, and Dr. Abdillah Nugroho,
M. Hum, the co-supervisor, and also Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum,
M.Ed, the third examiner who gave their time for guidance and assistance
in completing this thesis,
5. All lecturers of the Graduate Program of the English Language Studies of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta who cannot be mentioned one by
one
ix
6. My beloved parents and family, especially my wife; Dewi Retnowati and
my son; Wiphi Nashat Akram who always give me love, support, and pray
for me,
7. My beloved workmates in SMK Negeri 2 Sragen, especially for the
English Team and the Admin Team
8. All of my friends from Class A of English Language Studies of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta 2015, especially for Akh Luqman
and Mbak Nurma and also for Sragentina Crews: Ali Sofyan, Lelly, Tyas,
Azizah and Amin.
9. And everyone who cannot be mentioned one by one for their help and
contribution in finishing this long hard work. Hopefully, God gives his
blessing to them. Amin.
I hope that the current study can give additional information for further
researchers who are interested in conducting a research concerning with
translation studies field.
Surakarta, October 4th, 2016
Pitoyo Meiyono
x
ABSTRACT
Pitoyo Meiyono. (2016). “THE WOMEN‟S REBELLION IN KHALED
HOSSEINI‟S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS: A MARXIST APPROACH”.
Thesis. Graduate Program of Language Studies. Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta.
As one of the literary works, Khaled Hosseini‟s A Thousand Splendid Suns
can be seen as the means to deliver the certain message to the society. The message
can be considered as the author‟s struggle to find equality. Therefore this research
investigates how the women rebellion is described in the novel and what indicators
are stated as the women rebellion. This research belongs to a qualitative study,
which uses two data sources. The primary data source is the novel A Thousand
Splendid Suns itself meanwhile the secondary data sources are any literatures or
previous studies related to the novel. The data from the data sources are collected
in a sort of document as evidence. The findings show that; first, Hosseini describes
the rebellion through the women characters that are subordinated by the men
characters to show the oppression relationship. Second, the novel tells of the
women‟s rebellion actions which are divided into the common rebellion and the
radical one which can be analyzed in the frame of Marxist theory. The last,
Hosseini writes the story from the women‟s point of view in order to raise the
sympathy of the Afghan women.
Keywords:
literary works, Marxist theory, rebellion, women
xi
INTISARI
Pitoyo Meiyono. (2016). “THE WOMEN‟S REBELLION IN KHALED
HOSSEINI„S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS: A MARXIST APPROACH”.
Tesis. Program Pascasarjana Magister Pengkajian Bahasa Inggris. Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Sebagai salah satu karya sastra, novel A Thousand Splendid Suns karya
Khaled Hosseini bisa dilihat sebagai sarana untuk menyampaikan pesan tertentu
kepada masyarakat. Pesan tersebut bisa diangggap sebagai „perjuangan penulis‟
untuk memperoleh kesetaraan. Selanjutnya, penelitian ini mencari bagaimana
pemberontakan kaum wanita dijabarkan didalam nobel tersebut dan indicator apa
saja yang dinyatakan sebagai pemberontakan tersebut. Penelitian ini termasuk
penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan dua sumber data. Sumber data primer
adalah novel A Thousand Splendid Suns itu sendiri sedangkan data sekunderr
adalah berbagai buku atau penelitian – penelitian sebelumnya terhadap novel
tersebut. Berbagai data baik dari data primer maupun sekunder di kumpulkan
dalam bentuk dokumen sebagai bagian pembuktian.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan
hal – hal sebagai berikut; pertama, Hosseini menjabarkan adanya pemberontakan
melalui tokoh – tokoh wanita yang diperbudak oleh tokoh lelaki. Kedua, novel
tersebut bercerita tentang tindakan pemberontakan kaum wanita yang terbagi
menjadi pemberontakan biasa dan pemberontakan radikal (keras) yang bisa
dianalisa berdasarkan teori Marxist. Terakhir, Hosseini menulis cerita berdasarkan
sudut pandang wanita dengan tujuan agar bisa menarik simpati bagi kaum wanita
di Afghanistan.
