Science abuse as a threat towards the establishment of utopian community in H.G. Wells`s the invisible man - USD Repository

  

SCIENCE ABUSE AS A THREAT TOWARDS THE

ESTABLISHMENT OF UTOPIAN COMMUNITY IN

H.G WELLS’S THE INVISIBLE MAN

  

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

  

By

  

H. Agung Prasetyo

994214152

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

  

Life ends when you stop

Dreaming…

Hope is lost when you stop

Believing …

  

And love fails when you stop

Caring…

God cares and never fails

iv

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  First of all, my biggest thanks go to my savior and merciful Lord for His blessing and endless love so that I could finally finish writing this thesis. His gracious love has been the greatest power particularly in the hard times. I also need to thank Him for his abundant love that grants me a wonderful life, good friends and a beautiful family around me.

  I am very indebted to Dra. A.B. Sri Mulyani, M.A. as my advisor for the valuable suggestions, guidance, ideas, inputs, patience, and time during my undergraduate thesis writing up to the end. I would like to thank Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarko, M.Hum, my co-advisor who has corrected and revised my thesis. I wish them luck in their services and may God bless them. I wish to thank all lecturers in Department of English Letters who have given me the education during my study at Sanata Dharma University . My thankful expression goes to the secretariat, especially Mba Nik for helping me with the administration, services and for helping me to meet my advisor at any time for consultation.

  This thesis is dedicated to my parents, ST Semiyono in heaven and C.H Sri rejeki, who always give me prayers, care, and everything I need. My gratitude also goes to my sister , Mba In and my little brother Adi, for their support and prayers.Thank you for my be loved, Anique, who always pray and support me to finish my thesis.

  TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………………i APRROVAL PAGE………………….…………………………………………………...ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE………………………………………………………….…….....iii MOTTOPAGE………………………………………………………………………........iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………….……………………………………………..… v TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………..…..vi ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………......vii ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………………………...viii

  CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..1 A. Background of the Study…………………………………………….………….1 B. Problem Formulation………………………………………………….………...3 C. Objectives of the Study………………………………………………………….3 D. Definition of Terms……………………………………………...………………4 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW…………………………………………...5 A. Review of Related Studies………………………………………………………5 B. Review of Related Theories……………………………………………………..7

  

1. Theory of Character and Characterization……………………………………7

  

2. Theory of Moral Philosophy……………………………………………...…13

  

3. Deviance Behavior…………………………………….……………………..15

  a. The Physical Environment and Physical Organism………………………15

  b. Society, Social Structure and Social Conflict as Source of Explanation of Deviant Behavior………………………………………………...……....16

c. Specific Social Structural Variable as Source of Explanation of Deviant

Behavior……………………………………………………...…………..16 d. Subculture as an Explanation of Deviant Behavior………………...……17

  e. Social Interaction as Source of Explanation of Deviant Behavior……….17

  4. The relation between Literature and Morality………………………………18

  

5. Utopia……………………………………………………………………….19

  CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY………………………………………………...…21 A. Object of the Study……………………………………….……………………..21 B. Approach………………………………………………………………………....22 C. Method of the Study……………………………………………………………...22 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………...24 A. The Science Abuse in Wells’s The Invisible Man…………………………….…24 B. The Science Abuse Threatens the Utopia Society of Iping…………………......38

  

ABSTRACT

H. AGUNG PRASETYO (2007). Science Abuse as a Threat toward the Establishment of Utopian Community in H.G. Wells’s The Invisible Man.

  

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letter, Faculty of Letters .Sanata Dharma

University.

  This thesis analyzes The Invisible Man, a novel by H.G. Wells. The analysis

focuses on the science abuse as committed by Griffin, the fierce character in the

novel. There are two problems that become the basis of the thesis. Firstly, to examine

the science abused as reflected in The Invisible Man. Secondly, to see how the

science abuse imposes threat toward the development of the utopian society.

  Library research was conducted to gain the clear answer for both problems.

The information and source were gained from some reference books and studies of

H.G.Wells. Internet source become the additional source of the thesis. The writer uses

the moral philosophical approach to discuss both thesis problems since it deals with

the moral aspect and support in the analysis of the thesis.

