Solution Manual Advanced Accounting 11th Edition Joe Ben Hoyle Chap008
Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
CHAPTER 8
SEGMENT AND INTERIM REPORTING
Chapter Outline
I.
FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 280, Segment Reporting (FASB ASC 280),
provides current guidance on segment reporting.
A. ASC 280 follows a management approach in which segments are based on the way that
management disaggregates the enterprise for making operating decisions; these are
referred to as operating segments.
B. Operating segments are components of an enterprise which meet three criteria.
1. Engage in business activities and earn revenues and incur expenses.
2. Operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision-maker to
assess performance and make resource allocation decisions.
3. Discrete financial information is available from the internal reporting system.
C. Once operating segments have been identified, three quantitative threshold tests are then
applied to identify segments of sufficient size to warrant separate disclosure. Any segment
meeting even one of these tests is separately reportable.
1. Revenue test—segment revenues, both external and intersegment, are 10 percent or
more of the combined revenue, external and intersegment, of all reported operating
segments.
2. Profit or loss test—segment profit or loss is 10 percent or more of the greater (in
absolute terms) of the combined reported profit of all profitable segments or the
combined reported loss of all segments incurring a loss.
3. Asset test—segment assets are 10 percent or more of the combined assets of all
operating segments.
D. Several general restrictions on the presentation of operating segments exist.
1. Separately reported operating segments must generate at least 75 percent of total
sales made by the company to outside parties.
2. Ten is suggested as the maximum number of operating segments that should be
separately disclosed. If more than ten are reportable, the company should consider
combining some operating segments.
E. Information to be disclosed by operating segment.
1. General information about the operating segment including factors used to identify
operating segments and the types of products and services from which each segment
derives its revenues.
2. Segment profit or loss and the following components of profit or loss.
a. Revenues from external customers.
b. Revenues from transactions with other operating segments.
c. Interest revenue and interest expense (reported separately).
d. Depreciation, depletion, and amortization expense.
e. Other significant noncash items included in segment profit or loss.
f. Unusual items and extraordinary items.
g. Income tax expense or benefit.
3. Total segment assets and the following related items.
a. Investment in equity method affiliates.
b. Expenditures for additions to long-lived assets.
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II.
Enterprise-wide disclosures.
A. Information about products and services.
1. Additional information must be provided if operating segments have not been
determined based on differences in products and services, or if the enterprise has only
one operating segment.
2. In those situations, revenues derived from transactions with external customers must
be disclosed by product or service.
B. Information about geographic areas.
1. Revenues from external customers and long-lived assets must be reported for (a) the
domestic country, (b) all foreign countries in which the enterprise has assets or derives
revenues, and (c) each individual foreign country in which the enterprise has material
revenues or material long-lived assets.
2. U.S. GAAP does not provide any specific guidance with regard to determining
materiality of revenues or long-lived assets; this is left to management’s judgment.
C. Information about major customers.
1. The volume of sales to a single customer must be disclosed if it constitutes 10 percent
or more of total sales to unaffiliated customers.
2. The identity of the major customer need not be disclosed.
III. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) also provide guidance with respect to
segment reporting.
A. IFRS 8, “Operating Segments,” is based on U.S. GAAP. Major differences between IFRS
8 and U.S. GAAP are:
1. IFRS 8 requires disclosure of total assets and total liabilities by operating segment if
these are regularly reported to the chief operating decision maker. U.S. GAAP requires
disclosure of segment assets but does not require disclosure of segment liabilities.
2. IFRS 8 specifically includes intangibles in the scope of “non-current assets” to be
disclosed by geographic area. Authoritative accounting literature (FASB ASC)
indicates that “long-lived assets” to be disclosed by geographic area excludes
intangibles.
3. U.S. GAAP requires an entity with a matrix form of organization to determine operating
segments based on products and services. IFRS 8 allows such an entity to determine
operating segments based on either products and services or geographic areas.
IV. To provide investors and creditors with more timely information than is provided by an annual
report, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires publicly traded
companies to provide financial statements on an interim (quarterly) basis.
A. Quarterly statements need not be audited.
V.
FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 270, Interim Reporting (FASB ASC 270)
requires companies to treat interim periods as integral parts of an annual period rather than as
discrete accounting periods in their own right.
A. Generally, interim statements should be prepared following the same accounting
principles and practices used in the annual statements.
B. However, several items require special treatment for the interim statements to better
reflect the expected annual amounts.
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1. Revenues are recognized for interim periods in the same way as they are on an
annual basis.
2. Interim statements should not reflect the effect of a LIFO liquidation if the units of
beginning inventory sold are expected to be replaced by year-end; inventory should
not be written down to a lower market value if the market value is expected to recover
above the inventory's cost by year-end; and planned variances under a standard cost
system should not be reflected in interim statements if they are expected to be
absorbed by year-end.
3. Costs incurred in one interim period but associated with activities or benefits of
multiple interim periods (such as advertising and executive bonuses) should be
allocated across interim periods on a reasonable basis through accruals and deferrals.
4. The materiality of an extraordinary item should be assessed by comparing its amount
against the expected income for the full year.
5. Income tax related to ordinary income should be computed at an estimated annual
effective tax rate; income tax related to an extraordinary item should be calculated at
the margin.
VI. FASB ASC 270 provides guidance for reporting changes in accounting principles made in
interim periods.
A. Unless impracticable to do so, an accounting change is applied retrospectively, that is,
prior period financial statements are restated as if the new accounting principle had
always been used.
B. When an accounting change is made in other than the first interim period, information for
the interim periods prior to the change should be reported by retrospectively applying the
new accounting principle to these pre-change interim periods.
C. If retrospective application of the new accounting principle to interim periods prior to the
change of change is impracticable, the accounting change is not allowed to be made in an
interim period but may be made only at the beginning of the next fiscal year.
VII. Many companies provide summary financial statements and notes in their interim reports.
A. U.S. GAAP imposes minimum disclosure requirements for interim reports.
1. Sales, income tax, extraordinary items, cumulative effect of accounting change, and
net income.
2. Earnings per share.
3. Seasonal revenues and expenses.
4. Significant changes in estimates or provisions for income taxes.
5. Disposal of a business segment and unusual items.
6. Contingent items.
7. Changes in accounting principles or estimates.
8. Significant changes in financial position.
B. Disclosure of balance sheet and cash flow information is encouraged but not required.
If not included in the interim report, significant changes in the following must be
disclosed:
1. Cash and cash equivalents.
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2. Net working capital.
3. Long-term liabilities.
4. Stockholders' equity.
VIII. Four items of information must also be disclosed by operating segment in interim financial
statements: revenues from external customers, intersegment revenues, segment profit or loss,
and, if there has been a material change since the annual report, total assets.
IX. IAS 34, “Interim Financial Reporting,” provides guidance in IFRS with respect to interim
financial statements.
A. Unlike U.S. GAAP, IAS 34 requires each interim period to be treated as a discrete
accounting period in terms of the amounts to be recognized. As a result, expenses that
are incurred in one quarter are expensed in that quarter even though the expenditure
benefits the entire year. And there is no accrual in earlier quarters for expenses expected
to be incurred later in the year.
Answer to Discussion Question: How Does a Company Determine Whether a Foreign
Country is Material?
In his well-publicized “The Numbers Game” speech delivered in September 1998, former SEC
chairman Arthur Levitt cited “materiality” as one of five gimmicks used by companies to manage
earnings. Although his remarks were not specifically directed toward the issue of geographic
segment reporting, the intent was to warn corporate America that materiality should not be used as
an excuse for inappropriate accounting.
To make the point even more salient, ASC 250-10-S99 (SAB Topic 1.M, Assessing Materiality,
originally issued by the SEC as Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) 99, “Materiality”), warns financial
statement preparers that reliance on a simple numerical rule of thumb, such as 5% of net
income, is not sufficient. ASC 250-10-S99 reminds financial statement preparers that in its
Concepts Statement 2, the FASB stated the essence of the concept of materiality as follows:
“The omission or misstatement of an item in a financial report is material if, in the light of
surrounding circumstances, the magnitude of the item is such that it is probable that the
judgment of a reasonable person relying upon the report would have been changed or
influenced by the inclusion or correction of the item.”
Further, ASC 250-10-S99 reminds companies that both quantitative and qualitative factors should
be considered in determining materiality. With respect to segment reporting, ASC 250-10-S99
states:
“The materiality of a misstatement may turn on where it appears in the financial statements. For
example, a misstatement may involve a segment of the registrant's operations. In that instance,
in assessing materiality of a misstatement to the financial statements taken as a whole,
registrants and their auditors should consider not only the size of the misstatement but also the
significance of the segment information to the financial statements taken as a whole. “A
misstatement of the revenue and operating profit of a relatively small segment that is
represented by management to be important to the future profitability of the entity" is more likely
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to be material to investors than a
misstatement in a segment that management has not identified as especially important. In
assessing the materiality of misstatements in segment information - as with materiality
generally - situations may arise in practice where the auditor will conclude that a matter
relating to segment information is qualitatively material even though, in his or her judgment,
it is quantitatively immaterial to the financial statements taken as a whole.
Thus, in addition to quantitative factors, such as the relative percentage of total revenues generated
in an individual foreign country, companies should consider qualitative factors as well. Qualitative
factors that might be relevant in assessing the materiality of a specific foreign country include: the
growth prospects in that country and the level of risk associated with doing business in that country.
There are competing arguments for the FASB establishing a significance test for determining
material foreign countries. On one hand, such a quantitative materiality test flies in the face of the
warning provided in ASC 250-10-S99. For example, a 10% of total revenue or long-lived asset test
might give companies an excuse to avoid reporting individual countries that would be material for
qualitative reasons. Assume that from one year to the next a company increases its revenues in
China from 2% of total revenues to 6% of total revenues. Although 6% of total revenues would not
meet a 10% test, the relatively large increase in total revenues generated in China could be material
in that it could affect an investor’s assessment of the company’s future prospects. This company
might be reluctant to disclose information about its revenues in China because of potential
competitive harm.
