Bahan Ajar HI BHS INGGERIS HUKUM
BAHASA INGGRIS
HUKUM
oleh
Sukanda Husin, SH., LL.M.
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas @ 2008
1
• Pengertian Terminologi Hukum
2
• Manfaat Terminologi Hukum
3
• Cara Pengutipan Terminologi Hukum
PENDAHULUAN
PENGERTIAN TERMINOLOGI HUKUM
JARGON/SLANG/ISTILAH
KHUSUS
UMUM
ILMU HUKUM/
PERUUAN
ILMU LAIN
ARTI TERSENDIRI
ARTI LAIN
Lawyer
CONTOH
ILMU HUKUM
Pesero tdk aktif
Hukuman mati
H. Acara Perdata
Berita acara
Surat Kepercayaan
Undang-undang
Gugatan
JARGON
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sleeping Partner
Capital Punishment
Civil procedure
Minutes of Meeting
Full powers
Act
Legal Action
Nonlawyer
ILMU LAIN
Teman tidur
Hukuman pokok
Prosedur sipil
Menit-menit
pertemuan
Kekuatan penuh
Tindakan
Aksi hukum
Latihan
Lawyer
ILMU HUKUM
JARGON
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Articles of association
Joy riding
Power of attorney
Hot pursuit
First degree murder
Second degree murder
Black law letter
Unlawful conduct
Substantive law
Black mail
Nonlawyer
ILMU LAIN
Cara Mengutip Jargon Hukum
Jargon dapat ditulis dengan beberapa cara
1. Jargon ditulis dalam tanda kutip; atau
2. Jargon ditulis dengan cetak tebal (bold); atau
3. Jargon dapat ditulis dengan cetak miring
(italic); dan
4. Sebaiknya jargon dikutip dengan memberikan
makne atau arti. Bila artinya panjang
sebaiknya ditulis dalam catan kaki (footnote)
CONTOH
Sengketa yang timbul akibat interpretasi dan implementasi
suatu perjanjian dapat diselesaikan melalui dua cara yaitu
melalui pengadilan dan di luar pengadilan, seperti
konsiliasi, mediasi, arbitrase (perwasitan) dan lain-lain.
Cara tersebut bergantung kepada kesepakatan para pihak
sebagai wujud dari pelaksanaan azas kebebasan
berkontrak, namun tentu juga dibatasi oleh undangundang. Kebebasan dalam pemilihan forum penyelesaian
sengketa (choice of forum) atau disebut juga forum non
conveniens, biasanya akan menentukan pula hukum yang
mengatur penyelesaian sengketa (choice of law). Doktrin
forum non conveniens ini membuka peluang bagi para
pencari keadilan mempergunakan forum penyelesaian
sengketa alternatif seperti arbitrase.
CONTOH
Akibat tidak adanya penegasan sistem
pemerintahan dan akibat penerapan sistem
quasi presidensial, hubungan antar lembaga
negara terutama antara cabang kekuasaan
eksekutif dan cabang kekuasaan legislatif
menjadi tidak tegas dan kabur serta bisa
menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum (legal
uncertainty). Pada hal, sistem pemerintahan
berkaitan dengan pengertian regeringsdaad
penyelenggaraan pemerintahan eksekutif dalam
hubungannya dengan fungsi legislatif.
SENTENCES
VERBAL SENTENCE
NOMINAL SENTENCE
Kalimat yang sebutannya kata
kerja (verb)
Kalimat yang sebutannya selain
Kata kerja (non-verb), seperti
Kt. Sifat, kt. Benda dan
Kt. depan
Cara membentuknya
Cara membentuknya
S + Verb + Object
S + Verb to be + non-verb
CONTOH KALIMAT NOMINAL
1. Saya pengacara
I am a lawyer
2. Dia adalah agen CIA
He is a CIA agent
3. The act of a state organ is imputable to
the state under international law
4. In private law, a person is liable to pay
compensation to victim as a result of his
unlawful conduct
5. The Act is not effective to fight against
pollution because its sanctions are
lenient.
CONTOH KALIMAT NOMINAL
6. The children of the President are
subject to the international law when
they are abroad.
7. The defendant is reluctant to answer
the question addressed by the
attorney.
8. The issue asked by Mr. Hanson is
irrelevant to be discussed in this
forum.
9. The enforcement of Law by FPI is
illegal.
10. Many sanctions of that new Act are
NOMINAL SENTENCE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
ADJECTIVE
COMPARATIVE
COMPARATIVE
ADJECTIVE
SUPERLATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
ADJECTIVE
COMPARATIVE
• S + Verb to be + Comparative
Adjective
• S + Verb to be + Comparative
Adjective + more + Subject
SUPERLATIVE
• S +Verb to be + the + Superlative
Adjective
• S +Verb to be + the + Superlative
Adjective + of + Subject
• S + Verb to be + Positive Adjective
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
• The sanctions of the new Act
are more stringent than old
one.
SUPERLATIVE
• Mens rea is the most
fundamental element of the
crime elements.
• This agreement is voidable
because one of its subject is a
child
POSITIVE
EXAMPLES
That
That
That
That
mountain is high
mountain is higher than this one
mountain is the highest in Indonesia
mountain is the highest one of the
others
She is accurate
She is an accurate woman
She is more accurate than I am.
She is more accurate than me.
Good better best
Well better best
Late later
latest
Late latter
last
She is better than me
She is better than her sister is
EXERCISES
1. This ticket …… non refundable.
2. Granting titles to the lands ……. not the
right but the obligation of the
government.
3. Underhand agreements …….. equal to
those of notary deed in a sense of its
binding power.
4. Neither Budi nor Idham ………
responsible for that accident.
5. In a common law system, the jury
……..to decide whether the defendant
guilty or not while the punishment ……..
Exercises for Nominal
Sentence
1. Anak laki-laki itu bingung menentukan
pilihannya.
2. Indonesia kaya dengan sumber daya alam.
3. Perbuatannya bertentangan dengan hukum
adat.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Natural resources
Clumzy
choice
to decide
rich at
conduct
against
customary law
VERBAL SENTENCE
ACTIVE VOICE
S + Verb 1 + Obj. + Adv.
S + Verb 5 + Obj. + Adv.
PASSIVE VOICE
S + Verb To Be + Verb 3 +
by + Obj.
KINDS OF VERB
Verb
Verb
Verb
Verb
Verb
1
2
3
4
5
go buy
fly sue
went boughtflew
gone boughtflown
going buying flying
goes buys flies
sued
sued
suing
sues
Verb 1 : I, We, You, They, Plural Noun
Verb 5 : He, She, It, Singular Noun
1.
Dia terbang ke Jakarta setiap akhir pekan.
He/She flies to Jakarta every weekend.
2.
Korban-korban pencemaran Porong
menggugat ganti rugi.
The victims of Porong’s pollution sue a compensation.
3.
Jury hanya memutuskan apakah terdakwa
salah atau tidak.
The Jury only decides whether or not the defendant is
guilty.
4.
Sedangkan hakim memutuskan hukumannya.
Whereas the judge decides the prisonment.
5.
Apakah anda mau mengajukan saksi ahli?
Do you want to call on an expert witness?
6.
Apakah client anda mempunyai saksi yang
meringankan?
Your client has a ‘de charge witness.
Does your client have a ‘de charge witness?
y name is Sukanda
was born in Pekanbaru on April 22, 1957.
am from Pekanbaru
am the fifth child in my family
y father was a retired policeman
y mother was a housewife
graduated from Elementary School No. 2
finished my junior high school in Dumai
n 1972, I moved to PKU and continued my study there.
graduated from SHS in 1975.
n the same year, I settled to Padang and continued my study there in
aw Faculty of Andalas University
graduated in 1985
n 1987, I got married with my black cat named Tei. Now We only have one son.
wo weeks after I got married, I was given a scholarship by the Canadian Governm
o study in Vancouver
studied there for three years
1. Film itu bercerita tentang keadilan yang
diingkari.
That movie tells about justice denied
2. Pelaksanaan Perda Pekat bertentangan
dengan HAM.
3. The implementation of the Pekat Local
Regulation is contrary to the Humans’ rights
The theory of Rawls …………. the natural
law
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reject
Rejects
Is contrary to
Are contrary to
KALIMAT VERBAL AKTIF
1. Every victim of pollution has the right for
2.
3.
4.
5.
some amount of compensation from a
polluter.
Law limits the deviation of human’s
behavior and provides for sanctions
against an offender.
Police investigates a robbery case in
Belakang Balok.
The prosecutor does not have significant
evidence to win the case.
A judge has the right to order someone
to leave a court room when the judge
regards that the person disturbs the
proceeding.
KALIMAT VERBAL AKTIF
Several victims of Buyat Bay feel unsatisfied
with the decision of the Court.
7. Singapore and Malaysia suffer from economic
loss as a result of Indonesian forest fires.
8. The Court of Padang decides that the
acquisition of Semen Padang Limited by Semen
Gersik is illegal.
9. the Stockholm Declaration codifies a few
Romance legal principles concerning the
environment.
10. All passengers of the ship seek for
compensation for the damages that they suffer.
6.
KALIMAT PASIF dalam Present Tense
1.
Sengketa kami diadili oleh PN Jakpus.
Our dispute is settled by the Court of Central Jakarta.
2.
Teori Rawls ditolak oleh banyak lawyer.
The theory of Rawls is rejected by many lawyers.
3.
Daftar zat-zat tersebut dicantumkan dalam
Protokol Montreal.
The list of the substances is prescribed in the Montreal
Protocol.
4.
Laut Teritorial diukur dari titik titik terluar dari
pulau pulau terluar.
The territorial sea is measured from the outer limits of
the outer islands.
5.
Pemilik Kapal tersebut digugat untuk membayar
ganti rugi oleh semua penumpang.
The ship owner is sued by all passengers to pay
Exercises
1. Presiden RI dipilih oleh rakyat Indonesia
2.
3.
4.
5.
sekali dalam lima tahun.
Mahasiswa dilarang oleh undang-undang
untuk melakukan demonstrasi untuk
kepentingan partai politik
Ayin direkomendasikan oleh Mas Achmad
Santosa untuk dipindahkan ke Nusa
Kambangan.
PN Padang menghukum pemuda itu selama
dua tahun penjara
Sopir bus itu memperkosa penumpangnya.
6. Our Constitution is written by BPUPKI
7. The ships are captured by Malaysian Navy in
Indonesian territorial sea.
8. Relations between one citizen with another are
regulated by a private law.
9. An act is approved by the parliament and
enacted by the government.
10.President is elected by citizens once in five years
11.Those robbers are put in custody by police.
Passive Voice in Past Tense
Dia didenda oleh PN Pdg karena makan siang
pada bulan suci Ramadhan yang lalu.
He was fined by the Court of Padang for eating
lunch in the last holy Ramadhan month.
Tiga org bgs Indonesia ditahan oleh Polisi AS di
Guam kemaren malam.
