The Effect of Solidification on Acoustical of Tin Bronze 20Sn Alloy.
Recent Decisions in
Technologies for
Sustainable Development
Edited by
A. Ghurri
N.P.G. Suardana
N.N. Pujianiki
I.N. Arya Thanaya
A.A. Diah Parami Dewi
I.N. Budiarsa
I.W. Widhiada
I.P. Agung Bayupati
I.N. Satya Kumara
Recent Decisions in
Technologies for Sustainable
Development
Selected, peer reviewed papers from the
3rd International Conference on
Sustainable Technology Development
(ICSTD 2014),
October 30-31, 2014, Bali, Indonesia
Edited by
A. Ghurri, N.P.G. Suardana, N. N. Pujianiki,
I. N. Arya Thanaya, A.A. Diah Parami Dewi,
I. N. Budiarsa, I. W. Widhiada,
I. P. Agung Bayupati and I.N. Satya Kumara
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Applied Mechanics and Materials
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Preface
This volume was selected from papers presented at the 3rd International Conference on
Sustainable Technology Development (ICSTD Bali 2014), which have been held in Udayana
University Bali during October 30-31, 2014. The conference was organized by Faculty of Engineering,
University of Udayana Bali Indonesia. This conference covered wide range of engineering issues
toward the achievement of sustainablility.
In order to meet high standard of Applied Mechanics and Materials, the organization committee
has made their efforts to do the following things. Firstly, all submitted papers have been reviewed by 2
anonymous expert reviewers, poor quality papers have been rejected after reviewing. Secondly,
periodically review meetings have been held around the reviewers about three times for exchanging
reviewing suggestions. Finally, the conference organization had several preliminary sessions before the
conference. Through efforts of the scientific committee and Editors team, the volume will be the best
collected papers.
We would like to thank the Faculty of Engineering, University of Udayana, the member of
organizing and scientific committees, and also to TTP publisher.
Editors
Ainul Ghurri
N.P.G. Suardana
Ni Nyoman Pujianiki
I Nyoman Arya Thanaya
A.A. Diah Parami Dewi
I Nyoman Budiarsa
I Wayan Widhiada
I Putu Agung Bayupati
I.N. Satya Kumara
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Technologies of Sustainable Development in Civil
Engineering, Transportation and Urban Planning
Sustainable Development of Concrete Using GGBS: Effect of Curing Temperatures on the
Strength Development of Concrete
G. Turu'allo
Properties of Sand Sheet Asphalt Mixture Incorporating Waste Plastic
I.N.A. Thanaya, I.G.R. Purbanto and I.G. Wikarga
Asphalt Pavement Temperature Profile for Tropical Climate in Indonesia
I.M.A. Ariawan, B.S. Subagio and B.H. Setiadji
The Development of Slurry Seal Design with Ordinary Portland Cement Replacement by
Low Calcium Fly Ash
A. Setyawan, D. Sarwono and M.S. Adnan
The Structural Properties Assessment of Thin Hot Mixture Asphalt for Pavement
Preservation
A. Setyawan, A.H. Mustafa Elshawesh and S. As'ad
Mechanical Strength of Hydraulic Binder Made by Blending Type I Portland Cement and
Pozzolan
I.M.A.K. Salain
Laboratory Tests on Failure of Retaining Walls Caused by Sinusoidal Load
A.M. Hidayati, R.W. Sri Prabandiyani and I.W. Redana
Deformation Behavior of Concrete due to the Influence of the Steel Ring Width Variations
as the External Confinement
E. Safitri, I. Imran, Nuroji and S. Asa'ad
Evaluation of High Grade Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete Quality Using NonDestructive Testing Technique
N.N. Kencanawati, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, Akmaluddin and M. Shigeishi
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Bolted Bamboo Joints without Void Filled
Material
G.M. Oka, A. Triwiyono, A. Awaludin and S. Siswosukarto
The Significant Importance to Measure Road Safety
S.A. Caroline
Accessibility to Location of Activities in Denpasar City, Bali-Indonesia
