PEMBUATAN PUPUK AMONIUM SULFAT DARI GYPSUM SINTETIK HASIL PENGOLAHAN UNIT FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION PLTU DENGAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI 40.000 TON TAHUN

  P P R R A A R R A A N N C C A A

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  I I K K P P E E M M B B U U A A T T A A N N P P U U P P U U K K A A M M O O N N

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  I I T T A A S S S S U U M M A A T T E E R R A A U U T T A A R R A A M M E E

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Bukan Karena Kekuatanku,

Tetapi Karena Kasih-Mu ya Tuhan

Terima Kasih atas Penyertaan-Mu

  Tugas Akhir ini Saya Dedikasikan untuk Bapa, Mama, Namboru, Kakak, Abang, & Sahabat atas dukungan & doa mereka serta

  Semua Dosen dan teman - teman di Teknik Kimia USU atas Kebersamaan Yang Tak Ternilai Selama Ini Judul :

  

PRA RANCANGAN PABRIK

PEMBUATAN PUPUK AMONIUM SULFAT

DARI GYPSUM SINTETIK HASIL PENGOLAHAN UNIT FLUE GAS

DESULFURIZATION PLTU

DENGAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI 40.000 TON / TAHUN

  Judul dalam bahasa Inggris :

  

THE PRELIMINARY DESIGN FOR

AMMONIUM SULFATE FERTILIZER PRODUCTION PLANT

BY MEANS SYNTHETIC GYPSUM BYPRODUCT FLUE GAS

DESULFURIZATION UNIT FROM COAL POWER PLANT

AT THE CAPACITY OF 40,000 TONNES / YEAR

KATA PENGANTAR

  Puji dan syukur penulis ucapkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini, yang berjud ul: “Pra Rancangan Pabrik Pupuk Amonium Sulfat Dari Gypsum Sintetik Hasil Pengolahan Unit Flue Gas Desulfurization PLTU dengan Kapasitas Produksi 40.000 Ton/ Tahun ”.

  Tugas akhir ini disusun untuk melengkapi salah satu syarat untuk mengikuti ujian sarjana pada Departemen Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Dan pada saat pengerjaan tugas akhir ini, penulis banyak menerima bantuan, bimbingan, saran dan dukungan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada : 1.

  Ibu Dr. Ir. Iriany, M.Si., selaku dosen pembimbing dalam penyusunan tugas akhir ini.

  2. Ibu Ir. Renita Manurung, M.T., selaku co – dosen pembimbing dalam penyusunan tugas akhir ini dan juga sebagai Koordinator Tugas Akhir Departemen Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara 3. Bapak Dr. Eng. Ir. Irvan, M.Si., sebagai dosen wali dan Ketua Jurusan Departemen Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara.

  4. Ibu Dr. Ir. Fatimah, M.T., Sekretaris Jurusan Departemen Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara .

  5. Bapak Dr. Ir. Taslim, M.Si., Seluruh Staff Pengajar, dan Pegawai Administrasi Departemen Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara.

  6. Dan yang paling istimewa orang tua penulis yaitu Bapak J. Nainggolan dan Ibu M. Lbn. Toruan serta seluruh keluarga.

  7. Partner saya, Krisma Yessi Sianturi atas kerjasamanya dalam penyelesaian tugas akhir ini.

  8. Abang/Kakak senior yang telah banyak membantu dalam penyelesaian tugas akhir ini.

  9. Sahabat-sahabat terbaik teknik kimia, khususnya stambuk 2007, dan adik -adik junior stambuk 2008, 2009, dan 2010 yang memberikan banyak dukungan, saran semangat kepada penulis.

  Penulis menyadari bahwa tugas akhir ini masih terdapat banyak kekurangan dan ketidaksempurnaan. Oleh karena itu penulis sangat mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang sifatnya membangun demi kesempurnaan pada penulisan berikutnya. Semoga tugas akhir ini dapat bermanfaat bagi seluruh pembaca, khususnya mahasiswa/i teknik kimia.