Three Indonesians were arrested by the US
Police in Guam last night.
Pada bulan ini, 3 org TKI disiksa oleh majikan
mereka.
In this month, three Indonesian workers were
tortured by their employers.
Nurdin Halid was freed by the Court of Central
Jakarta from all charges.
KALIMAT PASIF
Mr. Rachmad was sentenced for life by the
Court of Denpasar.
7. The defendant was found guilty of first degree
murder by the Jury.
8. The compensation claims for an intangible
damage suffered by the plaintiff are often
refused by the Court.
9. Only few evidences adduced by the plaintiff
were accepted by the judges.
10. Laws are designed by the legislature to change
unsavory lifestyles, habits and deviations
6.
AUXILIARIES
MODAL AUXILIARY
Will
Shall
Can
May
Must
Have
Has
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
akan
akan
dapat/bisa
boleh
harus/mesti
telah
telah
AUXILIARY VERBS
need
dare
risk
have
Has
=
=
=
=
=
membutuhkan
berani
beresiko
mempunyai
mempunyai
Cara Menggunakan Modal Auxiliary
1. Auxiliary harus terletak langsung sesudah
subjek;
2. Auxiliary membatalkan pemberian akhiran
s/es pada kata kerja; dan
3. Auxiliary merubah verb to be (is, am, are)
menjadi be.
EXAMPLES
Penggugat harus membuktikan 4 hal untuk mendatkan ganti
rugi
A Plaintiff must prove 4 things to get compensation
Empat hal harus dibuktikan oleh penggugart untuk
mendapatkan GR
Four things must be proven by a plaintiff to get
compensation
Setiap WD harus menyerahkan surat kepercayaan kepada
Presiden dimana dia akan bertugas
Every diplomatic agent must hand over the credential letter
to the President where he will work.
surat kepercayaan harus diserahkan oleh WD kepada
Presiden …….
A credential letter must be handed over by the diplomatic
agent to the President where he works
Will torture
Must show
Can deny
Will be tortured
Must be showed
Can be denied
Cara Menggunakan Modal Auxiliary
Have & Has
1. Auxiliary harus terletak langsung sesudah
subjek;
2. Auxiliary merubah kata kerja menjadi past
participle; dan
3. Auxiliary merubah verb to be (is, am, are)
menjadi been.
EXAMPLES
He pays the fine to the court
He has paid the fine to the court
He is sick
He has been sick
Indonesia is independent
Indonesia has been independent since 1945
Dia telah membunuh 5 ekor anjing
She has killed 5 dogs
Dia telah diusir secara adat dari kampungnya
She has been expelled customarily from her
kampong.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Dia membunuh 5 ekor anjing
He kills 5 dogs
He will kill 5 dogs
He has killed 5 dogs
5 ekor anjing dibunuh
5 dogs are killed
5 dogs will be killed
5 dogs have been killed
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Dia mencuri ayam
Dia akan mencuri ayam
Dia telah mencuri ayam
Ayam dicurinya
Ayam akan dicurinya
Ayam telah dicurinya
1. Tommy Harto telah dibebaskan dari penjara
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
semenjak sebulan yang lalu
Rumahnya akan disita oleh pengadilan
Presiden harus mengeluarkan dekrit
Hukumannya telah dikurangi sebanyak tiga
bulan.
Penegakan hukum di Indonesia telah tidak
effektif. Law enforcement
UU ini harus segera direvisi.
Bush akan melakukan kunjungan
kenegaraan di Indonesia.
KALIMAT VERBAL AKTIF
1.
2.
3.
Under the modern Environmental Law, the
environment is represented by an NGO to
protect its right before the court .
Under the modern Environmental Law, the
environment can be represented by an NGO to
protect its right before the court .
Four things is proven by a defendant to escape
from paying.
Four things must be proven by a defendant to
escape from paying.
Based on the retribution approach, potential
offenders are deterred by the punishment of
criminals
Based on the retribution approach, potential
offenders will be deterred by the punishment of
criminals
KALIMAT PASIF
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Disputes arising from the interpretation and
implementation of this agreement are settled by
the Court of Central Jakarta.
The theory of Civil Disobedience by Rawls is
rejected by many conventional lawyers.
The list of substances to be controlled is
prescribed by the 1987 Montreal Protocol.
The territorial sea is measured from the outer
limits of the outer islands.
The ship owner is sued by all passengers to pay
compensation for the damages that they suffer.
Homework
Setiap warga negara harus mengetahui hukum dan
menghormatinya. Dia tidak bisa membela diri dengan
mengatakan bahwa dia tidak mengetahui keberadaan
hukum tersebut. Bila warga negara melanggar hukum,
dia akan dikenakan sanksi.
Jika seseorang melanggar hukum pidana, negara akan
menegakan hukum. Dalam hal ini, negara akan diwakili
oleh seorang jaksa untuk menuntut orang tersebut.
Orang tersebut dapat dihukum penjara dan/atau denda.
Sebaliknya, jika warga negara melakukan perbuatan
melawan hukum dalam hukum perdata, dia akan
digugat oleh orang yang dirugikan. Biasanya,
pengadilan akan memerintahkan orang tersebut untuk
membayar sejumlah gantirugi atau melakukan sesuatu
perbuatan untuk memulihkan korban
TENSES (MASA KALIMAT)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Present Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Future Tense
Future Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Cont. Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Cont. Tense
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Past
Past
Past
Past
Past
Past
Past
Past
Tense
Continuous Tense
Future Tense
Future Cont. Tense
Perfect Tense
Perfect Cont. Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Future Perf. Cont. Tense
DEFINITION
PRESENT TENSE
-
Rutinitas; atau
Berulang-Ulang; atau
Senantiasa Terjadi, atau
Terjadi di masa lalu,
sekarang dan yang akan
datang
PAST TENSE
- Kejadian masa lalu; atau
- Sekarang tidak terjadi
lagi; atau
- Sebagian kejadian di
masa lalu, yang tidak
deketahui kapan mulai dan
berkhirnya.
FORMULAS
PRESENT TENSE
PAST TENSE
S + Verb 1/5 + Object
S + is/am/are + Adj./Verb 3
S + Verb 2 + Object
S + was/were + Verb 3
•
•
•
•
•
every day
every week
once a year
once a week
always, usually, often ….
•
•
•
•
•
yesterday
last week
three months ago
a few days ago
in 1945
PRESENT TENSE
PAST TENSE
1. We elect a president once in five years.
1. We elected president in October 2009.
2. Many states do not reject capital
2. Many states did not reject capital
punishment.
punishment in the past.
3. Any defendant always pleads not guilty.
3. He pleaded not guilty in the last session.
4. Court always gives reason in its decision.
4. Court gave no reason in its decision.
5. Police usually puts an accused in custody
5. Police put the accused in custody because
because he has strong ground.
he had strong ground.
6. His house is seized by the Court.
6. His house was seized by the court in 1999.
7. He is never warned before shot.
7. He was not warned before shot yesterday
8. Peter is often ticketed for speeding. 8. Peter was ticketed for speeding yesterday.
9. Smith is ordered to pay compensation
9.toSmith was ordered to pay compensation
the plaintiff.
to the plaintiff last year.
10.Capital punishment is often executed
10.
atHis capital punishment was executed last
midnight.
night.
EXERCISES
1. Susno Duadji diancam akan dibunuh oleh orang
yang tak dikenal.
Susno Duadji was threatened to be killed by an
unknown man.
2. Robert Tantular menolak menjawab pertanyaan
salah seorang anggota Dewan kemarin malam
Robert Tantular rejected to answer a question of one of
the Parliament members last night.
3. Menteri Hukum dan HAM berjanji akan menjatuhkan
sanksi administrasi kepa Kalapas Pondok Bambu
dalam sebuah wawancara televisi kemaren sore.
The Minister of Law and HR promised to give
administrative sanction to the Head of Pondok
Bambu prison in a televised interview.
1. Susno Duadji diancam akan dibunuh oleh
orang yang tak dikenal
2. Robert Tantular menolak menjawab
pertanyaan salah seorang anggota
Dewan kemarin malam
3. Menteri Hukum dan HAM berjanji akan
menjatuhkan sanksi administrasi kepa
Kalapas Pondok Bambu dalam sebuah
wawancara televisi kemaren sore.
4. Anak i
1. Auxiliary
2. Verb to be
3. Verb
1. Dia harus menggadaikan rumahnya untuk
menyekolahkan saya.
She must pawn her house to send me to
school.
b. She had to pawn her house to send me to
school.
a.
2. I will come to your apartment tomorrow.
3. I would come to your apartment yesterday
but the snow storm hit my car. House.
1. That baby is not injured at all in that
accident whilst her father and
mother die in that accident.
That baby was not injured at all in
that accident whilst her father and
mother died in that accident.
DEFINITION
PRESENT CONT. TENSE
Sedang berlangsung baik
secara nyata maupun
tidak nyata
PAST CONT. TENSE
Sedang berlangsung di
masa lalu atau sedang
berlangsung tapi diintervensi
per-buatan lain
FORMULAS
PRESENT CONT. TENSE
PAST CONT. TENSE
S + is/am/are + Verb 4
S + is/am/are + being + Verb 3
S + was/were + Verb 4
S + was/were + being + Verb 3
•
•
•
•
•
now
now a days
currrentty
lately
at present
•
•
•
•
•
yesterday
last week
three months ago
a few days ago
in 1945
EXERCISE
1.
She picks apples every morning
Apples are picked by her every morning
She is picking apples now
Apples are being picked by her now
2.
3 unknown people kidnap the mayor of BT every
day
3 unknown people kidnapped the mayor of BT yesterday
3 unknown people are kidnapping the mayor of BT now
3 unknown people were kidnapping the mayor of BT
yesterday
3.
The mayor of BT is kidnapped by 3 unknown
people every day.
The mayor of BT was kidnapped by 3 unknown people
yesterday.
The mayor of BT is being kidnapped by 3 unknown people
PRESENT CONT. TENSE
PAST CONT. TENSE
1. Inspector Harry was investigating a
1. Inspector Harry is investigating a
murder case yesterday afternoon.
murder case at present.
2. That bugler was being interrogated by
2. That bugler is being interrogated by
Inspector Harry when I arrived.
Inspector Harry now.
3. Many states were moving toward
3. Many states are moving toward
democratic government in the 1990’s.
democratic government now a days.
4. Indonesia was also facing serious air
4. Indonesia is facing serious air pollution
pollution last year.
recently.
5. That cold blooded killer was being locked
5. That cold blooded killer is being locked
up in an isolation cell three months ago.
up in an isolation cell.
DEFINITION
FUTURE TENSE
PAST FUTURE TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang akan
terjadi di masa yang akan
datang
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang akan
terjadi di masa lalu
FORMULAS
FUTURE TENSE
PAST FUTURE TENSE
S + will/shall + Verb 1 + Object
S + will/shall + be + Verb 3
S + would/should + Verb 1 + Obj.
