PERENCANAAN BANGUNAN PENGAMAN PANTAI DI DAERAH MUNDU â BALONGAN ( DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BANTUAN PROGRAM GENESIS ) - Diponegoro University | Institutional Repository (UNDIP-IR)
DAFTAR ISI
Vii
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL .............................................................................................. i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .................................................................................. ii
KATA PENGANTAR.......................................................................................... iii
ABSTRAKSI ........................................................................................................ iv
DAFTAR ISI ..........................................................................................................v
DAFTAR GAMBAR............................................................................................ vi
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................... vii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Latar Belakang. ...................................................................................................1
1.2. Maksud Dan Tujuan............................................................................................2
1.3. Ruang Lingkup....................................................................................................3
1.3.1 Lingkup Materi Kegiatan .....................................................................3
1.3.2 Lokasi Perencanaan
..........................................................................3
1.4.Sistematika Penulisan ..........................................................................................5
BAB II STUDI PUSTAKA
2.1. Tinjauan Umum ..................................................................................................6
2.2. Dasar-Dasar Perencanaan ....................................................................................7
2.2.1 Batimetri Perairan ........................................................................................7
2.2.2 Angin............................................................................................................7
2.2.3 Gelombang.................................................................................................14
2.2.3.1 Beberapa Teori Perhitungan Gelombang ......................................14
2.2.3.2 Deformasi gelombang....................................................................22
2.2.3.3 Gelombang Pecah Rencana............................................................26
2.2.4 Fluktuasi Muka Air ....................................................................................27
2.2.4.1.Kenaikkan muka air karena gelombang (wave set-up) ..................27
2.2.4.2.Kenaikkan muka air karena angina (wind set up)..........................27
2.2.4.3.Pemanasan Global..........................................................................28
2.2.4.4.Pasang Surut...................................................................................29
Laporan Tugas Akhir
Pembangunan Bangunan Pengaman Pantai di daerah Mundu-Balongan
DAFTAR ISI
Vii
2.2.5 Design WaterLevel (DWL) ........................................................................31
2.3. Run-up Gelombang............................................................................................31
2.4. Peramalan Garis Pantai
2.4.1. Bentuk Pantai. ...........................................................................................33
2.4.2. Sifat-Sifat Sedimen. .................................................................................37
2.4.3 Transport Sedimen. ...................................................................................38
2.4.4. Model Perubahan Garis Pantai. ...............................................................40
2.5. Arus .................................................................................................................... 42
2.6. Kriteria Desain Bangunan Pengaman. ...............................................................42
2.6.1
Pendahuluan .....................................................................................42
2.6.2
Teknik Pengamanan Pantai ..............................................................42
2.6.2.1
Perkuatan Di Sepanjang Garis Pantai ..................................42
2.6.2.2 Penimbunan Di Sekitar Garis Pantai .......................................48
2.6.2.3 Pembuatan Bangunan Pengatur Laju Sedimen .......................50
2.6.3
Aspek Pemilihan Bangunan Pengaman ...........................................54
2.6.4
Stabilitas Batu Lapis Pelindung. .......................................................57
2.6.5
Stabilitas Pondasi Tumpukan Batu dan Pelindung Kaki. .................60
2.6.6
Penurunan (Setlement ) ....................................................................62
2.7. Program GENESIS ............................................................................................65
2.8. Program SMS ....................................................................................................80
2.8.1
GFGEN ..................................................................................................81
2.8.2
RMA.2 ....................................................................................................82
2.8.3
SED.2D ...................................................................................................88
BAB III METODOLOGI
3.1
Bagan Alir Pengerjaan Tugas Akhir ...............................................................95
3.2
Persiapan .........................................................................................................96
3.3
Metode Pengumpulan Data .............................................................................97
3.3.1. Data Primer ...........................................................................................98
3.3.2. Data Sekunder........................................................................................99
3.3.2.1 Angin .....................................................................................100
Laporan Tugas Akhir
Pembangunan Bangunan Pengaman Pantai di daerah Mundu-Balongan
DAFTAR ISI
Vii
3.3.2.2 Fetch ......................................................................................101
3.3.2.3 Pasang Surut ..........................................................................102
3.3.2.4 Analisa Arus Laut ..................................................................103
