MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE MIXED Mechanical Properties Of Concrete Mixed With Waste Glass.

M ECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE M IXED
W ITH W ASTE GLASS

THESIS

Arranged By:
HAMED.A.EMHEMED ABUSHAREB
S100130031

POST GRADUATE PROGRAM
MASTER PROGRAM IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH
SURAKARTA
2015

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M ECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE M IXED
W ITH W ASTE GLASS

Arranged by:

HAMED.A.EMHEMED ABUSHAREB
S100130031
This thesis approved 11 March 2015 by.

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Abstract
The study of waste glass (WG) concrete mix was done to study mechanical properties of concrete
mix with target characteristics strength 30MPa at 28 days age. The laboratory experimental
study was conducted at Muhammadiyah University between October and December 2014,to find
out the high strength and amount for Waste Glass as fine aggregates replacement in a concrete
mix. Also alkali silica reaction (ASR) was determined by expansion test. For mechanical
properties compressive strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were
determined. All measurement was done in accordance to ASTM standard methods. Three sample
content types of 10%, 15% and 20% concrete mix containing waste glass and control 0%
concrete mix were prepared, casted and cured for 28 days before determination of mechanical

properties, and mortar bar were caste and cured for 14 days for ASR determination. Results
showed that highest measured characteristics strength was 30.72MPa, for flexural strength was
6.8MPa and for modulus of elasticity was 37.42MPa, and the high expansion test was 28%
compared to control concrete mix. For the amount waste glass replacement was determined in
relation to high characteristics strength yield which was found at 10% WG replacement. The
conclusion reached to this study were; Maximum characteristic strength for glass concrete mix
was reached with 10% fine aggregate replaced was 30.72Mpa at 28 days age. While for ASR
,fine aggregate replacement by waste glass showed expansion at all amount replaced.

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Abstract
St udi t ent ang limbah kaca (WG) bet on dilakukan unt uk mempelajari sifat mekanik bet on
dengan karakt erist ik sasaran kekuat an 30M Pa pada 28 hari usia. Laborat orium Penelit ian
eksperiment al dilakukan di Universit as M uhammadiyah ant ara Oktober dan Desember 2014,
unt uk menget ahui kekuat an t inggi dan jumlah Limbah Kaca sebagai penggant i agregat halus
dalam campuran beton. Juga silika reaksi alkali (ASR) dit ent ukan dengan uji ekspansi. Unt uk
sifat mekanik kuat t ekan, kuat lent ur dan modulus elast isit as (M OE) dit ent ukan. Semua
pengukuran dilakukan sesuai dengan metode st andar ASTM . Tiga jenis kont en sampel dari 10%,
15% dan 20% campuran bet on yang mengandung limbah kaca dan kont rol 0% campuran bet on

siap, dicor dan sembuh selama 28 hari sebelum penent uan sifat mekanik, dan bar mort ir yang
kast a dan sembuh selama 14 hari unt uk Penent uan ASR. Hasil penelit ian menunjukkan bahw a
kekuat an karakt erist ik diukur t ert inggi adalah 30.72M Pa, lent ur adalah 6.8M Pa dan modulus
elast isit as adalah 37.42M Pa, dan uji ekspansi t inggi adalah 28% dibandingkan dengan kont rol
campuran bet on. Unt uk penggant ian kaca jumlah limbah dit ent ukan dalam kait annya dengan
hasil kekuat an karakt erist ik t inggi yang dit emukan pada 10% penggant i W G. Kesimpulan yang
dicapai penelit ian ini adalah; Kekuat an karakterist ik maksimum unt uk kaca bet on dicapai
dengan 10% agregat halus digant i adalah 30.72M pa pada 28 hari usia. Sedangkan unt uk ASR,
penggant ian agregat halus oleh kaca limbah menunjukkan ekspansi di semua jumlah yang
digant i.