S + would/should + be + Verb 3
•
•
•
•
next week
next month
next year
in the years ahead
•
•
•
•
•
yesterday
last week
three months ago
a few days ago
in 1945
FUTURE TENSE
PAST FUTURE TENSE
1. Inspector Harry would investigate a
1. Inspector Harry will investigate a
murder case yesterday.
murder case tomorrow.
2. That burgler would be interrogated by
2. That burgler wil be interrogated by
Inspector Harry when I arrived.
Inspector Harry now.
3. The practice of democracy would slow
3. The practice of democracy will slow
down development if the MP’s were
down development if the MP’s are
uneducated
uneducated.
4. Indonesia would face serious water
4. Indonesia will face serious water shortage
shortage if water was not wisely used.
in the future if water is not wisely used.
5. That cold blooded killer would be locked
5. That cold blooded killer will be locked
up in an isolation cell last month.
up in an isolation cell.
DEFINITION
FUTURE CONT. TENSE
PAST FUT. CONT. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu kejadian yang pasti
akan terjadi di masa yang
akan datang
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang akan
sedang berlangsung di
masa yang lalu
FORMULAS
FUTURE CONT. TENSE
PAST FUT. CONT. TENSE
S + will/shall + be+ Verb 4 + Obj.S + would/should + be+ Verb 4 + Obj
S + will/shall + be + being + VerbS3+ would/should + be + being + V 3
•
•
•
•
next week
next month
next year
in the years ahead
•
•
•
•
•
yesterday
last week
three months ago
a few days ago
in 1945
FUTURE CONT. TENSE
PAST FUT. CONT. TENSE
1. Inspector Harry would be arresting a
1. Inspector Harry will be arresting
suspect yesterday if he had enough evident .
that suspect if he has evident.
2. That bugler would be being interrogated
2. That bugler will be being jailed
by Inspector Harry when I arrived.
if Inspector Harry has enough evident.
3. Many states would be moving toward
3. Many states will be moving toward
democratic government in the 1990’s.
democratic government.
4. Indonesia would be facing serious air
4. Indonesia will be facing serious air
pollution last year.
pollution recently.
5. That cold blooded killer would be being
5. That cold blooded killer will be being
locked up in an isolation cell months ago.
locked up in an isolation cell.
TENSES
PRESENT PERF. TENSE
PAST PERF. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu kejadian yang sudah
mulai terjadi di masa lalu
tapi masih berlangsung
sampai sekarang atau
baru saja selesai
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu kejadian yang mulai
terjadi dan selesai di masa
lalu. Artinya kita tau secara
lengkap peristiwanya, yakni
kapan mulai terjadi dan
kapan berakhirnya
FORMULAS
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
PAST PERFECT TENSE
S + have/has + Verb 3 + Object
S + have/has + been + Verb 3
S + have/has + been + non-verb
S + had + Verb 3 + Object
S + had + been + Verb 3
• since yesterday
•
•
•
•
since a few months ago
for four years
for six months
since I was born
• from 1999 up to 2001
•
•
•
•
•
in the last decade
during the First Pelita
during the second World War
all of afternoon yesterday
all night long
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
PAST PERFECT TENSE
1. During the second World War, my
1. My father has served as a cook in the
father had served as a cook in the Army.
Army since last year.
2. That bugler had been interrogated
2. That bugler has been interrogated
by Inspector Harry all morning yesterday.
by Inspector Harry.
3. Our Constitution had been revised during
3. Our Constitution has been revised four
Gus Dur’s and Megawati’s regimes.
times.
4. Indonesia had reformed many laws rela4. Indonesia has reformed many laws relating to judiciary power from 1999 - 2004.
ting to judiciary power since 1999.
5. The previous President had declared war
5. The President has declared war against
against corruption during her presidency.
illegal logging since his presidency.
TENSES
PRESENT PERF.CONT. TENSE
PAST PERF. CONT. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang mulai
terjadi di masa lalu dan
sampai sekarang masih
terus berlangsung dan
masih akan berlanjut di
masa yang akan datang
karena belum selesai
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang terjadi
secara terus menerus atau
berkelanjutan di masa yang
lalu
FORMULAS
PRESENT PERF. CONT. TENSE
PAST PERF. CONT. TENSE
S + have/has + been + Verb 4
S + had + been + Verb 4
S + have/has + been + being + V 3 S + had + been + being + Verb 3
• since yesterday
•
•
•
•
since a few months ago
for four years
for six months
since I was born
• from 1999 up to 2001
•
•
•
•
•
in the last decade
during the First Pelita
during the second World War
all of afternoon yesterday
all night long
PRESENT PERF. CONT. TENSE
PAST PERF. CONT. TENSE
. Inspector Harry has been investigating
1. Inspector Harry had been investigating a
a murder case since last week.
murder case.
. Our Criminal Code has been being 2. Our Criminal Code had been being revised
revised by the Parliament for15 years. by the Parliament in the past.
. PT Lapindo has been trying to channel
3. PT Lapindo had been trying to channel the
the hot mud to the sea since last month. hot mud to the sea during Ramadhan month.
. Indonesia has been fighting against4. Indonesia had been fighting against
corruption since a few years ago.
corruption during the last decade.
.
The case has been being tackled 5.
by the
The case had been being tackled by the
the attorney office.
the attorney office.
TENSES
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
PAST FUTURE PERF. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang pasti
akan telah terjadi di masa
yang akan datang
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang seharusnya telah terjadi atau
tidak terjadi di masa yang
lalu (berbentuk penyesalan)
FORMULAS
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
PAST FUTURE PERF. TENSE
S + will/shall + have + Verb 3
S + should + have + Verb 3
S + will/shall + have + been + Verb 3S + should + have + been + Verb 3
• by the end of this year
• by the end of this decade
• past time
TENSES
FUTURE PERF.CONT. TENSE
PAST FUT. PERF. CONT. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang pasti
akan terjadi secara terus
menerus di masa yang
akan datang
Kalimat yang menceritakan
peristiwa yang seharusnya
telah sedang berlangsung
di masa yang akan datang
FORMULAS
FUTURE PERF. CONT. TENSE
PAST FUT. PERF. CONT. TENSE
S + will + have + been + Verb 4 S + should + have + been + Verb 4
S+
S + will + have + been + being + V
3 should + have + been + being + V 3
• since yesterday
•
•
•
•
since a few months ago
for four years
for six months
since I was born
• from 1999 up to 2001
•
•
•
•
•
in the last decade
during the First Pelita
during the second World War
all of afternoon yesterday
all night long
Exercises
That lawyer often tackles divorce cases.
That lawyer is tackling a divorce case currently.
That lawyer will often tackle divorce cases in the future.
That lawyer will be tackling a divorce case when the candidate widow
is as beautiful as Monalisa.
That lawyer has tackled divorce cases since three months ago.
That lawyer has been tackling divorce cases since three months ago.
That lawyer will have tackled divorce cases if he has got a certificate
from
the Religious Depertment.
That lawyer will have been tackling a divorce case.
That lawyer tackled a divorce case last month.
That lawyer was tackling a divorce case When he arranged his divorce
with
his wife.
That lawyer would tackle a divorce case.
That lawyer would be tackling a divorce case when the candidate
widow was
as beautiful as Monalisa.
That lawyer had tackled a divorce case
The lawyer had been tackling a divorce case
That lawyer should have tackled a divorce case.
That Lawyer should have been tackling a divorce case.
Exercise
They hunt for the drug dealer every day (Present Tense).
They are hunting the drug dealer now (Present
Continuous Tense)
They will hunt for the drug dealer next week (Future
Tense)
They will be hunting for the drug dealer when the
airplane lands (Future
Continuous Tense)
They have hunted for the drug dealer since yesterday
(Present Perfect Tense)
They have been hunting for the drug dealer since last
week (Present
Perfect Continuous Tense)
They will have hunted for the drug dealer when the
airplane has landed
(Future Perfect Tense)
They will have been hunting for the drug dealer if the
airplane has been landing
(Future Perfect Continuous Tense)
Exercises
The H. C. of WS overturns the verdict of the Court of Pdg.
The H. C. of WS is overturning the verdict of the Court of Pdg
The HC of WS will overturn the verdict of the Court of Pdg.
The H. C. of WS will be overturning the verdict of the Court of
Pdg
The HC of WS has overturned the verdict of the Court of Pdg.
The H. C. of WS has been overturning the verdict of the Court of
Pdg
The HC of WS will have overturned the verdict of the Court of
Pdg.
The H. C. of WS will have been overturning the verdict of the
Court of Pdg
The H. C. of WS overturned the verdict of the Court of Pdg.
The H. C. of WS was overturning the verdict of the Court of Pdg
The HC of WS would overturn the verdict of the Court of Pdg.
The H. C. of WS would be overturning the verdict of the Court of
Pdg
The HC of WS had overturned the verdict of the Court of Pdg.
The H. C. of WS had been overturning the verdict of the Court of
Pdg
The HC of WS should have overturned the verdict of the Court of
Pdg.
The H. C. of WS should have been overturning the verdict of the
Exercises
He violates Article 351 of the Penal Code
He is violating Article 351 of the PC
He will violate Article 351 of the PC
He will be violating Article 351 of the PC
He has violated Article 351 of the PC
He has been violating Article 351 of the
PC
7. He will have violated Article 351 of the
PC
8. He will have been violating Article 351 of
the PC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Exercises
The questions concerning temporary visas are provided
for by customary law.
The questions concerning temporary visas are being
provided for by customary law.
The questions concerning temporary visas will be
provided for by customary law
The questions concerning temporary visas will be being
provided for by CL
The questions concerning temporary visas have been
provided for by CL
The Questions concerning temporary visas have been
being provided for by CL
The questions concerning temporary visas will have been
provided for by CL
The Questions concerning temporary visas will have been
being provided for by CL
Exercise
He eats 3 kg’s of meat every day.
He is eating meat now.
He will eat meat tomorrow.
He will be eating meat next week.
He has eaten meat since childhood.
He has been eating meat since this
morning.
7. He will have eaten meat by magrib time
8. He will have been eating meat tomorrow
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
writes a letter every week
is writing a letter
will write a letter
will be writing a letter
has written a letter
has been writing a letter
will have written a letter
will have been writing a letter
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
brings flowers every morning.
is bringing flowers
will bring flower
will be bringing flower
has brought flowers
has been bringing flowers
will have brought flowers
will have been bringing flowers
KATA TAMBABAHAN
(ADVERBS)
ADVERB OF MANNER
Kata sifat yang diberikan akhiran “ly” guna untuk menyatakan
mutu perbuatan.
