Sistem Otomatis Alat Pemberi Pakan Ikan Menggunakan Real Time Clock (RTC) DS1307 Berbasis Arduino
LAMPIRAN
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Lampiran 1 : Program Code Arduino
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
LiquidCrystal lcd(2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7);
Servo myservo;
AT24CX mem;
const byte addrJam1 = 10;
const byte addrMenit1 = 20;
const byte addrDetik1 = 30;
const byte addrJam2 = 40;
const byte addrMenit2 = 50;
const byte addrDetik2 = 60;
const byte tombol = 8;
long timeMotor;
int cntMotor = 0;
boolean buka = false;
boolean tutup = false;
int sudutBuka = 30;
int sudutTutup = 90;
const int lamaBukaPakan = 3;
// Hasil baca dr RTC
byte rJam;
byte rMenit;
byte rDetik;
// Hasil baca dr eeprom
byte rJam1;
byte rMenit1;
byte rDetik1;
byte rJam2;
byte rMenit2;
byte rDetik2;
// Set schedule
byte sJam1;
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byte sMenit1;
byte sDetik1;
byte sJam2;
byte sMenit2;
byte sDetik2;
// temp
String tJam;
String tDetik;
String tMenit;
byte iJam;
byte iDetik;
byte iMenit;
long timerGetTime;
String inputString = "";
boolean stringComplete = false;
int Proses = 0;
// Setup dan init
void setup() {
myservo.attach(11);
myservo.write(160);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(tombol,INPUT_PULLUP);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
while (!Serial) ; // wait for serial
delay(200);
inputString.reserve(20);
Serial.println("START");
LoadTime();
lcd.print(" PAKAN IKAN");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" OTOMATIS ");
delay(2000);
}
// SYSTEM UTAMA
void loop() {
SerialEvent();
if (stringComplete) {
//AJJMMDD --> A JAM MENIT DETIK
// Setting schedule A
if (inputString.substring(0,1) == "A" && inputString.length() == 7 ) {
Serial.print("Set Schedule A=");
SplitTime(inputString);
SaveTimeA();
LoadTime();
Serial.println("OK");
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//BJJMMDD --> B JAM MENIT DETIK
// Setting schedule B
}else if (inputString.substring(0,1) == "B" && inputString.length() == 7) { //BJJMMDD -> B JAM MENIT DETIK
Serial.print("Set Schedule B=");
SplitTime(inputString);
SaveTimeB();
LoadTime();
Serial.println("OK");
// Jam RTC
}else if (inputString == "TIME"){
Serial.print("RTC Time=");
Serial.print(rJam); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(rMenit); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(rDetik);
}
inputString = "";
stringComplete = false;
}
//cek waktu dan schedule tiap detik
if (GetTime(1000)){
Serial.print(rJam);
Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(rMenit);
Serial.print(":");
Serial.println(rDetik);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("TIME=");
lcd.print(rJam);
lcd.print(":");
lcd.print(rMenit);
lcd.print(":");
lcd.print(rDetik);
lcd.print(" ");
CekSchedule();
}
// jika tekan tombol aktifkan mekanik pakan
if (digitalRead(tombol) == 0) cntMotor = 1;
if (cntMotor > 0){
//Serial.println(cntMotor);
cntMotor = 0;
Serial.println("Buka mesin pakan");
myservo.write(130);
delay(500);
myservo.write(160);
}
}
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// pisah data setting schedule
void SplitTime(String dtTime){
tJam = dtTime.substring(1,3);
tMenit = dtTime.substring(3,5);
tDetik = dtTime.substring(5,7);
iJam = tJam.toInt();
iMenit = tMenit.toInt();
iDetik = tDetik.toInt();
Serial.print("Split=");
Serial.print(iJam); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(iMenit); Serial.print(":");
Serial.println(iDetik);
}
// set schedule manual
void SetSchedule(){
iJam = 8;
iMenit = 0;
iDetik = 0;
SaveTimeA();
iJam = 15;
iMenit = 0;
iDetik = 0;
SaveTimeB();
}
// simpan schedule A ke eeprom
void SaveTimeA(){
mem.write(addrJam1, iJam);
mem.write(addrMenit1, iMenit);
mem.write(addrDetik1, iDetik);
Serial.print("SaveA=");
Serial.print(iJam); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(iMenit); Serial.print(":");
Serial.println(iDetik);
}
// simpan schedule B ke eeprom
void SaveTimeB(){
mem.write(addrJam2, iJam);
mem.write(addrMenit2, iMenit);
mem.write(addrDetik2, iDetik);
Serial.print("SaveB=");
Serial.print(iJam); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(iMenit); Serial.print(":");
Serial.println(iDetik);
}
// Baca waktu schedule dari eeprom
void LoadTime(){
rJam1 = mem.read(addrJam1);
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rMenit1 = mem.read(addrMenit1);
rDetik1 = mem.read(addrDetik1);
rJam2 = mem.read(addrJam2);
rMenit2 = mem.read(addrMenit2);
rDetik2 = mem.read(addrDetik2);
Serial.print("Load=");
Serial.print(rJam1); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(rMenit1); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(rDetik1); Serial.print("-");
Serial.print(rJam2); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(rMenit2); Serial.print(":");
Serial.println(rDetik2);
}
// Ambil waktu dari RTC
boolean GetTime(int Interval){
if (millis() < timerGetTime + Interval) return false;
timerGetTime = millis();
tmElements_t tm;
if (RTC.read(tm)) {
rJam = tm.Hour;
rMenit = tm.Minute;
rDetik = tm.Second;
return true;
}else{
Serial.print("RTC Error");
return false;
}
}
// cek waktu schedule A dan B dengan waktu RTC
void CekSchedule(){
if (rJam1 == 0 && rMenit1 == 0 && rDetik1 == 0 ){
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("A=- ");
//Serial.println("Schedule A gak aktif");
}else{
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("A=");
lcd.print(rJam1);
lcd.print(":");
lcd.print(rMenit1);
//lcd.print(":");
//lcd.print(rDetik1);
lcd.print(" ");
//Serial.println("Schedule A aktif");
if (rJam == rJam1 && rMenit == rMenit1 && rDetik == rDetik1){
cntMotor = lamaBukaPakan;
}
}
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if (rJam2 == 0 && rMenit2 == 0 && rDetik2 == 0 ){
//Serial.println("Schedule B gak aktif");
lcd.setCursor(9, 1);
lcd.print("B=- ");
}else{
lcd.setCursor(9, 1);
lcd.print("B=");
lcd.print(rJam2);
lcd.print(":");
lcd.print(rMenit2);
//lcd.print(":");
//lcd.print(rDetik2);
lcd.print(" ");
//Serial.println("Schedule B aktif");
if (rJam == rJam2 && rMenit == rMenit2 && rDetik == rDetik2){