3.3.2.5 Batimetri Perairan. .................................................................103
3.3.2.6 Sedimen ...............................................................................106
3.3.2.7 Kondisi Tanah Setempat .......................................................107
3.3.2.7.a. Sondir......................................................................107
3.3.2.7.b.Boring ....................................................................108
3.4
Analisis data...................................................................................................109
3.4.1 Data Angin ..................................................................................109
3.4.2 Data Gelombang ..........................................................................110
3.4.3 Data Pasang Surut .......................................................................110
3.4.4 Data Tanah ..................................................................................111
3.5
Analisa Garis Pantai Untuk Kurun Waktu Tertentu dengan Genesis ............112
3.6
Pemecahan Masalah ......................................................................................112
BAB IV DATA DAN ANALISA DATA
4.1
Analisa Data ..................................................................................................113
4.1.1
Data Primer ....................................................................................113
4.1.2
Data Sekunder ................................................................................113
4.1.2.1 Peta Angin .............................................................................114
4.1.2.2 Peta Fetch ..............................................................................115
4.1.2.3 Pasang Surut Air Laut ...........................................................120
4.1.2.4 Arus........................................................................................121
4.1.2.5 Batimetri Perairan. ................................................................122
4.1.2.6 Sedimen. ................................................................................123
4.2
Prediksi Gelombang rencana. .......................................................................127
4.2.1 Peramalan Gelombang ( Hincasting ) ...............................................127
4.2.2 Analisa Gelombang Rencana ............................................................138
Laporan Tugas Akhir
Pembangunan Bangunan Pengaman Pantai di daerah Mundu-Balongan
DAFTAR ISI
Vii
BAB V ANALISA PERAMALAN GARIS PANTAI
5.1 Bentuk Pantai. ................................................................................................160
5.2 Sifat-Sifat Sedimen Pantai ............................................................................160
5.3 Mekanisme Transport Sedimen Oleh Gelombang. .......................................161
5.3.1 Angkutan Menuju – Meninggalkan Pantai. .......................................161
5.3.2 Angkutan Sedimen Sepanjang Pantai. ..............................................164
5.4 Analisa Prediksi Garis Pantai. ......................................................................165
5.4.1 Umum
..........................................................................................165
5.4.2 Analisa Dengan Program Genesis. ...................................................165
5.4.3 Uji Sensitifitas Program. ...................................................................174
5.4.3.1
Uji Sensitifitas Program Terhadap Tinggi
Dan Periode Gelombang ....................................................174
5.4.3.2
Uji Sensitifitas Program Terhadap Dengan Sudut Datang
Gelombang .........................................................................175
5.4.3.3
Uji Sensitifitas Program Terhadap Dengan
Ukuran Butiran....................................................................177
5.4.3.4
Uji Sensitifitas Program Terhadap
Dengan Parameter K1 Dan K2 ..........................................178
BAB VI PEMILIHAN JENIS BANGUNAN PENGAMAN PANTAI
6.1 Umum .............................................................................................................181
6.2 Pemilihan Jenis Pengaman Pantai ..................................................................181
6.3 Alternatif Bangunan Pengaman dengan Program Genesis .............................183
6.4 Pemilihan Bangunan Pangaman pantai ..........................................................186
BAB VII PERHITUNGAN STRUKTUR BANGUNAN PENGAMAN
7.1 Umum..............................................................................................................192
7.2 Perhitungan Gelombang Rencana Dan Gelombang Pecah ............................192
7.3 Perencanaan Revetment .................................................................................194
7.4 Perhitungan Penurunan ( Settlement ) ...........................................................199
Laporan Tugas Akhir
Pembangunan Bangunan Pengaman Pantai di daerah Mundu-Balongan
DAFTAR ISI
Vii
BAB VIII RENCANA ANGGARAN BIAYA
8.1 Daftar Harga Satuan Barang Dan Upah.........................................................201
8.1.1 Daftar Harga Satuan Material ..............................................................201
8.1.2Daftar Harga Satuan Upah Tenaga .......................................................201
8.1.3 Daftar Harga Sewa Alat .......................................................................201
8.2 Analisa Harga Satuan Pekerjaan .....................................................................201
8.3 Perhitungan Volume Pekerjaan ......................................................................207
8.4 Perhitungan Bobot Pekerjaan .........................................................................208
8.5 Network Planing .............................................................................................209
8.6 Kurfa S
.........................................................................................................210
BAB IX RENCANA KERJA DAN SYARAT-SYARAT
BAB X
KESIMPULAN
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN –LAMPIRAN
Laporan Tugas Akhir
Pembangunan Bangunan Pengaman Pantai di daerah Mundu-Balongan
DAFTAR GAMBAR
1.
Gambar 1.1 Proses dinamis pantai ......................................................................2
2.
Gambar 1.2 Peta lokasi pantai utara wilayah Jawa Barat ....................................4
3.
Gambar 2.1 Longshore and crosshore sediment transport..................................6
4.