Examples:
negligent negligently dengan/secara lalai
intentional intentionally dengan/secara sengaja
nationalnationally secara nasional
illegal illegally
secara tidak sah
angry angrily dengan marah
busy busily dengan sibuk
careful carefully dengan/secara hati-hati
official officially secara resmi
strict strictly secara keras/langsung
Quick quickly dengan cepat
EXCEPTION
well
bad badly=
low lowly =
high highly
hard hardly
late lately
early
fast
soft
tender
mendesak
rendah-rendah
= sangat
= sama sekali tidak
= belakangan ini
Cara Meletakkan AOM Dalam Kalimat
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dalam kalimat aktif yang punya objek, AOM
diletakkan setelak Objek. Tapi kalau tidak ada
objek maka AOM diletakkan setelah kata kerja
Dalam kalimat Pasif, AOM diletakkan setelah Verb
To Be atau sebelum Kata Kerja Past Participle
Dalam kalimat nominal, AOM diletakkan setelah
Verb To Be atau sebelum Kata Sifat.
Dalam kalimat sedang yang punya objek, AOM
diletakkan setelak Objek. Tapi kalau tidak ada
objek maka AOM diletakkan sebelum kata kerja
berakhiran ing.
EXAMPLES
1. The Police has been investigating this murder
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
seriously since last month.
As I was slowly passing an orphan’s home one day.
Many drug dealers were severely sentenced by
various courts in Indonesia.
Potential offenders will be morally deterred by
severe punishment of courts.
Diplomatic immunity and inviolability are legally
extended to the family of a diplomat.
This principle is widely accepted by developed
countries.
You must read Al Quran well before marrying me.
Love me tender
Exception
1. I can speak English well
2. You must study hard
3. A chopper can not fly high.
Exercises
He is blind (morally)
He is wrong (totally)
You are right (absolutely)
The Law must apply in a country (universally)
a legally relevant justification
ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
Always
: all of the time
Usually
: most of the time
Often
: many times
Seldom
: not many times
Rarely
: very seldom
Sometimes : some of the time
Ever
: at once
Never
: not at once
Soon
Immediately
Examples
1. Law binds the citizens all of the time
Law always binds the citizens
2. He has committed crimes many times.
3. He has often committed crimes
RELATIVE PRONOUN / ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Relative pronoun adalah kata yang dipakai untuk
mengganti kata benda, guna menghindari
pengulangan kata benda (noun).
Dalam B. Inggris kata yang dimaksud adalah:
Who;
Whom;
Whose;
Which;
of which; dan
that
Kesemua kata-kata diatas diterjemahkan dengan
“yang” dalam B. Indonesia
Pemakaian Relative Pronoun
Who; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah kata
benda golongan orang yang berfungsi sebagai
subjek.
Whom; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah kata
benda golongan orang yang berfungsi sebagai objek
Whose; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah
kata benda golongan orang yang berfungsi sebagai
milik
Which; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah kata
benda golongan bukan orang, baik yang berfungsi
sebagai subjek maupun sebagai objek.
of which; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah
kata benda golongan bukan orang, yang berfungsi
sebagai milik.
That; dipakai untuk menggantikan who, whom dan
which, khususnya bila kata yang digantikan
menggunakan kata bilangan seperti: some, any,
every, each, all etc.
Adjective
Fat man
The man, who wears red shirt, is my brother
I do not know what is in his mind.
I can’t remember when he was born / his
birthday
He went to movie with Hanny.
Who did he go to movie with?
With whom did he go to movie?
From whom do you know my name?
Examples
1.
2.
3.
Dia memanggil saksi
Saksi itu membela dirinya
Dia memanggil saksi yang membela dirinya
He called upon the witness who defended himself
He called upon the witness defending himself
Ahmad meracuni cucunya
Dia menganggap cucunya sebagai tukang gaduh
Ahmad meracuni cucunya yang dia anggap sebagai
tukang gaduh
Ahmad poisoned his grandson whom he regarded as a
trouble maker.
Doddy menikahi wanita
Anak (pr) wanita itu teman sekelasnya.
Doddy menikahi wanita, yang anaknya teman sekelas
dia
Doddy married the woman whose daughter was his
classmate.
The advising bank will
pay the L/C
The advising bank is
provided with several
documents mentioned by
the law
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
Terdakwa mengajukan bukti.
Dia berharap bukti itu membela kepentingannya.
Terdakwa mengajukan bukti yang dia harap untuk membela
kepentingannya.
The defendant adduced the evidence which he/she expected to
defend his/her interest.
That boy ate the rice.
The rice was poisoned by his grandpa.
That boy ate the rice which was poisoned by his grandpa.
The boy ate the rice poisoned by his grandpa
Actions and statements are also of concern to the law of contracts.
Actions and statements give rise to expectations.
Actions and statements which give rise to expectations are also of
concern to the law of contracts.
The main objective of any international convention is to create a
peaceful and harmonious condition
Regulated community resides in a peaceful and harmonious
condition
The main objective of any international convention is to create a
peaceful and harmonious condition in which regulated community
resides
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
A judge will be fired.
That judge is proven to receive bribery.
We will have a lecture from a speaker
The speaker is the author “International Law
Treaties.”
1. He was born in a house
a house
2. He was born in a house which he lived in
3. He was born in a house in which he lived
4. He was born in a house where he lived
1. He lived in
2. Romeo died on the date
3. Juliet was born on the date
4. Romeo died on the date which Juliet
was born on
5. Romeo died on the date on which Juliet
was born.
6. Romeo died on the date when Juliet
was born
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The law of contracts is concerned with
expectations.
The expectations are induced by the conduct of
others.
The labors were deported by the Malaysian
government.
The labors did not have travel documents.
The Supreme Court decided that all plants must
be relocated
All plants are located around the Taj Mahal,
The witness is called an a de charge witness.
The witness defends the defendant’s interest.
The good neighborliness principle is codified in
the Stockholm Declaration.
The good neighborliness principle derives from
a Romance legal maxim.
Exercises # 2
1. Buku yang saya baca ini dicetak pada tahun
2.
3.
4.
5.
1955.
Dia akan menyewa rumah yang terletak di
bukit itu.
Jaksa akan menahan pria yang Laura
Laporkan kemaren.
Kami akan menggugat wanita yang menjual
mobil kuno itu.
Mobil yang kacanya pecah itu adalah mobil
Kepala Desa
1. He drove the van
The van was repaired
by a drunken mechanic
Ali bought a car
The car is made in
Rusia
Exercises
6.
7.
8.
An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
describes a process.
The process produces a statement to be used in
guiding decision-making, with several related
functions
EIA procedure requires that a developer or
business owner submit a written document.
The written document describes the probable or
possible future environmental impact of the
intended action.
EIA is a detailed study concerning the potential
effects
The potential effects arise from a proposed
activity,
The potential effects have a significant adverse
impact on the environment.
Exercises
9. Ali sues a man
The man lives opposite to his house
10. Ali sues a woman
The woman’s dog bit him
11. The inspector asked questions to the
thief
The Birugo villager hit the thief
12. Pasar Raya Traders came to consult the
Legislators
Pasar Raya Traders objected to Mayor’s
development plan.
13. Pasar Raya Traders protested the city
plan
The city plan would injure their economy
Exercises
1. The B Tinggi Policeman caught the
computer analyst ......... I hired to create
my office website.
2. The Supreme Court ordered the
defendant to release the cargo .......... he
seizured.
3. The Court decided that the doctor to pay
compensation to the artist ....... nose was
operated.
Exercises
1. All shoppers who entered the rear door
were all dead due to noxious gas from
the incinerator.
2. All shoppers entering the rear
door ..........
3. The shoppers who were injured got
compensation from the management of
the plaza.
4. The shoppers injured got compensation
from the management of the plaza
Any person can be punished for 1 year imprisonment
Any person breaks Article 21 of this Regulation.
Any person that breaks article 21 of this Regulation
can be punished for 1 year imprisonment.
I want to do something
Something makes me happy.
I want to do something that makes me happy
I want to do something makes me happy
Everything that I do I do it for you
Any person that
Omission of Relative Pronoun
1.
2.
3.
4.
He called upon the witness who defended
himself.
He called upon the witness defending himself
That boy ate the rice which was poisoned by
his grandpa.
That boy ate the rice, poisoned by his grandpa.
The law of contracts is concerned with the
expectations which are induced by the conduct
of others.
The law of contracts is concerned with the
expectations induced by the conduct of others.
Actions and statements are also of concern to
the law of contracts which give rise to
expectations.
Actions and statements are also of concern to
the law of contracts giving rise to expectations.
Omission of Relative Pronoun
5.
6.
7.
8.
The labors, who did not have travel documents, were
deported by the Malaysian government.
The labors, not having travel documents, were deported
by the Malaysian government.
The witness, who defends the defendant’s interest, is
called an ad-charge witness.
The witness, defending the defendant’s interest, is called
an ad-charge witness.
The good neighborliness principle, which derives from a
Romance legal maxim, is codified in the Stockholm
Declaration.
The good neighborliness principle, deriving from a
Romance legal maxim, is codified in the Stockholm
Declaration.
The Supreme Court decided that all plants, which are
located around the Taj Mahal, must be relocated.
The Supreme Court decided that all plants, located
around the Taj Mahal, must be relocated.
Omission of Relative Pronoun
The good neighborliness principle, which derives from a
Romance legal maxim, is codified in the Stockholm
Declaration.
The good neighborliness principle, deriving from a Romance
legal maxim, is codified in the Stockholm Declaration
10. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) describes a
process which produces a statement to be used in guiding
decision-making, with several related functions.
An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) describes a
process, producing a statement to be used in guiding
decision-making, with several related functions.
11. EIA procedure requires that a developer or business owner
submit a written document, which describe the probable or
possible future environmental impact of the intended action.
EIA procedure requires that a developer or business owner
submit a written document, describing the probable or
possible future environmental impact of the intended action.
9.
Present Participle
Smiling General
Floating restaurant
a decision-making process at the state
court is based on the procedural law.
a dispute-solving mechanism in the
Arbitration Act puts aside the
competency of the state court
law-making treaty
racing car
frying banana
I regard the disputesolving mechanism in the
Arbitration Act cause
injury to the local
business people
man-eating man
International convention
implementing-legislation
1. In the Ozone Convention, the
rarifying state is not allowed to
trade the ozone-eating
substances with the non-ratifying
state
Based on International law, a
state must prevent foreign
workers –employing companies
to practice salary discrimination.
In the Diplomatic and Consular
Conventions, the receiving state
is obliged to give protection to
the diplomatic agent of the
sending state.
Advising bank must obtain a
consent from the Issuing bank
before paying the money to the
third party.
Leasing agreement
leasing company
borrowing agreement
leasee
leasor
payer
payee
payment
Past Participle
The court permits the use of the
stolen car by the victim
Any disputed land is strictly forbiden
to be sold.
The EEZ is a kind of a sovereigned
right under international law of the
sea. Cosequently, Any land-locked
country has the legal right to catch
fish in the economic exclssive zone of
any coastal state.