  Based on the analysis, the writer obtains two conclusions. Firstly, because of

moral insufficiency Griffin uses his invention for the unfavorable purposes. Instead of

giving advantages to the society, the invention leads to disasters. Griffin uses his

invisibility to reap his personal interest, such as to rob or to steal. He uses the

invisibility to create horror in the society. He attacks or kills people who threaten

him. In addition, he makes fun of other’s fear by throwing stuffs to the people who do

not know his existence. Secondly, the invention of the invisibility poses threat to the

development of the society. The Iping community, which is considered to be a

utopian society, undergoes imbalance condition upon the coming of the invisible

man. It becomes the place of horror. People are afraid and there is possibility that the

rule is being violated.

  

ABSTRAK

H. AGUNG PRASETYO (2007). Science Abuse as a Threat toward the Establishment of Utopian Community in H.G. Wells’s The Invisible Man.

  Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Dharma.

  Skrpsi ini menganalisis sebuah novel yang berjudul The Invisible Man, yang

merupakan karya H.G Wells. Analisis ini menitikberatkan pada permasalahan

panyalahgunaan ilmu pengetahuan yang dilakukan oleh tokoh utama dalam novel

tersebut yang bernama Griffin. Permasalahan penelitian pertama yang dianalisis

adalah penyalahgunaan ilmu pengetahuan seperti yang digambarkan dalam The

Invisible Man . Selanjutnya, peneliti akan menganalisa apakah penyalahgunaan ilmu

pengetahuan dapat mengancam penciptaan masyarakat utopia.

  Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk dapat menjawab dengan jelas kedua

permasalahan penelitian. Informasi dan sumber yang diperoleh berasal dari buku

referensi dan beberapa study mengenai H.G. Wells. Sumber tambahan dalam skripsi

ini juga diperoleh dari sumber internet. Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan filsafat

moral untuk menjawab permasalahan skripsi karena terkait dengan aspek moral; dan

dapat mendukung analisis dalam skripsi ini.

  Berdasarkan pada analisis yang dilakukan, peneliti dapat menarik dua

kesimpulan. Pertama, karena moral yang kurang baik. Griffin menggunakan

penemuannya untuk tujuan yang merugikan. Penelitian yang dilakukan tidak

memberi manfaat, tetapi justru menyebabkan kekacauan. Griffin menggunakan

kondisi tubuhnya yang tidak kasat mata untuk meraih keuntungan pribadi, seperti

merampok atau mencuri. Dia menggunakan kondisi tersebut untuk menciptakan

ketakutan di tengah-tengah masyarakat. Dia menganiaya atau membunuh orang yang

mengancam dirinya. Selain itu, dia juga menikmati rasa takut yang dialami orang lain

dengan cara melempari benda-benda kepada mereka tanpa mereka tahu siapa yang

telah melakukannya. Selanjutnya, penemuan tubuh yang tidak kasat mata tersebut

juga mengancam terbentuknya masyarakat utopia. Masyarakat Iping, yang dianggap

sebagai masyarakat utopia, mengalami kondisi ketidakseimbangan setelah datangnya

laki-laki “tidak terlihat”. Iping menjadi tempat yang penuh ketakutan. Seluruh

masyarakat ketakutan dan kemungkinan, norma atau aturan dalam masyarakat dapat

terabaikan.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study All literature has many things to offer. Through literature, people are

  not only entertained but also informed. It also teaches individuals about the lives in other times and other cultures. Writers of imaginative literature may not specifically write about psychology, politics, morality, philosophy, and religion, yet the reader can learn about these topics in their literary works (Robert, 1983: 2).

  Good literature should improve our understanding about life in the world around us. For example, literature addresses various important matters in human life such as love, hatred, war, survival, death, ambition, failure, etc. Good literature also shows a good organization of idea in order that the reader is easier to grasp the meaning of the words the author created Little (1960: 1).

  A good sample of literary works which says something worth saying is The Invisible Man by Herbert George Wells. It tells about the invisibility of man, which is considered as a great invention in the science. Initially the discovery was intended for the medication purpose, but eventually it turns to be a misery for its inventor. Actually this discovery can be beneficial for human kind. However, the application of the discovery has been misused so

  Through the novel, Wells wants to provide the lesson for the readers. It is implied that human being should be wise concerning the application of science. Karl Jasper (1988: 625) in Is Science Evil contends that ….”so far as the well being of humanity is concerned, science needs guidance from other sources. Science in itself is not enough”. It means that the science may contain any corruption. Science can be used for criminal ends. Science may facilitate man to steal, plunder, abuse, and kill.