cntMotor = lamaBukaPakan;
}
}
}
// Pengolahan data masuk serial
void SerialEvent() {
while (Serial.available()) {
char inChar = (char)Serial.read();
if (inChar > 30 ) inputString += inChar;
if (inChar == 13 ) {
stringComplete = true;
}
}
}
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Lampiran 3 : Arduino
Chapter 1 15/03/11 V1.1
Arduino Uno
Arduino Uno R3 Front
Arduino Uno R3 Back
Arduino Uno R2 Front Arduino Uno SMD
Uno Back
Arduino Uno Front
Arduino
Chapter 2 Overview
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed
as a USB-to-serial converter.
Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it
easier to put into DFU mode.
Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:
•
1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two
other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to
adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible
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both with the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino
Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for
future purposes.
•
Stronger RESET circuit.
•
Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.
"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The
Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is
the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.
Chapter 3 Summary
Microcontroller
Operating Voltage
ATmega328
5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits)
Digital I/O Pins
Analog Input Pins
DC Current per I/O Pin
DC Current for 3.3V Pin
Flash Memory
SRAM
EEPROM
Clock Speed
6-20V
14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
6
40 mA
50 mA
32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
2 KB (ATmega328)
1 KB (ATmega328)
16 MHz
Chapter 4 Schematic & Reference Design
EAGLE files: arduino-uno-Rev3-reference-design.zip (NOTE: works with Eagle 6.0 and
newer) Schematic: arduino-uno-Rev3-schematic.pdf
Note: The Arduino reference design can use an Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current models use
an
ATmega328, but an Atmega8 is shown in the schematic for reference. The pin configuration
is identical on all three processors.
Chapter 5 Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's
power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the
POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as follows:
•
VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the
power jack, access it through this pin.
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•
•
•
5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector
(5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins
bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.
GND. Ground pins.
Chapter 6 Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM
and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Chapter 7 Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
•
•
•
•
•
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt() function for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the
analogWrite() function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support
SPI communication using the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though
is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the
analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
•
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication
using the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
•
•
AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.
See also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the
Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.
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Chapter 8 Communication
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on
the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For
SPI communication, use the SPI library.
Chapter 9 Programming
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your
board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to
upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates
using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (InCircuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.
The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available .
The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:
•
•
On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map
of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and
Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer
(overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.
Chapter 10 Automatic (Software) Reset
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno is
designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One
of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset
line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low),
the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to
allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment.
This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be
well-coordinated with the start of the upload. This setup has other implications. When the
Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a
connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following halfsecond or so, the
bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e.
anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the
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board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time
configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it
communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.
The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of
the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be
able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see
this forum thread for details.
Chapter 11 USB Overcurrent Protection
The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from
shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the
fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the
fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.