On the other hand, the FASB could establish a materiality threshold low enough, for example, 5% of
total revenues, that would be likely to ensure that “material” countries are disclosed regardless of
whether they are material for quantitative or qualitative reasons. A bright-line materiality threshold
would ensure a minimum level of disclosure and would enhance the comparability of financial
disclosures provided across companies.
Answers to Questions
1.
Consolidation presents the account balances of a business combination without regard for the
individual component companies that comprise the organization. Thus, no distinction can be
drawn as to the financial position or operations of the separate enterprises that form the
corporate structure. Without a method by which to identify the various individual operations,
financial analysis cannot be well refined.
2.
The word disaggregated refers to a whole that has been broken apart. Thus, disaggregated
financial information is the data of a reporting unit that has been broken down into components
so that the separate parts can be identified and studied.
3.
According to the FASB, the objective of segment reporting is to provide information to help
users of financial statements:
a. better understand the enterprise’s performance,
b. better assess its prospects for future net cash flows, and
c. make more informed judgments about the enterprise as a whole.
4.
Defining segments on the basis of a company’s organizational structure removes much of the
flexibility and subjectivity associated with defining industry segments under prior standards. In
addition, the incremental cost of providing segment information externally should be minimal
because that information is already generated for internal use. Analysts should benefit from
this approach because it reflects the risks and opportunities considered important by
management and allows the analyst to see the company the way it is viewed by management.
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This should enhance the analyst’s ability to predict management actions that can significantly
affect future
cash flows.
5.
An operating segment is defined as a component of an enterprise:
a. that engages in business activities from which it earns revenues and incurs expenses,
b. whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker to
assess performance and make resource allocation decisions, and
c. for which discrete financial information is available.
6.
Two criteria must be considered in this situation to determine an enterprise’s operating
segment. If more than one set of organizational units exists, but there is only one set for which
segment managers are held responsible, that set constitutes the operating segments. If
segment managers exist for two or more overlapping sets of organizational units, the
organizational units based on products and services are defined as the operating segments.
7.
The Revenue Test. An operating segment is separately reportable if its total revenues amount
to 10 percent or more of the combined total revenues of all operating segments.
The Profit or Loss Test. An operating segment is separately reportable if its profit or loss is 10
percent or more of the greater (in absolute terms) of the combined profits of all profitable
segments or the combined losses of all segments reporting a loss.
The Asset Test. An operating segment is separately reportable if its assets comprise 10
percent or more of combined assets of all operating segments.
8.
For reportable operating segments, the following information must be disclosed:
a. Revenues from sales to unaffiliated customers.
b. Revenues from intercompany transfers.
c. Profit or loss.
d. Interest revenue.
e. Interest expense.
f. Depreciation, depletion, and amortization expense.
g. Other significant noncash items included in profit or loss.
h. Unusual items included in profit or loss.
i. Income tax expense or benefit.
j. Total assets.
k. Equity method investments.
l. Expenditures for long-lived assets.
m. Description of the types of products or services from which the segment derives its
revenues.
9.
If operating segments are not based upon products or services, or a company has only one
operating segment, then revenues from sales to unaffiliated customers must be disclosed for
each of the company’s products and services.
10. Information must be provided for the domestic country, for all foreign countries in which the
company generates revenue or holds assets, and for each foreign country in which the
company generates a material amount of revenues or has a material amount of assets.
11. Two items of information must be reported for the domestic country, for all foreign countries in
total, and for each foreign country in which the company has material operations: (1) revenues
from external customers, and (2) long-lived assets.
12. The minimum number of countries to be reported separately is one: the domestic country. If no
single foreign country is material, then all foreign countries would be combined and two lines of
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
information would be reported; one for the United States and one for all foreign countries. U.S.
GAAP does not provide any guidelines related to the maximum number of countries to be
reported.
13. The existence of a major customer and the related amount of revenues must be disclosed
when sales to a single customer are 10 percent or more of consolidated sales.
14. U.S. GAAP requires disclosure of a measure of segment assets, but does not require
disclosure of a measure of segment liabilities. IFRS 8 requires disclosure of total assets and
total liabilities by segment if such a measure is regularly provided to the chief operating
decision maker
15. U.S. publicly traded companies are required to prepare quarterly financial reports to provide
investors and creditors with relevant information on a more timely basis than is provided by an
annual report.
16. Companies are required to follow an "integral" approach in which each interim period is
considered to be an integral part of an annual accounting period, rather than a "discrete"
accounting period in its own right. For several items, the integral approach requires deviation
from the general rule that the same accounting principles used in preparing annual statements
should also be used in preparing interim statements.
17. Cost-of-goods-sold should be adjusted in the interim period to reflect the cost at which the
liquidated inventory is expected to be replaced, thus avoiding the effect of the LIFO liquidation
on interim period income.
18. Income tax expense related to interim period income is determined by estimating the effective
tax rate for the entire year. That rate is then applied to the cumulative pre-tax income earned
to date to determine the cumulative income tax to be recognized to date. The amount of
income tax recognized in the current interim period is the difference between the cumulative
income tax to be recognized to date and the income tax recognized in prior interim periods.
19. When an accounting change occurs in other than the first interim period, information for the
pre-change interim periods should be reported based on retrospective application of the new
accounting principle. If retrospective application of the new accounting principle to pre-change
interim periods is not practicable, the accounting change may be made only at the beginning of
the next fiscal year.
20. The following minimum information must be disclosed in an interim report:
a. Sales, income tax, extraordinary items, cumulative effect of accounting change, and
net income.
b. Earnings per share.
c. Seasonal revenues and expenses.
d. Significant changes in estimates or provisions for income taxes.
e. Disposal of a business segment and unusual items.
f.
Contingent items.
g. Changes in accounting principles or estimates.
h. Significant changes in the following items of financial position:
1. Cash and cash equivalents.
2. Net working capital.
3. Long-term liabilities.
4. Stockholders' equity.
21. Four items of segment information are required to be included in interim reports: revenues from
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
external customers, intersegment revenues, segment profit or loss, and total assets if there has
been a material change in assets from the last annual report.
22. Under IAS 34, an annual bonus paid in the fourth quarter of the year would be recognized fully
in that quarter. There would be no accrual of an estimated bonus expense in the first three
quarters of the year. Under U.S. GAAP, the annual bonus would be estimated at the
beginning of the year and a portion of the estimated bonus would be accrued as expense in
each of the first three quarters.
Answers to Problems
1. D
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. B
11. C
12. C
13. C With regard to major customers, U.S. GAAP (FASB ASC 280) only requires
disclosure of the total amount of revenues from each such customer and
the identity of the segment or segments reporting the revenues.
14. D
15. D
16. A
17. C
18. D
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
19. C If there has been a material change from the last annual report, total
assets, but not individual assets, for each operating segment must be
disclosed.
20. D
21. D (Determine quantitative threshold under revenue test for reportable
segments)
Sales to outsiders
$18,000
Intersegment transfers
3,000
Combined segment revenues
$21,000
10% criterion
x 10%
Minimum
$ 2,100
22. A (Determine quantitative threshold for disclosure of a major customer)
Revenues from a single customer must be disclosed if the amount is 10
percent or more of consolidated sales. Consolidated sales only includes
sales to outsiders; intersegment sales are eliminated.
Consolidated sales (combined sales to outsiders) $376,000
10% criterion
x 10%
Minimum
$ 37,600
23. D (Determine reportable segments under the profit or loss test)
Total operating losses of $1,020,000 (K and M) are larger than total operating
profits of $770,000. Thus, based on the 10 percent criterion, any segment
with a profit or loss of $102,000 or more must be separately disclosed. K, O,
and P do not meet that standard while L, M, and N do.
24. C (Determine reportable segments under three tests)
Revenues Test
Combined segment revenues
10% criterion
Minimum
$32,750,000
x 10%
$ 3,275,000
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Segments meeting test—A, B, C, E
Profit or Loss Test
Since there are no segments with a loss, this test is applied based on total
combined segment profit.
Combined segment profit
$5,800,000
10% criterion
x 10%
Minimum
$ 580,000
Segments meeting test—A, B, C, E
Asset Test
Combined segment assets
10% criterion
Minimum
$67,500,000
x 10%
$ 6,750,000
Segments meeting test—A, B, C, D, E
Five segments are separately reportable.
25. D
26. B (Determine minimum number of reportable segments under 75% rule)
The test to verify that a sufficient number of industry segments is being
disclosed is based on revenues generated from unaffiliated customers. The
four segments that are to be separately disclosed show outside sales of
$520,000 out of a total for the company of $710,000. Since this portion is only
73.2 percent of the company’s total, the 75 percent criterion established by
the U.S. GAAP has not been met.
27. C (Determine expense amounts to be recognized in interim period)
Depreciation
Bonus
$60,000 x 1/4
$120,000 x 1/4
= $15,000
= 30,000
$45,000
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
28. C (Determine net income to be reported in interim period)
Income as reported
Less: Extraordinary loss (recognized in full
in the interim period in which it occurs)
Add: Cumulative effect loss (handled through
adjustment of retained earnings balance
at the beginning of the year)
$100,000
(20,000)
16,000
$ 96,000
29. C (Determine bonus expense to be recognized in interim period)
Bonus
$1,000,000 x 1/4 = $250,000
30. C (Determine property tax expense to be recognized in interim period)
Property taxes
$480,000 x 1/4 = $120,000
31. C (Journal entry for property tax expense recognized in interim period)
Dr. Property tax expense
Prepaid property taxes
Cr. Cash
$120,000
360,000
$480,000
32. A (Determine COGS in interim period under LIFO with LIFO liquidation)
5,000 units x $80 = $400,000
300 units x $50 =
15,000
5,300 units
$415,000
33. C
5,000 units x $80 = $400,000
300 units x $82 =
24,600
5,300 units
$424,600
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
34. (10 minutes) (Apply the Profit or Loss Test to Determine Reportable Operating
Segments)
Calculation of profit or loss.
Revenues
Intersegment Operating
from Outsiders
Transfers
Expenses
Profit
Cards
$1,200,000 + $ 100,000 – $900,000 = $400,000
Calendars
900,000 +
200,000 – 1,350,000 =
Clothing
1,000,000
– 700,000 = 300,000
Books
800,000 +
50,000 – 770,000 =
80,000
Total
$ 780,000
Loss
$250,000
$250,000
Any segment with an absolute amount of profit or loss greater than or equal to
$78,000 (10% x $780,000) is separately reportable. Based on this test, each of
the four segments must be reported separately.