  Medan, Mei 2012 Penulis,

  Melva Tiurmada Nainggolan

INTISARI

  Indonesia merupakan negara agraris sehingga tidak terlepas akan kebutuhan terhadap pupuk. Pupuk amonium sulfat, ZA (Zwuafel Amonium), dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk nitrogen, terutama untuk tanaman industri dan perkebunan. Data impor amonium sulfat dari Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia menunjukkan peningkatan 268.451.459 kg pada tahun 2010. Salah satu alternatif untuk kebutuhan amonium sulfat tersebut adalah memproduksi amonium sulfat dengan menggunakan gypsum hasil unit Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) pembangkit listrik tenaga uap (PLTU).

  Amonium sulfat diproduksi 40.000 ton/tahun dengan 330 hari kerja dalam 1 tahun. Lokasi pabrik direncanakan di Daerah Segoromadu, Gresik, Jawa Timur

  2

  dengan luas areal berkisar 13.800 m , tenaga kerja yang dibutuhkan berjumlah 225 orang dengan bentuk badan usaha Perseroan Terbatas (PT) yang dipimpin oleh seorang direktur dengan struktur organisasi sistem garis dan staf. Hasil analisa ekonomi Pabrik Pembuatan Pupuk Amonium Sulfat dari Gypsum Sintetik Hasil Pengolahan Unit Flue Gas Desulfurization PLTU adalah sebagai berikut :

  Modal Investasi Total : Rp 363.390.474.020,-

    Biaya Produksi : Rp 351.162.368.355,-  Hasil Penjualan : Rp 486.764.796.323,-  Laba Bersih : Rp 97.145.579.396,-  Profit Margin : 27,72 %

  Break Even Point : 50,62 %   Return on Investment : 26,73 %  Pay Out Time : 3,74 tahun  Return on Network : 44,56 %  Internal Rate of Return : 41,58 %

  Dari hasil analisa aspek ekonomi dapat disimpulkan bahwa pabrik pembuatan pupuk amonium sulfat dengan kapasitas produksi 40.000 ton/tahun layak untuk didirikan.

DAFTAR ISI

  KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................. i

  INTISARI ............................................................................................................... iii DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................... iv DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................. xi DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................. xii

  BAB I PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................... I-1

  1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................... I-1

  1.2 Perumusan Masalah .................................................................. I-3

  1.3 Tujuan Pra-Rancangan ............................................................. I-3

  1.4 Manfaat Pra-Rancangan ............................................................ I-4

  BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ............................................................... II-1

  2.1 Amonium Sulfat ...................................................................... II-1

  2.2 Sifat-Sifat Fisis dan Kimia Bahan Baku dan Produk .............. II-2

  2.2.1 Bahan Baku ..........................................................................II-2

  2.2.1.1 Gypsum FGD/ Gypsum Sintetik (CaSO .2H O) ........... II-2

  4

  2

  2.2.1.2 Amonia (NH

  3 ) ................................................................ II-4

  2.2.1.3 Karbon Dioksida (CO

  2 ) .................................................. II-5

  2.2.1.4 Air (H

  2 O) ....................................................................... II-6

  2.2.1.5 Asam Sulfat (H

  2 SO 4 ) ..................................................... II-7

  2.2.2 Produk .................................................................................. II-7

  2.2.2.1 Amonium Sulfat (NH

  3 )

