A Synchronous Sub-Array Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna for Bisar Onboard UAV - Universitas Negeri Padang Repository

The International Conference on Mathematics, Science, Education and Technology (ICOMSET 2015)

  Education, Mathematics, Science and Technology for Human and Natural Resources

  October 22, 2015 Inna Muara Hotel and Convention Center Padang, Indonesia Organized by Faculty of Mathematics and Science State University of Padang Padang, Indonesia

  Organizing Committee STEERING COMMITTEE

   Dr. Yosza Dasril (Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Malaka)

   Prof. Dr. Syafrizal , M.Si (UNAND)

   Dr. Yuni Ahda, M.Si (UNP)

   Prof. Akhmaloka (ITB)

   Prof. Wahyudin (UPI)

   Dr. Tan Ling Ling (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)

   Prof. Hadi Nur (UTM)

   Prof. Akrajas (UKM)

   Prof. Dr. Ahmad Fauzan, M.Pd, M.Sc (UNP)

   Prof. Dr. Lufri, M.S (UNP)

   Prof. Dr. Festiyed, M.S (UNP)

   Prof. Josaphat Tetuko SS (Chiba University)

   Dr. Jefri Marsal (Univ. Jambi)

   Prof. Dr. Phil. H. Yanuar Kiram (Rector Universitas Negeri Padang)

   Prof. Usman Sumo, Ph.D (Univ. Indonesia)

   Luhur Bayuaji, Ph.D (Universiti Malaysia Pahang)

   Prof. Dr. Elizar (UNP)

   Yuhendra, Ph.D (Institut Teknologi Padang)

   Dr. Rahadi Wirawan, M.Si (Universitas Mataram)

   Secretary : Yohandri, M.Si., Ph.D

   Vice Chairman : Ananda Putra, M.Si., Ph.D

   Chairman : Drs. Hendra Syarifuddin, M.Si., Ph.D

   Dr. Yulkifli, S.Pd., M.Si (Vice Dean I, Faculty of Mathematics and Science Universitas Negeri Padang) _{ORGANIZING COMMITTEE}

   Prof. Dr. Lufri, M.Si (Dean Faculty of Mathematics and Science Universitas Negeri Padang)

   Prof. Dr. H. Agus Irianto (Vice Rector I, Universitas Negeri Padang)

   Prof. Dr. I Made Arnawa, M.Si (UNAND)

  Contents Messages

  Rector of State University of Padang xi

  Dean of Faculty of Mathematics and Science xii Chairman of Organizing Committee xiv

  Keynote Speaker

  BILL ATWEH Socially Response-able Mathematics, Science and Technology Education: xv Quality, Engagement, and Sustainability ANDRIVO RUSYDI New Paths For Half-Metallic And Ferromagnetic In Oxides xvi NUR HADI The Design of Solid Catalysts: Some Examples from Universiti Teknologi xvii Malaysia CHAN YEE KIT A Millimeter-Wave GBSAR for Landslide Monitoring xviii ANANDA PUTRA Novel Bacterial Cellulose With Well Oriented Fibrils Alignment: Synthesis and xix Characterization

  Mathematics Education

  ADRI NOFRIANTO Etnomathematics (Mathematical Concepts in Minangkabau Traditional Game)

  1 AKRIM The Integration of Sosial and Spiritual Competences Curriculum 2013 in Math

  5 Subject in State Junior High School of Medan ARNELLIS, SUHERMAN, DODI VIONANDA Statistical Analysis of the Relationship Pedagogic and Professional Capabilities

  15 Results Competency Test Teacher Senior High School West Sumatra Province EDWIN MUSDI Development of Mathematics Instructional Model Based on Realistic

  21 Mathematics Education to Promote Problem Solving Ability Junior High School Students of Padang ELITA ZUSTI JAMAAN Improving The Professional Competence of Elementary School Teacher

  27 Through Programmed Training in Working Up A Student Sheet Based on Critical and Matehematical Thinking in Pasaman Regency HAFIZAH DELYANA Improved Communication Mathematical Abilities Through Implementation The

  33 Firing Line’s Strategy at VII Class of Junior High School MARIAM NASUTION, RAHMATUL HAYATI, LATISMA The Development of an Authentic Assessment in Geometric Subject which is