35. (25 minutes) (Apply the Three Tests Necessary to Determine Reportable
Operating Segments)
Revenue Test (numbers in thousands)
Segment
Plastics
Metals
Lumber
Paper
Finance
Total
Revenues
$ 6,425
2,294
738
455
186
$10,098
Percentage
63.7% (reportable)
22.7% (reportable)
7.3%
4.5%
1.8%
100.0%
Profit or Loss Test (numbers in thousands)
Segment
Plastics
Metals
Lumber
Paper
Finance
Total
Revenues
$ 6,425
2,294
738
455
186
Expenses
$ 3,975
1,628
967
610
103
Profit
$2,450
666
83
$3,199
Loss
$
(reportable)
(reportable)
229
155
$384
Since $3,199 is larger in absolute terms than $384, it will serve as the basis for
testing. Each of the profit or loss figures will be compared to $319.90 (10% x
$3,199).
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Asset Test (numbers in thousands)
Segment
Plastics
Metals
Lumber
Paper
Finance
Total
Assets
$1,363
3,347
314
609
768
$6,401
Percentage
21.3% (reportable)
52.3% (reportable)
4.9%
9.5%
12.0% (reportable)
100.0%
The plastics, metals, and finance segments meet at least one of the three tests
and therefore are reportable.
36. (20 minutes) (A Variety of Computational Questions about Operating Segment
and Major Customer Testing)
a. Total revenues for Fairfield (including intersegment revenues) amount to
$4,200,000. Minimum revenues for required disclosure are 10% or $420,000.
b. Disclosure of operating segments is considered adequate only if the
separately reported segments have sales to unaffiliated customers that
comprise 75% or more of total consolidated sales. In this situation that
requirement is met. Red, Blue, and Green have total sales to outsiders of
$3,137,000 (or 86%) of total consolidated sales of $3,666,000. Thus,
disclosure of these three segments would be adequate.
c. Major customer disclosure is based on a level of sales to unaffiliated
customers of at least 10% or, for Fairfield, $366,600 ($3,666,000 x 10%).
d. This test is based on the greater (in absolute terms) of profits or losses. In
this problem, the total profit of Red, Blue, Green, and White ($1,971,000) is
greater than the total loss of Pink and Black ($316,000). Therefore, any
segment with a profit or loss of $197,100 or more (10% x $1,971,000) is
reportable. Using this standard, Red, Blue, Black, and White are of significant
size.
37. (25 minutes) (Apply the three tests necessary to determine reportable operating
segments and determine whether a sufficient number of segments is reported)
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Revenue Test (numbers in thousands)
Segment
Books
Computers
Maps
Travel
Finance
Total
Revenues
$ 205
936
455
432
184
$2,212
Percentage
9.3%
42.3% (reportable)
20.6% (reportable)
19.5% (reportable)
8.3%
100.0%
Profit or Loss Test (numbers in thousands)
Segment
Revenues
Books
$ 205
Computers
936
Maps
455
Travel
432
Finance
184
Total
$2,212
Expenses
$ 218
899
400
314
132
$1,963
Profit Loss
$ 13
$ 37
55
118
52
$262 $ 13
(reportable)
(reportable)
(reportable
(reportable)
This test is based on the greater (in absolute amount) of total profit from
profitable segments or total loss from segments with a loss. In this case, any
segment with profit or loss greater than or equal to $26,200 (10% x $262,000)
is separately reportable.
Asset Test (numbers in thousands)
Segment
Books
Computers
Maps
Travel
Finance
Total
Assets
$ 206
1,378
248
326
1,240
$3,398
Percentage
6.1%
40.5% (reportable)
7.3%
9.6%
36.5% (reportable)
100.0%
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
37. (continued)
Test for Sufficient Number of Segments Being Reported
Four of Mason’s segments (computers, maps, travel, and finance) meet at
least one of the tests carried out above. To determine whether a sufficient
number of segments is being reported, revenues from unaffiliated parties for
these four segments must comprise at least 75% of total consolidated
revenues. Consolidated revenues (sales to outside parties and interest
income-external) for the company amount to $1,644. These four segments do
make up over 75% (actually $1,463 or 89%) of this total. Therefore, this
company is presenting disaggregated information for enough of its segments.
Segment
Computers
Maps
Travel
Finance
Total
Sales to Outsiders
$ 696
416
314
37
$1,463
38. (15 minutes) (Apply materiality tests adopted by a company to determine
countries to be reported separately)
Revenue Test (sales to unaffiliated parties)
United States
Spain
Italy
Greece
Total
$4,610,000
80.3%
395,000
6.9%
272,000
4.7%
463,000
8.1%
$5,740,000 100.0%
Long-lived Asset Test
United States
Spain
$1,894,000
191,000
83.7%
8.4%
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Italy
Greece
Total
106,000
4.7%
72,000
3.2%
$2,263,000 100.0%
None of the individual foreign countries meets either the revenue or long-lived
asset materiality test, so no foreign country must be reported separately.
However, information must be presented for the United States separately and
for all foreign countries combined.
39. (20 minutes) (Allocate costs incurred in one quarter that benefit the entire year
and determine income tax expense)
a. Determination of Income by Quarter—Estimated Annual Tax Rate 40%
1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter
Sales
$1,000,000 $1,200,000 $1,400,000 $1,600,000
Cost of goods sold
(400,000)
(480,000)
(550,000)
(600,000)
Administrative costs
(175,000)
(180,000)
(185,000)
(195,000)
Advertising costs
(25,000)
(25,000)
(25,000)
(25,000)
Executive bonuses
(20,000)
(20,000)
(20,000)
(20,000)
Provision for bad debts
(13,000)
(13,000)
(13,000)
(13,000)
Annual maintenance costs
(15,000)
(15,000)
(15,000)
(15,000)
Pre-tax income
$352,000
$467,000
$592,000
$732,000
Income tax*
(140,800)
(186,800)
(236,800)
(292,800)
Net income
$211,200
$280,200
$355,200
$439,200
* Calculation of income tax by quarter:
Pre-tax income this quarter $352,000
Cumulative pre-tax income $352,000
Estimated income tax rate
x 40%
Cumulative income tax
to be recognized to date
$140,800
Cumulative income tax
recognized in earlier periods
-0Income tax this quarter
$140,800
$467,000
$592,000
$732,000
$819,000 $1,411,000 $2,143,000
x 40%
x 40%
x 40%
$327,600
$564,400
$857,200
140,800
$186,800
327,600
$236,800
564,400
$292,800
b. Determination of Income by Quarter—Change in Estimated Annual Tax Rate
Pre-tax income
Income tax**
Net income
1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter
$352,000
$467,000
$592,000
$732,000
(140,800)
(186,800)
(208,580)
(278,160)
$211,200
$280,200
$383,420
$453,840
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
39. (continued)
** Calculation of income tax by quarter:
Pre-tax income this quarter $352,000
Cumulative pre-tax income $352,000
Estimated income tax rate
x 40%
Cumulative income tax
to be recognized to date
$140,800
Cumulative income tax
recognized in earlier periods
-0Income tax this quarter
$140,800
$467,000
$592,000
$732,000
$819,000 $1,411,000 $2,143,000
x 40%
x 38%
x 38%
$327,600
$536,180
$814,340
140,800
$186,800
327,600
$208,580
536,180
$278,160
40. (15 minutes) (Treatment of accounting change made in other than first interim
period)
Retrospective application of the FIFO method results in the following
restatements of income for 2012 and the first quarter of 2013:
2012
1st Q.
Sales
Cost of goods sold (FIFO)
Operating expenses
Income before income taxes
Income taxes (40%)
Net income
2nd Q.
3rd Q.
2013
4th Q.
1st Q.
$10,000 $12,000 $14,000 $16,000 $18,000
3,800
2,000
4,200
1,680
$2,520
4,600
2,200
5,200
2,080
$3,120
5,200
2,600
6,200
2,480
$3,720
6,000
3,000
7,000
2,800
$4,200
7,400
3,200
7,400
2,960
$4,440
Net income in the second quarter of 2013 is $4,560 [$20,000 – 9,000 – 3,400 =
$7,600 – 3,040 (40%) = $4,560].
The accounting change is reflected in the second quarter of 2013, with year-todate information, and comparative information for similar periods in 2012 as
follows:
Net income
Net income per common share
Three Months Ended
June 30
2012
2013
$3,120
$4,560
$3.12
$4.56
8-17
Six Months Ended
June 30
2012
2013
$5,640
$9,000
$5.64
$9.00
Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
41. (10 minutes) (LIFO liquidation in interim report)
Determination of Cost-of-Goods-Sold and Gross Profit
Sales (110,000 units @ $20)
Cost-of-goods-sold
100,000 units @ $14
10,000 units @ $15 (replacement cost)
Gross profit
$2,200,000
$1,400,000
150,000
1,550,000
$650,000
Journal Entries to Record Sales and Cost-of-Goods-Sold
Dr. Cash or Accounts Receivable
Cr. Sales Revenue
Dr. Cost-of-goods-sold
Cr. Inventory
Excess of Replacement Cost over
Historical Cost of LIFO Liquidation
$2,200,000
$2,200,000
$1,550,000
$1,520,000
30,000
To record cost-of-goods-sold with a historical cost of $1,520,000 and an excess of
replacement cost over historical cost for beginning inventory liquidated of $30,000
(($15 – $12) x 10,000 units).
Develop Your Skills
Research Case 1—Segment Reporting (60 minutes)
This assignment requires the student to select a company and find the note on
operating segments in that company’s annual report. The responses to this
assignment will depend upon the company selected by the student for analysis.
Research Case 2—Interim Reporting (60 minutes)
This assignment requires students to select a company, find the most recent
quarterly report for that company, and then determine whether the company
provides the minimum disclosure required as listed in the text. The responses
to this assignment will depend upon the company selected by the student for
analysis.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Research Case 3—Operating Segments (60 minutes)
This assignment requires students to find the note on operating segments in
each company's annual report, determine three items of information (answer
three questions) from those notes, and prepare a written summary of their
findings. The primary objective of this requirement is to help students develop
their ability to present such findings in a written format. In answering these
questions, students will become familiar with the different formats and
terminology used by companies in providing operating segment information.