  2 SO 4 .......................................... II-7

  2.2.2.2 Kalsium Karbonat (CaCO ) ........................................... II-8

  3

  2.3 Proses Pembuatan Amonium Sulfat ........................................ II-9

  2.3.1 Proses Netralisasi Langsung .......................................... II-9

  2.3.2 Proses Karbonasi Batubara ............................................ II-9

  2.3.3 Hasil Samping Industri Caprolactam ........................... II-11

  2.3.4 Reaksi antara Amonium Karbonat dengan Gypsum .... II-11

  2.4 Pemilihan Proses ................................................................... II-12

  2.5 Deskripsi Proses .................................................................... II-12

  BAB III NERACA MASSA ....................................................................... III-1

  3.1 Absorber (AB-101) ............................................................... III-1

  3.2 Mixer (M-101) ...................................................................... III-1

  3.3 Reaktor (R-201) .................................................................... III-2

  3.4 Filter (FL-201) ...................................................................... III-2

  3.5 Reaktor Netralisasi (R-202) .................................................. III-3

  3.6 Absorber (AB-202) ............................................................... III-3

  3.7 Evaporator (EV-201) ............................................................. III-3

  3.8 Crystallizer (CR-301) ............................................................ III-4

  3.9 Centrifuge (CF-301) .............................................................. III-4

  3.10 Rotary Dryer (RD-301) ......................................................... III-4

  BAB IV NERACA PANAS ........................................................................ IV-1

  4.1 Vaporizer Amonia (E-101) ..................................................... IV-1

  4.3 Absorber (AB-101) ................................................................. IV-1

  4.4 Heater (E-103) ......................................................................... IV-2

  4.5 Mixer (M-101) ........................................................................ IV-2

  4.6 Absorber (AB-102) ................................................................. IV-2

  4.7 Cooler (E-202) ........................................................................ IV-2

  4.8 Reaktor (R-201) ...................................................................... IV-3

  4.9 Filter (FL-201) ........................................................................ IV-3

  4.10 Heater H

  2 SO 4 ........................................................................ IV-3

  4.11 Netralisasi (R-202) ................................................................ IV-3

  4.12 Cooler (E-203) ...................................................................... IV-4

  4.13 Evaporator (EV-201) ............................................................. IV-4

  4.14 Crystallizer (CR-301) ............................................................ IV-4

  4.15 Centrifuge (CF-301) .............................................................. IV-4

  4.16 Rotary Dryer (RD-301) ......................................................... IV-5

  BAB V SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN ........................................................ V-1

  5.1 Tangki Penyimpanan Amonia Anhidrat Cair (TK-101) .......... V-1

  5.2 Tangki Penyimpanan Karbon Dioksida Cair (TK-102) ........... V-1

  5.3 Gudang Gypsum (G-101) ......................................................... V-2

  5.4 Vaporizer NH (E-101) ............................................................ V-2

  3

  5.5 Vaporizer CO

  2 (E-102) ............................................................ V-3

  5.6 Separator Drum (D-101).......................................................... V-3

  5.7 Ekspander (C-101) ................................................................... V-3

  5.8 Separator Drum (D-102).......................................................... V-4

  5.9 Ekspander (C-102) ................................................................... V-4

  5.10 Absorber (AB-101) ................................................................ V-4

  5.11 Blower (JB-101) ..................................................................... V-5

  5.12 Pompa Amonium karbonat (P-103) ....................................... V-5

  5.13 Heater amonium karbonat (E-103)......................................... V-5

  5.14 Screw Conveyor (SC-101) ..................................................... V-6

  5.15 Bucket Elevator (BE-101) ...................................................... V-6

  5.16 Feed Hopper (FB-101) ........................................................... V-6

  5.18 Pompa FGD Gypsum (P-101) ................................................ V-7

  5.19 Pompa Amonium karbonat (P-102) ....................................... V-7

  5.20 Absorber (AB-102) ................................................................ V-8

  5.21 Reaktor (R-201) ..................................................................... V-8

  5.22 Blower (JB-201) ..................................................................... V-8

  5.23 Cooler CO NH (E-202) ....................................................... V-9

  2

  3

  5.24 Rotary Vacuum Filter (FL-201) ............................................. V-9

  5.25 Pompa Amonium sulfat (P-203) ............................................ V-9

  5.26 Tangki Penyimpanan H SO 98 % (TK-201) ........................ V-9

  