Chapter 12 Physical Characteristics
The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the
USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes
allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins
7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.
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Lampiran 1 : Program Code Arduino
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
LiquidCrystal lcd(2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7);
Servo myservo;
AT24CX mem;
const byte addrJam1 = 10;
const byte addrMenit1 = 20;
const byte addrDetik1 = 30;
const byte addrJam2 = 40;
const byte addrMenit2 = 50;
const byte addrDetik2 = 60;
const byte tombol = 8;
long timeMotor;
int cntMotor = 0;
boolean buka = false;
boolean tutup = false;
int sudutBuka = 30;
int sudutTutup = 90;
const int lamaBukaPakan = 3;
// Hasil baca dr RTC
byte rJam;
byte rMenit;
byte rDetik;
// Hasil baca dr eeprom
byte rJam1;
byte rMenit1;
byte rDetik1;
byte rJam2;
byte rMenit2;
byte rDetik2;
// Set schedule
byte sJam1;
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byte sMenit1;
byte sDetik1;
byte sJam2;
byte sMenit2;
byte sDetik2;
// temp
String tJam;
String tDetik;
String tMenit;
byte iJam;
byte iDetik;
byte iMenit;
long timerGetTime;
String inputString = "";
boolean stringComplete = false;
int Proses = 0;
// Setup dan init
void setup() {
myservo.attach(11);
myservo.write(160);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(tombol,INPUT_PULLUP);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
while (!Serial) ; // wait for serial
delay(200);
inputString.reserve(20);
Serial.println("START");
LoadTime();
lcd.print(" PAKAN IKAN");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" OTOMATIS ");
delay(2000);
}
// SYSTEM UTAMA
void loop() {
SerialEvent();
if (stringComplete) {
//AJJMMDD --> A JAM MENIT DETIK
// Setting schedule A
if (inputString.substring(0,1) == "A" && inputString.length() == 7 ) {
Serial.print("Set Schedule A=");
SplitTime(inputString);
SaveTimeA();
LoadTime();
Serial.println("OK");
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//BJJMMDD --> B JAM MENIT DETIK
// Setting schedule B
}else if (inputString.substring(0,1) == "B" && inputString.length() == 7) { //BJJMMDD -> B JAM MENIT DETIK
Serial.print("Set Schedule B=");
SplitTime(inputString);
SaveTimeB();
LoadTime();
Serial.println("OK");
// Jam RTC
}else if (inputString == "TIME"){
Serial.print("RTC Time=");
Serial.print(rJam); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(rMenit); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(rDetik);
}
inputString = "";
stringComplete = false;
}
//cek waktu dan schedule tiap detik
if (GetTime(1000)){
Serial.print(rJam);
Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(rMenit);
Serial.print(":");
Serial.println(rDetik);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("TIME=");
lcd.print(rJam);
lcd.print(":");
lcd.print(rMenit);
lcd.print(":");
lcd.print(rDetik);
lcd.print(" ");
CekSchedule();
}
// jika tekan tombol aktifkan mekanik pakan
if (digitalRead(tombol) == 0) cntMotor = 1;
if (cntMotor > 0){
//Serial.println(cntMotor);
cntMotor = 0;
Serial.println("Buka mesin pakan");
myservo.write(130);
delay(500);
myservo.write(160);
}
}
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// pisah data setting schedule
void SplitTime(String dtTime){
tJam = dtTime.substring(1,3);
tMenit = dtTime.substring(3,5);
tDetik = dtTime.substring(5,7);
iJam = tJam.toInt();
iMenit = tMenit.toInt();
iDetik = tDetik.toInt();
Serial.print("Split=");
Serial.print(iJam); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(iMenit); Serial.print(":");
Serial.println(iDetik);
}
// set schedule manual
void SetSchedule(){
iJam = 8;
iMenit = 0;
iDetik = 0;
SaveTimeA();
iJam = 15;
iMenit = 0;
iDetik = 0;
SaveTimeB();
}
// simpan schedule A ke eeprom
void SaveTimeA(){
mem.write(addrJam1, iJam);
mem.write(addrMenit1, iMenit);
mem.write(addrDetik1, iDetik);
Serial.print("SaveA=");
Serial.print(iJam); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(iMenit); Serial.print(":");
Serial.println(iDetik);
}
// simpan schedule B ke eeprom
void SaveTimeB(){
mem.write(addrJam2, iJam);
mem.write(addrMenit2, iMenit);
mem.write(addrDetik2, iDetik);
Serial.print("SaveB=");
Serial.print(iJam); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(iMenit); Serial.print(":");
Serial.println(iDetik);
}
// Baca waktu schedule dari eeprom
void LoadTime(){
rJam1 = mem.read(addrJam1);
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rMenit1 = mem.read(addrMenit1);
rDetik1 = mem.read(addrDetik1);
rJam2 = mem.read(addrJam2);
rMenit2 = mem.read(addrMenit2);
rDetik2 = mem.read(addrDetik2);
Serial.print("Load=");
Serial.print(rJam1); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(rMenit1); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(rDetik1); Serial.print("-");
Serial.print(rJam2); Serial.print(":");
Serial.print(rMenit2); Serial.print(":");
Serial.println(rDetik2);
}
// Ambil waktu dari RTC
boolean GetTime(int Interval){
if (millis() < timerGetTime + Interval) return false;
timerGetTime = millis();
tmElements_t tm;
if (RTC.read(tm)) {
rJam = tm.Hour;
rMenit = tm.Minute;
rDetik = tm.Second;
return true;
}else{
Serial.print("RTC Error");
return false;
}
}
// cek waktu schedule A dan B dengan waktu RTC
void CekSchedule(){
if (rJam1 == 0 && rMenit1 == 0 && rDetik1 == 0 ){
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("A=- ");
//Serial.println("Schedule A gak aktif");
}else{
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("A=");
lcd.print(rJam1);
lcd.print(":");
lcd.print(rMenit1);
//lcd.print(":");
//lcd.print(rDetik1);
lcd.print(" ");
//Serial.println("Schedule A aktif");
if (rJam == rJam1 && rMenit == rMenit1 && rDetik == rDetik1){
cntMotor = lamaBukaPakan;
}
}
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if (rJam2 == 0 && rMenit2 == 0 && rDetik2 == 0 ){
//Serial.println("Schedule B gak aktif");
lcd.setCursor(9, 1);
lcd.print("B=- ");
}else{
lcd.setCursor(9, 1);
lcd.print("B=");
lcd.print(rJam2);
lcd.print(":");
lcd.print(rMenit2);
//lcd.print(":");
//lcd.print(rDetik2);
lcd.print(" ");
//Serial.println("Schedule B aktif");
if (rJam == rJam2 && rMenit == rMenit2 && rDetik == rDetik2){
cntMotor = lamaBukaPakan;
}
}
}
// Pengolahan data masuk serial
void SerialEvent() {