The answers to these questions will change depending upon the most recent
annual report available on the company’s website. The following general
observations indicate how these questions might be answered.
1.
2.
3.
The two most important operating segments in terms of percentage of total
revenues.
The answer to this question is determined by calculating the ratio
“segment revenues/total segment revenues” for each segment of each
company. Companies might use different terms to describe revenues
including net sales and net sales to external customers. Companies are
required to disclose both revenues from sales to external customers and
revenues from intersegment sales. This question should be answered
using revenues from sales to external customers if reported separately. In
2010, each of the four companies defined operating segments on the basis
of products/services.
The two operating segments with the largest growth in revenues.
This question is answered by calculating the ratio “(current year segment
revenues – previous year segment revenues)/previous year segment
revenues” for each segment of each company.
The two most profitable operating segments in terms of profit margin.
This question is answered by calculating the ratio “segment profit/segment
revenues” for each segment of each company (again using revenues from
sales to external customers if separately reported). Segment profit goes
under a variety of names including operating earnings, income from
continuing operations, standard margin, and operating profit. Some
companies might provide information for more than one measure of profit,
e.g., income before income taxes and operating income, in which case the
instructor might wish to indicate which measure of profit to consider in
answering this question. There is no right or wrong measure of profit to
use. General Electric does not include segment profit in its operating
segment note, but instead (in 2010) refers the reader to a “Summary of
Operating Segments” table (on page 39 of the annual report), which is part
of Management's Discussion and Analysis.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
After reviewing the information provided by each of these companies in its
segment note, instructors might wish to add additional questions to this
assignment. For example, do these companies use generally accepted
accounting principles in preparing segment information? Does each
company provide a reconciliation to consolidated totals?
Research Case 4—Comparability of Geographic Area Information (60 minutes)
This assignment requires students to find the note on geographic areas in each
company's annual report and then prepare a report describing the comparability
of this information. In preparing this assignment, students will see the different
formats used by companies in providing this information, and the different
levels of detail on geographic areas provided. The comparability of this
information will change depending upon the most recent annual report available
on the company’s website. The following comparison based upon the 2010
annual reports represents the type of analysis students might perform in
solving this assignment.
Geographic Areas Reported by Four Pharmaceutical Companies
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Eli Lilly
Merck
Pfizer
U.S.
Europe
Japan, Asia Pacific, and
Canada
Latin America, Middle East,
and Africa
Emerging Markets
Other
U.S.
Europe
-
U.S.
E/ME/A
-
U.S.
Developed Europe
Japan
Japan
-
Other
Other
Emerging Markets
Developed Rest of World
-
The only geographic area that can be directly compared across these four
pharmaceutical companies is the United States. Bristol-Myers Squibb provides
somewhat more detailed information than the other companies. Only Eli Lilly
and Merck report an individual country (Japan) other than the U.S. Issues that
could be discussed include different quantitative thresholds used by companies
in determining what is a material country, and the fact that disclosure of
geographic areas aggregated above the individual country level (e.g., E/ME/A,
Emerging Markets) is not required. One can assume that Bristol-Myers Squibb
does not have a material amount of revenues or assets in any single country
and voluntarily provides information on a more aggregated, regional basis. The
same appears to be true for Pfizer. Eli Lilly and Merck provide information for a
combination of both individual countries (Japan) and aggregated regional area
(Europe, E/ME/A). Pfizer has perhaps the most different basis for determining
geographic areas, focusing on developed vs. emerging markets.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Research Case 5—Within Industry Comparison of Segment Information (60
minutes)
The purpose of this assignment is to show students how segment information
can be used to gain insights into the nature and location of a company’s
operations, and give them an opportunity to compare and contrast this
information for two companies in the same industry. The responses to this
assignment will depend upon the companies selected by the student for
analysis. Students should discuss both the operating segments and geographic
areas in which the companies operate. They might discuss the extent to which
the two companies compete with each other in terms of product lines or
geographic areas, as well as the extent to which this information can be
compared. For example, if one company defines operating segments on the
basis of products and another company in the same industry defines operating
segments geographically, meaningful comparisons between the two companies
will be difficult to make.
Accounting Standards Case 1 —Segment Reporting (15 minutes)
Source of guidance: FASB ASC 280-10-55-2: Segment Reporting; Overall;
Implementation Guidance and Illustrations; Operating Segments - Equity
Method Investees
ASC 280-10-55-2 states “An equity method investee could be considered an
operating segment, if, under the specific facts and circumstances being
considered, it meets the definition of an operating segment, even though the
investor has no control over the performance of the investee.”
Thus, in response to the questions asked in the case:
(a) an equity method investment can be treated as an operating segment for
financial reporting purposes,
(b) under the conditions that it meets the definition of an operating segment,
that is, (1) it engages in business activities from which it earns revenues
and incurs expenses, (2) the chief operating decision maker regularly
reviews its operating results to assess performance and make resource
allocation decision, and (3) its discrete financial information is available.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Accounting Standards Case 2—Interim Reporting (15 minutes)
Source of guidance: FASB ASC 270-10-50-6: Interim Reporting; Overall;
Disclosure; Contingencies
Contingencies that could be expected to affect the fairness of presentation of
financial data at an interim date must be disclosed in interim reports in the
same manner required for annual reports.
The materiality of a contingency should be judged in relation to annual financial
statements.
Analysis Case—Walmart Interim and Segment Reporting (60 minutes)
1. Assess the seasonal nature of Walmart’s sales and income for the company as a
whole and by operating segment.
The excerpt from Note 18 Quarterly Financial Data shows that Walmart
experienced a significant increase in net sales and income in the quarter ended
January 31 over the previous three quarters of the year. This is not surprising
given that this quarter includes the holiday season.
Operating income for the quarter ended January 31 can be determined for each
segment by subtracting the amounts reported in the three quarterly reports from
the amounts reported in Note 16 Segments.
Operating Income
Walmart
U.S.
Walmart
International
SAM'S
CLUB
Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2011
$ 19,914
$ 5,606
$ 1,711
4,638
1,095
429
4,879
4,399
$ 5,998
1,299
1,223
$ 1,989
428
367
487
Quarter Ended April 30, 2010
Quarter Ended July 31, 2010
Quarter Ended October 31, 2010
Quarter Ended January 31, 2011
$
These results show the seasonal nature of the company’s two largest segments
(Walmart U.S. and Walmart International), with a significantly larger amount of
operating income generated in the quarter ended January 31 than in the other
quarters.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
2. Assess Walmart’s profitability by quarter and by segment.
Note 18 can be used to assess profitability in terms of profit margin (Net
income/Net sales) by quarter.
Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2011
Amounts in millions
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Consolidated net income
$ 3,444
$ 3,747
$ 3,590
$ 5,178
Net sales
99,097
103,016
101,239
115,600
Net income/Net sales
3.48%
3.64%
3.55%
4.48%
These results indicate that profit margins are highest in the fourth quarter of the
year, the quarter with the largest percentage of total sales.
Note 16 can be used to assess profitability in terms of operating profit margin
(Operating income/Revenues) and return on assets (Operating income/Total
assets) by segment.
Fiscal year ended January 31, 2011
Operating income (loss)
Net sales
Operating income/Net Sales
Walmart
U.S.
$ 19,914
260,261
7.65%
Walmart
International
$ 5,606
109,232
5.13%
Operating income (loss)
Total assets of continuing operations
Operating income/Total assets
$ 19,914
89,725
22.19%
$ 5,606
72,021
7.78%
SAM’S
CLUB
$ 1,711
49,459
3.46%
$
1,711
12,531
13.65%
These results indicate that Walmart U.S. by far is the most profitable segment for
Walmart Stores, Inc. Although the Walmart International segment has a
reasonable Operating Profit Margin, that segment’s Return on Assets is very low.
Return on Assets must be interpreted with caution, however, because the ending
balance in Total Assets is used in the denominator of the ratio rather than the
average amount of Total Assets for the year. The Walmart International
segment’s Return on Assets (7.78%) is understated, for example, if a significant
portion of Total Assets was acquired late in the year.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Excel Case—Coca-Cola Geographic Segment Information (60 minutes)
1. The ratios required to be calculated for the Coca-Cola Company are as
follows:
Percentage of total net operating
revenues
Eurasia & Africa
Europe
Latin America
North America
Pacific
2010
6.96%
14.30%
11.22%
30.52%
14.36%
2009
6.90%
17.30%
10.61%
25.62%
14.41%
2009 to 2010
21.19%
-0.81%
27.03%
42.99%
19.63%
2008 to 2009
-9.37%
-8.77%
-15.41%
-5.36%
-6.16%
Operating income as a percentage of
net operating revenues (profit margin)
Eurasia & Africa
2010
38.34%
2009
31.63%
Europe
Latin America
North America
Pacific
56.70%
58.36%
13.57%
38.85%
52.44%
53.91%
21.64%
38.56%
Percentage growth in net operating
revenues
Eurasia & Africa
Europe
Latin America
North America
Pacific
2008
6.87%
17.13%
11.32%
24.45%
13.86%
2. There is no right or wrong answer to this question. Students could argue that
Latin America and Europe would be the areas of the world in which to expand
because profit margin is highest in these areas. There would seem to be more
room to expand in Latin America given that this area has a smaller percentage of
total revenues. In addition, revenue growth in Europe has been negative in the
most recent two years, so expansion might not be feasible in this region.
Eurasia & Africa and Pacific also have relatively high profit margins. The
company generates the smallest percentage of total revenues in Eurasia & Africa,
so perhaps there is an opportunity for growth in this area.
8-24
Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
3. There is a great deal of non-accounting information that one would need to
determine a specific region of the world in which to focus expansion. For
example, one might need to gather information to answer the following
questions:
•
•
•
•
Is there a sufficiently large population with enough disposable income to be
able to purchase the company’s products?
Are raw materials available locally?
Is there a well-developed transportation infrastructure that would allow the
products to be brought to consumers at a reasonable cost?
Do local customs, culture, religion, etc. affect drinking habits, especially the
consumption of soft drinks?