Kata Kunci:
karya sastra, kaum wanita, pemberontakan, teori Marxist
xii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ...............................................................................................................
i
NOTE OF PRIMARY SUPERVISOR ...........................................................
ii
NOTE OF CO-SUPERVISOR ........................................................................
iii
APPROVAL SHEET ......................................................................................
iv
APPROVAL OF THESIS SUBMISSION…… ...............................................
v
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP .................................................................
vi
MOTTO ...........................................................................................................
vii
DEDICATION . ...............................................................................................
viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..............................................................................
ix
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
xi
INTISARI ........................................................................................................
xii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................
xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .....................................................................
1
A. Background of the Study ..........................................................
1
B. Research Questions...................................................................
5
C. Objectives of the Study. ...........................................................
6
D. Benefits of the Study.... ............................................................
6
E. Research Paper Organization ....................................................
7
CHAPTER II LITERARY REVIEW..............................................................
8
A. Previous Studies .......................................................................
8
xiii
B. Underlying Theory ...................................................................
11
1. The Principles of Marxism ...................................................
11
a. Dialectical Materialism ....................................................
11
b. Historical Materialism .....................................................
12
c. Alienation .........................................................................
12
d. Class Struggle: Class Stratification, Class Consciousness
and Rebellion ...................................................................
13
1) Class Stratification .....................................................
13
2) Class Consciousness ..................................................
14
3) Rebellion and the Women‟s Rebellion ......................
15
e. Revolution: A Classless Society ......................................
17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ..........................................................
19
A. Type of the Study .....................................................................
19
B. Object of the Research ..............................................................
19
C. Type of the Data and Data Source ...........................................
19
1. The Primary Data Source .....................................................
20
2. The Secondary Data Source .................................................
20
D. Technique of the Data Collection.............................................
20
E. Technique of the Data Analysis ................................................
20
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ..........................................
22
A. Main Findings...........................................................................
22
1. Profile ...................................................................................
22
a. Nana .................................................................................
23
xiv
b. Mariam .............................................................................
25
c. Laila ................................................................................
27
2. Characters, Diction and Style ..............................................
28
3. Indicators of the Rebellion against Patriarchal Culture ......
30
a. Yelling..............................................................................
31
b. Enduring .........................................................................
32
c. Educating Oneself ............................................................
33
d. Getting Marriage ..............................................................
34
e. Having Pregnancy ............................................................
36
f. Acting Radically ...............................................................
37
1) Leaving Mother for the Father ...................................
37
2) Committing Suicide ...................................................
37
3) Protecting Fellow Woman from Man‟s Violence ......
38
4) Taking Away the Oppressor ......................................
39
5) Escaping to Live Together with the Loved One ........
40
B. Text and Context ......................................................................
40
1. Text .....................................................................................
41
2. Context ................................................................................
44
a. Reign of Soviets ...............................................................
44
b. Reign of Mujahideen .......................................................
45
c. Reign of Talibans .............................................................
46
1) Expulsion of Education and Health ...........................
46
2) Gender Apartheid.......................................................
48
xv
3) Dismissal of Mobility ................................................
49
4) Eviction of Employment ............................................
50
C. Discussion.................................................................................
51
D. Khaled Hosseini‟s Concern of Women Rebellion ...................
52
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION .........................................................................
56
A. Conclusion ................................................................................
56
B. Suggestion ................................................................................
57
C. Pedagogical Implication ...........................................................
58
BIBLIOGRAPHIES .........................................................................................
59
APPENDIXES .................................................................................................
