ETHNICITY IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S NOVELS (THE KITE Ethnicity In Khaled Hosseini’s Novels (The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns, Andand The Mountain Echoed): A Sociological Approach.
ETHNICITY IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S NOVELS (THE KITE
RUNNER, A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS, ANDAND THE
MOUNTAIN ECHOED): A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfilment of Requirements for
Getting Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department
by:
DIAN RATNA PERTIWI
A320120172
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2016
TESTIMONY
I am the researcher, signed the statement below:
Name
: Dian Ratna Pertiwi
NIM
: A320120172
Study Program
: Department of English Education
Title
: ETHNICITY IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S NOVELS (THE
KITE RUNNER, A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS, AND
AND THE MOUNTAIN ECHOED): A SOCIOLOGICAL
APPROACH
Herewith, I testify that there is no plagiarism in this Research Paper. As
far as I know, there is no literary work that has been raised to obtain bachelor degree
of university. Nor there are option masterpiece that has been written or published by
others, except those in which the writing are referred manuscript and mentioned in
the literary review and bibliography.
Hence, later, if it proves that there are some untrue statements in this
testimony, I will hold fully responsible.
Surakarta, 11th of August, 2016
The researcher
DIAN RATNA PERTIWI
A320120172
ii
APPROVAL
ETHNICITY IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S NOVELS(THE KITE RUNNER, A
THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS, ANDAND THE MOUNTAIN ECHOED): A
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
RESEARCH PAPER
By:
DIAN RATNA PERTIWI
A320120172
Approved to be examined by,
Consultant I
Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S.
NIK. 410
iii
ACCEPTANCE
ETHNICITY IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S NOVELS (THE KITE RUNNER, A
THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS, AND AND THE MOUNTAIN ECHOED: A
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
by:
DIAN RATNA PERTIWI
A320120172
Accepted by the Board of Examiners
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
on Augustus 2016
The Board of Examiners:
1. Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S.
(Chair Person)
(…………………..…)
2. Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M.Ed
(Member I)
(……………………..)
3. Titis Setyabudi S.S., M.Hum
(Member II)
(……………………..)
Dean,
Prof. Dr. HarunJokoPrayitno, M.Hum
NIP. 1965 04 28 1993 03 1001
iv
MOTTO
“The best way out is always through.”
(Robert Frost)
“Take the first step in faith. You don’t have to see the whole staircase,
just take the first step.”
(Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.)
“Feel the fear and do it anyway.”
(Tamara Mellon)
“No fear. No tears. No cry. Stay strong and always smile.”
v
DEDICATION
I dedicated this research paper to:
My beloved mother Karti and my father Suliyo who always pray for my success
and supporting me.
My beloved brother ArifPermana Putra and DwiJunianti Lestari.
vi
ABSTRACT
Dian Ratna Pertiwi. A320120172. ETHNICITY IN KHALED
HOSSEINI’S NOVELS (THE KITE RUNNER, A THOUSAND
SPLENDID SUNS, ANDAND THE MOUNTAIN ECHOED): A
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH. Research Paper. School of Teacher
Training and Education. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Augustus, 2016.
This study is about ethnicity in Khaled Hosseini’s novels entitled The
Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns, and And The Mountain Echoed.
The novels are analyzed by using Sociological approach. The objectives
of this study are to find out the ethnic identity in ethnicity, the types of
ethnic, and the researcher concerns about ethnicity in society especially
in Afghanistan. This research belongs to qualitative research. The
primary data of this study are The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid
Suns and And The Mountain Echoed by Khaled Hosseini novels. The
secondary data of this study are taken from literary books, virtual sources
and other sources that related to the issue of ethnicity. This study comes
to conclusions as follows; first, four indicators indicate ethnic identity,
the language, the religion, the physical traits and the fashion style.
Second, the types of ethnicity is described in four types, primary and
secondary ethnic group, the folk-community and nationality-community
ethnic group, the majority and minority ethnic group, also the young and
old ethnic group. Third, Khaled Hosseini has a concern for the suffering
of Afghan people. He concerns about the oppression based on ethnicity,
race or gender. Hosseini shows his hand to the minority ethnic group in
Afghanistan, he gives the critique of the war that never ended, poverty
and famine because of war caused death. He wants to promote gender
and ethnic equality in Afghanistan.