  This works also tells that science has no barriers. Griffin, the gifted scientist in the novel, has changed the science into the device which is used to pursue his own interest. The science is dangerous in the hand of amoral person. The Invisible Man tells the reader the danger which results from the separation of science from morality. The science works well in accordance to its goals if the scientists are concerned with the morality in creating and applying the scientific invention. Indeed, the morality is the foundation of any realm, including in the scientific field.

  Science has two potentials. The first potential is positive which means that it helps to solve the problem in human life. In medication, for example, Louis Pasteur discovered that certain viral disease can be eliminated by vaccination. The second potential is negative, which means that it threats human beings. The invention of guns machine, or atomic bomb are the example of the negative potential of the scientific invention. this works, he illustrates the conflict between science and society and thus, makes the works revolutionary and original in the history of literature. He writes the area that is never explored before. Wells’ work is very significant and through this work he shows that the imagination in the literature cannot be limited. It is why Wells’ The Invisible Man becomes one of the novels which merit analysis and the writer thinks that it is interesting to explore the novel as it gives the reader the greater understanding of literary works.

  B. Problem Formulation

  Based on the above explanation, the researcher formulates the problems of the research as follows;

  1. How is the science abused in Wells’ The Invisible Man?

  2. In what ways does the science threat the utopian society in Wells’ The

  Invisible Man ?

  C. Objectives of the Study

  On the bas is of the problem examined in this thesis, there are two objectives of the research. The first objective is to describe the abuse in Well’s

  

The Invisible Man . The second objective is to illustrate the ways in which the

science abuse threats the utopian society in Wells’ The Invisible Man.

D. Definition of Terms

  In analyzing this novel, there are two terms that are needed to be clarified, and the definition of terms which are used in this study is given below.

  1. Utopia Utopia is derived from 2 Greek words - "not" (ou) and "place" (topos) which is meant "nowhere". Utopia, in its most common and general meaning, refers to a perfect society that does not exist (yet), or that can never exist because people are unable to reach perfection or endure tyranny forever. It has also been used to describe actual communities founded in attempt to create such

  th

  community. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikipedia, accessed on September 12 2005)

  2. Character Abrams defines the terms ‘character’ as ‘a person presented in dramatic or narrative works who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialog and what the do the action” (1981: 21).

  The terms ‘character’, as defined by Hornby, means ‘all the mental or moral qualities that make a person, group, nation, etc different from others” (1995: 186).

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies The study on the Wells’s The Invisible Man has been conducted by Setyawan (2002). His thesis takes the main data from H.G. Wells’ The Invisible Man . According to his analysis, the novel was about the ideal society

  of the writer, which is abused by a rapid discovery. The researcher is interested in those phenomena and decided to do an analysis in this subject.

  The research applies library research technique with a descriptive qualitative method. The purpose of this research is to find out the ideal community in Wells perspective. The other purpose is to find out how science abuses the ideal community. The researcher applies the sociological approach.

  Sociological approach is used in explaining the conflict between Griffin, the representative of science and society, and Wells’ attitude as social member.

  He concluded that in The Invisible Man, Science does not contribute very much to the development of Well’s ideal society. Society can still exist and progress without science, as most utopist believe. The side effects are proven to be fatal. Uncontrolled technological development threatens the existence of the society. In the hand of careless people, the progress can turn itself into a transgression. organs in a medical surgery and also help to find the precise place to be cut that unnecessary cutting would not be done. Griffin has misused his invention.

  He violates the morality by robbing his own father. One can never imagine how it feels to rob and kill one’s own father and not to attend the funeral.

  , which owes an obvious debt to Frankenstein, is based

  The Invisible Man

  on one of the eternal themes of mankind and one of the perennial themes of Science Fiction. First, it explores the nature of man by asking whether an invisible man would still be bound by normal morality. Second, it develops the theme of science as a two edged sword; after initially conveying great power, scientific innovation turns on its wielder, driving him mad. One hundred years later, this ambivalence about technology and scientific progress has remained a central part of our culture. As in all of the best books of the genre he helped to create, Wells combines these speculations with an exciting, fanciful tale. He and Verne truly set their successors a lofty standard to aspire towards (www.BrotherJudd.com).