2

  4

  5.27 Pompa Asam sulfat (P-201) ................................................. V-10

  5.28 Heater asam sulfat (E-201) .................................................. V-10

  5.29 Reaktor (R-202) ................................................................... V-10

  5.30 Blower (JB-202) ................................................................... V-11

  5.31 Cooler CO

  2 (E-203) ............................................................. V-11

  5.32 Pompa Amonium sulfat (P-204) .......................................... V-11

  5.33 Evaporator (EV-201) ............................................................ V-11

  5.34 Pompa Amonium sulfat (P-205) .......................................... V-12

  5.35 Barometric Condensor (E-204) ........................................... V-12

  5.36 Crystallizer (CR-301)........................................................... V-12

  5.37 Pompa amonium sulfat (P-301) ........................................... V-13

  5.38 Centrifuge (CF-301) ............................................................. V-13

  5.39 Pompa mother liquor ........................................................... V-13

  5.40 Barometric Condensor (E-301) ........................................... V-14

  5.41 Screw Conveyor (SC-301).................................................... V-14

  5.42 Rotary Drier (RD-303) ......................................................... V-14

  5.43 Bucket Elevator (BE-301) .................................................... V-15

  5.44 Feed Hopper (FB-301) ........................................................ V-15

  5.45 Belt Conveyor (BC-302) ..................................................... V-15

  5.46 Gudang Amonium Sulfat (G-301) ....................................... V-15

  5.47 Tangki Penampung Kondensat ............................................ V-16

  5.48 Gudang Penyimpanan CaCO .............................................. V-16

  3

  6.1 Instrumentasi ........................................................................... VI-1

  6.1.1 Tujuan Pengendalian ......................................................... VI-2

  6.1.2 Jenis-Jenis Pengendalian dan Alat Pengendalian .............. VI-3

  6.2 Keselamatan Kerja .................................................................. VI-9

  BAB VII UTILITAS ................................................................................... VII-1

  7.1 Kebutuhan Uap (Steam) ........................................................ VII-1

  7.2 Kebutuhan Air ....................................................................... VII-2

  7.2.1 Screening ......................................................................... VII-6

  7.2.2 Sedimentasi ..................................................................... VII-6

  7.2.3 Klarifikasi ........................................................................ VII-7

  7.2.4 Filter ................................................................................ VII-8

  7.2.4 Demineralisasi ................................................................. VII-9

  7.2.6 Deaerator ....................................................................... VII-13

  7.3 Kebutuhan Listrik................................................................ VII-14

  7.4 Kebutuhan Bahan Bakar ..................................................... VII-16

  7.5 Unit Pengolahan Limbah (UPL) ......................................... VII-17

  7.5.1 Bak Penampungan ......................................................... VII-18

  7.5.2 Pompa Bak Penampungan............................................. VII-19

  7.5.3 Bak Pengendapan Awal ................................................ VII-21

  7.5.4 Bak Netralisasi .............................................................. VII-21

  7.5.5 Tangki Sedimentasi ....................................................... VII-22

  7.6 Kebutuhan Refrigerant ........................................................ VII-22

  7.6.1 Refrigerant untuk Tangki NH

  3 ...................................... VII-22

  7.6.2 Refrigerant untuk Tangki CO

  2 ...................................... VII-24

  7.7 Spesifikasi Peralatan Pengolahan Limbah .......................... VII-26

  7.7.1 Bak Penampungan (BP) ................................................ VII-26

  7.7.2 Bak Pengendapan Awal (BPA) ..................................... VII-26

  7.7.3 Bak Netralisasi (BN) ..................................................... VII-27

  7.7.4 Tangki Sedimentasi ....................................................... VII-27

  7.7.5 Pompa Bak Penampungan............................................. VII-27