63
xvi
KHALED HOSSEINI‟S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS:
A MARXIST APPROACH
THESIS
Submitted to the Department of Language Studies
Graduate School of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement
for Degree of Master of Education
Arranged by:
PITOYO MEIYONO
ID No. S 200140065
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE STUDIES
GRADUATE PROGRAM
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2016
i
NOTE OF PRIMARY SUPERVISOR
Dear
The Director of the Graduate Program of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh,
The students submits the thesis for examination:
Name
: Pitoyo Meiyono
ID Number
: S200140065
Department
: Language Studies
Focus
: Literature
Title
: “WOMEN‟S REBELLION IN KHALED HOSSEINI‟S A
THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS: A MARXIST APPROACH”
Supervisor’s Approval
I confirm that the thesis written by the above-named students meets the scholarly
standards for the degree and is therefore eligible to proceed to an examination by
the board of examiners of the Department of Language Studies, the Graduate
School of Universitas Muhammadiyah.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
Surakarta, October 4th, 2016
Primary Supervisor
Dr. M. Thoyibi, MS.
ii
NOTE OF CO-SUPERVISOR
Dear
The Director of the Graduate Program of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh,
The students submits the thesis for examination:
Name
: Pitoyo Meiyono
ID Number
: S200140065
Department
: Language Studies
Focus
: Literature
Title
: “WOMEN‟S REBELLION IN KHALED HOSSEINI‟S A
THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS: A MARXIST APPROACH”
Supervisor’s Approval
I confirm that the thesis written by the above-named students meets the scholarly
standards for the degree and is therefore eligible to proceed to an examination by
the board of examiners of the Department of Language Studies, the Graduate
School of Universitas Muhammadiyah.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
Surakarta, October 4th, 2016
Co-supervisor
Dr. Abdillah Nugroho, M. Hum
iii
A THESIS
WOMEN‟S REBELLION IN
KHALED HOSSEINI‟SS A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS:
A MARXIST APPROACH
Arranged by:
Pitoyo Meiyono
ID No. S 200140065
Approved to be examined by
Primary Supervisor
Co-supervisor
Dr. M. Thoyibi, MS.
Dr. Abdillah Nugroho, M. Hum.
iv
APPROVAL OF THESIS FOR SUBMISSION
THE WOMEN REBELLION IN
KHALED HOSSEINI „S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS:
A MARXIST APPROACH
presented by
Pitoyo Meiyono
S200140065
has been examined for all revisions and corrections recommended
by the board of examiners on July …, 2016
and is certified to be accepted for submission
THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Examiner I
: Dr. M. Thoyibi, MS.
_______________________
Examiner II
: Dr. Abdillah Nugroho, M. Hum.
_______________________
Examiner III : Prof. Dr. M. Thoyibi, MS.
_______________________
Surakarta, July …, 2016
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
The Graduate School Director,
Prof. Dr. Khudzaifah Dimyati
v
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
I hereby confirm that the thesis entitled “WOMEN‟S REBELLION IN A
THOUSAND SPLENDID SUN: A MARXIST APPROACH” is an original and
authentic work written by myself and it has satisfied the rules and regulations of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta with respect to plagiarism. I certify that all
quotations and the sources of information have been fully referred and
acknowledged accordingly.
I confirm that this thesis has not been submitted for the award of any previous
degree in any tertiary institutions in Indonesia or abroad.
Name
: PITOYO MEIYONO
ID Number
: S 200140065
Department
: Language Studies
Field of Study
: Literature
Date
: October 4th, 2016
Signed :
Pitoyo Meiyono
vi
MOTTO
Glory be to YOU, we have no knowledge except what YOU have
taught us. Verily, it is to YOU, the All Knower, the All Wise
(QS 2: 32)
To infinity and beyond !!!
(Buzz LIghtyear; Toy Story the Movie)
Please Manage Yourself!!
(PMy’81)
vii
DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis whole heartedly to:
o My beloved family, especially for my son;
Wiphi Nashat Akram and My Wife; Dewi
Retnowati
o My beloved partners in SMK Negeri 2
Sragen
o My beloved collegemates and everyone
who always feels that s/he still needs
learning
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirobbil‟alamin, first and foremost, I bend my knees to praise
my Lord, Allah SWT for giving me blessing, health, power, inspiration, and
leading me to the completion of this thesis.