HUKUM
oleh
Sukanda Husin, SH., LL.M.
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas @ 2008
1
• Pengertian Terminologi Hukum
2
• Manfaat Terminologi Hukum
3
• Cara Pengutipan Terminologi Hukum
PENDAHULUAN
PENGERTIAN TERMINOLOGI HUKUM
JARGON/SLANG/ISTILAH
KHUSUS
UMUM
ILMU HUKUM/
PERUUAN
ILMU LAIN
ARTI TERSENDIRI
ARTI LAIN
Lawyer
CONTOH
ILMU HUKUM
Pesero tdk aktif
Hukuman mati
H. Acara Perdata
Berita acara
Surat Kepercayaan
Undang-undang
Gugatan
JARGON
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sleeping Partner
Capital Punishment
Civil procedure
Minutes of Meeting
Full powers
Act
Legal Action
Nonlawyer
ILMU LAIN
Teman tidur
Hukuman pokok
Prosedur sipil
Menit-menit
pertemuan
Kekuatan penuh
Tindakan
Aksi hukum
Latihan
Lawyer
ILMU HUKUM
JARGON
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Articles of association
Joy riding
Power of attorney
Hot pursuit
First degree murder
Second degree murder
Black law letter
Unlawful conduct
Substantive law
Black mail
Nonlawyer
ILMU LAIN
Cara Mengutip Jargon Hukum
Jargon dapat ditulis dengan beberapa cara
1. Jargon ditulis dalam tanda kutip; atau
2. Jargon ditulis dengan cetak tebal (bold); atau
3. Jargon dapat ditulis dengan cetak miring
(italic); dan
4. Sebaiknya jargon dikutip dengan memberikan
makne atau arti. Bila artinya panjang
sebaiknya ditulis dalam catan kaki (footnote)
CONTOH
Sengketa yang timbul akibat interpretasi dan implementasi
suatu perjanjian dapat diselesaikan melalui dua cara yaitu
melalui pengadilan dan di luar pengadilan, seperti
konsiliasi, mediasi, arbitrase (perwasitan) dan lain-lain.
Cara tersebut bergantung kepada kesepakatan para pihak
sebagai wujud dari pelaksanaan azas kebebasan
berkontrak, namun tentu juga dibatasi oleh undangundang. Kebebasan dalam pemilihan forum penyelesaian
sengketa (choice of forum) atau disebut juga forum non
conveniens, biasanya akan menentukan pula hukum yang
mengatur penyelesaian sengketa (choice of law). Doktrin
forum non conveniens ini membuka peluang bagi para
pencari keadilan mempergunakan forum penyelesaian
sengketa alternatif seperti arbitrase.
CONTOH
Akibat tidak adanya penegasan sistem
pemerintahan dan akibat penerapan sistem
quasi presidensial, hubungan antar lembaga
negara terutama antara cabang kekuasaan
eksekutif dan cabang kekuasaan legislatif
menjadi tidak tegas dan kabur serta bisa
menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum (legal
uncertainty). Pada hal, sistem pemerintahan
berkaitan dengan pengertian regeringsdaad
penyelenggaraan pemerintahan eksekutif dalam
hubungannya dengan fungsi legislatif.
SENTENCES
VERBAL SENTENCE
NOMINAL SENTENCE
Kalimat yang sebutannya kata
kerja (verb)
Kalimat yang sebutannya selain
Kata kerja (non-verb), seperti
Kt. Sifat, kt. Benda dan
Kt. depan
Cara membentuknya
Cara membentuknya
S + Verb + Object
S + Verb to be + non-verb
CONTOH KALIMAT NOMINAL
1. Saya pengacara
I am a lawyer
2. Dia adalah agen CIA
He is a CIA agent
3. The act of a state organ is imputable to
the state under international law
4. In private law, a person is liable to pay
compensation to victim as a result of his
unlawful conduct
5. The Act is not effective to fight against
pollution because its sanctions are
lenient.
CONTOH KALIMAT NOMINAL
6. The children of the President are
subject to the international law when
they are abroad.
7. The defendant is reluctant to answer
the question addressed by the
attorney.
8. The issue asked by Mr. Hanson is
irrelevant to be discussed in this
forum.
9. The enforcement of Law by FPI is
illegal.
10. Many sanctions of that new Act are
NOMINAL SENTENCE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
ADJECTIVE
COMPARATIVE
COMPARATIVE
ADJECTIVE
SUPERLATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
ADJECTIVE
COMPARATIVE
• S + Verb to be + Comparative
Adjective
• S + Verb to be + Comparative
Adjective + more + Subject
SUPERLATIVE
• S +Verb to be + the + Superlative
Adjective
• S +Verb to be + the + Superlative
Adjective + of + Subject
• S + Verb to be + Positive Adjective
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
• The sanctions of the new Act
are more stringent than old
one.
SUPERLATIVE
• Mens rea is the most
fundamental element of the
crime elements.
• This agreement is voidable
because one of its subject is a
child
POSITIVE
EXAMPLES
That
That
That
That
mountain is high
mountain is higher than this one
mountain is the highest in Indonesia
mountain is the highest one of the
others
She is accurate
She is an accurate woman
She is more accurate than I am.
She is more accurate than me.
Good better best
Well better best
Late later
latest
Late latter
last
She is better than me
She is better than her sister is
EXERCISES
1. This ticket …… non refundable.
2. Granting titles to the lands ……. not the
right but the obligation of the
government.
3. Underhand agreements …….. equal to
those of notary deed in a sense of its
binding power.
4. Neither Budi nor Idham ………
responsible for that accident.
5. In a common law system, the jury
……..to decide whether the defendant
guilty or not while the punishment ……..
Exercises for Nominal
Sentence
1. Anak laki-laki itu bingung menentukan
pilihannya.
2. Indonesia kaya dengan sumber daya alam.
3. Perbuatannya bertentangan dengan hukum
adat.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Natural resources
Clumzy
choice
to decide
rich at
conduct
against
customary law
VERBAL SENTENCE
ACTIVE VOICE
S + Verb 1 + Obj. + Adv.
S + Verb 5 + Obj. + Adv.
PASSIVE VOICE
S + Verb To Be + Verb 3 +
by + Obj.
KINDS OF VERB
Verb
Verb
Verb
Verb
Verb
1
2
3
4
5
go buy
fly sue
went boughtflew
gone boughtflown
going buying flying
goes buys flies
sued
sued
suing
sues
Verb 1 : I, We, You, They, Plural Noun
Verb 5 : He, She, It, Singular Noun
1.
Dia terbang ke Jakarta setiap akhir pekan.
He/She flies to Jakarta every weekend.
2.
Korban-korban pencemaran Porong
menggugat ganti rugi.
The victims of Porong’s pollution sue a compensation.
3.
Jury hanya memutuskan apakah terdakwa
salah atau tidak.
The Jury only decides whether or not the defendant is
guilty.
4.
Sedangkan hakim memutuskan hukumannya.
Whereas the judge decides the prisonment.
5.
Apakah anda mau mengajukan saksi ahli?
Do you want to call on an expert witness?
6.
Apakah client anda mempunyai saksi yang
meringankan?
Your client has a ‘de charge witness.
Does your client have a ‘de charge witness?
y name is Sukanda
was born in Pekanbaru on April 22, 1957.
am from Pekanbaru
am the fifth child in my family
y father was a retired policeman
y mother was a housewife
graduated from Elementary School No. 2
finished my junior high school in Dumai
n 1972, I moved to PKU and continued my study there.
graduated from SHS in 1975.
n the same year, I settled to Padang and continued my study there in
aw Faculty of Andalas University
graduated in 1985
n 1987, I got married with my black cat named Tei. Now We only have one son.
wo weeks after I got married, I was given a scholarship by the Canadian Governm
o study in Vancouver
studied there for three years
1. Film itu bercerita tentang keadilan yang
diingkari.
That movie tells about justice denied
2. Pelaksanaan Perda Pekat bertentangan
dengan HAM.
3. The implementation of the Pekat Local
Regulation is contrary to the Humans’ rights
The theory of Rawls …………. the natural
law
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reject
Rejects
Is contrary to
Are contrary to
KALIMAT VERBAL AKTIF
1. Every victim of pollution has the right for
2.
3.
4.
5.
some amount of compensation from a
polluter.
Law limits the deviation of human’s
behavior and provides for sanctions
against an offender.
Police investigates a robbery case in
Belakang Balok.
The prosecutor does not have significant
evidence to win the case.
A judge has the right to order someone
to leave a court room when the judge
regards that the person disturbs the
proceeding.
KALIMAT VERBAL AKTIF
Several victims of Buyat Bay feel unsatisfied
with the decision of the Court.
7. Singapore and Malaysia suffer from economic
loss as a result of Indonesian forest fires.
8. The Court of Padang decides that the
acquisition of Semen Padang Limited by Semen
Gersik is illegal.
9. the Stockholm Declaration codifies a few
Romance legal principles concerning the
environment.
10. All passengers of the ship seek for
compensation for the damages that they suffer.
6.
KALIMAT PASIF dalam Present Tense
1.
Sengketa kami diadili oleh PN Jakpus.
Our dispute is settled by the Court of Central Jakarta.
2.
Teori Rawls ditolak oleh banyak lawyer.
The theory of Rawls is rejected by many lawyers.
3.
Daftar zat-zat tersebut dicantumkan dalam
Protokol Montreal.
The list of the substances is prescribed in the Montreal
Protocol.
4.
Laut Teritorial diukur dari titik titik terluar dari
pulau pulau terluar.
The territorial sea is measured from the outer limits of
the outer islands.
5.
Pemilik Kapal tersebut digugat untuk membayar
ganti rugi oleh semua penumpang.
The ship owner is sued by all passengers to pay
Exercises
1. Presiden RI dipilih oleh rakyat Indonesia
2.
3.
4.
5.
sekali dalam lima tahun.
Mahasiswa dilarang oleh undang-undang
untuk melakukan demonstrasi untuk
kepentingan partai politik
Ayin direkomendasikan oleh Mas Achmad
Santosa untuk dipindahkan ke Nusa
Kambangan.
PN Padang menghukum pemuda itu selama
dua tahun penjara
Sopir bus itu memperkosa penumpangnya.
6. Our Constitution is written by BPUPKI
7. The ships are captured by Malaysian Navy in
Indonesian territorial sea.
8. Relations between one citizen with another are
regulated by a private law.
9. An act is approved by the parliament and
enacted by the government.
10.President is elected by citizens once in five years
11.Those robbers are put in custody by police.
Passive Voice in Past Tense
Dia didenda oleh PN Pdg karena makan siang
pada bulan suci Ramadhan yang lalu.
He was fined by the Court of Padang for eating
lunch in the last holy Ramadhan month.
Tiga org bgs Indonesia ditahan oleh Polisi AS di
Guam kemaren malam.
Three Indonesians were arrested by the US
Police in Guam last night.