Gambar 2.2 Mawar angin ....................................................................................9
5.
Gambar 2.3 Hubungan kecepatan angina di laut dan didarat ...........................10
6.
Gambar 2.4 Fetch...............................................................................................12
7.
Gambar 2.5 Flowchart dan rumus peramal gelombang (SPM volume 1) .........13
8.
Gambar 2.6 Skets definisi gelomabang .............................................................16
9.
Gambar 2.7 Gerak orbit partikel zat cair di laut dangkal, transisi dan dalam ...17
10.
Gambar 2.8 Orbit partikel pada gelomabang Stokes .........................................18
11.
Gambar 2.9 Gelombang konoidal ......................................................................19
12.
Gambar 2.10 Gelombnag tunggal ......................................................................20
13.
Gambar 2.11 fungsi M dan N pada teori gelombang tunggal ...........................21
14.
Gambar 2.12 Daerah penerapan funsi gelombnag H/d dan d/l..........................22
15.
Gambar 2.13 Perambatan arah gelombang akibat refraksi ................................23
16.
Gambar 2.14 Difraksi gelombang di belakang rintangan .................................24
17.
Gambar 2.15 Penentuan tinggi gelombang pecah .............................................25
18.
Gambar 2.16 Penentuan kedalaman gelombang pecah ....................................26
19.
Gambar 2.17 Tinggi gelombang pecah rencana di kaki bangunan....................27
20.
Gambar 2.18 Perkiraan kenaikkan muka air laut ..............................................29
21.
Gambar 2.19 Posisi bumi-bulan dan matahari...................................................30
22.
Gambar 2.20 Variasi pasang surut selama satu bulan .......................................30
23.
Gambar 2.21 Perbandingan run-up gelombang .................................................32
24.
Gambar 2.22 Profil pantai .................................................................................34
25.
Gambar 2.23 Proses pembentukkan pantai........................................................36
26.
Gambar 2.24 Distribusi imbangan pantai .........................................................37
27.
Gambar 2.25 Imbangan sediment pantai ..........................................................41
28.
Gambar 2.26 Curve-face seawall and step curve-face seawall .........................43
29.
Gambar 2.27 Concrete step –face seawall ........................................................44
30.
Gambar 2.28 sheet pile bulkhead ......................................................................44
31.
Gambar 2.29 Concreate slab and king – pile bulkhead ....................................45
32.
Gambar 2.30 Timber sheet pile bulkhead .........................................................45
33.
Gambar 2.31 Concreate revetment ....................................................................46
34.
Gambar 2.32.a interlocking concreate block revetmen .....................................46
35.
Gambar 2.32.b Penampang Tipikal revetment batu dan bis beton ....................47
36.
Gambar 2.33 Contoh profil pantai seteleh dilakukan penimbunan....................48
37.
Gambar 2.34 Sand by passing............................................................................48
38.
Gambar 2.35 Profil groin terhadap pantai .........................................................49
39.
Gambar 2.36 Rubbel mound groin.....................................................................51
40.
Gambar 2.37 Detached breakwater ...................................................................52
41.
Gambar 2.38 Reef breakwater ...........................................................................53
42.
Gambar 2.39 breakwater....................................................................................53
43.
Gambar 2.40 Bagan alir perencanaan bangunan pengaman .............................55
44.
Gambar 2.41 fodasi (a) dan penlindung kaki (b) dari tumpukkan batu ............61
45.
Gambar 2.42 Pelindung kaki bangunan ............................................................61
46.
Gambar 2.43 Angka stabilitas Ns untuk fondasi pelindung kaki ......................62
47.
Gambar 2.44 Faktor pengaruh akibat beban timbunan......................................64
48.
Gambar 2.45 Kurva koefisien pendekatan hubungan antara nilai transport
Dan longshore energi flux.....................................................................................78
49.
Gambar 2.46 Tahapan pekerjaan simulasi .........................................................81
50.
Gambar 2.47 Tegangan geser dasar kritis untuk pergerakkan butiran kuarsa
dengan diameter ...................................................................................................91
51.
Gambar 2.48 Kurva kecepatan mengendap butiran kwarsa...............................93
52.
Gambar 2.49 Hasil pemodelan sedimentasi.......................................................94
53.
Gambar 2.50 Hasil pemodelan arus ..................................................................94
54.
Gambar 3.1 Flowchart pengerjaan tugas akhir ..................................................95
55.
Gambar 3.2 Posisi pipa dan garis pantai............................................................97
56.
Gambar 3.3 Kondisi jalur pipa Mundu- Balongan.............................................98
57.