  40 Oriented to Problem Based Learning (PBL) PIPIT FIRMANTI The Process of Deductive Thinking of Junior High School Students in

  47 Completing Geometric Proof Based on Gender RINA FEBRIANA , YUSUTRIA

  Analysis Validity LKM Based Contextual Algebra Basic In STKIP PGRI

  52 Sumbar ZETRIUSLITA, REZI ARIAWAN, HAYATUN NUFUS Profile Ability Think Critically Student in Completing Mathematical Problems

  57 Based on The Level of Academic Ability ALI ASMAR Development Constructivism Learning Materials Use Cooperative Model At

  59 Fifth Class Of Elementary School

  ISRA NURMAI YENTI, DONA AFRIYANI A Need Analysis Of Material Development Of Qur’anic Integrative Calculus

  67 LELY KURNIA Modelling Of Factors Influencing The Student’s Academic Survival At Stain

  72 Batusangkar HANIFAH Developing Calculus Learning Model Based On The Theory Of Apos (Action,

  76 Process, Object, And Schema)

  Mathematics

  ANISWITA Fungsi Terintegral Henstock-Kurzweil Serentak dan Unifiomly Globally Small

  86 Riemann Sums (UGSRS) dari Ruang Euclide Ke Ruang Barisan HELMA, NONONG AMALITA Estimation Actual Value Based On Output Value Tools Of A Measure Using

  92 The Inverse Regression HERU MAULANA, KUNTJORO ADJI SIDARTO Valuing Employee Stock Options (ESO) Under Employee Forfeiture Rate

  98 ROSLINA, HARTONO, MUHAMMAD ZARLIS An Overview of Methods For Increasing The Performance of Genetic Algorithm 105 SRI WAHYUNINGSIH, RAHMAT GUNAWAN Forecasting Oil Production Using Time Series Model 110 SYAMSUL ANWAR, LONNY AFRIZALMY Optimization of Production Planning Using Goal Programming Method (A Case 117 Study in A Cement Industry) DAHLAN ABDULLAH, HARTONO, ANGGA PRASETYA Stock Parts Forecasting Using Least Square In Pt. Dunia Barusa Lhokseumawe 123

  Physics Education

  AHMAD FAUZI, FANNY RAHMATINA RAHIM, RATNA WULAN The Effectiveness of Mechanics Handout Integrated by Volcanic Eruption 130 Material to Creative Thinking Ability AMALI PUTRA Physics Learning Oriented Content Complexity and Cognitive Process for 135 Improving Student Scientific Competence on High School in Padang ASRIZAL, HUFRI, FESTIYED Development of Authentic Assessment For Supporting The Inquiry Learning 142 Model in Basic Electronics 1 Course MASRIL, HIDAYATI Development of Teaching Materials Based on Scientific Approach For Support 148 The Implementation Of Curriculum 2013 in Senior High School TANTI, MAISON Modification of Colorado Learning Attitudes About Science Survey (Class) 152 HIDAYATI, FATNI MUFID, ELITA, FESTIYED The Development Of Authentic Assessment For Problem Based Learning Model 158 In Learning Physics For Senior High School SILVI YULIA SARI, HUSNA The Effectiveness Of Constructivist-Based Handouts For Fundamental Of 164 Physics

  Physics

  AKMAM, IREFIA RD, SILVIA D, JEMMY ROHMANA Optimition of Least Square Inversion Using Occam Method Dipole-Dipole 169 Geoelectric Resistivity Data for Landslide Surface Estimation

  ARSALI, OCTAVIANUS CAKRA SATYA, SUPARDI Determination of System Dynamic Characteristics Based on A Serial Rc Circuit 177 Model FATNI MUFIT, MAHRIZAL, NOVIYENDRISUDIAR Magnetic Properties and Heavy Metal Content of Leachate Sludge in Waste 182 Landfill, Air Dingin Padang, Indonesia MAHRIZAL, AHMAD FAUZI, AKMAM Monitoring Technology Development Geoelectric Time-Lapse to Monitor The Prone to Landslides Areas in Padang Using Methods Geoelectric Time-Lapse 188 Resistivity Inversion In Wenner And Schlumberger Configuration NOVIA LIZELWATI, VENNY HARIS Design of Experiments Set to Determine The Coefficient of Kinetic Friction on 196 Collision of Two Objects RATNAWULAN, JULIANSYAH, AHMAD FAUZI Effect of Calcination Temperature on Phase Transformation and Crystallite Size 201 of Granite Powder YULKIFLI, YOHANDRI, RAHMAT TRIYONO, ZULPADRIANTO Development of 2D Vibration Detector Using Fluxgate Sensor Based on 203 Personal Computer YENNI DARVINA, SUCI WAHYUNI, RAMLI The Optimization Of Calcination Temperature Of Pensi (Corbicula Moltkiana) 208 Shells To Obtain Calcite-Caco3 YOHANDRI A Synchronous Sub-Array Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna For Bisar 211 Onboard Uav