There were many parties who were involved in this research. In this
opportunity, I would like to express my gratitude to all parties who have helped
me in finishing this research.
1. Prof. Dr. Bambang Setiaji., the rector of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta,
2. Prof. Dr. H. Khuzaifah Dimyati., the director of the Graduate Program of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
3. Prof. Dr. Markhamah., the head of the Graduate Program of Language
Studies of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
4. Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S., the Primary supervisor, and Dr. Abdillah Nugroho,
M. Hum, the co-supervisor, and also Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum,
M.Ed, the third examiner who gave their time for guidance and assistance
in completing this thesis,
5. All lecturers of the Graduate Program of the English Language Studies of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta who cannot be mentioned one by
one
ix
6. My beloved parents and family, especially my wife; Dewi Retnowati and
my son; Wiphi Nashat Akram who always give me love, support, and pray
for me,
7. My beloved workmates in SMK Negeri 2 Sragen, especially for the
English Team and the Admin Team
8. All of my friends from Class A of English Language Studies of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta 2015, especially for Akh Luqman
and Mbak Nurma and also for Sragentina Crews: Ali Sofyan, Lelly, Tyas,
Azizah and Amin.
9. And everyone who cannot be mentioned one by one for their help and
contribution in finishing this long hard work. Hopefully, God gives his
blessing to them. Amin.
I hope that the current study can give additional information for further
researchers who are interested in conducting a research concerning with
translation studies field.
Surakarta, October 4th, 2016
Pitoyo Meiyono
x
ABSTRACT
Pitoyo Meiyono. (2016). “THE WOMEN‟S REBELLION IN KHALED
HOSSEINI‟S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS: A MARXIST APPROACH”.
Thesis. Graduate Program of Language Studies. Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta.
As one of the literary works, Khaled Hosseini‟s A Thousand Splendid Suns
can be seen as the means to deliver the certain message to the society. The message
can be considered as the author‟s struggle to find equality. Therefore this research
investigates how the women rebellion is described in the novel and what indicators
are stated as the women rebellion. This research belongs to a qualitative study,
which uses two data sources. The primary data source is the novel A Thousand
Splendid Suns itself meanwhile the secondary data sources are any literatures or
previous studies related to the novel. The data from the data sources are collected
in a sort of document as evidence. The findings show that; first, Hosseini describes
the rebellion through the women characters that are subordinated by the men
characters to show the oppression relationship. Second, the novel tells of the
women‟s rebellion actions which are divided into the common rebellion and the
radical one which can be analyzed in the frame of Marxist theory. The last,
Hosseini writes the story from the women‟s point of view in order to raise the
sympathy of the Afghan women.
Keywords:
literary works, Marxist theory, rebellion, women
xi
INTISARI
Pitoyo Meiyono. (2016). “THE WOMEN‟S REBELLION IN KHALED
HOSSEINI„S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS: A MARXIST APPROACH”.
Tesis. Program Pascasarjana Magister Pengkajian Bahasa Inggris. Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Sebagai salah satu karya sastra, novel A Thousand Splendid Suns karya
Khaled Hosseini bisa dilihat sebagai sarana untuk menyampaikan pesan tertentu
kepada masyarakat. Pesan tersebut bisa diangggap sebagai „perjuangan penulis‟
untuk memperoleh kesetaraan. Selanjutnya, penelitian ini mencari bagaimana
pemberontakan kaum wanita dijabarkan didalam nobel tersebut dan indicator apa
saja yang dinyatakan sebagai pemberontakan tersebut. Penelitian ini termasuk
penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan dua sumber data. Sumber data primer
adalah novel A Thousand Splendid Suns itu sendiri sedangkan data sekunderr
adalah berbagai buku atau penelitian – penelitian sebelumnya terhadap novel
tersebut. Berbagai data baik dari data primer maupun sekunder di kumpulkan
dalam bentuk dokumen sebagai bagian pembuktian.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan
hal – hal sebagai berikut; pertama, Hosseini menjabarkan adanya pemberontakan
melalui tokoh – tokoh wanita yang diperbudak oleh tokoh lelaki. Kedua, novel
tersebut bercerita tentang tindakan pemberontakan kaum wanita yang terbagi
menjadi pemberontakan biasa dan pemberontakan radikal (keras) yang bisa
dianalisa berdasarkan teori Marxist. Terakhir, Hosseini menulis cerita berdasarkan
sudut pandang wanita dengan tujuan agar bisa menarik simpati bagi kaum wanita
di Afghanistan.