Gambar 3.4 Mawar angin ................................................................................100
58.
Gambar 3.5 Daerah pembentukkan gelombang ..............................................100
59.
Gambar 3.6 Data pasang surut hasil pengamatan ...........................................101
60.
Gambar 3.7 Sketsa Visualisasi elevasi acuan pasang surut .............................101
61.
Gambar 3.8 Pengukuran arus pada 3 kedalaman ............................................102
62.
Gambar 3.9 Lokasi pengukuran arus ...............................................................103
63.
Gambar 3.10 Lokasi survey batimetri..............................................................104
64.
Gambar 3.11 Pergerakkan perahu dalam menyusuri jalur sounding ...............105
65.
Gambar 3.12 Reader alat GSPMap yang digunakan dalam survey batimetri..106
66.
Gambar 3.13 Penempatan GSPMap (trandusur, antena, reader) di perahu .....106
67.
Gambar 3.14 Metode pengambilan sample sediment ......................................107
68.
Gambar 3.15 Lokasi sounder dan borring........................................................109
69.
Gambar 3.16 Tahapan pelaksanaan program GENESIS .................................110
70.
Gambar 4.1 File jan 93. DAT output dari program Windform.exe .................115
71.
Gambar 4.2 Mengubah skala peta menjadi 1:1................................................116
72.
Gambar 4.3 Diagram Fetch lokasi pantai Tirtamaya
(Pantai Utara, Inderamayu).................................................................................117
73.
Gambar 4.4 Output file Fetch ram ...................................................................118
74.
Gambar 4.5 Peta perhitungan Fetch.................................................................119
75.
Gambar 4.6 Grafik pasang surut ......................................................................121
76.
Gambar 4.7 Skala acuan .................................................................................122
77.
Gambar 4.8 distribusi imbangan pantai ...........................................................125
78.
Gambar 4.9 File bulan win...............................................................................130
79.
Gambar 4.10 Wind rose dari stasiun pengamat angina Jatiwangi ...................138
80.
Gambar 4.11Windmax2.out.............................................................................139
81.
Gambar 4.12 Flowchart dan rumus peramalan gelombang (SPM, volume I) .140
82.
Gambar 4.13 Bulan wave.................................................................................141
83.
Gambar 4.14 Waverose total ...........................................................................149
84.
Gambar 4.15 Wavemx.out ..............................................................................150
85.
Gambar 5.1 Longshore and crosshore sediment transport..............................159
86.
Gambar 5.2 Peta Mundu-Balongan..................................................................161
87.
Gambar 5.3 Ploting garis pantai bantuan program Autocad............................162
88.
Gambar 5.4 Koordinat garis pantai .................................................................163
89.
Gambar 5.5 Data input Shorl ...........................................................................164
90.
Gambar 5.6 Perubahan posisi garis pantai.......................................................164
91.
Gambar 5.7 data input shorm...........................................................................164
92.
Gambar 5.8 Input file waves............................................................................166
93.
Gambar 5.9 konversi sudut gelombang dengan system koodrinat ..................166
94.
Gambar 5.10 kalibrasi sudut datang gelombang..............................................167
95.
Gambar 5.11 Grafik perbandingan garis pantai ..............................................168
96.
Gambar 5.12 Perubahan garis pantai terhahadap perubahan
periode gelombag ...........................................................................................170
97.
Gambar 5.13 Perubahan garis pantai terhadap perubahan sudut gelombang ..171
98.
Gambar 5.14 Grafik perubahan Garis pantai terhadap perubahan butiran .....173
99.