  7.8 Spesifikasi Peralatan Utilitas............................................... VII-28

  7.8.2 Pompa Screening (PU-01) ............................................ VII-28

  7.8.3 Bak Sedimentasi (BS) ................................................... VII-29

  7.8.4 Tangki Pelarutan Alum [Al2(SO4)3] (TP-01) .............. VII-30

  7.8.5 Tangki Pelarutan Soda Abu [Na

  2 CO 3 ] (TP-02) ............ VII-30

  7.8.6 Clarifier (CL) ................................................................ VII-31

  7.8.7 Sand Filter (SF) ............................................................. VII-31

  7.8.8 Tangki Utulitas I (TU-I) ................................................ VII-31

  7.8.9 Tangki Pelarutan Asam Sulfat (H

  2 SO 4 ) (TP-03) .......... VII-32

  7.8.10 Tangki Pelarutan NaOH (TP-04) ................................ VII-32

  7.8.11 Tangki Pelarutan Kaporit [Ca(ClO)

  2 ] (TP-05) ............ VII-33

  7.8.12 Tangki Utilitas II (TU-II) ........................................... VII-33

  7.8.13 Menara Pendingin Air / Water Cooling Tower (CT) .. VII-33

  7.8.14 Deaerator (DE) ............................................................ VII-34

  7.8.15 Ketel Uap (KU) ........................................................... VII-34

  7.8.16 Tangki Bahan Bakar (TB) ........................................... VII-35

  BAB VIII LOKASI DAN TATA LETAK PABRIK .................................. VIII-1

  8.1 Lokasi Pabrik ....................................................................... VIII-1

  8.2 Tata Letak Pabrik ................................................................. VIII-3

  8.3 Perincian Luas Tanah ........................................................... VIII-4

  BAB IX ORGANISASI DAN MANAJEMEN PERUSAHAAN ............... IX-1

  9.1 Manajemen Perusahaan ........................................................... IX-1

  9.2 Uraian Tugas, Wewenang dan Tanggung Jawab .................... IX-5

  9.2.1 Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (RUPS) ........................ IX-5

  9.2.2 Dewan Komisaris ............................................................ IX-5

  9.2.3 Direktur ........................................................................... IX-5

  9.2.4 Staf Ahli .......................................................................... IX-6

  9.2.5 Sekretaris ......................................................................... IX-6

  9.2.6 Manajer Produksi ............................................................ IX-6

  9.2.7 Manajer Teknik ............................................................... IX-6

  9.2.8 Manajer Umum dan Keuangan ....................................... IX-7

  9.2.9 Manajer Pembelian dan Pemasaran ................................ IX-7

  9.2.11 Kepala Bagian Laboratorium R & D .............................. IX-7

  9.2.12 Kepala Bagian Utilitas ................................................... IX- 7

  9.2.13 Kepala Bagian Mesin Listrik .......................................... IX-7

  9.2.14 Kepala Bagian Instrumen ................................................ IX-8

  9.2.15 Kepala Bagian Pemeliharaan Pabrik ............................... IX-8

  9.2.16 Kepala Bagian Keuangan ................................................ IX-8

  9.2.17 Kepala Bagian Administrasi .......................................... IX- 8

  9.2.18 Kepala Bagian Personalia ............................................... IX-8

  9.2.19 Kepala Bagian Humas ..................................................... IX-8

  9.2.20 Kepala Bagian Keamanan ............................................... IX-9

  9.2.21 Kepala Bagian Pembelian ............................................... IX-9

  9.2.22 Kepala Bagian Penjualan ................................................ IX-9

  9.2.23 Kepala Bgaian Gudang/ Logistik .................................... IX-9

  9.2.24 Kepala Bagian Safety/ Keselamatan Kerja ..................... IX-9

  9.3 Sistem Kerja ............................................................................ IX-9

  9.4 Jumlah Karyawan dan Tingkat Pendidikan........................... IX-11

  9.5 Sistem Penggajian .................................................................IX-12

  9.6 Tata Tertib ............................................................................. IX-14

  9.7 JAMSOSTEK dan Fasilitas Tenaga Kerja ............................ IX-14

  BAB X ANALISA EKONOMI .................................................................. X-1

  10.1 Modal Investasi ...................................................................... X-1

  10.1.1 Modal Investasi Tetap (MIT) / Fixed Capital

   Investment (FCI) ............................................................ X-1