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‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬
ACKNOW LEDGEM ENT

Fir st and for emost, w ant thank Allah I w ould like to expr ess my sincer e thanks
and appr eciation to my mother , and academic super visor s Assoc.Dr .
Mohamad Solikin and Dr .Ir . Sr i Sunar jono w ho continuously guided me
thr oughout ever y step of my study and gener ously shar ed their time and

know ledge w ith me.
M y special t hanks must be ext ended t o t echnical st aff members post graduat e program mast er
program in civil engineering M UHAM M ADIYAH UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA M illion w ords of
t hanks for fellow friends w ho show ed t heir Concern and support all t he w ay. Abdullah .t heir
view s and t ips are useful indeed. Unfort unat ely, it is not possible t o list all of t hem in t his
limit ed space.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND ………………………………………………………………1

1.1

Introduction…………………………………………………………...……………………1

1.2

Problems statement…………………..……………………………………………………5

1.3

Hypothesis …………………………………..…………………………………………… 6

1.4

Objectives…………………………………………….……………………………………7

1.5

Scope of Study…………………………….………………………………………………7

1.6

Justification, Significance or Benefit……...………………………………………………7

1.7

Methodology of the study……………………….…………………………………………8

CHAPTER II

LITERETURE REVIEW AND BASIC THEORY…………………...……9

2.1

Literature Review………………………………………………………….………………9

2.1.1

Previous Studies on Waste Glass Uses in a Concrete Mixture……………………………9

2.2

Basic Theory…………………………………………………………………..…………15

2.2.1

Concrete…………………………………………………………………………………15

2.2.2

Cement……………………………………………………………..……………………16

2.2.3

Water ……………………………………………………………………………………16

2.2.4

Aggregates ……………………………………………………...………………………17

2.2.5

Admixtures………………………………………………………….……………………18

2.2.6

Pozzolans………………………………………………………………………………..18

2.2.7

Glass ……………………………………………………………………….……………18

2.2.8

Waste glass………………………………………………………………………………19

2.3

Alkali Silica Reaction…………………………………………………...………………20

2.3.1

ASR Mechanism………………………………………………………………………..21

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………………22

3.1

Research Explanation …………………………………………….…...………………..22

3.1.1

Introduction

3.1.2

Location and Time……………………………………………………………………….23

……………………………………………………..……………………..22

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3.1.3

Data collection techniques……………………………………………………………….23

3.2

Testing For Material ………………...…………………………………………………27

3.2.1

Cement…………...………………………………………………………………………27

3.2.2

Aggregates ………………………………………………………………………………27

3.2.3

Glass……………………………………………………………………………………..29

3.2.4

Water……………………………………………………………………………………..29

3.3

Mix Design Of Concrete……………………………………………….……..………….30

3.3.1

Concrete mix Design target strength 30 MPa for 28 days age ……….…………………30

3.3.2

Method selection…………………………………………………………………………30

3.3.3. Determination of the Mean Target Strength (Ft) …………………………………………31
3.3.4

Procedure for Mix Design ……………………….………………………………………36

3.4

Slump Test …….…………………………………..……………………………………………37

3.5

Making and Curing of cube…………….……….…………………………………...……………37

3.6

Testing for Specimens………………….…………………………………………………………38

3.6.1 Plan and Methods …………………….…………………………………………………………..38

3.6.2

Compressive strength test……………………………………………….……………….39

3.6.3

Flexural strength testing……………………………………………………...…………..40

3.6.4

Modulus of elasticity……………………………………………………………………..40

3.6.5

Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) Test…………………………………………….…………41

3. 7

Matrix Of Specimens ……………………………………………………………………42

3.8

Data Analysis Methods…………………………………..………………………………42

CHAPTER IV RESULT ANDDISCUSSION…………………….…………………………44
4.1

Introduction……………………………………………………………………...………44

4.2

Material Properties Tests………………………………………………………..……….45

4.2.1

Cement …………………………………………………………………..………………45

4.2.2

Natural Coarse Aggregate Test …………………………………………...……………..45

4.2.3

Fine Aggregate Test ……………………………………………………………………..48
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4.2.4

Waste Glass Aggregate Test……………………………………………..………………50

4.3

Mixing, Slump test, Molding and Curing …………………………….…………………53

4.3.1

Mix Proportion…………………………………………………...………………..…….53

4.3.2

Mixing and Molding……………………………………………………………………..53

4.3.3

Curing……………………………………………………………..……………………..54

4.3.4

Slump Test ……………………………………………………...……………………….54

4.4

Testing for specimens…………………………………………..………………………..56

4.4.1

Compressive Strength……………………………………………………………………56

4.4.2

Flexural Strength …………………………………………………..…………...………..60

4.4.3

Modulus of Elasticity………………………………………………………...…………..62

4.4.4

Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) ASTM C 227and C 12……………..……………………..64