  Martin in Harvest of Change makes a comment concerning the brilliant Wells “ He was an inexperienced genius who could sit at home and with nothing but his wonderful brain and his wonderful induction from recorded things, builds up the truest and most convincing picture of war” (Martin, 1966: 60). Wells could create a genuine story without having any experience with the event.

  West in H. G. Wells has made review on The Invisible Man. West stated application. A good society does not always have to rely on science. Science is important and useful but it still has to get along well with morality. If it fails to do so, the ideal community will not be likely achieved (West, 1958: 125).

  Social shock happens in The Invisible Man because science collides with morality. Turbulence occurs because the balance in Iping, the ideal community, is in trouble. When the balance is regained and after the invisible was arrested, the potential for an ideal community returns. Wells describes that potential in Iping.

  Those criticisms above both explain about how science is useful and hazard if it is applied in daily life. This study will only discuss about how the science is abused in Wells’ The Invisible Man. How Griffin applies his invention of invisibility in a wrong way. The writer agrees with West’s study that concerns about how the science is important and useful but still has to get along well with morality. Moreover, the writer will discuss further about how science is abused and in what ways does the science threat the utopian society in Well’s The Invisible Man.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Character and Characterization There are a number of definitions about characters and characterization.

  Character can be viewed in psychological perspective. Allport in “Personality: a psychological interpretation” explain that character is personality evaluated and will be used if one would like to give appraisal or evaluation, while the term personality is used when there is no appraisal. So personality, for Allport, is just giving a description.

  Rohrberger and Woods sate that “character have an important role in a story since they help the readers participate vicariously in the experience o the story by sharing imaginatively the feelings or the activities of the characters in the story” (1971: 19). It means that a character is the important feature in the novel and without a character, a novel is worthless.

  Rohrberger and Woods also define that the word “Characterization” as the process of by which an author creates character, the devices by which he makes us believe character is the particular type of person he is” (1971: 20)

  According Mary and Samuel Woods, Characterization is the author’s process in creating a character. The author can use direct or dramatic method to identify a character. Direct means describe physical appearance. He or she can describe how weight the character is, how tall the character is, etc. dramatic method means that the author places the character’s situations to show her or his personality from the way she or he behave or speaks (1971: 20)

  Jeremy Hawthorn says that characterization is defined by what the characters do, by what they say and by the setting in which they move. The character also defined in part by other characters (1992:19)

  Barnett in his book Literary for Composition says that the character is the some points to be considered to see someone’s character. The character can be seen from what he or she says, what he or she does and what other character says about him or her: here the other’s opinion about him or her adds information and clear description about her, what others do: their action may help indicate what he or she could do but does not do.

  Alternbernd and Lewis (1966: 56) define a character as a representation of a person, while Kennedy (1987: 73) defines it as an imagined person who inhabits a story. Forster classifies characters into two types, flat and round, depending on whether the author sketches or sculptures. A flat character has only one trait or feature and is easily recognized as stereotypes: the shrewish wife, the lazy husband, the miser, or the stepmother. It is called flat due to the fact that the reader can only see one side of him/her. A round character has more facets. It has multiple personality traits and therefore resembles real people. Kenney (1966: 28) says that the round character is more lifelike than the flat one. It is also much harder to understand and describe than the flat one. Edward Pixley (Griffith, 1990: 80) adds that when flat characters dominate the play, the excitement of the plot emerges from external conflicts; the focus is on action. Meanwhile when the play includes round characters, the excitement of the plot emerges from internal conflict; the focus is on characterization.

  Characters can also be categorized into static and dynamic. Static or fixed characters remain the same throughout a story. Suwito (2002: 14) states that static who experience personality alteration and developmental in accordance with the development and alteration of events and plot told. Dynamic or developing character change or develop in personality or grow to a new awareness of life. Characters are the people in dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say, the dialogue and by what they do, the action (Abrams, 1981: 20). By this means that readers may interpret characters subjectively.

  Furthermore, according to the function or position of the characters in the work, Potter (1967: 6 -22) in Suwito (2002) divides characters into several kinds.

  There are main and peripheral characters, protagonist and antagonist characters, etc. The main characters are the most important characters in the story. Suwito (2000: 12) says that the main characters are very important in determining plot development because they are the most told about and are always related the other characters. Meanwhile, peripheral characters are characters of less importance than the main ones (Koesnosoebroto, 1988: 67 via Suwito. 2000: 12). The peripheral characters are showed just once or a few times in the story.