  10.1.2 Modal Kerja / Working Capital (WC) ........................... X-3

  10.1.3 Biaya Produksi Total (BPT) / Total Cost (TC) .............. X-4

  10.2 Total Penjualan (Total Sales) ................................................. X-5

  10.3 Bonus Perusahaan .................................................................. X-5

  10.4 Perkiraan Rugi/Laba Usaha.................................................... X-5

  10.5 Analisa Aspek Ekonomi ......................................................... X-6

  10.5.1 Profit Margin (PM) ......................................................... X-6

  10.5.2 Break Even Point (BEP) ................................................. X-6

  10.5.4 Pay Out Time (POT) ....................................................... X-7

  10.5.5 Return on Network (RON) .............................................. X-8

  10.5.6 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) ......................................... X-8

  BAB XI KESIMPULAN ............................................................................. XI-1 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ....................................................................................... DP-1 LAMPIRAN A PERHITUNGAN NERACA MASSA ...................................LA-1 LAMPIRAN B PERHITUNGAN NERACA PANAS ....................................LB-1 LAMPIRAN C PERHITUNGAN SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN ..................LC-1 LAMPIRAN D PERHITUNGAN SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN UTILITAS.............................................................................LD-1 LAMPIRAN E PERHITUNGAN ASPEK EKONOMI ..................................LE-1

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 6.1 Diagram Balok Sistem Pengendalian Feedback ........................ VI-4Gambar 6.2 Sebuah Loop Pengendalian ........................................................ VI-4Gambar 6.3 Suatu Proses Terkendali ............................................................. VI-5Gambar 8.1 Lokasi Pabrik Pupuk Amonium Sulfat ................................... VIII-1Gambar 8.2 Tata Letak Pabrik Pupuk Amonium Sulfat ............................ VIII-6Gambar 9.1 Struktur Organisasi Pabrik Pembuatan Pupuk Amonium

  Sulfat dari Gypsum Sintetik Hasil Pengolahan Unit Flue Gas Desulfurization PLTU ................................................................ IX-4

  Gambar D.1 Sketsa Sebagian Bar Screen, Satuan mm (dilihat dari atas) ..... LD-2 Gambar D.2 Grafik Entalpi dan Temperatur Cairan pada Cooling

  Tower (TC) .............................................................................. LD-30

• Gambar D.3 Kurva Hy terhadap 1/(Hy - Hy) ............................................. LD-31 Gambar E.1 Harga Peralatan untuk Tangki Penyimpanan (Storage) dan

  Tangki Pelarutan ....................................................................... LE-5 Gambar E.2 Grafik Break Event Point (BEP) ............................................. LE-26