8-25
CHAPTER 8
SEGMENT AND INTERIM REPORTING
Chapter Outline
I.
FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 280, Segment Reporting (FASB ASC 280),
provides current guidance on segment reporting.
A. ASC 280 follows a management approach in which segments are based on the way that
management disaggregates the enterprise for making operating decisions; these are
referred to as operating segments.
B. Operating segments are components of an enterprise which meet three criteria.
1. Engage in business activities and earn revenues and incur expenses.
2. Operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision-maker to
assess performance and make resource allocation decisions.
3. Discrete financial information is available from the internal reporting system.
C. Once operating segments have been identified, three quantitative threshold tests are then
applied to identify segments of sufficient size to warrant separate disclosure. Any segment
meeting even one of these tests is separately reportable.
1. Revenue test—segment revenues, both external and intersegment, are 10 percent or
more of the combined revenue, external and intersegment, of all reported operating
segments.
2. Profit or loss test—segment profit or loss is 10 percent or more of the greater (in
absolute terms) of the combined reported profit of all profitable segments or the
combined reported loss of all segments incurring a loss.
3. Asset test—segment assets are 10 percent or more of the combined assets of all
operating segments.
D. Several general restrictions on the presentation of operating segments exist.
1. Separately reported operating segments must generate at least 75 percent of total
sales made by the company to outside parties.
2. Ten is suggested as the maximum number of operating segments that should be
separately disclosed. If more than ten are reportable, the company should consider
combining some operating segments.
E. Information to be disclosed by operating segment.
1. General information about the operating segment including factors used to identify
operating segments and the types of products and services from which each segment
derives its revenues.
2. Segment profit or loss and the following components of profit or loss.
a. Revenues from external customers.
b. Revenues from transactions with other operating segments.
c. Interest revenue and interest expense (reported separately).
d. Depreciation, depletion, and amortization expense.
e. Other significant noncash items included in segment profit or loss.
f. Unusual items and extraordinary items.
g. Income tax expense or benefit.
3. Total segment assets and the following related items.
a. Investment in equity method affiliates.
b. Expenditures for additions to long-lived assets.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
II.
Enterprise-wide disclosures.
A. Information about products and services.
1. Additional information must be provided if operating segments have not been
determined based on differences in products and services, or if the enterprise has only
one operating segment.
2. In those situations, revenues derived from transactions with external customers must
be disclosed by product or service.
B. Information about geographic areas.
1. Revenues from external customers and long-lived assets must be reported for (a) the
domestic country, (b) all foreign countries in which the enterprise has assets or derives
revenues, and (c) each individual foreign country in which the enterprise has material
revenues or material long-lived assets.
2. U.S. GAAP does not provide any specific guidance with regard to determining
materiality of revenues or long-lived assets; this is left to management’s judgment.
C. Information about major customers.
1. The volume of sales to a single customer must be disclosed if it constitutes 10 percent
or more of total sales to unaffiliated customers.
2. The identity of the major customer need not be disclosed.
III. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) also provide guidance with respect to
segment reporting.
A. IFRS 8, “Operating Segments,” is based on U.S. GAAP. Major differences between IFRS
8 and U.S. GAAP are:
1. IFRS 8 requires disclosure of total assets and total liabilities by operating segment if
these are regularly reported to the chief operating decision maker. U.S. GAAP requires
disclosure of segment assets but does not require disclosure of segment liabilities.
2. IFRS 8 specifically includes intangibles in the scope of “non-current assets” to be
disclosed by geographic area. Authoritative accounting literature (FASB ASC)
indicates that “long-lived assets” to be disclosed by geographic area excludes
intangibles.
3. U.S. GAAP requires an entity with a matrix form of organization to determine operating
segments based on products and services. IFRS 8 allows such an entity to determine
operating segments based on either products and services or geographic areas.
IV. To provide investors and creditors with more timely information than is provided by an annual
report, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires publicly traded
companies to provide financial statements on an interim (quarterly) basis.
A. Quarterly statements need not be audited.
V.
FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 270, Interim Reporting (FASB ASC 270)
requires companies to treat interim periods as integral parts of an annual period rather than as
discrete accounting periods in their own right.
A. Generally, interim statements should be prepared following the same accounting
principles and practices used in the annual statements.
B. However, several items require special treatment for the interim statements to better
reflect the expected annual amounts.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
1. Revenues are recognized for interim periods in the same way as they are on an
annual basis.
2. Interim statements should not reflect the effect of a LIFO liquidation if the units of
beginning inventory sold are expected to be replaced by year-end; inventory should
not be written down to a lower market value if the market value is expected to recover
above the inventory's cost by year-end; and planned variances under a standard cost
system should not be reflected in interim statements if they are expected to be
absorbed by year-end.
3. Costs incurred in one interim period but associated with activities or benefits of
multiple interim periods (such as advertising and executive bonuses) should be
allocated across interim periods on a reasonable basis through accruals and deferrals.
4. The materiality of an extraordinary item should be assessed by comparing its amount
against the expected income for the full year.
5. Income tax related to ordinary income should be computed at an estimated annual
effective tax rate; income tax related to an extraordinary item should be calculated at
the margin.
VI. FASB ASC 270 provides guidance for reporting changes in accounting principles made in
interim periods.
A. Unless impracticable to do so, an accounting change is applied retrospectively, that is,
prior period financial statements are restated as if the new accounting principle had
always been used.
B. When an accounting change is made in other than the first interim period, information for
the interim periods prior to the change should be reported by retrospectively applying the
new accounting principle to these pre-change interim periods.
C. If retrospective application of the new accounting principle to interim periods prior to the
change of change is impracticable, the accounting change is not allowed to be made in an
interim period but may be made only at the beginning of the next fiscal year.
VII. Many companies provide summary financial statements and notes in their interim reports.
A. U.S. GAAP imposes minimum disclosure requirements for interim reports.
1. Sales, income tax, extraordinary items, cumulative effect of accounting change, and
net income.
2. Earnings per share.
3. Seasonal revenues and expenses.
4. Significant changes in estimates or provisions for income taxes.
5. Disposal of a business segment and unusual items.
6. Contingent items.
7. Changes in accounting principles or estimates.
8. Significant changes in financial position.
B. Disclosure of balance sheet and cash flow information is encouraged but not required.
If not included in the interim report, significant changes in the following must be
disclosed:
1. Cash and cash equivalents.
8-3
Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
2. Net working capital.
3. Long-term liabilities.
4. Stockholders' equity.
VIII. Four items of information must also be disclosed by operating segment in interim financial
statements: revenues from external customers, intersegment revenues, segment profit or loss,
and, if there has been a material change since the annual report, total assets.
IX. IAS 34, “Interim Financial Reporting,” provides guidance in IFRS with respect to interim
financial statements.
A. Unlike U.S. GAAP, IAS 34 requires each interim period to be treated as a discrete
accounting period in terms of the amounts to be recognized. As a result, expenses that
are incurred in one quarter are expensed in that quarter even though the expenditure
benefits the entire year. And there is no accrual in earlier quarters for expenses expected
to be incurred later in the year.
Answer to Discussion Question: How Does a Company Determine Whether a Foreign
Country is Material?
In his well-publicized “The Numbers Game” speech delivered in September 1998, former SEC
chairman Arthur Levitt cited “materiality” as one of five gimmicks used by companies to manage
earnings. Although his remarks were not specifically directed toward the issue of geographic
segment reporting, the intent was to warn corporate America that materiality should not be used as
an excuse for inappropriate accounting.
To make the point even more salient, ASC 250-10-S99 (SAB Topic 1.M, Assessing Materiality,
originally issued by the SEC as Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) 99, “Materiality”), warns financial
statement preparers that reliance on a simple numerical rule of thumb, such as 5% of net
income, is not sufficient. ASC 250-10-S99 reminds financial statement preparers that in its
Concepts Statement 2, the FASB stated the essence of the concept of materiality as follows:
“The omission or misstatement of an item in a financial report is material if, in the light of
surrounding circumstances, the magnitude of the item is such that it is probable that the
judgment of a reasonable person relying upon the report would have been changed or
influenced by the inclusion or correction of the item.”
Further, ASC 250-10-S99 reminds companies that both quantitative and qualitative factors should
be considered in determining materiality. With respect to segment reporting, ASC 250-10-S99
states:
“The materiality of a misstatement may turn on where it appears in the financial statements. For
example, a misstatement may involve a segment of the registrant's operations. In that instance,
in assessing materiality of a misstatement to the financial statements taken as a whole,
registrants and their auditors should consider not only the size of the misstatement but also the
significance of the segment information to the financial statements taken as a whole. “A
misstatement of the revenue and operating profit of a relatively small segment that is
represented by management to be important to the future profitability of the entity" is more likely
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
to be material to investors than a
misstatement in a segment that management has not identified as especially important. In
assessing the materiality of misstatements in segment information - as with materiality
generally - situations may arise in practice where the auditor will conclude that a matter
relating to segment information is qualitatively material even though, in his or her judgment,
it is quantitatively immaterial to the financial statements taken as a whole.
Thus, in addition to quantitative factors, such as the relative percentage of total revenues generated
in an individual foreign country, companies should consider qualitative factors as well. Qualitative
factors that might be relevant in assessing the materiality of a specific foreign country include: the
growth prospects in that country and the level of risk associated with doing business in that country.
There are competing arguments for the FASB establishing a significance test for determining
material foreign countries. On one hand, such a quantitative materiality test flies in the face of the
warning provided in ASC 250-10-S99. For example, a 10% of total revenue or long-lived asset test
might give companies an excuse to avoid reporting individual countries that would be material for
qualitative reasons. Assume that from one year to the next a company increases its revenues in
China from 2% of total revenues to 6% of total revenues. Although 6% of total revenues would not
meet a 10% test, the relatively large increase in total revenues generated in China could be material
in that it could affect an investor’s assessment of the company’s future prospects. This company
might be reluctant to disclose information about its revenues in China because of potential
competitive harm.
On the other hand, the FASB could establish a materiality threshold low enough, for example, 5% of
total revenues, that would be likely to ensure that “material” countries are disclosed regardless of
whether they are material for quantitative or qualitative reasons. A bright-line materiality threshold
would ensure a minimum level of disclosure and would enhance the comparability of financial
disclosures provided across companies.