Pada bulan ini, 3 org TKI disiksa oleh majikan
mereka.
In this month, three Indonesian workers were
tortured by their employers.
Nurdin Halid was freed by the Court of Central
Jakarta from all charges.
KALIMAT PASIF
Mr. Rachmad was sentenced for life by the
Court of Denpasar.
7. The defendant was found guilty of first degree
murder by the Jury.
8. The compensation claims for an intangible
damage suffered by the plaintiff are often
refused by the Court.
9. Only few evidences adduced by the plaintiff
were accepted by the judges.
10. Laws are designed by the legislature to change
unsavory lifestyles, habits and deviations
6.
AUXILIARIES
MODAL AUXILIARY
Will
Shall
Can
May
Must
Have
Has
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
akan
akan
dapat/bisa
boleh
harus/mesti
telah
telah
AUXILIARY VERBS
need
dare
risk
have
Has
=
=
=
=
=
membutuhkan
berani
beresiko
mempunyai
mempunyai
Cara Menggunakan Modal Auxiliary
1. Auxiliary harus terletak langsung sesudah
subjek;
2. Auxiliary membatalkan pemberian akhiran
s/es pada kata kerja; dan
3. Auxiliary merubah verb to be (is, am, are)
menjadi be.
EXAMPLES
Penggugat harus membuktikan 4 hal untuk mendatkan ganti
rugi
A Plaintiff must prove 4 things to get compensation
Empat hal harus dibuktikan oleh penggugart untuk
mendapatkan GR
Four things must be proven by a plaintiff to get
compensation
Setiap WD harus menyerahkan surat kepercayaan kepada
Presiden dimana dia akan bertugas
Every diplomatic agent must hand over the credential letter
to the President where he will work.
surat kepercayaan harus diserahkan oleh WD kepada
Presiden …….
A credential letter must be handed over by the diplomatic
agent to the President where he works
Will torture
Must show
Can deny
Will be tortured
Must be showed
Can be denied
Cara Menggunakan Modal Auxiliary
Have & Has
1. Auxiliary harus terletak langsung sesudah
subjek;
2. Auxiliary merubah kata kerja menjadi past
participle; dan
3. Auxiliary merubah verb to be (is, am, are)
menjadi been.
EXAMPLES
He pays the fine to the court
He has paid the fine to the court
He is sick
He has been sick
Indonesia is independent
Indonesia has been independent since 1945
Dia telah membunuh 5 ekor anjing
She has killed 5 dogs
Dia telah diusir secara adat dari kampungnya
She has been expelled customarily from her
kampong.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Dia membunuh 5 ekor anjing
He kills 5 dogs
He will kill 5 dogs
He has killed 5 dogs
5 ekor anjing dibunuh
5 dogs are killed
5 dogs will be killed
5 dogs have been killed
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Dia mencuri ayam
Dia akan mencuri ayam
Dia telah mencuri ayam
Ayam dicurinya
Ayam akan dicurinya
Ayam telah dicurinya
1. Tommy Harto telah dibebaskan dari penjara
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
semenjak sebulan yang lalu
Rumahnya akan disita oleh pengadilan
Presiden harus mengeluarkan dekrit
Hukumannya telah dikurangi sebanyak tiga
bulan.
Penegakan hukum di Indonesia telah tidak
effektif. Law enforcement
UU ini harus segera direvisi.
Bush akan melakukan kunjungan
kenegaraan di Indonesia.
KALIMAT VERBAL AKTIF
1.
2.
3.
Under the modern Environmental Law, the
environment is represented by an NGO to
protect its right before the court .
Under the modern Environmental Law, the
environment can be represented by an NGO to
protect its right before the court .
Four things is proven by a defendant to escape
from paying.
Four things must be proven by a defendant to
escape from paying.
Based on the retribution approach, potential
offenders are deterred by the punishment of
criminals
Based on the retribution approach, potential
offenders will be deterred by the punishment of
criminals
KALIMAT PASIF
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Disputes arising from the interpretation and
implementation of this agreement are settled by
the Court of Central Jakarta.
The theory of Civil Disobedience by Rawls is
rejected by many conventional lawyers.
The list of substances to be controlled is
prescribed by the 1987 Montreal Protocol.
The territorial sea is measured from the outer
limits of the outer islands.
The ship owner is sued by all passengers to pay
compensation for the damages that they suffer.
Homework
Setiap warga negara harus mengetahui hukum dan
menghormatinya. Dia tidak bisa membela diri dengan
mengatakan bahwa dia tidak mengetahui keberadaan
hukum tersebut. Bila warga negara melanggar hukum,
dia akan dikenakan sanksi.
Jika seseorang melanggar hukum pidana, negara akan
menegakan hukum. Dalam hal ini, negara akan diwakili
oleh seorang jaksa untuk menuntut orang tersebut.
Orang tersebut dapat dihukum penjara dan/atau denda.
Sebaliknya, jika warga negara melakukan perbuatan
melawan hukum dalam hukum perdata, dia akan
digugat oleh orang yang dirugikan. Biasanya,
pengadilan akan memerintahkan orang tersebut untuk
membayar sejumlah gantirugi atau melakukan sesuatu
perbuatan untuk memulihkan korban
TENSES (MASA KALIMAT)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Present Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Future Tense
Future Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Cont. Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Cont. Tense
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Past
Past
Past
Past
Past
Past
Past
Past
Tense
Continuous Tense
Future Tense
Future Cont. Tense
Perfect Tense
Perfect Cont. Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Future Perf. Cont. Tense
DEFINITION
PRESENT TENSE
-
Rutinitas; atau
Berulang-Ulang; atau
Senantiasa Terjadi, atau
Terjadi di masa lalu,
sekarang dan yang akan
datang
PAST TENSE
- Kejadian masa lalu; atau
- Sekarang tidak terjadi
lagi; atau
- Sebagian kejadian di
masa lalu, yang tidak
deketahui kapan mulai dan
berkhirnya.
FORMULAS
PRESENT TENSE
PAST TENSE
S + Verb 1/5 + Object
S + is/am/are + Adj./Verb 3
S + Verb 2 + Object
S + was/were + Verb 3
•
•
•
•
•
every day
every week
once a year
once a week
always, usually, often ….
•
•
•
•
•
yesterday
last week
three months ago
a few days ago
in 1945
PRESENT TENSE
PAST TENSE
1. We elect a president once in five years.
1. We elected president in October 2009.
2. Many states do not reject capital
2. Many states did not reject capital
punishment.
punishment in the past.
3. Any defendant always pleads not guilty.
3. He pleaded not guilty in the last session.
4. Court always gives reason in its decision.
4. Court gave no reason in its decision.
5. Police usually puts an accused in custody
5. Police put the accused in custody because
because he has strong ground.
he had strong ground.
6. His house is seized by the Court.
6. His house was seized by the court in 1999.
7. He is never warned before shot.
7. He was not warned before shot yesterday
8. Peter is often ticketed for speeding. 8. Peter was ticketed for speeding yesterday.
9. Smith is ordered to pay compensation
9.toSmith was ordered to pay compensation
the plaintiff.
to the plaintiff last year.
10.Capital punishment is often executed
10.
atHis capital punishment was executed last
midnight.
night.
EXERCISES
1. Susno Duadji diancam akan dibunuh oleh orang
yang tak dikenal.
Susno Duadji was threatened to be killed by an
unknown man.
2. Robert Tantular menolak menjawab pertanyaan
salah seorang anggota Dewan kemarin malam
Robert Tantular rejected to answer a question of one of
the Parliament members last night.
3. Menteri Hukum dan HAM berjanji akan menjatuhkan
sanksi administrasi kepa Kalapas Pondok Bambu
dalam sebuah wawancara televisi kemaren sore.
The Minister of Law and HR promised to give
administrative sanction to the Head of Pondok
Bambu prison in a televised interview.
1. Susno Duadji diancam akan dibunuh oleh
orang yang tak dikenal
2. Robert Tantular menolak menjawab
pertanyaan salah seorang anggota
Dewan kemarin malam
3. Menteri Hukum dan HAM berjanji akan
menjatuhkan sanksi administrasi kepa
Kalapas Pondok Bambu dalam sebuah
wawancara televisi kemaren sore.
4. Anak i
1. Auxiliary
2. Verb to be
3. Verb
1. Dia harus menggadaikan rumahnya untuk
menyekolahkan saya.
She must pawn her house to send me to
school.
b. She had to pawn her house to send me to
school.
a.
2. I will come to your apartment tomorrow.
3. I would come to your apartment yesterday
but the snow storm hit my car. House.
1. That baby is not injured at all in that
accident whilst her father and
mother die in that accident.
That baby was not injured at all in
that accident whilst her father and
mother died in that accident.
DEFINITION
PRESENT CONT. TENSE
Sedang berlangsung baik
secara nyata maupun
tidak nyata
PAST CONT. TENSE
Sedang berlangsung di
masa lalu atau sedang
berlangsung tapi diintervensi
per-buatan lain
FORMULAS
PRESENT CONT. TENSE
PAST CONT. TENSE
S + is/am/are + Verb 4
S + is/am/are + being + Verb 3
S + was/were + Verb 4
S + was/were + being + Verb 3
•
•
•
•
•
now
now a days
currrentty
lately
at present
•
•
•
•
•
yesterday
last week
three months ago
a few days ago
in 1945
EXERCISE
1.
She picks apples every morning
Apples are picked by her every morning
She is picking apples now
Apples are being picked by her now
2.
3 unknown people kidnap the mayor of BT every
day
3 unknown people kidnapped the mayor of BT yesterday
3 unknown people are kidnapping the mayor of BT now
3 unknown people were kidnapping the mayor of BT
yesterday
3.
The mayor of BT is kidnapped by 3 unknown
people every day.
The mayor of BT was kidnapped by 3 unknown people
yesterday.
The mayor of BT is being kidnapped by 3 unknown people
PRESENT CONT. TENSE
PAST CONT. TENSE
1. Inspector Harry was investigating a
1. Inspector Harry is investigating a
murder case yesterday afternoon.
murder case at present.
2. That bugler was being interrogated by
2. That bugler is being interrogated by
Inspector Harry when I arrived.
Inspector Harry now.
3. Many states were moving toward
3. Many states are moving toward
democratic government in the 1990’s.
democratic government now a days.
4. Indonesia was also facing serious air
4. Indonesia is facing serious air pollution
pollution last year.
recently.
5. That cold blooded killer was being locked
5. That cold blooded killer is being locked
up in an isolation cell three months ago.
up in an isolation cell.
DEFINITION
FUTURE TENSE
PAST FUTURE TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang akan
terjadi di masa yang akan
datang
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang akan
terjadi di masa lalu
FORMULAS
FUTURE TENSE
PAST FUTURE TENSE
S + will/shall + Verb 1 + Object
S + will/shall + be + Verb 3
S + would/should + Verb 1 + Obj.