4.5. Comparison between the Measured Mechanical Properties………………………………...69

CHAPTER V……………………………………………………………………………………72
5.1

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………72

5.2

Suggestion…………………………………….……………………………………………73

REFERENCE……………………………………………………………………………………74

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LIST OF TABLE

Table.2.1

shows approximate compositions and the corresponding uses of various common
forms of glass ……………………………………………………………………..19

Table 3.1

General Properties and Composition of OPC Type……….……………..……..…27

Table 3.2

The Grading requirement for Fine aggregate as designated by ASTM C 3….…...28

Table 3.3

Grading Requirement for Coarse Aggregates as designated by ASTM C 33.…....29

Table 3.4

Glass chemical composition………………………………………………….……29

Table 3.5

Given Concrete Data Description …….………………………………………..…30

Table 3.6

Recommended values of slump for various types of construction as given by A CI
211.1-91 (reapproved 2002). ………………………………………………………32

Table 3.7

Approximate requirements for mixing water and air content workability and
nominal maximum sizes of aggregates according to ACI 211.1-9…………..……33

Table. 3.8

Relation between water/cementation material ratio average compressive strength of
concrete, according to ACI 211.1-91 (reapproved 2002 ).…………….…………...34

Table 3.9

Dry bulk volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete as given by ACI
211.1-91 (reapproved 2002). …………...……………………………..……………35

Table 3.10 Concrete mix design outputs at 30 MPa. ….…………………………..….…..……36
Table 3.11 Concrete mix design materials description………………………………..…..……36
Table.3.12

for Variables Parameters…………………………………………………..….……39

Table.3.13

Matrix for Specimens Description …………………………….……….…………42

Table .3.14 . Batch Material Proportioning…………………………………..………………….43
Table. 4.1

Test, Standard and Samples Specimens …..………………………………………44
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Table 4.2

Coarse Aggregate Test Result………………………….…………….……………45

Table 4.3

Gradation of Coarse Aggregate ………………………………...……..………..…46

Table 4.4

Fine aggregate test result……………….……………………….………....………48

Table 4.5

Gradation of Fine Aggregate………………………………………………………49

Table 4.6

Fine aggregate test result …………………………………………………….……50

Table. 4.7

Fine Aggregates (Glass) Gradation …………………………………….…………51

Table 4.8

Mixtures Proportion………………………………………………………….……53

Table 4.9

Slump Test Result description …………………………….....…………….………55

Table 4.10

Characteristic Strength (MPa) ………………………...……..…………...………56

Table 4.11

Flexural Strength (MPa) at 28 days. …………………………….…………..……60

Table 4.12

Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) at 28 days as ASTM C 469….…………………….62

Table: 4.13

Mortar Mixtures proportions used for ASTM C 1260 (ASR test) ………………..65

Table 4.14

ASTM C 1260 Expansion Test Results………………………………….……..….66

Table: 4.15. Comparison of Measured Mechanical Properties ………………………………….70

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TABLE OF FI GURE

Figure: 3.1. Flow chart for procedures for making waste glass concrete mix and experimental
testing……………………………………………………………………………………………25
Figure: 3.2. Flow chart showing the procedure for preparation of waste glass fine aggregate …26
Figure 4.1

Coarse aggregates gradation ……………………………….………...……………47

Figure: 4.2

Fine aggregates gradation …………………………………..………..……………49

Figure: 4.3

Glass Sieve gradation as in accordance to ASTM C ………………………...……52

Figure: 4.4

Slump test for Fresh prepared WG concrete mix. ……………….……………..…55

Figure 4.5

Characteristic Strength of WG concrete at 28 Days………………………………58

Figure . 4.6 Flexural Strength of WG concrete mix……………………………………………61
Figure: 4.7

MOE WG concrete for 28 days age . Research Result (2014…………..…………63

Figure 4.8

Graphical illustration of ASR expansion test Results……………………

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APPENDIX LEST.

APPENDIX A : NCA and NFA and GA t est s.

APPENDIX B : Slum p t est

APPENDIX C: Compressive strengths test.

APPENDIX D: Flexural strengths test.

APPENDIX E: Modulus of elasticity test.

APPENDIX F: Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) test.

APPENDIX G: Pictures of the Tests from the Laboratory

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