Keywords: Ethnicity, The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns, And
The Mountain Echoed, Language, Religion, Physical Traits, Fashion
Style
vii
ABSTRAK
Dian Ratna Pertiwi. A320120172. ETHNICITY IN KHALED
HOSSEINI’S NOVELS (THE KITE RUNNER, A THOUSAND
SPLENDID SUNS, AND AND THE MOUNTAIN ECHOED): A
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH. Skripsi. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
Pendidikan. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Agustus, 2016.
Penelitian ini membahas tentang etnik di dalam novel karya Khaled
Hosseini yang berjudul The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns dan
And The Mountain Echoed yang dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan
Sosiologi. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mengetahui identitas etnik,
jenis etnik, dan keprihatinan penulis tentang etnisitan terutama pada
Masyarakat Afghanistan. Penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian
kualitatif. Data primer dari penelitian ini adalah novel The Kite Runner, A
thousand Splendid Suns dan And The Mountain Echoed oleh Khaled
Hosseini. Data sekunder dari penelitian ini diambil dari, buku sastra,
suber virtual, dan sumber lain yang terkait dengan isu etnis. Kesimpulan
dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut. Pertama, ada empat indikator
yang menunjukkan identitas etnis yaitu bahasa, agama, ciri-ciri fisik dan
gaya berpakaian. Kedua, ada empat jenis etnis yang dideskripsikan yaitu
kelompok etnis primer dan sekunder, kelompok etnis rakyat-masyarakat
dan masyarakat kebangsaan, kelompok masyarkat mayoritas dan
minoritas, serta kelompok etnis tua dan muda. Ketiga, Khaled Hosseini
memiliki kepedulian terhadap penderitaan masyarakat Afghanistan. Dia
prihatin dengan penindasan berdasarkan etnis, rasa atau gender yang
terjadi. Hosseini menunjukkan kepeduliannya terhadap kelompok etnik
minoritas yang ada di Afghanistan, dia mengkritik perang yang tidak
pernah berakhir, kemiskinan dan kelaparan karena perang yang
mengakibatkan kematian. Khaled Hosseini mendukung kesetaraan
gender dan etnis yang ada di Afghanistan.
Kata Kunci: Etnisitas, The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns, And
The Mountain Echoed, bahasa, agama, ciri-ciri fisik, gaya
berpakaian
viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
AssalamualaikumWarahmatullahiWabarakatu
Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alaamiin, all praises belong to Allah
SubhanallahuwaTa’ala who established me to complete this research paper and had
given me dreams to look forward to. Uncountable appreciation and deepest gratitude
for support and encouragement are dedicated particularly to the certain people or
groups who in one way or another have directly or indirectly contributed in finishing
this research paper:
1. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M.Hum, the Dean of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta who has given the
legalization towards this research paper.
2. MaulyHalwatHikmat, Ph.D, the Head of English Department for the agreement
of finishing this research paper.
3. Dr. M. Thoyibi. M.S., the first consultant who has supported and gave the
researcher guidance patiently to do this research by giving the best advice and
suggestions, so the researcher can enrich her knowledge about literature.
4. Dr. Phil. Dewi Chandraningrum, S.Pd., M.Ed., as the academic consultant who
has given the researcher guidance and she is the amazing woman who I ever
met.
5. All the lecturers in English Department in Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta. I could not have done this without you. Thank you for all of your
support along the way.
6. My beloved parents (Bapak Suliyo and Ibu Karti), thank for your endless love,
prayers, and support to do this research paper.
7. My beloved brother Arif Permana Putra and Dwi Junianti Lestari who have
given me support, care, and prayers.
8. All of my big family who gives a lot of supporting contributions in my
education.
9. Thanks to Adi Prima Desma, Dyah Ayu Kusuma Wardani, Endah Dwi
Sulistyowati, Indra Yudha Setiawan, Kartika Candra Dewi, Rosin Novaditya
Nur Wahid, and Yoppy Probo Utomo. Thanks for support and encouragement
during the past four years of our bachelor degree journey.