  The chief character in a work, on which our interest centers, is called the protagonist and if he or she is pitted against an important opponent, that character is called the antagonist (Abrams, 1985: 139). The protagonists are not always the winners. The relation between protagonist and antagonist is one of conflicts.

  There may be, however, the conflict of a protagonist against fate, or against the works, the conflict is between opposing desires or values in the protagonist temperament.

  Lagos Egri (1946: 36-37) suggests three dimensions to appraise a character. They are physiology, sociology and psychology.

  a. In physiology, the aspects of characterization are sex, age, height and weight, color of hair, eyes, skin, posture, appearance, defects and heredity.

  b. When a character is viewed, his or her sociology should also be considered which involves class. Occupation, education, home-lige, religion, race, nationality, place in community, political affiliation, amusements and hobbies.

  c. The third dimension is about the characters’ psychology. It includes sex life, moral standard, personal premise, ambition, frustrations, chief disappointment, temperament, attitude toward life, complexes, extrovert, introvert or ambivert, abilities, qualities and IQ.

  Characters are people in the drama. Sometimes, as in fantasy fiction, the characters are not people, they may be animals, or robots or creatures from outer space, but the author gives them human abilities and human psychological traits. Thus they are really people in all but outward form.

  Characterization is the author’s presentation and development of a character. Characterization is obvious description of the characters in the drama as seen in their attitude, behavior, the way of thinking, of life, environment, habit,

  There are two methods of characterization, expository and dramatic. In expository method of characterization, the author tells his readers about his characters or one of his characters tells about another character. Kenney mentions expository method of characterization as discursive method, while Semi (1988: 39) mentions it as the analytical method and Altenbernd calls it as narrative method.. In dramatic method, the author allows his character to reveal themselves to the readers through their own words and actions. The characterization is conveyed in three ways, through the choice of character’s name, through the character’s physical and personal description and through dialogue.

  According to M. J, Murphy (1972: 161-171), there are nine ways of character analysis which author attempt to make his character understandable, and come alive for his readers. These nine ways of characterization are:

  1. Personal description Here, the author can describe the person appearance and clothes.

  2. Speech

  The author can give the reader ‘an insight into the characters of the persons in the story through what a person says’ (ibid. 164).

  3. Characters as seen by another

  It is another way to describe a character through the eyes and opinions of other people in the novel.

  4. Reactions

  5. Conversation of others

  It is the way the author gives the reader clues to a person’s character through the conversations of other people in the story and things they say about him.

  6. Past life It is the way to know a person’s character by looking at his/her past life.

  7. Thought

  The reader will be able to know a person’s character through what this character is thinking about.

  8. Mannerism

  Here, the author describes a person’s mannerism, and habits which may also tell us about his character.

  9. Direct Comment The reader will know a person’s character through the author’s direct comment.

  2. Theory of Moral Philosophy

  Garner says that art is essentially and primarily moral that is, life is giving moral in it’s process of creation and moral in what it says. He also says that the ‘good for man, which rightly understood cannot be divorced from what is good for his society and environment, is by another formulation (whenever action of called for) the moral”. Morality is the body or engine of the Good. The Good is form: morality is function or at any rate form can no more exist independent of

  For most people morals are sets of rules that we ought to obey, they tell us what is right or wrong (www.philosopher.org.uk/index.htm). Moral philosophers want to discover how these roles are justified, and at the consequences of moral and ethical beliefs. The most outstanding moral philosopher may be Immanuel Kant. Kant's moral system is based on rationality. It attempts to show how any rational being would agree to universal moral laws For Kant, morality is a matter of duty. The most part of morality is concerning the system of right and obligation that structure interpersonal relationship (Nelson, 1991: 39).

  Hobbes stated that the interactions among individuals are regulated by social rules. He thinks that it is essential for people to live with the agreement with the others (Nelson, 1991: 74). Hobbes has made some point stating the usefulness of social rule. Hume emphasize that the advantage of role is the establishment of justice in the society and that the rules only exist when they benefit everyone. As a result, justice requires members of society follow the shared rules.

  The theory of moral can also be explained with theory about human motivation & behavior, which is called physical egoism. It is an explanation of why men act the way they do. The other theory is Ethical egoism which sets forth a standard for determining how men ought to act. The physical egoist tells s what ends all men in fact seek (Taylor, 1967: 87).