Answers to Questions
1.
Consolidation presents the account balances of a business combination without regard for the
individual component companies that comprise the organization. Thus, no distinction can be
drawn as to the financial position or operations of the separate enterprises that form the
corporate structure. Without a method by which to identify the various individual operations,
financial analysis cannot be well refined.
2.
The word disaggregated refers to a whole that has been broken apart. Thus, disaggregated
financial information is the data of a reporting unit that has been broken down into components
so that the separate parts can be identified and studied.
3.
According to the FASB, the objective of segment reporting is to provide information to help
users of financial statements:
a. better understand the enterprise’s performance,
b. better assess its prospects for future net cash flows, and
c. make more informed judgments about the enterprise as a whole.
4.
Defining segments on the basis of a company’s organizational structure removes much of the
flexibility and subjectivity associated with defining industry segments under prior standards. In
addition, the incremental cost of providing segment information externally should be minimal
because that information is already generated for internal use. Analysts should benefit from
this approach because it reflects the risks and opportunities considered important by
management and allows the analyst to see the company the way it is viewed by management.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
This should enhance the analyst’s ability to predict management actions that can significantly
affect future
cash flows.
5.
An operating segment is defined as a component of an enterprise:
a. that engages in business activities from which it earns revenues and incurs expenses,
b. whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker to
assess performance and make resource allocation decisions, and
c. for which discrete financial information is available.
6.
Two criteria must be considered in this situation to determine an enterprise’s operating
segment. If more than one set of organizational units exists, but there is only one set for which
segment managers are held responsible, that set constitutes the operating segments. If
segment managers exist for two or more overlapping sets of organizational units, the
organizational units based on products and services are defined as the operating segments.
7.
The Revenue Test. An operating segment is separately reportable if its total revenues amount
to 10 percent or more of the combined total revenues of all operating segments.
The Profit or Loss Test. An operating segment is separately reportable if its profit or loss is 10
percent or more of the greater (in absolute terms) of the combined profits of all profitable
segments or the combined losses of all segments reporting a loss.
The Asset Test. An operating segment is separately reportable if its assets comprise 10
percent or more of combined assets of all operating segments.
8.
For reportable operating segments, the following information must be disclosed:
a. Revenues from sales to unaffiliated customers.
b. Revenues from intercompany transfers.
c. Profit or loss.
d. Interest revenue.
e. Interest expense.
f. Depreciation, depletion, and amortization expense.
g. Other significant noncash items included in profit or loss.
h. Unusual items included in profit or loss.
i. Income tax expense or benefit.
j. Total assets.
k. Equity method investments.
l. Expenditures for long-lived assets.
m. Description of the types of products or services from which the segment derives its
revenues.
9.
If operating segments are not based upon products or services, or a company has only one
operating segment, then revenues from sales to unaffiliated customers must be disclosed for
each of the company’s products and services.
10. Information must be provided for the domestic country, for all foreign countries in which the
company generates revenue or holds assets, and for each foreign country in which the
company generates a material amount of revenues or has a material amount of assets.
11. Two items of information must be reported for the domestic country, for all foreign countries in
total, and for each foreign country in which the company has material operations: (1) revenues
from external customers, and (2) long-lived assets.
12. The minimum number of countries to be reported separately is one: the domestic country. If no
single foreign country is material, then all foreign countries would be combined and two lines of
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
information would be reported; one for the United States and one for all foreign countries. U.S.
GAAP does not provide any guidelines related to the maximum number of countries to be
reported.
13. The existence of a major customer and the related amount of revenues must be disclosed
when sales to a single customer are 10 percent or more of consolidated sales.
14. U.S. GAAP requires disclosure of a measure of segment assets, but does not require
disclosure of a measure of segment liabilities. IFRS 8 requires disclosure of total assets and
total liabilities by segment if such a measure is regularly provided to the chief operating
decision maker
15. U.S. publicly traded companies are required to prepare quarterly financial reports to provide
investors and creditors with relevant information on a more timely basis than is provided by an
annual report.
16. Companies are required to follow an "integral" approach in which each interim period is
considered to be an integral part of an annual accounting period, rather than a "discrete"
accounting period in its own right. For several items, the integral approach requires deviation
from the general rule that the same accounting principles used in preparing annual statements
should also be used in preparing interim statements.
17. Cost-of-goods-sold should be adjusted in the interim period to reflect the cost at which the
liquidated inventory is expected to be replaced, thus avoiding the effect of the LIFO liquidation
on interim period income.
18. Income tax expense related to interim period income is determined by estimating the effective
tax rate for the entire year. That rate is then applied to the cumulative pre-tax income earned
to date to determine the cumulative income tax to be recognized to date. The amount of
income tax recognized in the current interim period is the difference between the cumulative
income tax to be recognized to date and the income tax recognized in prior interim periods.
19. When an accounting change occurs in other than the first interim period, information for the
pre-change interim periods should be reported based on retrospective application of the new
accounting principle. If retrospective application of the new accounting principle to pre-change
interim periods is not practicable, the accounting change may be made only at the beginning of
the next fiscal year.
20. The following minimum information must be disclosed in an interim report:
a. Sales, income tax, extraordinary items, cumulative effect of accounting change, and
net income.
b. Earnings per share.
c. Seasonal revenues and expenses.
d. Significant changes in estimates or provisions for income taxes.
e. Disposal of a business segment and unusual items.
f.
Contingent items.
g. Changes in accounting principles or estimates.
h. Significant changes in the following items of financial position:
1. Cash and cash equivalents.
2. Net working capital.
3. Long-term liabilities.
4. Stockholders' equity.
21. Four items of segment information are required to be included in interim reports: revenues from
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
external customers, intersegment revenues, segment profit or loss, and total assets if there has
been a material change in assets from the last annual report.
22. Under IAS 34, an annual bonus paid in the fourth quarter of the year would be recognized fully
in that quarter. There would be no accrual of an estimated bonus expense in the first three
quarters of the year. Under U.S. GAAP, the annual bonus would be estimated at the
beginning of the year and a portion of the estimated bonus would be accrued as expense in
each of the first three quarters.
Answers to Problems
1. D
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. B
11. C
12. C
13. C With regard to major customers, U.S. GAAP (FASB ASC 280) only requires
disclosure of the total amount of revenues from each such customer and
the identity of the segment or segments reporting the revenues.
14. D
15. D
16. A
17. C
18. D
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
19. C If there has been a material change from the last annual report, total
assets, but not individual assets, for each operating segment must be
disclosed.
20. D
21. D (Determine quantitative threshold under revenue test for reportable
segments)
Sales to outsiders
$18,000
Intersegment transfers
3,000
Combined segment revenues
$21,000
10% criterion
x 10%
Minimum
$ 2,100
22. A (Determine quantitative threshold for disclosure of a major customer)
Revenues from a single customer must be disclosed if the amount is 10
percent or more of consolidated sales. Consolidated sales only includes
sales to outsiders; intersegment sales are eliminated.
Consolidated sales (combined sales to outsiders) $376,000
10% criterion
x 10%
Minimum
$ 37,600
23. D (Determine reportable segments under the profit or loss test)
Total operating losses of $1,020,000 (K and M) are larger than total operating
profits of $770,000. Thus, based on the 10 percent criterion, any segment
with a profit or loss of $102,000 or more must be separately disclosed. K, O,
and P do not meet that standard while L, M, and N do.
24. C (Determine reportable segments under three tests)
Revenues Test
Combined segment revenues
10% criterion
Minimum
$32,750,000
x 10%
$ 3,275,000
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Segments meeting test—A, B, C, E
Profit or Loss Test
Since there are no segments with a loss, this test is applied based on total
combined segment profit.
Combined segment profit
$5,800,000
10% criterion
x 10%
Minimum
$ 580,000
Segments meeting test—A, B, C, E
Asset Test
Combined segment assets
10% criterion
Minimum
$67,500,000
x 10%
$ 6,750,000
Segments meeting test—A, B, C, D, E
Five segments are separately reportable.
25. D
26. B (Determine minimum number of reportable segments under 75% rule)
The test to verify that a sufficient number of industry segments is being
disclosed is based on revenues generated from unaffiliated customers. The
four segments that are to be separately disclosed show outside sales of
$520,000 out of a total for the company of $710,000. Since this portion is only
73.2 percent of the company’s total, the 75 percent criterion established by
the U.S. GAAP has not been met.
27. C (Determine expense amounts to be recognized in interim period)
Depreciation
Bonus
$60,000 x 1/4
$120,000 x 1/4
= $15,000
= 30,000
$45,000
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
28. C (Determine net income to be reported in interim period)
Income as reported
Less: Extraordinary loss (recognized in full
in the interim period in which it occurs)
Add: Cumulative effect loss (handled through
adjustment of retained earnings balance
at the beginning of the year)
$100,000
(20,000)
16,000
$ 96,000
29. C (Determine bonus expense to be recognized in interim period)
Bonus
$1,000,000 x 1/4 = $250,000
30. C (Determine property tax expense to be recognized in interim period)
Property taxes
$480,000 x 1/4 = $120,000
31. C (Journal entry for property tax expense recognized in interim period)
Dr. Property tax expense
Prepaid property taxes
Cr. Cash
$120,000
360,000
$480,000
32. A (Determine COGS in interim period under LIFO with LIFO liquidation)
5,000 units x $80 = $400,000
300 units x $50 =
15,000
5,300 units
$415,000
33. C
5,000 units x $80 = $400,000
300 units x $82 =
24,600
5,300 units
$424,600
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
34. (10 minutes) (Apply the Profit or Loss Test to Determine Reportable Operating
Segments)
Calculation of profit or loss.
Revenues
Intersegment Operating
from Outsiders
Transfers
Expenses
Profit
Cards
$1,200,000 + $ 100,000 – $900,000 = $400,000
Calendars
900,000 +
200,000 – 1,350,000 =
Clothing
1,000,000
– 700,000 = 300,000
Books
800,000 +
50,000 – 770,000 =
80,000
Total
$ 780,000
Loss
$250,000
$250,000
Any segment with an absolute amount of profit or loss greater than or equal to
$78,000 (10% x $780,000) is separately reportable. Based on this test, each of
the four segments must be reported separately.