  Chemistry Education

  AFRAHAMIRYANO Student’s Perception of Mathematics and Science Department of Biology 217 Education Program Toward Basic Chemistry Course at The University Mahaputra Muhammad Yamin Solok ANITA HERDA, RAYANDRA A, MAISON Profile of Senior High School Student’s Needs for Life Skill Oriented – 221 Chemistry BAYHARTI, SURYELITA, INDAH HARIA UTARI The Development of Problem Based Learning Worksheet on Reaction Rate for 224 Senior High School Students

  GUSPATNI The Effect of E-Learning in Chemistry Learning Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis 230 HARYANTO Profiles Early Generic Skill Prospective Teacher of Chemistry in Jambi 238 University LATISMA DJ Design and Implementation of Chemistry Triangle Oriented Learning Media on 241 Hydrocarbons RATULANI JUWITA Developing Kit and Experiment Worksheet for Electrochemistry at XII Class of 247 Senior High School YERIMADESI, BUDHI OKTAVIA, WILDA ZULVINA FITRI The Development of Buffer Teaching Material In The Form of Module-Based 253 Discovery Learning for Chemistry in Senior High School ZONALIA FITRIZA, LATISMA DJ, MAWARDI Analysis Of Students Misconception of Atomic Structure In Sma Adabiah 258 Padang ANDROMEDA, BAYHARTI, MENTARI DELIPUTRI The Development Of Guided Inquiry-Based Worksheet For Laboratory Work On 264 Topic Of Colloidal System For Senior High School Instruction

  Chemsitry

  AMRIN, EDI NASRA Trace Metals Accumulation in Vegetables From Some Areas in West Sumatera 269 ERPINA SANTI MELIANA NADEAK Sodium – Diethyldithiocarbamate as A Complex Agent For Preconcentration and 273 Trace Analysis of Cd(II) Based on Flow Injection Analysis

  INDANG DEWATA , EDI NASRA Assessment of Trace Pb (II) in Sludge From Batang Anai River’s Padang 283 PUJI ARDININGSIH, LIA DESTIARTI, AFGHANI JAYUSKA Isolation of Antibacterial Activities of The Endophytic Microbes From Asam 287 Kandis (Garcinia Diocia Blume) RAHADIAN ZAINUL, ADMIN ALIF, HERMANSYAH AZIZ, SYUKRI ARIF, SYUKRI Photoelectrochemical Splitting Of Water By Photoelectric Induced At Carbon 292 Surface

  SHERLY KUSUMA WARDA NINGSIH, MIFTAHUL KHAIR, SILVI

  VERONITA Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles by Sol-Gel Method with 301 Various Additives SRI BENTI ETIKA, SURYELITA, DEWI RAMADHANI Isolation and Characterization of Flavonoid From Gambier Plant Leaves 306 (Uncaria Gambir R.) SYAMSU HERMAN, AMUN AMRI Synthesis of Copper Oxide Thin Film Via Sol-Gel Dip-Coating Route For 309 Spectrally Selective Absorber Material ALIZAR ULIANAS Biosensor As Food, Enviromental And Medical Controll 314