10. The decade team and, who has given the best performance of drama and the
other precious moments during and after drama.
11. I also thank to my team PPL-ESMUDELA, who are indeed treasures from Allah
SWT. Thanks for the amazing 2,5 months of our togetherness. I hope our
togetherness will last forever.
12. To my best friends from another mother Riia Agustina Marheni and Utami
Darma Periwi who always give me smile and happiness.
ix
13. To my boarding house partners for the four years past, Ratna Sari, Mega, Mb
Sir, Mb Tari, Mb Anjar, Mb Oen, Lupita, Harlina, Kak Tata, you are my new
sister and family. Hopefully our friendship will always exist.
14. To my lovely friends Devi, Rihilda, Maulidya, Tria Aprilia, May, Marselina,
Intan, Afrel, Ajeng, Eva see you on top guys.
15. All of parties who cannot mentioned one by one, who have support me a lot.
The researcher realizes that this research paper is far from being perfect.
She hopes that this research paper would be valuable for the readers, suggestion and
criticisms are expected.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ................................................................................................................
TESTIMONY ....................................................................................................
APPROVAL ......................................................................................................
ACCEPTANCE .................................................................................................
MOTTO .............................................................................................................
DEDICATION ...................................................................................................
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................
ABSTRAK .........................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………
LIST OF PICTURE…………………………………………………………..
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study………………………………..
B. Problem Statement……………………………………....
C. Objectives of the Study……………………………….....
D. Limitation of the Study………………………………….
E. Benefits of the Study…………………………………….
F. Research Paper Organization…………………………....
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Underlying Theory……………………………………....
1. The Notion of Sociology of Literature………………
2. Types of Sociology of Literature……………………
a) Literary works as Social Document……………..
b) Literary works as the Reflection of Social
Situation of the Writer…………………………..
c) Literary as The Manifestation of the Historical
Moment………………………………………….
3. Notion of Ethnicity………………………………….
a. Ethnic identity…………………………………..
b. Types of Ethnicity……………………………….
1) Primary and Secondary Ethnic Groups……...
2) Folk-Community and NationalityCommunity Ethnic Group…………………...
3) Majority and Minority Ethnic Group………..
4) Young and Old Ethnic Groups………………
B. Previous Study…………………………………………..
xi
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
viii
xi
xiii
1
7
7
8
8
8
10
10
11
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
19
19
C. Theoretical Application………………………………….
22
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Types of the Study………………………………………
B. Object of the Study………………………………………
C. Type of the Data and Data Source………………………
1. Primary sources………………………………………
2. Secondary sources……………………………………
D. Technique of the Data Collection………………………..
E. Technique of the Data Analysis…………………………
23
23
24
24
24
24
26
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
A. Main Findings…………………………………………... 27
1. The Ethnic Identity…………………………………
27
a. Language……………………………………….. 27
b. Religion………………………………………… 30
c. Physical traits…………………………………… 33
d. Fashion style……………………………………. 44
2. Types Of Ethnicity…………………………………. 63
a. Primary and secondary ethnic group…………… 63
b. Folk-community and nationalitycommunity ethnic group………………………… 64
c. Majority and minority ethnic group…………….. 68
d. Young and old ethnic group…………………….. 69
B. Discussion………………………………………………. 69
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION, SUGGESTION, AND PEDAGOGICAL