35. (25 minutes) (Apply the Three Tests Necessary to Determine Reportable
Operating Segments)
Revenue Test (numbers in thousands)
Segment
Plastics
Metals
Lumber
Paper
Finance
Total
Revenues
$ 6,425
2,294
738
455
186
$10,098
Percentage
63.7% (reportable)
22.7% (reportable)
7.3%
4.5%
1.8%
100.0%
Profit or Loss Test (numbers in thousands)
Segment
Plastics
Metals
Lumber
Paper
Finance
Total
Revenues
$ 6,425
2,294
738
455
186
Expenses
$ 3,975
1,628
967
610
103
Profit
$2,450
666
83
$3,199
Loss
$
(reportable)
(reportable)
229
155
$384
Since $3,199 is larger in absolute terms than $384, it will serve as the basis for
testing. Each of the profit or loss figures will be compared to $319.90 (10% x
$3,199).
8-12
Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Asset Test (numbers in thousands)
Segment
Plastics
Metals
Lumber
Paper
Finance
Total
Assets
$1,363
3,347
314
609
768
$6,401
Percentage
21.3% (reportable)
52.3% (reportable)
4.9%
9.5%
12.0% (reportable)
100.0%
The plastics, metals, and finance segments meet at least one of the three tests
and therefore are reportable.
36. (20 minutes) (A Variety of Computational Questions about Operating Segment
and Major Customer Testing)
a. Total revenues for Fairfield (including intersegment revenues) amount to
$4,200,000. Minimum revenues for required disclosure are 10% or $420,000.
b. Disclosure of operating segments is considered adequate only if the
separately reported segments have sales to unaffiliated customers that
comprise 75% or more of total consolidated sales. In this situation that
requirement is met. Red, Blue, and Green have total sales to outsiders of
$3,137,000 (or 86%) of total consolidated sales of $3,666,000. Thus,
disclosure of these three segments would be adequate.
c. Major customer disclosure is based on a level of sales to unaffiliated
customers of at least 10% or, for Fairfield, $366,600 ($3,666,000 x 10%).
d. This test is based on the greater (in absolute terms) of profits or losses. In
this problem, the total profit of Red, Blue, Green, and White ($1,971,000) is
greater than the total loss of Pink and Black ($316,000). Therefore, any
segment with a profit or loss of $197,100 or more (10% x $1,971,000) is
reportable. Using this standard, Red, Blue, Black, and White are of significant
size.
37. (25 minutes) (Apply the three tests necessary to determine reportable operating
segments and determine whether a sufficient number of segments is reported)
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Revenue Test (numbers in thousands)
Segment
Books
Computers
Maps
Travel
Finance
Total
Revenues
$ 205
936
455
432
184
$2,212
Percentage
9.3%
42.3% (reportable)
20.6% (reportable)
19.5% (reportable)
8.3%
100.0%
Profit or Loss Test (numbers in thousands)
Segment
Revenues
Books
$ 205
Computers
936
Maps
455
Travel
432
Finance
184
Total
$2,212
Expenses
$ 218
899
400
314
132
$1,963
Profit Loss
$ 13
$ 37
55
118
52
$262 $ 13
(reportable)
(reportable)
(reportable
(reportable)
This test is based on the greater (in absolute amount) of total profit from
profitable segments or total loss from segments with a loss. In this case, any
segment with profit or loss greater than or equal to $26,200 (10% x $262,000)
is separately reportable.
Asset Test (numbers in thousands)
Segment
Books
Computers
Maps
Travel
Finance
Total
Assets
$ 206
1,378
248
326
1,240
$3,398
Percentage
6.1%
40.5% (reportable)
7.3%
9.6%
36.5% (reportable)
100.0%
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
37. (continued)
Test for Sufficient Number of Segments Being Reported
Four of Mason’s segments (computers, maps, travel, and finance) meet at
least one of the tests carried out above. To determine whether a sufficient
number of segments is being reported, revenues from unaffiliated parties for
these four segments must comprise at least 75% of total consolidated
revenues. Consolidated revenues (sales to outside parties and interest
income-external) for the company amount to $1,644. These four segments do
make up over 75% (actually $1,463 or 89%) of this total. Therefore, this
company is presenting disaggregated information for enough of its segments.
Segment
Computers
Maps
Travel
Finance
Total
Sales to Outsiders
$ 696
416
314
37
$1,463
38. (15 minutes) (Apply materiality tests adopted by a company to determine
countries to be reported separately)
Revenue Test (sales to unaffiliated parties)
United States
Spain
Italy
Greece
Total
$4,610,000
80.3%
395,000
6.9%
272,000
4.7%
463,000
8.1%
$5,740,000 100.0%
Long-lived Asset Test
United States
Spain
$1,894,000
191,000
83.7%
8.4%
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Italy
Greece
Total
106,000
4.7%
72,000
3.2%
$2,263,000 100.0%
None of the individual foreign countries meets either the revenue or long-lived
asset materiality test, so no foreign country must be reported separately.
However, information must be presented for the United States separately and
for all foreign countries combined.
39. (20 minutes) (Allocate costs incurred in one quarter that benefit the entire year
and determine income tax expense)
a. Determination of Income by Quarter—Estimated Annual Tax Rate 40%
1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter
Sales
$1,000,000 $1,200,000 $1,400,000 $1,600,000
Cost of goods sold
(400,000)
(480,000)
(550,000)
(600,000)
Administrative costs
(175,000)
(180,000)
(185,000)
(195,000)
Advertising costs
(25,000)
(25,000)
(25,000)
(25,000)
Executive bonuses
(20,000)
(20,000)
(20,000)
(20,000)
Provision for bad debts
(13,000)
(13,000)
(13,000)
(13,000)
Annual maintenance costs
(15,000)
(15,000)
(15,000)
(15,000)
Pre-tax income
$352,000
$467,000
$592,000
$732,000
Income tax*
(140,800)
(186,800)
(236,800)
(292,800)
Net income
$211,200
$280,200
$355,200
$439,200
* Calculation of income tax by quarter:
Pre-tax income this quarter $352,000
Cumulative pre-tax income $352,000
Estimated income tax rate
x 40%
Cumulative income tax
to be recognized to date
$140,800
Cumulative income tax
recognized in earlier periods
-0Income tax this quarter
$140,800
$467,000
$592,000
$732,000
$819,000 $1,411,000 $2,143,000
x 40%
x 40%
x 40%
$327,600
$564,400
$857,200
140,800
$186,800
327,600
$236,800
564,400
$292,800
b. Determination of Income by Quarter—Change in Estimated Annual Tax Rate
Pre-tax income
Income tax**
Net income
1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter
$352,000
$467,000
$592,000
$732,000
(140,800)
(186,800)
(208,580)
(278,160)
$211,200
$280,200
$383,420
$453,840
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
39. (continued)
** Calculation of income tax by quarter:
Pre-tax income this quarter $352,000
Cumulative pre-tax income $352,000
Estimated income tax rate
x 40%
Cumulative income tax
to be recognized to date
$140,800
Cumulative income tax
recognized in earlier periods
-0Income tax this quarter
$140,800
$467,000
$592,000
$732,000
$819,000 $1,411,000 $2,143,000
x 40%
x 38%
x 38%
$327,600
$536,180
$814,340
140,800
$186,800
327,600
$208,580
536,180
$278,160
40. (15 minutes) (Treatment of accounting change made in other than first interim
period)
Retrospective application of the FIFO method results in the following
restatements of income for 2012 and the first quarter of 2013:
2012
1st Q.
Sales
Cost of goods sold (FIFO)
Operating expenses
Income before income taxes
Income taxes (40%)
Net income
2nd Q.
3rd Q.
2013
4th Q.
1st Q.
$10,000 $12,000 $14,000 $16,000 $18,000
3,800
2,000
4,200
1,680
$2,520
4,600
2,200
5,200
2,080
$3,120
5,200
2,600
6,200
2,480
$3,720
6,000
3,000
7,000
2,800
$4,200
7,400
3,200
7,400
2,960
$4,440
Net income in the second quarter of 2013 is $4,560 [$20,000 – 9,000 – 3,400 =
$7,600 – 3,040 (40%) = $4,560].
The accounting change is reflected in the second quarter of 2013, with year-todate information, and comparative information for similar periods in 2012 as
follows:
Net income
Net income per common share
Three Months Ended
June 30
2012
2013
$3,120
$4,560
$3.12
$4.56
8-17
Six Months Ended
June 30
2012
2013
$5,640
$9,000
$5.64
$9.00
Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
41. (10 minutes) (LIFO liquidation in interim report)
Determination of Cost-of-Goods-Sold and Gross Profit
Sales (110,000 units @ $20)
Cost-of-goods-sold
100,000 units @ $14
10,000 units @ $15 (replacement cost)
Gross profit
$2,200,000
$1,400,000
150,000
1,550,000
$650,000
Journal Entries to Record Sales and Cost-of-Goods-Sold
Dr. Cash or Accounts Receivable
Cr. Sales Revenue
Dr. Cost-of-goods-sold
Cr. Inventory
Excess of Replacement Cost over
Historical Cost of LIFO Liquidation
$2,200,000
$2,200,000
$1,550,000
$1,520,000
30,000
To record cost-of-goods-sold with a historical cost of $1,520,000 and an excess of
replacement cost over historical cost for beginning inventory liquidated of $30,000
(($15 – $12) x 10,000 units).
Develop Your Skills
Research Case 1—Segment Reporting (60 minutes)
This assignment requires the student to select a company and find the note on
operating segments in that company’s annual report. The responses to this
assignment will depend upon the company selected by the student for analysis.
Research Case 2—Interim Reporting (60 minutes)
This assignment requires students to select a company, find the most recent
quarterly report for that company, and then determine whether the company
provides the minimum disclosure required as listed in the text. The responses
to this assignment will depend upon the company selected by the student for
analysis.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Research Case 3—Operating Segments (60 minutes)
This assignment requires students to find the note on operating segments in
each company's annual report, determine three items of information (answer
three questions) from those notes, and prepare a written summary of their
findings. The primary objective of this requirement is to help students develop
their ability to present such findings in a written format. In answering these
questions, students will become familiar with the different formats and
terminology used by companies in providing operating segment information.