S + would/should + be + Verb 3
•
•
•
•
next week
next month
next year
in the years ahead
•
•
•
•
•
yesterday
last week
three months ago
a few days ago
in 1945
FUTURE TENSE
PAST FUTURE TENSE
1. Inspector Harry would investigate a
1. Inspector Harry will investigate a
murder case yesterday.
murder case tomorrow.
2. That burgler would be interrogated by
2. That burgler wil be interrogated by
Inspector Harry when I arrived.
Inspector Harry now.
3. The practice of democracy would slow
3. The practice of democracy will slow
down development if the MP’s were
down development if the MP’s are
uneducated
uneducated.
4. Indonesia would face serious water
4. Indonesia will face serious water shortage
shortage if water was not wisely used.
in the future if water is not wisely used.
5. That cold blooded killer would be locked
5. That cold blooded killer will be locked
up in an isolation cell last month.
up in an isolation cell.
DEFINITION
FUTURE CONT. TENSE
PAST FUT. CONT. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu kejadian yang pasti
akan terjadi di masa yang
akan datang
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang akan
sedang berlangsung di
masa yang lalu
FORMULAS
FUTURE CONT. TENSE
PAST FUT. CONT. TENSE
S + will/shall + be+ Verb 4 + Obj.S + would/should + be+ Verb 4 + Obj
S + will/shall + be + being + VerbS3+ would/should + be + being + V 3
•
•
•
•
next week
next month
next year
in the years ahead
•
•
•
•
•
yesterday
last week
three months ago
a few days ago
in 1945
FUTURE CONT. TENSE
PAST FUT. CONT. TENSE
1. Inspector Harry would be arresting a
1. Inspector Harry will be arresting
suspect yesterday if he had enough evident .
that suspect if he has evident.
2. That bugler would be being interrogated
2. That bugler will be being jailed
by Inspector Harry when I arrived.
if Inspector Harry has enough evident.
3. Many states would be moving toward
3. Many states will be moving toward
democratic government in the 1990’s.
democratic government.
4. Indonesia would be facing serious air
4. Indonesia will be facing serious air
pollution last year.
pollution recently.
5. That cold blooded killer would be being
5. That cold blooded killer will be being
locked up in an isolation cell months ago.
locked up in an isolation cell.
TENSES
PRESENT PERF. TENSE
PAST PERF. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu kejadian yang sudah
mulai terjadi di masa lalu
tapi masih berlangsung
sampai sekarang atau
baru saja selesai
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu kejadian yang mulai
terjadi dan selesai di masa
lalu. Artinya kita tau secara
lengkap peristiwanya, yakni
kapan mulai terjadi dan
kapan berakhirnya
FORMULAS
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
PAST PERFECT TENSE
S + have/has + Verb 3 + Object
S + have/has + been + Verb 3
S + have/has + been + non-verb
S + had + Verb 3 + Object
S + had + been + Verb 3
• since yesterday
•
•
•
•
since a few months ago
for four years
for six months
since I was born
• from 1999 up to 2001
•
•
•
•
•
in the last decade
during the First Pelita
during the second World War
all of afternoon yesterday
all night long
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
PAST PERFECT TENSE
1. During the second World War, my
1. My father has served as a cook in the
father had served as a cook in the Army.
Army since last year.
2. That bugler had been interrogated
2. That bugler has been interrogated
by Inspector Harry all morning yesterday.
by Inspector Harry.
3. Our Constitution had been revised during
3. Our Constitution has been revised four
Gus Dur’s and Megawati’s regimes.
times.
4. Indonesia had reformed many laws rela4. Indonesia has reformed many laws relating to judiciary power from 1999 - 2004.
ting to judiciary power since 1999.
5. The previous President had declared war
5. The President has declared war against
against corruption during her presidency.
illegal logging since his presidency.
TENSES
PRESENT PERF.CONT. TENSE
PAST PERF. CONT. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang mulai
terjadi di masa lalu dan
sampai sekarang masih
terus berlangsung dan
masih akan berlanjut di
masa yang akan datang
karena belum selesai
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang terjadi
secara terus menerus atau
berkelanjutan di masa yang
lalu
FORMULAS
PRESENT PERF. CONT. TENSE
PAST PERF. CONT. TENSE
S + have/has + been + Verb 4
S + had + been + Verb 4
S + have/has + been + being + V 3 S + had + been + being + Verb 3
• since yesterday
•
•
•
•
since a few months ago
for four years
for six months
since I was born
• from 1999 up to 2001
•
•
•
•
•
in the last decade
during the First Pelita
during the second World War
all of afternoon yesterday
all night long
PRESENT PERF. CONT. TENSE
PAST PERF. CONT. TENSE
. Inspector Harry has been investigating
1. Inspector Harry had been investigating a
a murder case since last week.
murder case.
. Our Criminal Code has been being 2. Our Criminal Code had been being revised
revised by the Parliament for15 years. by the Parliament in the past.
. PT Lapindo has been trying to channel
3. PT Lapindo had been trying to channel the
the hot mud to the sea since last month. hot mud to the sea during Ramadhan month.
. Indonesia has been fighting against4. Indonesia had been fighting against
corruption since a few years ago.
corruption during the last decade.
.
The case has been being tackled 5.
by the
The case had been being tackled by the
the attorney office.
the attorney office.
TENSES
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
PAST FUTURE PERF. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang pasti
akan telah terjadi di masa
yang akan datang
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang seharusnya telah terjadi atau
tidak terjadi di masa yang
lalu (berbentuk penyesalan)
FORMULAS
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
PAST FUTURE PERF. TENSE
S + will/shall + have + Verb 3
S + should + have + Verb 3
S + will/shall + have + been + Verb 3S + should + have + been + Verb 3
• by the end of this year
• by the end of this decade
• past time
TENSES
FUTURE PERF.CONT. TENSE
PAST FUT. PERF. CONT. TENSE
Kalimat yang menceritakan
suatu peristiwa yang pasti
akan terjadi secara terus
menerus di masa yang
akan datang
Kalimat yang menceritakan
peristiwa yang seharusnya
telah sedang berlangsung
di masa yang akan datang
FORMULAS
FUTURE PERF. CONT. TENSE
PAST FUT. PERF. CONT. TENSE
S + will + have + been + Verb 4 S + should + have + been + Verb 4
S+
S + will + have + been + being + V
3 should + have + been + being + V 3
• since yesterday
•
•
•
•
since a few months ago
for four years
for six months
since I was born
• from 1999 up to 2001
•
•
•
•
•
in the last decade
during the First Pelita
during the second World War
all of afternoon yesterday
all night long
Exercises
That lawyer often tackles divorce cases.
That lawyer is tackling a divorce case currently.
That lawyer will often tackle divorce cases in the future.
That lawyer will be tackling a divorce case when the candidate widow
is as beautiful as Monalisa.
That lawyer has tackled divorce cases since three months ago.
That lawyer has been tackling divorce cases since three months ago.
That lawyer will have tackled divorce cases if he has got a certificate
from
the Religious Depertment.
That lawyer will have been tackling a divorce case.
That lawyer tackled a divorce case last month.
That lawyer was tackling a divorce case When he arranged his divorce
with
his wife.
That lawyer would tackle a divorce case.
That lawyer would be tackling a divorce case when the candidate
widow was
as beautiful as Monalisa.
That lawyer had tackled a divorce case
The lawyer had been tackling a divorce case
That lawyer should have tackled a divorce case.
That Lawyer should have been tackling a divorce case.
Exercise
They hunt for the drug dealer every day (Present Tense).
They are hunting the drug dealer now (Present
Continuous Tense)
They will hunt for the drug dealer next week (Future
Tense)
They will be hunting for the drug dealer when the
airplane lands (Future
Continuous Tense)
They have hunted for the drug dealer since yesterday
(Present Perfect Tense)
They have been hunting for the drug dealer since last
week (Present
Perfect Continuous Tense)
They will have hunted for the drug dealer when the
airplane has landed
(Future Perfect Tense)
They will have been hunting for the drug dealer if the
airplane has been landing
(Future Perfect Continuous Tense)
Exercises
The H. C. of WS overturns the verdict of the Court of Pdg.
The H. C. of WS is overturning the verdict of the Court of Pdg
The HC of WS will overturn the verdict of the Court of Pdg.
The H. C. of WS will be overturning the verdict of the Court of
Pdg
The HC of WS has overturned the verdict of the Court of Pdg.
The H. C. of WS has been overturning the verdict of the Court of
Pdg
The HC of WS will have overturned the verdict of the Court of
Pdg.
The H. C. of WS will have been overturning the verdict of the
Court of Pdg
The H. C. of WS overturned the verdict of the Court of Pdg.
The H. C. of WS was overturning the verdict of the Court of Pdg
The HC of WS would overturn the verdict of the Court of Pdg.
The H. C. of WS would be overturning the verdict of the Court of
Pdg
The HC of WS had overturned the verdict of the Court of Pdg.
The H. C. of WS had been overturning the verdict of the Court of
Pdg
The HC of WS should have overturned the verdict of the Court of
Pdg.
The H. C. of WS should have been overturning the verdict of the
Exercises
He violates Article 351 of the Penal Code
He is violating Article 351 of the PC
He will violate Article 351 of the PC
He will be violating Article 351 of the PC
He has violated Article 351 of the PC
He has been violating Article 351 of the
PC
7. He will have violated Article 351 of the
PC
8. He will have been violating Article 351 of
the PC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Exercises
The questions concerning temporary visas are provided
for by customary law.
The questions concerning temporary visas are being
provided for by customary law.
The questions concerning temporary visas will be
provided for by customary law
The questions concerning temporary visas will be being
provided for by CL
The questions concerning temporary visas have been
provided for by CL
The Questions concerning temporary visas have been
being provided for by CL
The questions concerning temporary visas will have been
provided for by CL
The Questions concerning temporary visas will have been
being provided for by CL
Exercise
He eats 3 kg’s of meat every day.
He is eating meat now.
He will eat meat tomorrow.
He will be eating meat next week.
He has eaten meat since childhood.
He has been eating meat since this
morning.
7. He will have eaten meat by magrib time
8. He will have been eating meat tomorrow
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
writes a letter every week
is writing a letter
will write a letter
will be writing a letter
has written a letter
has been writing a letter
will have written a letter
will have been writing a letter
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
She
brings flowers every morning.
is bringing flowers
will bring flower
will be bringing flower
has brought flowers
has been bringing flowers
will have brought flowers
will have been bringing flowers
KATA TAMBABAHAN
(ADVERBS)
ADVERB OF MANNER
Kata sifat yang diberikan akhiran “ly” guna untuk menyatakan
mutu perbuatan.