  Biology Education

  ANIZAM ZEIN Use of Mind Map in Increasing Student Learning Activities and Results of 320 General Biology Course in FMIPA UNP Padang ERNIE NOVRIYANTI, LUFRI Developing Authentic Assessment for Contextual Teaching and Learning Model 325 at Animal Taxonomy Course HEFFI ALBERIDA Analyzing of Natural Science Teacher Understanding at Padang City About 329 Science Literacy, Problem Solving and Scientific Approach LUFRI, ARDI Development Model Based Learning Concept, Modeling Method and 334 Drill For Course Methodology Research M. HAVIZ The Modern Instructional Design on Educational Research: How to Use the 340 Adaptive Systems on Instructional of Biology MUHYIATUL FADILAH, HELENDRA, FITRI ARSIH Identifying The Misconceptions Relate to Evolution Material Presented in 355 Students Biology Text Book For XII Class RAHMAWATI D Biology Education Student's Acceptance of Evolution Theory Before Learn 360 Evolutionary Course in Biology Department RELSAS YOGICA, RISTIONO Learning Style of First-Year Biology College Students in State University of 366 Padang

  ZULMARDI, ARNELLIS, ARDI Deepening Matter and Training for Competence Professional and Pedagogic Teachers of Mathematics and Science at Junior and Senior High School 370 in District Dharmasraya of West Sumatra-Indonesia SALVINA, LUFRI, ZULYUSRI Contextual Approach Based On Lesson Study On Biology Learning To Improve Cognitive Competencies Of VIII.3 Grade Of 374 MTsN Lubuk Buaya Padang Students ZULYUSRI, RISTIONO, MEILA FETRI DARMA Development Of Bilingual Module Nuance Contextual Approach Of Material 378 Movement Systems For Class VIII Students Of SMP

  Biology

  ARMEN Fish Farming of Nila to Against The Population Reliance of Biological 383 Resources at Kerinci Seblat National Park (Tnks) in Nagari Limau Gadang Lumpo, Pesisir Selatan DES M Pollen Morphometry of Euphorbia Mili Moulins Varieties 391 FIFI YULIA Management Analysis on Plants Morphology Lab Work in Basic Biology 396 Laboratory of Stain Batusangkar GUSTINA, INDRIATI, RUTH RIZE PAAS MEGAHATI, ANNIKA MAIZELI 406

  Identification of Amylase-Producing Bacteria From The Soil of Waste in Padang

  MADES FIFENDY Bacteriological Test Of Some Cooked Grinding Seasonings In The Pasar Raya

  406 Padang SYAMSU RIZAL Tetra Primer-Arms-Pcr Construction to Detect Snp Rs290487 Tcf7l2 411

  VIOLITA, TRIADIATY Floristic Diversity, Abundance and Association of Tree Plant in Bukit 12 415 National Park Jambi.

  YUNI AHDA, ELSA YUNIARTI AND JEFRI CHANDRA TRP64ARG Adrenergic Reseptor ß-3 (ADRB3) GENE POLYMORPHISMS

  423 ON TYPE 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients In Minangkabau Ethnics

  Technology and Other

  AL AL, SEPANUR BANDRI 429

  1-Phase Inverter Trigger Pulse Control Design Based Arduino microcontroller in The Hybrid Power Plant Regulator Systems BUDI UTAMI FAHNUN, LELY PRANANINGRUM, WINOKO DAVID CHRISTOFEL

  433 Geographical Information System Handycraft Application Based on Mobile in Depok City CHOIRUL HUDA SUBARYANTO, RENDY WIKRAMA WARDANA

  443 The Technique Of Variable Projection and Rules of Temple Area in Operation of Series DEDY HARTAMA, JALALUDIN

  451 Model Rules of Student Academic Achievement With The Algorithm C 4.5 ERWINSYAH SATRIA

  455 Improving Students Activities and Learning Outcomes in Natural Science in Class V by Using Somatic Auditory Visual Intellectual (SAVI) with Science Kit Seqip in SD Negeri 25 Seroja Lintau HASANUDDIN HENDRI NURDIN, WASKITO, SYAHRUL

  462 Design and Contructions of Simple Distilations Unit With Reflux Column Model For Cane Tibarau (Saccarum Spontaneous Linn) Bioethnol Productions HENDRI NURDIN HASANUDDIN, IRZAL, PURWANTONO

  469 Analysis of Behavior Deflection Composite Particle Board Cane Baggase Using Adhesives Tapioca LELYA HILDA, SYAFIRUDDIN, REPLITA