Gambar 5.15 Perubahan garis pantai terhadap parameter K1..........................174
100. Gambar 5.16 Perubahan garis pantai terhadap parameter K2..........................175
101. Gambar 6.1 Kondisi existing pantai di wilayah Mundu-Balongan .................177
102. Gambar 6.2 Sketsa lay out percobaan 1 untuk jarak antar groin
2.5*panjang groin ...........................................................................................180
103. Gambar 6.3 Prediksi garis pantai dengan groin
(untuk jarak antar groin = 2.5* panjang groin ) ..............................................181
104. Gambar 6.4 lay out percobaan 2 untuk jarak antar groin 2. *panjang groin ...182
105. Gambar 6.5 Prediksi garis pantai dengan groin
(untuk jarak antar groin = 2* panjang groin ) .................................................183
106. Gambar 6.6 lay out garis pantai dengan revetment.........................................185
107. Gambar 6.7 prediksi garis pantai dengan revetment.......................................186
108. Gambar 6.8 sketsa penempatan pemecah gelombang terhadap garis pantai ...187
109. Gambar 6.9 Lay out pemecah gelombang untuk (0.5
Vii
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL .............................................................................................. i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .................................................................................. ii
KATA PENGANTAR.......................................................................................... iii
ABSTRAKSI ........................................................................................................ iv
DAFTAR ISI ..........................................................................................................v
DAFTAR GAMBAR............................................................................................ vi
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................... vii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Latar Belakang. ...................................................................................................1
1.2. Maksud Dan Tujuan............................................................................................2
1.3. Ruang Lingkup....................................................................................................3
1.3.1 Lingkup Materi Kegiatan .....................................................................3
1.3.2 Lokasi Perencanaan
..........................................................................3
1.4.Sistematika Penulisan ..........................................................................................5
BAB II STUDI PUSTAKA
2.1. Tinjauan Umum ..................................................................................................6
2.2. Dasar-Dasar Perencanaan ....................................................................................7
2.2.1 Batimetri Perairan ........................................................................................7
2.2.2 Angin............................................................................................................7
2.2.3 Gelombang.................................................................................................14
2.2.3.1 Beberapa Teori Perhitungan Gelombang ......................................14
2.2.3.2 Deformasi gelombang....................................................................22
2.2.3.3 Gelombang Pecah Rencana............................................................26
2.2.4 Fluktuasi Muka Air ....................................................................................27
2.2.4.1.Kenaikkan muka air karena gelombang (wave set-up) ..................27
2.2.4.2.Kenaikkan muka air karena angina (wind set up)..........................27
2.2.4.3.Pemanasan Global..........................................................................28
2.2.4.4.Pasang Surut...................................................................................29
Laporan Tugas Akhir
Pembangunan Bangunan Pengaman Pantai di daerah Mundu-Balongan
DAFTAR ISI
Vii
2.2.5 Design WaterLevel (DWL) ........................................................................31
2.3. Run-up Gelombang............................................................................................31
2.4. Peramalan Garis Pantai
2.4.1. Bentuk Pantai. ...........................................................................................33
2.4.2. Sifat-Sifat Sedimen. .................................................................................37
2.4.3 Transport Sedimen. ...................................................................................38
2.4.4. Model Perubahan Garis Pantai. ...............................................................40
2.5. Arus .................................................................................................................... 42
2.6. Kriteria Desain Bangunan Pengaman. ...............................................................42
2.6.1
Pendahuluan .....................................................................................42
2.6.2
Teknik Pengamanan Pantai ..............................................................42
2.6.2.1
Perkuatan Di Sepanjang Garis Pantai ..................................42
2.6.2.2 Penimbunan Di Sekitar Garis Pantai .......................................48
2.6.2.3 Pembuatan Bangunan Pengatur Laju Sedimen .......................50
2.6.3
Aspek Pemilihan Bangunan Pengaman ...........................................54
2.6.4
Stabilitas Batu Lapis Pelindung. .......................................................57
2.6.5
Stabilitas Pondasi Tumpukan Batu dan Pelindung Kaki. .................60
2.6.6
Penurunan (Setlement ) ....................................................................62
2.7. Program GENESIS ............................................................................................65
2.8. Program SMS ....................................................................................................80
2.8.1
GFGEN ..................................................................................................81
2.8.2
RMA.2 ....................................................................................................82
2.8.3
SED.2D ...................................................................................................88
BAB III METODOLOGI
3.1
Bagan Alir Pengerjaan Tugas Akhir ...............................................................95
3.2
Persiapan .........................................................................................................96
3.3
Metode Pengumpulan Data .............................................................................97
3.3.1. Data Primer ...........................................................................................98
3.3.2. Data Sekunder........................................................................................99