Kata Kunci:
karya sastra, kaum wanita, pemberontakan, teori Marxist
xii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ...............................................................................................................
i
NOTE OF PRIMARY SUPERVISOR ...........................................................
ii
NOTE OF CO-SUPERVISOR ........................................................................
iii
APPROVAL SHEET ......................................................................................
iv
APPROVAL OF THESIS SUBMISSION…… ...............................................
v
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP .................................................................
vi
MOTTO ...........................................................................................................
vii
DEDICATION . ...............................................................................................
viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..............................................................................
ix
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
xi
INTISARI ........................................................................................................
xii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................
xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .....................................................................
1
A. Background of the Study ..........................................................
1
B. Research Questions...................................................................
5
C. Objectives of the Study. ...........................................................
6
D. Benefits of the Study.... ............................................................
6
E. Research Paper Organization ....................................................
7
CHAPTER II LITERARY REVIEW..............................................................
8
A. Previous Studies .......................................................................
8
xiii
B. Underlying Theory ...................................................................
11
1. The Principles of Marxism ...................................................
11
a. Dialectical Materialism ....................................................
11
b. Historical Materialism .....................................................
12
c. Alienation .........................................................................
12
d. Class Struggle: Class Stratification, Class Consciousness
and Rebellion ...................................................................
13
1) Class Stratification .....................................................
13
2) Class Consciousness ..................................................
14
3) Rebellion and the Women‟s Rebellion ......................
15
e. Revolution: A Classless Society ......................................
17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ..........................................................
19
A. Type of the Study .....................................................................
19
B. Object of the Research ..............................................................
19
C. Type of the Data and Data Source ...........................................
19
1. The Primary Data Source .....................................................
20
2. The Secondary Data Source .................................................
20
D. Technique of the Data Collection.............................................
20
E. Technique of the Data Analysis ................................................
20
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ..........................................
22
A. Main Findings...........................................................................
22
1. Profile ...................................................................................
22
a. Nana .................................................................................
23
xiv
b. Mariam .............................................................................
25
c. Laila ................................................................................
27
2. Characters, Diction and Style ..............................................
28
3. Indicators of the Rebellion against Patriarchal Culture ......
30
a. Yelling..............................................................................
31
b. Enduring .........................................................................
32
c. Educating Oneself ............................................................
33
d. Getting Marriage ..............................................................
34
e. Having Pregnancy ............................................................
36
f. Acting Radically ...............................................................
37
1) Leaving Mother for the Father ...................................
37
2) Committing Suicide ...................................................
37
3) Protecting Fellow Woman from Man‟s Violence ......
38
4) Taking Away the Oppressor ......................................
39
5) Escaping to Live Together with the Loved One ........
40
B. Text and Context ......................................................................
40
1. Text .....................................................................................
41
2. Context ................................................................................
44
a. Reign of Soviets ...............................................................
44
b. Reign of Mujahideen .......................................................
45
c. Reign of Talibans .............................................................
46
1) Expulsion of Education and Health ...........................
46
2) Gender Apartheid.......................................................
48
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3) Dismissal of Mobility ................................................
49
4) Eviction of Employment ............................................
50
C. Discussion.................................................................................
51
D. Khaled Hosseini‟s Concern of Women Rebellion ...................
52
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION .........................................................................
56
A. Conclusion ................................................................................
56
B. Suggestion ................................................................................
57
C. Pedagogical Implication ...........................................................
58
BIBLIOGRAPHIES .........................................................................................
59
APPENDIXES .................................................................................................
63
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