  472 Integrated Farming, Creating Zero Waste Environment RINA SUGIARTI, ANITA WASUTININGSIH, EGA HEGARINI

  476 Geographic Information System Web-Based on Creative Industry in West Sumatera SALMAINI S

  483 Development Of Mathematics Instructional Model Based Assisted Contextual Ict In High School SYUHENDRI

  489 Physics Education Students’ Conceptions On Active Forces and Action-Reaction Pairs

  Conference Timetable _{ICOMSET 2015} The International Conference on Mathematics, Science, Education and Technology

  

Message

from the

  

Rector of State University of Padang

  Ladies and Gentlemen, It give me great happiness to extend my sincere and warm welcome to the participants of the International Conference on Mathematics, Science, Education and Technology (ICOMSET 2015). On behalf of Universitas Negeri Padang, let me welcome all of you to the conference in Padang, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia.

  We believe that from this scientific meeting, all participants will have time to discuss and exchange ideas, findings, creating new networking as well as strengthen the existing collaboration in the respective fields of expertise. In the century in which the information is spreading in a tremendous speed and globalization ia a trend. Universitas Negeri Padang must prepare for the hard competition that lay a head. One way to succeed is by initiating and developing collaborative work with many partners from all over the world. Through the collaboration in this conference we can improve the quality of our researches as well as teaching and learning process in mathematics, science and technology.

  I would like to express my sincere appreciation to FMIPA UNP and organizing

  

committee who have organized this event. This is a great opportunity for us to be

involved in an international community. I would also like to extend my appreciation

and gratitude to keynote speakers and participants of this conference for their

contribution to this event.

  

Finally, I wish all participants get a lot of benefits at the conference. I also wish all

participants can enjoy the atmosphere of the city of Padang, West Sumatra.

  Thank you very much Prof. Dr. Phil. Yanuar Kiram Rector

  Conference Timetable _{ICOMSET 2015} The International Conference on Mathematics, Science, Education and Technology

  

Message

from the

  

Dean of Faculty of Mathematics and Science

State University of Padang

  Rector of State University of Padang Vice-Dean of Faculty, Mathematics and Science Head of Department in Faculty of Mathematics and Science Distinguished Keynote Speakers Organizers of this conference Dear participants Ladies and gentlemen I am delighted and honored to have this opportunity to welcome you to ICOMSET 2015 - the International Conference on Mathematics, Science, Education and Technology, which is hosted by Faculty of Mathematics and Science, State University of Padang.

  As the Dean of Faculty of Mathematics and Science, I wish to extend a warm welcome to colleagues from the various countries and provinces. We are especially honored this year by the presence of the eminent speaker, who has graciously accepted our invitation to be here as the Keynote Speaker. To all speakers and participants, I am greatly honored and pleased to welcome you to Padang. We are indeed honored to have you here with us.

  The ICOMSET organization committee and also the scientific committee have done a great work preparing our first international conference and I would like to thank them for their energy, competence and professionalism during the organization process. For sure, the success I anticipate to this conference will certainly be the result of the effective collaboration between all those committees involved. This conference is certainly a special occasion for those who work in education, mathematics, science, technology, and other related fields. It will be an occasion to meet, to listen, to discuss, to share information and to plan for the future. Indeed, a conference is an opportunity to provide an international platform for researchers, academicians as well as industrial professionals from all over the world to present their research results. This conference also provides opportunities for the delegates to exchange new ideas and application experiences, to establish research relations and to find partners for future collaboration. Hopefully, this conference will contribute for Human and Natural Resources. I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all delegates and sponsors for their full support, cooperation and contribution to the ICOMSET 2015. I

  Conference Timetable _{ICOMSET 2015} The International Conference on Mathematics, Science, Education and Technology

  also wish to express my gratitude to the Organizing Committee and the Scientific Committee for their diligence. The various sponsors are also thanked for their kind support.

  In closing, I realize that you are fully dedicated to the sessions that will follow, but I do hope you will also take time to enjoy fascinating Padang, with its tropical setting, friendly people and multi-cultural cuisine. I wish the participants a very fruitful and productive meeting and with that. Finally, we respectfully request the Rector of State University of Padang to open the

  ICOMSET 2015 officially. Thank you, Faculty of Mathematics and Science Prof. Dr. Lufri, M.S.