The answers to these questions will change depending upon the most recent
annual report available on the company’s website. The following general
observations indicate how these questions might be answered.
1.
2.
3.
The two most important operating segments in terms of percentage of total
revenues.
The answer to this question is determined by calculating the ratio
“segment revenues/total segment revenues” for each segment of each
company. Companies might use different terms to describe revenues
including net sales and net sales to external customers. Companies are
required to disclose both revenues from sales to external customers and
revenues from intersegment sales. This question should be answered
using revenues from sales to external customers if reported separately. In
2010, each of the four companies defined operating segments on the basis
of products/services.
The two operating segments with the largest growth in revenues.
This question is answered by calculating the ratio “(current year segment
revenues – previous year segment revenues)/previous year segment
revenues” for each segment of each company.
The two most profitable operating segments in terms of profit margin.
This question is answered by calculating the ratio “segment profit/segment
revenues” for each segment of each company (again using revenues from
sales to external customers if separately reported). Segment profit goes
under a variety of names including operating earnings, income from
continuing operations, standard margin, and operating profit. Some
companies might provide information for more than one measure of profit,
e.g., income before income taxes and operating income, in which case the
instructor might wish to indicate which measure of profit to consider in
answering this question. There is no right or wrong measure of profit to
use. General Electric does not include segment profit in its operating
segment note, but instead (in 2010) refers the reader to a “Summary of
Operating Segments” table (on page 39 of the annual report), which is part
of Management's Discussion and Analysis.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
After reviewing the information provided by each of these companies in its
segment note, instructors might wish to add additional questions to this
assignment. For example, do these companies use generally accepted
accounting principles in preparing segment information? Does each
company provide a reconciliation to consolidated totals?
Research Case 4—Comparability of Geographic Area Information (60 minutes)
This assignment requires students to find the note on geographic areas in each
company's annual report and then prepare a report describing the comparability
of this information. In preparing this assignment, students will see the different
formats used by companies in providing this information, and the different
levels of detail on geographic areas provided. The comparability of this
information will change depending upon the most recent annual report available
on the company’s website. The following comparison based upon the 2010
annual reports represents the type of analysis students might perform in
solving this assignment.
Geographic Areas Reported by Four Pharmaceutical Companies
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Eli Lilly
Merck
Pfizer
U.S.
Europe
Japan, Asia Pacific, and
Canada
Latin America, Middle East,
and Africa
Emerging Markets
Other
U.S.
Europe
-
U.S.
E/ME/A
-
U.S.
Developed Europe
Japan
Japan
-
Other
Other
Emerging Markets
Developed Rest of World
-
The only geographic area that can be directly compared across these four
pharmaceutical companies is the United States. Bristol-Myers Squibb provides
somewhat more detailed information than the other companies. Only Eli Lilly
and Merck report an individual country (Japan) other than the U.S. Issues that
could be discussed include different quantitative thresholds used by companies
in determining what is a material country, and the fact that disclosure of
geographic areas aggregated above the individual country level (e.g., E/ME/A,
Emerging Markets) is not required. One can assume that Bristol-Myers Squibb
does not have a material amount of revenues or assets in any single country
and voluntarily provides information on a more aggregated, regional basis. The
same appears to be true for Pfizer. Eli Lilly and Merck provide information for a
combination of both individual countries (Japan) and aggregated regional area
(Europe, E/ME/A). Pfizer has perhaps the most different basis for determining
geographic areas, focusing on developed vs. emerging markets.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Research Case 5—Within Industry Comparison of Segment Information (60
minutes)
The purpose of this assignment is to show students how segment information
can be used to gain insights into the nature and location of a company’s
operations, and give them an opportunity to compare and contrast this
information for two companies in the same industry. The responses to this
assignment will depend upon the companies selected by the student for
analysis. Students should discuss both the operating segments and geographic
areas in which the companies operate. They might discuss the extent to which
the two companies compete with each other in terms of product lines or
geographic areas, as well as the extent to which this information can be
compared. For example, if one company defines operating segments on the
basis of products and another company in the same industry defines operating
segments geographically, meaningful comparisons between the two companies
will be difficult to make.
Accounting Standards Case 1 —Segment Reporting (15 minutes)
Source of guidance: FASB ASC 280-10-55-2: Segment Reporting; Overall;
Implementation Guidance and Illustrations; Operating Segments - Equity
Method Investees
ASC 280-10-55-2 states “An equity method investee could be considered an
operating segment, if, under the specific facts and circumstances being
considered, it meets the definition of an operating segment, even though the
investor has no control over the performance of the investee.”
Thus, in response to the questions asked in the case:
(a) an equity method investment can be treated as an operating segment for
financial reporting purposes,
(b) under the conditions that it meets the definition of an operating segment,
that is, (1) it engages in business activities from which it earns revenues
and incurs expenses, (2) the chief operating decision maker regularly
reviews its operating results to assess performance and make resource
allocation decision, and (3) its discrete financial information is available.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Accounting Standards Case 2—Interim Reporting (15 minutes)
Source of guidance: FASB ASC 270-10-50-6: Interim Reporting; Overall;
Disclosure; Contingencies
Contingencies that could be expected to affect the fairness of presentation of
financial data at an interim date must be disclosed in interim reports in the
same manner required for annual reports.
The materiality of a contingency should be judged in relation to annual financial
statements.
Analysis Case—Walmart Interim and Segment Reporting (60 minutes)
1. Assess the seasonal nature of Walmart’s sales and income for the company as a
whole and by operating segment.
The excerpt from Note 18 Quarterly Financial Data shows that Walmart
experienced a significant increase in net sales and income in the quarter ended
January 31 over the previous three quarters of the year. This is not surprising
given that this quarter includes the holiday season.
Operating income for the quarter ended January 31 can be determined for each
segment by subtracting the amounts reported in the three quarterly reports from
the amounts reported in Note 16 Segments.
Operating Income
Walmart
U.S.
Walmart
International
SAM'S
CLUB
Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2011
$ 19,914
$ 5,606
$ 1,711
4,638
1,095
429
4,879
4,399
$ 5,998
1,299
1,223
$ 1,989
428
367
487
Quarter Ended April 30, 2010
Quarter Ended July 31, 2010
Quarter Ended October 31, 2010
Quarter Ended January 31, 2011
$
These results show the seasonal nature of the company’s two largest segments
(Walmart U.S. and Walmart International), with a significantly larger amount of
operating income generated in the quarter ended January 31 than in the other
quarters.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
2. Assess Walmart’s profitability by quarter and by segment.
Note 18 can be used to assess profitability in terms of profit margin (Net
income/Net sales) by quarter.
Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2011
Amounts in millions
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Consolidated net income
$ 3,444
$ 3,747
$ 3,590
$ 5,178
Net sales
99,097
103,016
101,239
115,600
Net income/Net sales
3.48%
3.64%
3.55%
4.48%
These results indicate that profit margins are highest in the fourth quarter of the
year, the quarter with the largest percentage of total sales.
Note 16 can be used to assess profitability in terms of operating profit margin
(Operating income/Revenues) and return on assets (Operating income/Total
assets) by segment.
Fiscal year ended January 31, 2011
Operating income (loss)
Net sales
Operating income/Net Sales
Walmart
U.S.
$ 19,914
260,261
7.65%
Walmart
International
$ 5,606
109,232
5.13%
Operating income (loss)
Total assets of continuing operations
Operating income/Total assets
$ 19,914
89,725
22.19%
$ 5,606
72,021
7.78%
SAM’S
CLUB
$ 1,711
49,459
3.46%
$
1,711
12,531
13.65%
These results indicate that Walmart U.S. by far is the most profitable segment for
Walmart Stores, Inc. Although the Walmart International segment has a
reasonable Operating Profit Margin, that segment’s Return on Assets is very low.
Return on Assets must be interpreted with caution, however, because the ending
balance in Total Assets is used in the denominator of the ratio rather than the
average amount of Total Assets for the year. The Walmart International
segment’s Return on Assets (7.78%) is understated, for example, if a significant
portion of Total Assets was acquired late in the year.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
Excel Case—Coca-Cola Geographic Segment Information (60 minutes)
1. The ratios required to be calculated for the Coca-Cola Company are as
follows:
Percentage of total net operating
revenues
Eurasia & Africa
Europe
Latin America
North America
Pacific
2010
6.96%
14.30%
11.22%
30.52%
14.36%
2009
6.90%
17.30%
10.61%
25.62%
14.41%
2009 to 2010
21.19%
-0.81%
27.03%
42.99%
19.63%
2008 to 2009
-9.37%
-8.77%
-15.41%
-5.36%
-6.16%
Operating income as a percentage of
net operating revenues (profit margin)
Eurasia & Africa
2010
38.34%
2009
31.63%
Europe
Latin America
North America
Pacific
56.70%
58.36%
13.57%
38.85%
52.44%
53.91%
21.64%
38.56%
Percentage growth in net operating
revenues
Eurasia & Africa
Europe
Latin America
North America
Pacific
2008
6.87%
17.13%
11.32%
24.45%
13.86%
2. There is no right or wrong answer to this question. Students could argue that
Latin America and Europe would be the areas of the world in which to expand
because profit margin is highest in these areas. There would seem to be more
room to expand in Latin America given that this area has a smaller percentage of
total revenues. In addition, revenue growth in Europe has been negative in the
most recent two years, so expansion might not be feasible in this region.
Eurasia & Africa and Pacific also have relatively high profit margins. The
company generates the smallest percentage of total revenues in Eurasia & Africa,
so perhaps there is an opportunity for growth in this area.
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Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting
3. There is a great deal of non-accounting information that one would need to
determine a specific region of the world in which to focus expansion. For
example, one might need to gather information to answer the following
questions:
•
•
•
•
Is there a sufficiently large population with enough disposable income to be
able to purchase the company’s products?
Are raw materials available locally?
Is there a well-developed transportation infrastructure that would allow the
products to be brought to consumers at a reasonable cost?
Do local customs, culture, religion, etc. affect drinking habits, especially the
consumption of soft drinks?
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