IMPLICATION
A. Conclusion………………………………………………
B. Suggestion……………………………………………….
C. Pedagogical Implication…………………………………
74
75
76
BIBILIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………
VIRTUAL REFERENCES………………………………………………..…
77
79
xii
LIST OF PICTURE
Picture 4.1 Example of Caracul hat that is used by Afghanistan President Hamid
Karzai at a news conference in Kabul
Picture 4.2 Example of Pakol hat that is used by Ahmad Shah Massoud
Picture 4.3 Example of Chapan
Picture 4.4 Example of kind of Turban color and style that is used by Afghan
Picture 4.5 Example of Pirhan-tumbanthat is used by Afghan men
Picture 4.6 Example of burqathat is used by the women in Afghan
xiii
RUNNER, A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS, ANDAND THE
MOUNTAIN ECHOED): A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfilment of Requirements for
Getting Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department
by:
DIAN RATNA PERTIWI
A320120172
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2016
TESTIMONY
I am the researcher, signed the statement below:
Name
: Dian Ratna Pertiwi
NIM
: A320120172
Study Program
: Department of English Education
Title
: ETHNICITY IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S NOVELS (THE
KITE RUNNER, A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS, AND
AND THE MOUNTAIN ECHOED): A SOCIOLOGICAL
APPROACH
Herewith, I testify that there is no plagiarism in this Research Paper. As
far as I know, there is no literary work that has been raised to obtain bachelor degree
of university. Nor there are option masterpiece that has been written or published by
others, except those in which the writing are referred manuscript and mentioned in
the literary review and bibliography.
Hence, later, if it proves that there are some untrue statements in this
testimony, I will hold fully responsible.
Surakarta, 11th of August, 2016
The researcher
DIAN RATNA PERTIWI
A320120172
ii
APPROVAL
ETHNICITY IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S NOVELS(THE KITE RUNNER, A
THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS, ANDAND THE MOUNTAIN ECHOED): A
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
RESEARCH PAPER
By:
DIAN RATNA PERTIWI
A320120172
Approved to be examined by,
Consultant I
Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S.
NIK. 410
iii
ACCEPTANCE
ETHNICITY IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S NOVELS (THE KITE RUNNER, A
THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS, AND AND THE MOUNTAIN ECHOED: A
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
by:
DIAN RATNA PERTIWI
A320120172
Accepted by the Board of Examiners
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
on Augustus 2016
The Board of Examiners:
1. Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S.
(Chair Person)
(…………………..…)
2. Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M.Ed
(Member I)
(……………………..)
3. Titis Setyabudi S.S., M.Hum
(Member II)
(……………………..)
Dean,
Prof. Dr. HarunJokoPrayitno, M.Hum
NIP. 1965 04 28 1993 03 1001
iv
MOTTO
“The best way out is always through.”
(Robert Frost)
“Take the first step in faith. You don’t have to see the whole staircase,
just take the first step.”
(Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.)
“Feel the fear and do it anyway.”
(Tamara Mellon)
“No fear. No tears. No cry. Stay strong and always smile.”
v
DEDICATION
I dedicated this research paper to:
My beloved mother Karti and my father Suliyo who always pray for my success
and supporting me.
My beloved brother ArifPermana Putra and DwiJunianti Lestari.
vi
ABSTRACT
Dian Ratna Pertiwi. A320120172. ETHNICITY IN KHALED
HOSSEINI’S NOVELS (THE KITE RUNNER, A THOUSAND
SPLENDID SUNS, ANDAND THE MOUNTAIN ECHOED): A
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH. Research Paper. School of Teacher
Training and Education. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Augustus, 2016.
This study is about ethnicity in Khaled Hosseini’s novels entitled The
Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns, and And The Mountain Echoed.
The novels are analyzed by using Sociological approach. The objectives
of this study are to find out the ethnic identity in ethnicity, the types of
ethnic, and the researcher concerns about ethnicity in society especially
in Afghanistan. This research belongs to qualitative research. The
primary data of this study are The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid
Suns and And The Mountain Echoed by Khaled Hosseini novels. The
secondary data of this study are taken from literary books, virtual sources
and other sources that related to the issue of ethnicity. This study comes
to conclusions as follows; first, four indicators indicate ethnic identity,
the language, the religion, the physical traits and the fashion style.
Second, the types of ethnicity is described in four types, primary and
secondary ethnic group, the folk-community and nationality-community
ethnic group, the majority and minority ethnic group, also the young and
old ethnic group. Third, Khaled Hosseini has a concern for the suffering
of Afghan people. He concerns about the oppression based on ethnicity,
race or gender. Hosseini shows his hand to the minority ethnic group in
Afghanistan, he gives the critique of the war that never ended, poverty
and famine because of war caused death. He wants to promote gender
and ethnic equality in Afghanistan.