Examples:
negligent negligently dengan/secara lalai
intentional intentionally dengan/secara sengaja
nationalnationally secara nasional
illegal illegally
secara tidak sah
angry angrily dengan marah
busy busily dengan sibuk
careful carefully dengan/secara hati-hati
official officially secara resmi
strict strictly secara keras/langsung
Quick quickly dengan cepat
EXCEPTION
well
bad badly=
low lowly =
high highly
hard hardly
late lately
early
fast
soft
tender
mendesak
rendah-rendah
= sangat
= sama sekali tidak
= belakangan ini
Cara Meletakkan AOM Dalam Kalimat
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dalam kalimat aktif yang punya objek, AOM
diletakkan setelak Objek. Tapi kalau tidak ada
objek maka AOM diletakkan setelah kata kerja
Dalam kalimat Pasif, AOM diletakkan setelah Verb
To Be atau sebelum Kata Kerja Past Participle
Dalam kalimat nominal, AOM diletakkan setelah
Verb To Be atau sebelum Kata Sifat.
Dalam kalimat sedang yang punya objek, AOM
diletakkan setelak Objek. Tapi kalau tidak ada
objek maka AOM diletakkan sebelum kata kerja
berakhiran ing.
EXAMPLES
1. The Police has been investigating this murder
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
seriously since last month.
As I was slowly passing an orphan’s home one day.
Many drug dealers were severely sentenced by
various courts in Indonesia.
Potential offenders will be morally deterred by
severe punishment of courts.
Diplomatic immunity and inviolability are legally
extended to the family of a diplomat.
This principle is widely accepted by developed
countries.
You must read Al Quran well before marrying me.
Love me tender
Exception
1. I can speak English well
2. You must study hard
3. A chopper can not fly high.
Exercises
He is blind (morally)
He is wrong (totally)
You are right (absolutely)
The Law must apply in a country (universally)
a legally relevant justification
ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
Always
: all of the time
Usually
: most of the time
Often
: many times
Seldom
: not many times
Rarely
: very seldom
Sometimes : some of the time
Ever
: at once
Never
: not at once
Soon
Immediately
Examples
1. Law binds the citizens all of the time
Law always binds the citizens
2. He has committed crimes many times.
3. He has often committed crimes
RELATIVE PRONOUN / ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Relative pronoun adalah kata yang dipakai untuk
mengganti kata benda, guna menghindari
pengulangan kata benda (noun).
Dalam B. Inggris kata yang dimaksud adalah:
Who;
Whom;
Whose;
Which;
of which; dan
that
Kesemua kata-kata diatas diterjemahkan dengan
“yang” dalam B. Indonesia
Pemakaian Relative Pronoun
Who; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah kata
benda golongan orang yang berfungsi sebagai
subjek.
Whom; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah kata
benda golongan orang yang berfungsi sebagai objek
Whose; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah
kata benda golongan orang yang berfungsi sebagai
milik
Which; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah kata
benda golongan bukan orang, baik yang berfungsi
sebagai subjek maupun sebagai objek.
of which; dipakai jika kata yang digantikan adalah
kata benda golongan bukan orang, yang berfungsi
sebagai milik.
That; dipakai untuk menggantikan who, whom dan
which, khususnya bila kata yang digantikan
menggunakan kata bilangan seperti: some, any,
every, each, all etc.
Adjective
Fat man
The man, who wears red shirt, is my brother
I do not know what is in his mind.
I can’t remember when he was born / his
birthday
He went to movie with Hanny.
Who did he go to movie with?
With whom did he go to movie?
From whom do you know my name?
Examples
1.
2.
3.
Dia memanggil saksi
Saksi itu membela dirinya
Dia memanggil saksi yang membela dirinya
He called upon the witness who defended himself
He called upon the witness defending himself
Ahmad meracuni cucunya
Dia menganggap cucunya sebagai tukang gaduh
Ahmad meracuni cucunya yang dia anggap sebagai
tukang gaduh
Ahmad poisoned his grandson whom he regarded as a
trouble maker.
Doddy menikahi wanita
Anak (pr) wanita itu teman sekelasnya.
Doddy menikahi wanita, yang anaknya teman sekelas
dia
Doddy married the woman whose daughter was his
classmate.
The advising bank will
pay the L/C
The advising bank is
provided with several
documents mentioned by
the law
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
Terdakwa mengajukan bukti.
Dia berharap bukti itu membela kepentingannya.
Terdakwa mengajukan bukti yang dia harap untuk membela
kepentingannya.
The defendant adduced the evidence which he/she expected to
defend his/her interest.
That boy ate the rice.
The rice was poisoned by his grandpa.
That boy ate the rice which was poisoned by his grandpa.
The boy ate the rice poisoned by his grandpa
Actions and statements are also of concern to the law of contracts.
Actions and statements give rise to expectations.
Actions and statements which give rise to expectations are also of
concern to the law of contracts.
The main objective of any international convention is to create a
peaceful and harmonious condition
Regulated community resides in a peaceful and harmonious
condition
The main objective of any international convention is to create a
peaceful and harmonious condition in which regulated community
resides
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
A judge will be fired.
That judge is proven to receive bribery.
We will have a lecture from a speaker
The speaker is the author “International Law
Treaties.”
1. He was born in a house
a house
2. He was born in a house which he lived in
3. He was born in a house in which he lived
4. He was born in a house where he lived
1. He lived in
2. Romeo died on the date
3. Juliet was born on the date
4. Romeo died on the date which Juliet
was born on
5. Romeo died on the date on which Juliet
was born.
6. Romeo died on the date when Juliet
was born
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The law of contracts is concerned with
expectations.
The expectations are induced by the conduct of
others.
The labors were deported by the Malaysian
government.
The labors did not have travel documents.
The Supreme Court decided that all plants must
be relocated
All plants are located around the Taj Mahal,
The witness is called an a de charge witness.
The witness defends the defendant’s interest.
The good neighborliness principle is codified in
the Stockholm Declaration.
The good neighborliness principle derives from
a Romance legal maxim.
Exercises # 2
1. Buku yang saya baca ini dicetak pada tahun
2.
3.
4.
5.
1955.
Dia akan menyewa rumah yang terletak di
bukit itu.
Jaksa akan menahan pria yang Laura
Laporkan kemaren.
Kami akan menggugat wanita yang menjual
mobil kuno itu.
Mobil yang kacanya pecah itu adalah mobil
Kepala Desa
1. He drove the van
The van was repaired
by a drunken mechanic
Ali bought a car
The car is made in
Rusia
Exercises
6.
7.
8.
An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
describes a process.
The process produces a statement to be used in
guiding decision-making, with several related
functions
EIA procedure requires that a developer or
business owner submit a written document.
The written document describes the probable or
possible future environmental impact of the
intended action.
EIA is a detailed study concerning the potential
effects
The potential effects arise from a proposed
activity,
The potential effects have a significant adverse
impact on the environment.
Exercises
9. Ali sues a man
The man lives opposite to his house
10. Ali sues a woman
The woman’s dog bit him
11. The inspector asked questions to the
thief
The Birugo villager hit the thief
12. Pasar Raya Traders came to consult the
Legislators
Pasar Raya Traders objected to Mayor’s
development plan.
13. Pasar Raya Traders protested the city
plan
The city plan would injure their economy
Exercises
1. The B Tinggi Policeman caught the
computer analyst ......... I hired to create
my office website.
2. The Supreme Court ordered the
defendant to release the cargo .......... he
seizured.
3. The Court decided that the doctor to pay
compensation to the artist ....... nose was
operated.
Exercises
1. All shoppers who entered the rear door
were all dead due to noxious gas from
the incinerator.
2. All shoppers entering the rear
door ..........
3. The shoppers who were injured got
compensation from the management of
the plaza.
4. The shoppers injured got compensation
from the management of the plaza
Any person can be punished for 1 year imprisonment
Any person breaks Article 21 of this Regulation.
Any person that breaks article 21 of this Regulation
can be punished for 1 year imprisonment.
I want to do something
Something makes me happy.
I want to do something that makes me happy
I want to do something makes me happy
Everything that I do I do it for you
Any person that
Omission of Relative Pronoun
1.
2.
3.
4.
He called upon the witness who defended
himself.
He called upon the witness defending himself
That boy ate the rice which was poisoned by
his grandpa.
That boy ate the rice, poisoned by his grandpa.
The law of contracts is concerned with the
expectations which are induced by the conduct
of others.
The law of contracts is concerned with the
expectations induced by the conduct of others.
Actions and statements are also of concern to
the law of contracts which give rise to
expectations.
Actions and statements are also of concern to
the law of contracts giving rise to expectations.
Omission of Relative Pronoun
5.
6.
7.
8.
The labors, who did not have travel documents, were
deported by the Malaysian government.
The labors, not having travel documents, were deported
by the Malaysian government.
The witness, who defends the defendant’s interest, is
called an ad-charge witness.
The witness, defending the defendant’s interest, is called
an ad-charge witness.
The good neighborliness principle, which derives from a
Romance legal maxim, is codified in the Stockholm
Declaration.
The good neighborliness principle, deriving from a
Romance legal maxim, is codified in the Stockholm
Declaration.
The Supreme Court decided that all plants, which are
located around the Taj Mahal, must be relocated.
The Supreme Court decided that all plants, located
around the Taj Mahal, must be relocated.
Omission of Relative Pronoun
The good neighborliness principle, which derives from a
Romance legal maxim, is codified in the Stockholm
Declaration.
The good neighborliness principle, deriving from a Romance
legal maxim, is codified in the Stockholm Declaration
10. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) describes a
process which produces a statement to be used in guiding
decision-making, with several related functions.
An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) describes a
process, producing a statement to be used in guiding
decision-making, with several related functions.
11. EIA procedure requires that a developer or business owner
submit a written document, which describe the probable or
possible future environmental impact of the intended action.
EIA procedure requires that a developer or business owner
submit a written document, describing the probable or
possible future environmental impact of the intended action.
9.
Present Participle
Smiling General
Floating restaurant
a decision-making process at the state
court is based on the procedural law.
a dispute-solving mechanism in the
Arbitration Act puts aside the
competency of the state court
law-making treaty
racing car
frying banana
I regard the disputesolving mechanism in the
Arbitration Act cause
injury to the local
business people
man-eating man
International convention
implementing-legislation
1. In the Ozone Convention, the
rarifying state is not allowed to
trade the ozone-eating
substances with the non-ratifying
state
Based on International law, a
state must prevent foreign
workers –employing companies
to practice salary discrimination.
In the Diplomatic and Consular
Conventions, the receiving state
is obliged to give protection to
the diplomatic agent of the
sending state.
Advising bank must obtain a
consent from the Issuing bank
before paying the money to the
third party.
Leasing agreement
leasing company
borrowing agreement
leasee
leasor
payer
payee
payment
Past Participle
The court permits the use of the
stolen car by the victim
Any disputed land is strictly forbiden
to be sold.
The EEZ is a kind of a sovereigned
right under international law of the
sea. Cosequently, Any land-locked
country has the legal right to catch
fish in the economic exclssive zone of
any coastal state.