3.3.2.1 Angin .....................................................................................100
Laporan Tugas Akhir
Pembangunan Bangunan Pengaman Pantai di daerah Mundu-Balongan
DAFTAR ISI
Vii
3.3.2.2 Fetch ......................................................................................101
3.3.2.3 Pasang Surut ..........................................................................102
3.3.2.4 Analisa Arus Laut ..................................................................103
3.3.2.5 Batimetri Perairan. .................................................................103
3.3.2.6 Sedimen ...............................................................................106
3.3.2.7 Kondisi Tanah Setempat .......................................................107
3.3.2.7.a. Sondir......................................................................107
3.3.2.7.b.Boring ....................................................................108
3.4
Analisis data...................................................................................................109
3.4.1 Data Angin ..................................................................................109
3.4.2 Data Gelombang ..........................................................................110
3.4.3 Data Pasang Surut .......................................................................110
3.4.4 Data Tanah ..................................................................................111
3.5
Analisa Garis Pantai Untuk Kurun Waktu Tertentu dengan Genesis ............112
3.6
Pemecahan Masalah ......................................................................................112
BAB IV DATA DAN ANALISA DATA
4.1
Analisa Data ..................................................................................................113
4.1.1
Data Primer ....................................................................................113
4.1.2
Data Sekunder ................................................................................113
4.1.2.1 Peta Angin .............................................................................114
4.1.2.2 Peta Fetch ..............................................................................115
4.1.2.3 Pasang Surut Air Laut ...........................................................120
4.1.2.4 Arus........................................................................................121
4.1.2.5 Batimetri Perairan. ................................................................122
4.1.2.6 Sedimen. ................................................................................123
4.2
Prediksi Gelombang rencana. .......................................................................127
4.2.1 Peramalan Gelombang ( Hincasting ) ...............................................127
4.2.2 Analisa Gelombang Rencana ............................................................138
Laporan Tugas Akhir
Pembangunan Bangunan Pengaman Pantai di daerah Mundu-Balongan
DAFTAR ISI
Vii
BAB V ANALISA PERAMALAN GARIS PANTAI
5.1 Bentuk Pantai. ................................................................................................160
5.2 Sifat-Sifat Sedimen Pantai ............................................................................160
5.3 Mekanisme Transport Sedimen Oleh Gelombang. .......................................161
5.3.1 Angkutan Menuju – Meninggalkan Pantai. .......................................161
5.3.2 Angkutan Sedimen Sepanjang Pantai. ..............................................164
5.4 Analisa Prediksi Garis Pantai. ......................................................................165
5.4.1 Umum
..........................................................................................165
5.4.2 Analisa Dengan Program Genesis. ...................................................165
5.4.3 Uji Sensitifitas Program. ...................................................................174
5.4.3.1
Uji Sensitifitas Program Terhadap Tinggi
Dan Periode Gelombang ....................................................174
5.4.3.2
Uji Sensitifitas Program Terhadap Dengan Sudut Datang
Gelombang .........................................................................175
5.4.3.3
Uji Sensitifitas Program Terhadap Dengan
Ukuran Butiran....................................................................177
5.4.3.4
Uji Sensitifitas Program Terhadap
Dengan Parameter K1 Dan K2 ..........................................178
BAB VI PEMILIHAN JENIS BANGUNAN PENGAMAN PANTAI
6.1 Umum .............................................................................................................181
6.2 Pemilihan Jenis Pengaman Pantai ..................................................................181
6.3 Alternatif Bangunan Pengaman dengan Program Genesis .............................183
6.4 Pemilihan Bangunan Pangaman pantai ..........................................................186
BAB VII PERHITUNGAN STRUKTUR BANGUNAN PENGAMAN
7.1 Umum..............................................................................................................192
7.2 Perhitungan Gelombang Rencana Dan Gelombang Pecah ............................192
7.3 Perencanaan Revetment .................................................................................194
7.4 Perhitungan Penurunan ( Settlement ) ...........................................................199
Laporan Tugas Akhir
Pembangunan Bangunan Pengaman Pantai di daerah Mundu-Balongan
DAFTAR ISI
Vii
BAB VIII RENCANA ANGGARAN BIAYA
8.1 Daftar Harga Satuan Barang Dan Upah.........................................................201
8.1.1 Daftar Harga Satuan Material ..............................................................201
8.1.2Daftar Harga Satuan Upah Tenaga .......................................................201
8.1.3 Daftar Harga Sewa Alat .......................................................................201
8.2 Analisa Harga Satuan Pekerjaan .....................................................................201
8.3 Perhitungan Volume Pekerjaan ......................................................................207
8.4 Perhitungan Bobot Pekerjaan .........................................................................208
8.5 Network Planing .............................................................................................209
8.6 Kurfa S
.........................................................................................................210
BAB IX RENCANA KERJA DAN SYARAT-SYARAT
BAB X
KESIMPULAN
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN –LAMPIRAN
Laporan Tugas Akhir
Pembangunan Bangunan Pengaman Pantai di daerah Mundu-Balongan
DAFTAR GAMBAR
1.
Gambar 1.1 Proses dinamis pantai ......................................................................2
2.
Gambar 1.2 Peta lokasi pantai utara wilayah Jawa Barat ....................................4
3.
Gambar 2.1 Longshore and crosshore sediment transport..................................6
4.
Gambar 2.2 Mawar angin ....................................................................................9
5.