  Conference Timetable _{ICOMSET 2015} The International Conference on Mathematics, Science, Education and Technology

  

Message

from the

  

Chairman of Organizing Committee

  Firstly, I would like to say welcome to Padang Indonesia. It is an honor for us to host this conference. We are very happy and proud because the participants of this conference come from many countries and many provinces in Indonesia. Ladies and gentlemen, This conference facilitates researchers to present ideas and

  

latest research findings that allows for discussion among fellow researchers. Events

like this are very important for open collaborative research and create a wider

network in conducting research.

In this conference, there are about 120 papers that will be discussed from various

aspects of mathematics, science, technology, education and other related topics.

  For all of us here, I would like to convey my sincere appreciation and gratitude for your participation in this conference.

  Thank you very much Drs. Hendra Syarifuddin, M.Si, Ph.D Chairman ICOMSET Physics

  

A SYNCHRONOUS SUB-ARRAY CIRCULARLY POLARIZED MICROSTRIP

ANTENNA FOR BISAR ONBOARD UAV

Yohandri

  

Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, State University of Padang, Indonesia

  Yohandri.unp@gmail.com _ABSTRACT

  

A circularly polarized microstrip antenna for bi-static SAR onboard UAV has been investigated. The both sense

of the circular polarization left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) and right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) are

can be achieved on experimental and simulation. The 2x2 sub array antenna operated in 1.176 (L-band) with

novel proximity synchronous feed method has been designed, fabricated, and evaluated to show the characteristic

of the antenna. The measured result give the axial ratio bandwidth (<3dB) of about 28 MHz (2%), which

consistent with the simulated result of about 27 MHz (2%). These results satisfy the specification for our BiSAR

_{Keywords : Proximity synchronous feed, bi-static SAR, Circularly polarized antenna, UAV} system installed onboard UAV.

  A bi-static synthetic aperture radar (BiSAR) has rapidly increased in the last years due to the ability operated in all-weather and both daytime and nighttime. Additional, the abilities in exploitation of extra reflective information of targets, reduced vulnerability for military application, forward-looking SAR imaging or increased radar cross section [1] has made BiSAR as a potential sensor in application. Recently, the signal from a Global Positioning System (GPS) can be used as a SAR sensor. A receiver collects both the reflected GPS signal from the ground surface and direct GPS signals on an airborne platform. Several measurements such as soil moisture measurement and determining of wind speed are succeeded done using this sensor [2, 3]. In application, some of the GPS receivers have been based on a linear polarization system. By receiving the Figure 1. Illustration of the bi-static SAR signal in linearly polarized antenna produce loss caused by the polarization misalignment between the

  Polarization (RHCP) onboard unman aerial vehicle signal and receiving antenna and future will reduce the (UAV). overall system efficiency and performance as well [4]. In order to transfer maximum power between transmit The recorded signals from the both antennas will be and receive antenna, both antennas must have the used to reconstruct the target reflectivity function same spatial orientation, the same polarization sense, using the match filtering. The high quality and and the same axial ratio. It can be realize by receiving efficiency are required in development the BiSAR the reflected and direct signal from satellite at the system. The microstrip antenna is selected in antenna same time using circularly polarized antenna (Fig. 1). development due to its advantages such as a compact size, light weight, conformability to surfaces of

  To realize a new model BiSAR system, research substrates, low cost, and easier integration with other collaboration between microwave remote sensing circuits and versatility [6]. Additional, other of the laboratory Chiba University and Tokyo University is advantages of the microstrip antenna is ease to being done [5]. In this research, the signals are generate circular polarization (CP). This feature is one received by both of CP antennas Left-Hand Circular reason why microstrip patch antennas have been polarization (LHCP) and Right-Hand Circular utilized for space borne communication antenna and

  ICOMSET Physics

  satellites [7, 8]. However, as well known, a microstrip antenna can attain a narrow frequency bandwidth, especially axial ratio bandwidth generally in order of one-half percent at the expense of a low gain [9,10]. Some previous work has reported the enhancement of the axial ratio bandwidth of microstrip antenna [11]. By implementing many hybrids and power divider in the design, the antenna would be more complex geometry, heavier, high loss, and larger size [7]. One of the promising ways to produce the wider axial ratio bandwidth of CP antenna is sequential rotation technique on sub-array linearly polarized elements.