3. Deviance behavior

  The novel is concerned with the notion of deviance behavior. The writer thinks that the motive behind the deed committed by the main character need an explanation from the relevant theories. One of such theories is deviant behavior theory. Deviance may include all action considered immoral or bad in society. Douglas and Waksler (1982: 9) in The Sociology of Deviance define deviance as “any thought, feeling or action that member of a social group judge to be a violation of their values or rules. With this definition Douglas and Waksler recommend that in their definition of deviance, it is value or rule violation perceived by member of a social group that determine what constitutes deviance. The followings are the factor of the deviance behavior, explained with various kinds of perspectives.

a. The Physical Environment and Physical Organism.

  In general, the theory views the physical environment as the cause of human behavior. For centuries, the heavenly bodies, geography and climate were seen as particularly important environment determinants of human action (Douglas and Waksler, 1982: 31). The main idea of the physical environment was that geography and climate are major determinants of human behavior

  

b. Society, Social Structure and Social Conflict as Source of Explanation

of Deviance Behavior

  Douglas and Waksler (1982) also highlight the society, social structure and social conflict as the explanation of deviance behavior. At the first place, they reviewed the structural theory as they thought that the sociological theory made its own contribution to the understanding of deviance as a social phenomenon. The theory states that social constrain is necessary to prevent deviance because human nature, whatever it is specifically, will lead to deviance when unconstrained. Furthermore, the source of such constraint is society itself. Reviewing the thought of Emile Durkheim, they stated that society is a moral phenomenon, by which he [Durkheim] meant that society in its most fundamental and important aspect is a set of morals (values and laws) that individuals are taught as children to accept and that they then use throughout their lives to determine what is right and wrong, what they should do and should not do in a certain situation.

  

c. Specific Social Structural Variable as Source of Explanation of Deviant

Behavior

  Douglas and Waksler (1982: 73) begin the discussion of the social structural variable with the notion of social disorganization. For him, social disorganization may be the source of the personal crisis. In facing the crisis, Cavan, a sociologist, explained why only some people become deviant by recognizing the independence of individual social behavior. The theory that social disorganization is a major cause of personal disorganization led to a great number of studies of mental illness.

  d. Subculture as an explanation of Deviant Behavior

  The main point of sub cultural theory is that different and conflicting theory may exist within a society (Douglas and Waksler, 1982: 90). When one part of society is able to establish rules that apply to everyone; other parts come to be labeled deviant. Beginning with Sutherland, sociologist came to know that crime and other forms of deviance in many different varieties may require different kinds of explanation

  One of the other works in concerning the concept of subcultures and its use in explaining deviance was Thornsten Sellin’s Culture Confict and

  

Crime (1938). Sellin made use of anthropological source to show that in many

  societies the law defining what a crime is and what is not are enacted and enforced by more powerful minority groups over the wishes and values of less powerful group.

  e. Social Interaction as Source of Explanation of Deviant Behavior

  According to social interaction theory, social action is the result of individuals. The social interaction theory derives from symbolic interaction theory. Symbolic interaction emphasizes a share symbols, especially values, in any social group. These symbols are used to interpret meanings and actions done by the members of the society.

  Social interaction theories have helped make the study of deviance in many ways the most theoretically innovative field in sociology. Theorists no longer limit themselves to the study of illegal behavior and have greatly expanded the range of topics that they study as instances of deviance.

  However, Symbolic interactionism has been criticized both by structuralists. The objection said that the theory fails to consider the larger feature of the social world that influences social behavior, such as class, economic structure and societal organization. Some argue that symbolic interactionism can deal with the larger features of the social world, but only after the interactional dimension is fully understood.

D. The relation between Literature and Morality

  According to Guerrin, the function of literature is to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues. The reader would interpret literature within a context of the philosophical thought of period of group (1979: 29). Gardner says that “literature as an art is essentially and primarily moral that is life giving” (1978: 15). On the other hand, he says that literary works, such as work of art, which contains moral lesson provide values and rouse trustworthy feeling about the best and the worst in human action (1978: 19). This means through out literary works, the reader can obtain moral as the lesson by understanding the content, in consequence, it is meaningful for human beings.