Gambar 2.3 Hubungan kecepatan angina di laut dan didarat ...........................10
6.
Gambar 2.4 Fetch...............................................................................................12
7.
Gambar 2.5 Flowchart dan rumus peramal gelombang (SPM volume 1) .........13
8.
Gambar 2.6 Skets definisi gelomabang .............................................................16
9.
Gambar 2.7 Gerak orbit partikel zat cair di laut dangkal, transisi dan dalam ...17
10.
Gambar 2.8 Orbit partikel pada gelomabang Stokes .........................................18
11.
Gambar 2.9 Gelombang konoidal ......................................................................19
12.
Gambar 2.10 Gelombnag tunggal ......................................................................20
13.
Gambar 2.11 fungsi M dan N pada teori gelombang tunggal ...........................21
14.
Gambar 2.12 Daerah penerapan funsi gelombnag H/d dan d/l..........................22
15.
Gambar 2.13 Perambatan arah gelombang akibat refraksi ................................23
16.
Gambar 2.14 Difraksi gelombang di belakang rintangan .................................24
17.
Gambar 2.15 Penentuan tinggi gelombang pecah .............................................25
18.
Gambar 2.16 Penentuan kedalaman gelombang pecah ....................................26
19.
Gambar 2.17 Tinggi gelombang pecah rencana di kaki bangunan....................27
20.
Gambar 2.18 Perkiraan kenaikkan muka air laut ..............................................29
21.
Gambar 2.19 Posisi bumi-bulan dan matahari...................................................30
22.
Gambar 2.20 Variasi pasang surut selama satu bulan .......................................30
23.
Gambar 2.21 Perbandingan run-up gelombang .................................................32
24.
Gambar 2.22 Profil pantai .................................................................................34
25.
Gambar 2.23 Proses pembentukkan pantai........................................................36
26.
Gambar 2.24 Distribusi imbangan pantai .........................................................37
27.
Gambar 2.25 Imbangan sediment pantai ..........................................................41
28.
Gambar 2.26 Curve-face seawall and step curve-face seawall .........................43
29.
Gambar 2.27 Concrete step –face seawall ........................................................44
30.
Gambar 2.28 sheet pile bulkhead ......................................................................44
31.
Gambar 2.29 Concreate slab and king – pile bulkhead ....................................45
32.
Gambar 2.30 Timber sheet pile bulkhead .........................................................45
33.
Gambar 2.31 Concreate revetment ....................................................................46
34.
Gambar 2.32.a interlocking concreate block revetmen .....................................46
35.
Gambar 2.32.b Penampang Tipikal revetment batu dan bis beton ....................47
36.
Gambar 2.33 Contoh profil pantai seteleh dilakukan penimbunan....................48
37.
Gambar 2.34 Sand by passing............................................................................48
38.
Gambar 2.35 Profil groin terhadap pantai .........................................................49
39.
Gambar 2.36 Rubbel mound groin.....................................................................51
40.
Gambar 2.37 Detached breakwater ...................................................................52
41.
Gambar 2.38 Reef breakwater ...........................................................................53
42.
Gambar 2.39 breakwater....................................................................................53
43.
Gambar 2.40 Bagan alir perencanaan bangunan pengaman .............................55
44.
Gambar 2.41 fodasi (a) dan penlindung kaki (b) dari tumpukkan batu ............61
45.
Gambar 2.42 Pelindung kaki bangunan ............................................................61
46.
Gambar 2.43 Angka stabilitas Ns untuk fondasi pelindung kaki ......................62
47.
Gambar 2.44 Faktor pengaruh akibat beban timbunan......................................64
48.
Gambar 2.45 Kurva koefisien pendekatan hubungan antara nilai transport
Dan longshore energi flux.....................................................................................78
49.
Gambar 2.46 Tahapan pekerjaan simulasi .........................................................81
50.
Gambar 2.47 Tegangan geser dasar kritis untuk pergerakkan butiran kuarsa
dengan diameter ...................................................................................................91
51.
Gambar 2.48 Kurva kecepatan mengendap butiran kwarsa...............................93
52.
Gambar 2.49 Hasil pemodelan sedimentasi.......................................................94
53.
Gambar 2.50 Hasil pemodelan arus ..................................................................94
54.
Gambar 3.1 Flowchart pengerjaan tugas akhir ..................................................95
55.
Gambar 3.2 Posisi pipa dan garis pantai............................................................97
56.
Gambar 3.3 Kondisi jalur pipa Mundu- Balongan.............................................98
57.
Gambar 3.4 Mawar angin ................................................................................100
58.