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.1 Data PLTU di Indonesia................................................................... I-2Tabel 1.2 Data Impor Amonium Sulfat ............................................................ I-3Tabel 2.1 Perbedaan Gypsum Sintetis dan Gypsum Alami ........................... II-3Tabel 3.1 Neraca Massa pada Absorber (AB-101) ....................................... III-1Tabel 3.2 Neraca Massa Pada Mixer (M-101) .............................................. III-1Tabel 3.3 Neraca Massa Pada Reaktor (R-201) ............................................ III-2Tabel 3.4 Neraca Massa Pada Filter (FL-201) .............................................. III-2Tabel 3.5 Neraca Massa Pada Reaktor Netralisasi (R-202) .......................... III-3Tabel 3.6 Neraca Massa Pada Absorber (AB-102) ....................................... III-3Tabel 3.7 Neraca Massa Pada Evaporator (EV-201) .................................... III-3Tabel 3.8 Neraca Massa Pada Crystallizer (CR-301) ................................... III-4Tabel 3.9 Neraca Massa Pada Centrifuge (CF-301) ..................................... III-4Tabel 3.10 Neraca Massa Pada Rotary dryer (RD-301) ................................. III-4Tabel 4.1 Neraca Energi Pada Vaporizer Amonia (E-101) ........................... IV-1Tabel 4.2 Neraca Energi Pada Veporizer KArbon Dioksida (E-102) ........... IV-1Tabel 4.3 Neraca Energi Pada Absorber (AB-101)....................................... IV-1Tabel 4.4 Neraca Energi Pada Heater (E-103) .............................................. IV-2Tabel 4.5 Neraca Energi Pada Mixer (M-101) .............................................. IV-2Tabel 4.6 Neraca Energi Pada Absorber (AB-102)....................................... IV-2Tabel 4.7 Neraca Energi Pada Cooler (E-202) .............................................. IV-2Tabel 4.8 Neraca Energi Pada Reaktor (R-201) ........................................... IV-3Tabel 4.9 Neraca Energi Pada Filter (FL-201) .............................................. IV-3Tabel 4.10 Neraca Energi Pada Heater H SO (E-201) .................................. IV-3

  

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  4 Tabel 4.11 Neraca Energi Pada Netralisasi (R-202) ....................................... IV-3

Tabel 4.12 Neraca Energi Pada Cooler (E-203).............................................. IV-4Tabel 4.13 Neraca Energi Pada Evaporator (EV-301) .................................... IV-4Tabel 4.14 Neraca Energi Pada Crystallizer (CR-301) ................................... IV-4Tabel 4.15 Neraca Energi Pada Centrifuge (CF-301) ..................................... IV-4Tabel 4.16 Neraca Energi Pada Rotary Dryer (RD-301) ................................ IV-5Tabel 6.1 Daftar Penggunaan Instrumentasi pada Pra RancanganPabrik

  Pembuatan Pupuk Amonium Sulfat dari Gypsum Sintetik Hasil Pengolahan Unit Flue Gas Desulfurization PLTU ........................ VI-8 Dan Asam Fosfat ........................................................................... VI-4

Tabel 7.1 Kebutuhan Uap sebagai Media Pemanas .................................... VII-1Tabel 7.2 Kebutuhan Air Pendingin Pada Alat .......................................... VII-2Tabel 7.3 Kebutuhan Air Proses Pada Alat ................................................. VII-4Tabel 7.4 Pemakaian Air Untuk Berbagai Kebutuhan ................................ VII-5Tabel 7.5 Kualitas Air Sungai Lamongan ................................................... VII-5Tabel 7.6 Kebutuhan Daya pada Unit Proses ............................................ VII-14Tabel 7.7 Kebutuhan Listrik untuk Peralatan Utilitas ............................... VII-14Tabel 7.8 Spesifikasi Pompa Pengolahan Limbah .................................... VII-28Tabel 8.1 Klasifikasi Penggunaan Areal Tanah ......................................... VIII-4Tabel 9.1 Susunan Jadwal Shift Karyawan ................................................. IX-11Tabel 9.2 Jumlah Karyawan dan Kualifikasinya ........................................ IX-11Tabel 9.3 Perincian Gaji Karyawan per Bulan ............................................ IX-13