Keywords: Ethnicity, The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns, And
The Mountain Echoed, Language, Religion, Physical Traits, Fashion
Style
vii
ABSTRAK
Dian Ratna Pertiwi. A320120172. ETHNICITY IN KHALED
HOSSEINI’S NOVELS (THE KITE RUNNER, A THOUSAND
SPLENDID SUNS, AND AND THE MOUNTAIN ECHOED): A
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH. Skripsi. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
Pendidikan. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Agustus, 2016.
Penelitian ini membahas tentang etnik di dalam novel karya Khaled
Hosseini yang berjudul The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns dan
And The Mountain Echoed yang dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan
Sosiologi. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mengetahui identitas etnik,
jenis etnik, dan keprihatinan penulis tentang etnisitan terutama pada
Masyarakat Afghanistan. Penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian
kualitatif. Data primer dari penelitian ini adalah novel The Kite Runner, A
thousand Splendid Suns dan And The Mountain Echoed oleh Khaled
Hosseini. Data sekunder dari penelitian ini diambil dari, buku sastra,
suber virtual, dan sumber lain yang terkait dengan isu etnis. Kesimpulan
dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut. Pertama, ada empat indikator
yang menunjukkan identitas etnis yaitu bahasa, agama, ciri-ciri fisik dan
gaya berpakaian. Kedua, ada empat jenis etnis yang dideskripsikan yaitu
kelompok etnis primer dan sekunder, kelompok etnis rakyat-masyarakat
dan masyarakat kebangsaan, kelompok masyarkat mayoritas dan
minoritas, serta kelompok etnis tua dan muda. Ketiga, Khaled Hosseini
memiliki kepedulian terhadap penderitaan masyarakat Afghanistan. Dia
prihatin dengan penindasan berdasarkan etnis, rasa atau gender yang
terjadi. Hosseini menunjukkan kepeduliannya terhadap kelompok etnik
minoritas yang ada di Afghanistan, dia mengkritik perang yang tidak
pernah berakhir, kemiskinan dan kelaparan karena perang yang
mengakibatkan kematian. Khaled Hosseini mendukung kesetaraan
gender dan etnis yang ada di Afghanistan.
Kata Kunci: Etnisitas, The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns, And
The Mountain Echoed, bahasa, agama, ciri-ciri fisik, gaya
berpakaian
viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
AssalamualaikumWarahmatullahiWabarakatu
Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alaamiin, all praises belong to Allah
SubhanallahuwaTa’ala who established me to complete this research paper and had
given me dreams to look forward to. Uncountable appreciation and deepest gratitude
for support and encouragement are dedicated particularly to the certain people or
groups who in one way or another have directly or indirectly contributed in finishing
this research paper:
1. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M.Hum, the Dean of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta who has given the
legalization towards this research paper.
2. MaulyHalwatHikmat, Ph.D, the Head of English Department for the agreement
of finishing this research paper.
3. Dr. M. Thoyibi. M.S., the first consultant who has supported and gave the
researcher guidance patiently to do this research by giving the best advice and
suggestions, so the researcher can enrich her knowledge about literature.
4. Dr. Phil. Dewi Chandraningrum, S.Pd., M.Ed., as the academic consultant who
has given the researcher guidance and she is the amazing woman who I ever
met.
5. All the lecturers in English Department in Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta. I could not have done this without you. Thank you for all of your
support along the way.
6. My beloved parents (Bapak Suliyo and Ibu Karti), thank for your endless love,
prayers, and support to do this research paper.
7. My beloved brother Arif Permana Putra and Dwi Junianti Lestari who have
given me support, care, and prayers.
8. All of my big family who gives a lot of supporting contributions in my
education.
9. Thanks to Adi Prima Desma, Dyah Ayu Kusuma Wardani, Endah Dwi
Sulistyowati, Indra Yudha Setiawan, Kartika Candra Dewi, Rosin Novaditya
Nur Wahid, and Yoppy Probo Utomo. Thanks for support and encouragement
during the past four years of our bachelor degree journey.