Gambar 3.5 Daerah pembentukkan gelombang ..............................................100
59.
Gambar 3.6 Data pasang surut hasil pengamatan ...........................................101
60.
Gambar 3.7 Sketsa Visualisasi elevasi acuan pasang surut .............................101
61.
Gambar 3.8 Pengukuran arus pada 3 kedalaman ............................................102
62.
Gambar 3.9 Lokasi pengukuran arus ...............................................................103
63.
Gambar 3.10 Lokasi survey batimetri..............................................................104
64.
Gambar 3.11 Pergerakkan perahu dalam menyusuri jalur sounding ...............105
65.
Gambar 3.12 Reader alat GSPMap yang digunakan dalam survey batimetri..106
66.
Gambar 3.13 Penempatan GSPMap (trandusur, antena, reader) di perahu .....106
67.
Gambar 3.14 Metode pengambilan sample sediment ......................................107
68.
Gambar 3.15 Lokasi sounder dan borring........................................................109
69.
Gambar 3.16 Tahapan pelaksanaan program GENESIS .................................110
70.
Gambar 4.1 File jan 93. DAT output dari program Windform.exe .................115
71.
Gambar 4.2 Mengubah skala peta menjadi 1:1................................................116
72.
Gambar 4.3 Diagram Fetch lokasi pantai Tirtamaya
(Pantai Utara, Inderamayu).................................................................................117
73.
Gambar 4.4 Output file Fetch ram ...................................................................118
74.
Gambar 4.5 Peta perhitungan Fetch.................................................................119
75.
Gambar 4.6 Grafik pasang surut ......................................................................121
76.
Gambar 4.7 Skala acuan .................................................................................122
77.
Gambar 4.8 distribusi imbangan pantai ...........................................................125
78.
Gambar 4.9 File bulan win...............................................................................130
79.
Gambar 4.10 Wind rose dari stasiun pengamat angina Jatiwangi ...................138
80.
Gambar 4.11Windmax2.out.............................................................................139
81.
Gambar 4.12 Flowchart dan rumus peramalan gelombang (SPM, volume I) .140
82.
Gambar 4.13 Bulan wave.................................................................................141
83.
Gambar 4.14 Waverose total ...........................................................................149
84.
Gambar 4.15 Wavemx.out ..............................................................................150
85.
Gambar 5.1 Longshore and crosshore sediment transport..............................159
86.
Gambar 5.2 Peta Mundu-Balongan..................................................................161
87.
Gambar 5.3 Ploting garis pantai bantuan program Autocad............................162
88.
Gambar 5.4 Koordinat garis pantai .................................................................163
89.
Gambar 5.5 Data input Shorl ...........................................................................164
90.
Gambar 5.6 Perubahan posisi garis pantai.......................................................164
91.
Gambar 5.7 data input shorm...........................................................................164
92.
Gambar 5.8 Input file waves............................................................................166
93.
Gambar 5.9 konversi sudut gelombang dengan system koodrinat ..................166
94.
Gambar 5.10 kalibrasi sudut datang gelombang..............................................167
95.
Gambar 5.11 Grafik perbandingan garis pantai ..............................................168
96.
Gambar 5.12 Perubahan garis pantai terhahadap perubahan
periode gelombag ...........................................................................................170
97.
Gambar 5.13 Perubahan garis pantai terhadap perubahan sudut gelombang ..171
98.
Gambar 5.14 Grafik perubahan Garis pantai terhadap perubahan butiran .....173
99.
Gambar 5.15 Perubahan garis pantai terhadap parameter K1..........................174
100. Gambar 5.16 Perubahan garis pantai terhadap parameter K2..........................175
101. Gambar 6.1 Kondisi existing pantai di wilayah Mundu-Balongan .................177
102. Gambar 6.2 Sketsa lay out percobaan 1 untuk jarak antar groin
2.5*panjang groin ...........................................................................................180
103. Gambar 6.3 Prediksi garis pantai dengan groin
(untuk jarak antar groin = 2.5* panjang groin ) ..............................................181
104. Gambar 6.4 lay out percobaan 2 untuk jarak antar groin 2. *panjang groin ...182
105. Gambar 6.5 Prediksi garis pantai dengan groin
(untuk jarak antar groin = 2* panjang groin ) .................................................183
106. Gambar 6.6 lay out garis pantai dengan revetment.........................................185
107. Gambar 6.7 prediksi garis pantai dengan revetment.......................................186
108. Gambar 6.8 sketsa penempatan pemecah gelombang terhadap garis pantai ...187
109. Gambar 6.9 Lay out pemecah gelombang untuk (0.5