  Matthew and Arnold quoted from Guerrin, the Victorian ethic, states that great literary work must posses “high seriousness” in each instance. The critic working from a moral bent is not unaware of firm, figurative language, and other purely aesthetic consideration but they also added that the importing thing is the moral or philosophical teaching (1979: 30)

E. Utopia

  The term utopia was first proposed by Thomas More. He was inspired by monastical life when he described the workings of his society. His book has high popularity that the term utopia became a by word for ideal concepts, proposals, societies etc. Therefore for every author who proposes a utopia, it usually involves criticisms of many evils in the world, and all these evils will disappear in his imaginary society. The things outlined in the utopia are usually radical, revolutionary, inspirational, or speculative.

  Utopia is derived from 2 Greek words - "not" (ou) and "place" (topos) which is meant "nowhere". Utopia, in its most common and general meaning, refers to a perfect society that does not exist (yet), or that can never exist because It has also been used to describe actual communities founded in attempt to create such community (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikipedia, accessed on

  th September 12 2006).

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The object of the study is the novel The Invisible Man written by Herbert George Wells. It was first published in Great Britain by Collins Clear

• – Type Press in 1897 and the latest reprint in 1959. In The Invisible Man, Wells works out the theme that nothing is gained without a corresponding loss. Griffin, the medical student, discovers how to make himself invisible; however as a result, he loses his sanity. The novel is a cautionary tale, warning that a person's intellectual achievement must still contend with more primitive drives. The Invisible Man is also a social comedy, inviting laughter as the rural population of Sussex responds to the "strange man" all "wrapped up from head to foot."

  The novel, The Invisible Man is a tale of suspense that focuses on a insane medical student, Griffin, who has discovered how to make people invisible. Because of his madness and invisibility, griffin poses a special threat to the community. He can steal from people and assault them as if he were a ghost. As the police close in on him, he becomes more desperate and more dangerous.

  B. Approach of the Study

  The study adopts sociological and philosophical approach, particularly moral philosophy. The moral philosophical approach was adopted to address the question about the science abused committed by Griffin, the main character in Wells’ The Invisible Man. The moral philosophy contains concepts which the writer considered as appropriate to explain the motive behind the science abused. The sociological approach was used to analysis how the science abuse could be very harmful for the development of the society. Principally, science has two potentials. The first potential is positive which means that it helps to solve the problem in human life. In medication, for example, Louis Pasteur discovered that certain viral disease can be eliminated by vaccination. The second potential is negative, which means that it threats human beings. The invention of guns machine, or atomic bomb are the example of the negative potential of the scientific invention.

  C. Method of the Study

  This study took the form of library research, which employed the descriptive techniques, whereas the method of collecting data is qualitative.

  The researcher obtained the data from the novel The Invisible Man by H.G. Wells published by Buccaneer Books, Inc, NY. 1985. The data from the novel was in the form of quotations, author’s remarks and narration relevant to the criticism, reviews, comments, author’s biography and other supporting material related to the study.

  The process of data analysis was achieved through identifying how is the science abused in Wells’ The Invisible Man and then analyzing in what ways does the science threat the utopian society in Wells’ The Invisible Man.

  From the process of data analysis above, the writer finally reveals how the science is abused and in what ways does the science threat the utopian society in Wells’ The Invisible Man.

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS The purposes of the paper as stated in the previous chapter are to describe

  on how the science is abused in Wells’s The Invisible Man and in what ways does the science threat the utopian society in Wells’s The invisible Man. This

  chapter is devoted to answer the questions. A. The Science Abuse in Wells’s The Invisible Man The Wells’ The Invisible Man is concerned with the invisibility of human existence. It particularly tells about the science abuse. It is due to the fact that the scientific invention is developed for the undesirable purposes. Griffin, a college student, makes the experiment to himself using the principle of invisibility. He succeeds in transforming his body into an invisible condition. His unprecedented invention has initially made him proud of himself. With his new ‘appearance’, he has to get accustom to doing everything he has never done before. He finds himself in trouble of eating food in the first time as he is not able to see himself. Even more, he makes up his mind with a great deal of plans- largely pursuing his own interest.

  It is clear that the power and freedom become the motivation behind the invention. Griffin believes that his invisibility is the way from which he gains power. A freedom, particularly financial freedom, is possibly the intention of just a magic. Certainly, invisibility means many things to human. Particularly it gives power and freedom which allow him to reap the goals in his life.

  “To do such a thing would be to transcend magic and I beheld, unclouded by doubt, a magnificent vision of all that Invisibility might mean to a man. The mystery, the power, the freedom. (p.140).