  In this research, a novel synchronous sub-array model to generate circular polarization using sequential rotation technique is presented. Different from previous models [12], the synchronous sub-array is designed with circular series feed method without using a power divider. The advantages of this feed method are the compactness and simplicity of the structure and easy to fabricate. In addition, by using a simple model can reduce the size of antenna and high loss in feeding network. This sub array antenna with novel proximity feeding model can be applied and satisfy for BiSAR onboard UAV requirement. On the next section, the specifications and target of the proposed antenna are introduced. The discussion about circularly polarized antenna will be given in Sec. 3, and the antenna configuration in Sec. 4. The parametric study and performance of the proposed antenna will be explained in Sec. 5 and Sec. 6, respectively. Finally, the conclusion about this research is pointed out on the Sec. 7. _{2. SPECIFICATION AND TARGET} In this research, the sub-array antenna is operated on frequency center 1.176 GHz (L-band). The input impedance should be fixed match by resulting in the return loss smaller than 10 dB in the working frequency range. To ensure the radiation is circularly polarized, the maximum axial ratio (AR) is 3 dB in the targeted direction (Azimuth angle 5-90 and elevation angle 360). The antenna also should be keep smaller and light weight to satisfy the UAV payload. The targeted minimum gain of the antenna is set to 16 dBic at the center working frequency. The detail specifications and target of the antenna for BiSAR onboard UAV is sown in the Table 1.

  Tabel 1. Specifications and Target Parameters Specifications Frequency center (GHz) 1.176 Pulse Bandwidth (MHz)

  1.5 Typical at 1.176 Axial Ratio (dB) ≤ 3 Antenna Gain (dBic) ≥16 Azimuth angle coverage 5-90 degree

  Elevation angle coverage 360 degree Antenna Size (m) 1.5 x 0.25 Polarization LHCP and RHCP _{3. CIRCULARLY POLARIZED ANTENNAS} Generally, the polarization of an electromagnetic wave is defined as the orientation of its electric field vector. If the vector appears to rotate with time, then the wave is elliptically polarized. The ellipse so described may vary in ellipticity from a circle to a straight line, or from linearly to circularly polarize. Hence, the Circular polarization is a limiting case of the more general condition of elliptical polarization. In a circularly polarized, the plane of polarization rotates in a circle making one complete revolution during one period of the wave and can be obtained by combining two orthogonal linearly polarized radiating elements. The other special case is the easier to understand linear polarization. A linear polarized antenna radiates wholly in one plane containing the direction of propagation.

  A circularly polarized element can also be generated by implementing a single feed with some perturbation on the radiator element.

  Figure 2. Polarization Parameters The axial ratio (AR) is a very important characteristic for circularly polarized antennas. Generally, the polarization of an electromagnetic wave can be categorized by using AR parameter. Axial ratio is the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis of the polarization ellipse which commonly stated in units of dB. Based on Figure 2, the ellipticity as a function of AR is defined as. _{R 1} cot

  (1) Here, is ellipticity angle (-45 45 ) and R is the value of axial ratio. The value of axial ratio can be formulated as [5]

  (2) _ON ^OM _E ^E _{length axis or} ^{length axis major R} _min ^max min ICOMSET Physics

  Where OM (Emax) and ON (Emin) are the maximum and minimum of the electric field amplitude, respectively. The R is equal to 1 for perfect circular polarization and infinite for linear polarization. In the between of 1 and infinite, electromagnetic wave is classified as elliptical polarization. The axial ratio for pure linear polarization is infinite, because the orthogonal components of the field are zero.

  The circular polarization sense can be right-hand and left-hand depends on the vector is turning clockwise (CW) or counter clockwise (CCW) in relation to the time. In term of polarization sense, the sign of R is positive for RHCP and negative for LHCP. _{4. ANTENNA CONFIGURATION} The configuration of the antenna and its parameter's design are shown in Figure 3. The antennas consist of four circular patches (2 x 2) with radius r and fabricated on two layers substrate. The top layer substrate is for radiator element and the bottom substrate is for the synchronous feed. Each substrate having thickness (h) 1.6 mm, conductor thickness tc