10. The decade team and, who has given the best performance of drama and the
other precious moments during and after drama.
11. I also thank to my team PPL-ESMUDELA, who are indeed treasures from Allah
SWT. Thanks for the amazing 2,5 months of our togetherness. I hope our
togetherness will last forever.
12. To my best friends from another mother Riia Agustina Marheni and Utami
Darma Periwi who always give me smile and happiness.
ix
13. To my boarding house partners for the four years past, Ratna Sari, Mega, Mb
Sir, Mb Tari, Mb Anjar, Mb Oen, Lupita, Harlina, Kak Tata, you are my new
sister and family. Hopefully our friendship will always exist.
14. To my lovely friends Devi, Rihilda, Maulidya, Tria Aprilia, May, Marselina,
Intan, Afrel, Ajeng, Eva see you on top guys.
15. All of parties who cannot mentioned one by one, who have support me a lot.
The researcher realizes that this research paper is far from being perfect.
She hopes that this research paper would be valuable for the readers, suggestion and
criticisms are expected.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ................................................................................................................
TESTIMONY ....................................................................................................
APPROVAL ......................................................................................................
ACCEPTANCE .................................................................................................
MOTTO .............................................................................................................
DEDICATION ...................................................................................................
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................
ABSTRAK .........................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………
LIST OF PICTURE…………………………………………………………..
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study………………………………..
B. Problem Statement……………………………………....
C. Objectives of the Study……………………………….....
D. Limitation of the Study………………………………….
E. Benefits of the Study…………………………………….
F. Research Paper Organization…………………………....
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Underlying Theory……………………………………....
1. The Notion of Sociology of Literature………………
2. Types of Sociology of Literature……………………
a) Literary works as Social Document……………..
b) Literary works as the Reflection of Social
Situation of the Writer…………………………..
c) Literary as The Manifestation of the Historical
Moment………………………………………….
3. Notion of Ethnicity………………………………….
a. Ethnic identity…………………………………..
b. Types of Ethnicity……………………………….
1) Primary and Secondary Ethnic Groups……...
2) Folk-Community and NationalityCommunity Ethnic Group…………………...
3) Majority and Minority Ethnic Group………..
4) Young and Old Ethnic Groups………………
B. Previous Study…………………………………………..
xi
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
viii
xi
xiii
1
7
7
8
8
8
10
10
11
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
19
19
C. Theoretical Application………………………………….
22
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Types of the Study………………………………………
B. Object of the Study………………………………………
C. Type of the Data and Data Source………………………
1. Primary sources………………………………………
2. Secondary sources……………………………………
D. Technique of the Data Collection………………………..
E. Technique of the Data Analysis…………………………
23
23
24
24
24
24
26
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
A. Main Findings…………………………………………... 27
1. The Ethnic Identity…………………………………
27
a. Language……………………………………….. 27
b. Religion………………………………………… 30
c. Physical traits…………………………………… 33
d. Fashion style……………………………………. 44
2. Types Of Ethnicity…………………………………. 63
a. Primary and secondary ethnic group…………… 63
b. Folk-community and nationalitycommunity ethnic group………………………… 64
c. Majority and minority ethnic group…………….. 68
d. Young and old ethnic group…………………….. 69
B. Discussion………………………………………………. 69
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION, SUGGESTION, AND PEDAGOGICAL
IMPLICATION
A. Conclusion………………………………………………
B. Suggestion……………………………………………….
C. Pedagogical Implication…………………………………
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BIBILIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………
VIRTUAL REFERENCES………………………………………………..…
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LIST OF PICTURE
Picture 4.1 Example of Caracul hat that is used by Afghanistan President Hamid
Karzai at a news conference in Kabul
Picture 4.2 Example of Pakol hat that is used by Ahmad Shah Massoud
Picture 4.3 Example of Chapan
Picture 4.4 Example of kind of Turban color and style that is used by Afghan
Picture 4.5 Example of Pirhan-tumbanthat is used by Afghan men
Picture 4.6 Example of burqathat is used by the women in Afghan
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