  Tabel A.1 Neraca Massa Pada Absorber....................................................... LA-4 Tabel A.2 Neraca Massa Mixer .................................................................... LA-6 Tabel A.3 Neraca Massa Pada Reaktor ......................................................... LA-8 Tabel A.4 Neraca Massa Filter...................................................................... LA-9 Tabel A.5 Neraca Massa Tangki Netralisasi ............................................... LA-11 Tabel A.6 Neraca Massa Scrubber .............................................................. LA-13 Tabel A.7 Neraca Massa Evaporator .......................................................... LA-14 Tabel A.8 Neraca Massa Crystallizer.......................................................... LA-16 Tabel A.9 Neraca Massa Centrifuge ........................................................... LA-17 Tabel A.10 Neraca Massa Rotary Dryer ....................................................... LA-17 Tabel B.1 Nilai Konstanta a, b, c dan d untuk perhitungan Cp Gas ............. LB-1 Tabel B.2 Nilai Konstanta a, b, c dan d untuk perhitungan Cp Cairan ......... LB-2 Tabel B.3 Kapasitas Panas Cairan H

  2 SO 4 .................................................... LB-2

  Tabel B.4 Kapasitas Panas Cairan CaCO

  3 .................................................... LB-2

  Tabel B.5 Kontribusi Unsur dan Gugus untuk Estimasi Cp ......................... LB-3

  Tabel B.6 Kapasitas Panas Padatan pada T = 298 K .................................... LB-3 Tabel B.7 Panas Reaksi Pembentukan Senyawa .......................................... LB-3 Tabel C.1 Data pada Tangki Penyimpanan Amonia Anhidrat Cair.............. LC-1 Tabel C.2 Data pada Tangki Penyimpanan Karbon Dioksida Cair .............. LC-2 Tabel C.3 Data Suhu ..................................................................................... LC-7 Tabel C.4 Data Suhu ................................................................................... LC-13 Tabel C.5 Komposisi Gas Keluar ............................................................... LC-31 Tabel C.6 Data Suhu ................................................................................... LC-35 Tabel C.7 Data Pada Mixer Tank ............................................................... LC-42 Tabel C.8 Data pada Reaktor (R-201) ........................................................ LC-55 Tabel C.9 Data Cerobong Reaktor 201 ....................................................... LC-59 Tabel C.10 Komposisi gas ............................................................................ LC-60 Tabel C.12 Data pada filtrat .......................................................................... LC-65 Tabel C.13 Data pada Cake .......................................................................... LC-65 Tabel C.14 Data pada Tangki Penyimpanan H SO 98 % ........................... LC-70

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  4 Tabel C.15 Data Suhu ................................................................................... LC-74

  Tabel C.16 Data pada Reaktor (R-202) ........................................................ LC-78 Tabel C.17 Data Suhu ................................................................................... LC-84 Tabel C.18 Data Suhu ................................................................................... LC-90 Tabel C.19 Data pada Crystallizer .............................................................. LC-100 Tabel C.20 Data Aliran Mother Liquid ....................................................... LC-105 Tabel C.21 Data Aliran produk ................................................................... LC-105 Tabel C.22 Data Suhu ................................................................................. LC-105 Tabel D.1 Spesifikasi PompaPengolahan Air ............................................... LD-4 Tabel D.2 Perhitungan Entalpi dalam Penentuan Tinggi Menara

  Pendingin ................................................................................... LD-30 Tabel E.1 Perincian Harga Bangunan Dan Sarana Lainnya ......................... LE-2 Tabel E.2 Harga Indeks Marshall dan Swift ................................................. LE-3 Tabel E.3 Estimasi Harga Peralatan Proses .................................................. LE-7 Tabel E.4 Estimasi Harga Peralatan Utilitas dan Pengolahan Limbah ......... LE-8 Tabel E.5 Biaya Sarana Transportasi ......................................................... LE-11

  Tabel E.6 Perincian Gaji Pegawai .............................................................. LE-14 Tabel E.7 Perincian Biaya Kas ................................................................... LE-16 Tabel E.8 Perincian Modal Kerja ............................................................... LE-17 Tabel E.9 Aturan Depresiasi Sesuai UU Republik Indonesia No.17

  Tahun 2000 ................................................................................ LE-18 Tabel E.10 Perhitungan Biaya Depresiasi .................................................... LE-19 Tabel E.11 Perhitungan Internal Rate of Return (IRR) ................................ LE-27