  Figure 3. Configuration of sub array circular 35 m, dielectric constant r = 2.17 and loss tangent synchronous feed 0.0005. Each patch is fed by a proximity feed located at Thus, the bandwidth of (Xi Yi,) from its center. a proximity-coupled patch is inherently greater than the direct contact feed patch. Spacing between the patch (S) for both horizontal and vertical of 0

  03Lamda, was chosen and overall size (W x L) of the antenna was 20x20 cm2. The method of moment (IE3D simulation software) with a finite ground plane model was employed to achieve the optimum parameters of the antenna design. The detailed optimum parameters of the antenna are r =5 mm, R=11 mm, r=4 mm, w=5 mm, w1= 2 mm, w2= 2 mm w3= 2 mm and w4= 2 mm. A SMA connector is used to feed the microstrip line on the edge of the substrate. Several types of the previous sub array with synchronous feed are reported. However, the feed method is complex and need more junction and power divider. By implementing many junctions and power dividers make the size of the antenna become larger and heavy. Therefore, by implementing a compact synchronous feed method as sown in Figure 4, the design and fabrication of the antenna are made easier and smaller. In order to design the antenna in LHCP the feed is started from the right element of the radiator and continue to next element in a form of circular Figure 4. Photograph of fabricated proposed antenna:

  (a) synchronous feed, and (b) 2x2 circular radiators. ICOMSET _{5. PARAMETRIC STUDY OF THE ANTENNA} Physics

  )

  c. Effect of the Width Ratio of Feed (w i Results of the parametric study are reported in this section. The characteristics of the antenna in this sub array configuration are investigated in terms of the influence of the elements spacing, the length of feed, and width ratio of the feed. Other parameters are control to make sure the simulated result only effect by particular parameter.

  a. Effect of Elements Spacing (S) Figure 7. Simulation results showing the return loss (S ) of the proposed antenna for various values of ₁₁ width feed ratio (w ). _{6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION i} The novel synchronous feed sub-array antenna has been fabricated to verify the simulated result. The reflection coefficient (S11) is measured by a vector network analyzer (VNA K0022). The antenna's Figure 5. Simulation results showing the radiation characteristics such as axial ratio, gain and radiation pattern of the proposed antenna for various values of pattern are measured in the anechoic chamber in elements spacing (S) MRSL, CEReS, Chiba University. The schematic of measurement system and photograph antenna under test (AUT) can be seen as Figure 8. The antenna

  b. Effect of the Feed Length (Lf) performance in simulated and measured result is plotted as presented in Fig. 9-11. The first parameter is the radius of the circular feed (R). Figure 6 shows the simulated result of return loss and axial ratio.

  Figure 8. The schematic of measurement system Figure 6. Simulation results showing the frequency dependence of the axial ratio (AR) of the proposed antenna for various values of feed length (Lf). ICOMSET Physics

  Figure 9. Simulated and measured reflection coefficient vs. frequency Figure 10. Simulated and measured input impedance (Z _in ) plotted as a function of frequency .

  Figure 11. Simulated and measured axial ratio (AR) vs. frequency at = 0 ^o .

  Figure 12. Simulated and measured gain (G) vs. frequency at = 0 ^o .

  Figure 13. Array antenna characteristics in the theta plane (x-z plane) at f = 1.27 GHz: (a) gain versus theta angle, and (b) axial ratio versus theta angle.

  Figure

  14. Array antenna characteristics in the theta plane (y-z plane) at f = 1.27 GHz: (a) gain vs. theta angle, and (b) axial ratio vs. theta angle. ICOMSET Physics _{7. CONCLUSION}

  A novel compact synchronous feed has been described for the generation of circular polarization (CP) radiation. The simulation has done to achieve the optimum performance in studying the proposed antenna. The measured impedance bandwidth (<- 10dB) and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth has been attained around 60 MHz, and 28 MHz, respectively. The maximum measured gain is fairly high of about 7.11 dBic in the operating band (1.176 GHz). In general, numerical analyses using the method of moment can lead to a good agreement with experimental results. The slight differences of antenna performance between the simulation and measurement are probably due to imperfection during the fabrication and measurement processes. With its good performance, this novel antenna design will be useful to be applied on L-band BISAR system onboard UAV. _REFERENCES [1] I.Walterscheid, J.H.G. Ender, A.R. Brenner, and

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