while (Serial.available()) {
char inChar = (char)Serial.read();
if (inChar > 30 ) inputString += inChar;
if (inChar == 13 ) {
stringComplete = true;
}
}
}
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Lampiran 3 : Arduino
Chapter 1 15/03/11 V1.1
Arduino Uno
Arduino Uno R3 Front
Arduino Uno R3 Back
Arduino Uno R2 Front Arduino Uno SMD
Uno Back
Arduino Uno Front
Arduino
Chapter 2 Overview
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed
as a USB-to-serial converter.
Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it
easier to put into DFU mode.
Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:
•
1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two
other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to
adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible
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both with the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino
Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for
future purposes.
•
Stronger RESET circuit.
•
Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.
"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The
Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is
the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.
Chapter 3 Summary
Microcontroller
Operating Voltage
ATmega328
5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits)
Digital I/O Pins
Analog Input Pins
DC Current per I/O Pin
DC Current for 3.3V Pin
Flash Memory
SRAM
EEPROM
Clock Speed
6-20V
14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
6
40 mA
50 mA
32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
2 KB (ATmega328)
1 KB (ATmega328)
16 MHz
Chapter 4 Schematic & Reference Design
EAGLE files: arduino-uno-Rev3-reference-design.zip (NOTE: works with Eagle 6.0 and
newer) Schematic: arduino-uno-Rev3-schematic.pdf
Note: The Arduino reference design can use an Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current models use
an
ATmega328, but an Atmega8 is shown in the schematic for reference. The pin configuration
is identical on all three processors.
Chapter 5 Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's
power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the
POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as follows:
•
VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the
power jack, access it through this pin.
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•
•
•
5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector
(5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins
bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.
GND. Ground pins.
Chapter 6 Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM
and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Chapter 7 Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
•
•
•
•
•
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt() function for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the
analogWrite() function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support
SPI communication using the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though
is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the
analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
•
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication
using the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
•
•
AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.
See also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the
Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.
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Chapter 8 Communication
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on
the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For
SPI communication, use the SPI library.
Chapter 9 Programming
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your
board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to
upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates
using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (InCircuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.
The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available .
The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:
•
•
On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map
of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and
Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer
(overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.
Chapter 10 Automatic (Software) Reset
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno is
designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One
of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset
line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low),
the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to
allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment.
This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be
well-coordinated with the start of the upload. This setup has other implications. When the
Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a
connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following halfsecond or so, the
bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e.
anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the
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board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time
configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it
communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.
The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of
the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be
able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see
this forum thread for details.
Chapter 11 USB Overcurrent Protection
The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from
shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the
fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the
fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.
Chapter 12 Physical Characteristics
The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the
USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes
allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins
7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.
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