P.A. Suthanaya
Travel Time Estimation Based on Spot Speed with Instantaneous and Time Slice Model
A.M.H. Mahmudah, A. Budiarto and S.J. Legowo
Port Location Selection Model: Case Study of Tourism Sector in Bali
R.M.N. Budiartha, T. Achmadi and D. Manfaat
Determining Passenger Car Equivalent for Motorcycle at Mid-Block of Sesetan Road
I.G.R. Purbanto
Readiness Criteria: Indonesias New Initiative to Ensure Sustainable Development Program
A. Merthayasa
Conceptual Framework of Bidding Strategy in Order to Improve Construction Project
Performance
I.N.Y. Astana, H.A. Rusdi and M.A. Wibowo
The Conceptual Framework of Design Change Effects in Some Project Delivery Systems
A.A.G.A. Yana, H.A. Rusdi and M.A. Wibowo
An Identification of Construction Project Overheads for Sustainable Cost Management and
Controlling Practices (CMCPs)
N.M. Jaya and A. Frederika
Risk Analyses for Riau Regional Water Supply Projects (SPAM), Indonesia
A. Sandhyavitri
3
9
17
24
30
36
41
47
53
59
66
74
80
87
95
101
108
114
121
127
b
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
Modeling Discharge of the Bangga Watershed under Climate Change
I.W. Sutapa, M. Bisri, Rispiningtati and L. Montarcih
Water Resources Management of Subak Irrigation System in Bali
I.N. Norken, I.K. Suputra and I.G.N.K. Arsana
Study of the Evolution of Sanur Beach Nourishment Project for Beach Enhancement
I.G.B.S. Dharma and S.S. Efendi
Numerical Simulation of Breaking Waves in a Wave Group by SPH
N.N. Pujianiki
The Study on Bore Piles Foundation of the Reinforced Concrete Arch Bridge Beams of
Tukad Pekerisan and Tukad Penet
I.N. Sutarja and I.W. Wayan Redana
The Importance of the Physical Boundary Line onBali Coastal Tourist Resorts
A. Rajendra, N. Temple and R. Nicholls
Comparative Analysis of Traditional House at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah with Modern
House
S. Purnawan, I.W. Sukania and L. Widodo
133
139
145
151
157
163
169
Chapter 2: Materials and Technologies for a Sustainable Development
The Property and Applicability to Auto Industry of Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
R.H. Hu, Z.G. Ma, S. Zheng, C.L. Zheng and A.J. Jiang
Fracture Parameters of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polycarbonate Composite
Fabricated by Injection Molding Process
M.G. Hwang, G.H. Kim, H.J. Park, Y.G. Lee, C.M. Yang, J.K. Lim and H.Y. Kang
Effect of Polar Extract of Cocoa Peels Inhibitor on Mechanical Properties and
Microstructure of Mild Steel Exposed in Hydrocloric Acid
Gunawarman, Y. Yetri, Emriadi, N. Jamarun, Ken-Cho, M. Nakai and M. Niinomi
Hardness Distribution and Effective Case Depth of Low Carbon Steel after Pack
Carburizing Process under Different Carburizer
D.N.K.P. Negara, I.D.M.K. Muku, I.K.G. Sugita, I.M. Astika, I.W. Mustika and D.G.R. Prasetya
The Effect of Solidification on Acoustical of Tin Bronze 20Sn Alloy
I.K.G. Sugita and I.G.N. Priambadi
Morphological Analyses and Crystalline Structures of Anodic TiO2 Thin Film on Ti6Al4V
Alloy Using Phosphate and Calcium Containing Electrolyte under Different Voltage and
Calcium Molarity
I.N.G. Antara, K.I.M. Gatot, I.M. Budiana and D.K. Choi
Determination of Optimal Clinker Factor in Cement Production by Chemical Grinding
Aids Addition
T. Eryanto and E. Amrina
Wear of Carbon Steel (0.65%C) in Rolling-Sliding Contact with Creep Ratio
M. Widiyarta, T.G.T. Nindhia and H. Mudiastrawan
Hardness Prediction Based on P-h Curves and Inverse Material Parameters Estimation
I.N. Budiarsa
The Influence of Austenisation Temperature and Holding Time on Mechanical Properties,
Scale Thickness, and Microstructure in Alloy Steel
A. Aziz, M. Hidayat and I. Hardiyanti
Hardness, Density and Porosity of Al/(SiCw+Al2O3p) Composite by Powder Metallurgy
Process without and with Sintering
K. Suarsana and R. Soenoko
Development of Fiberglass Woven Roving Composite as an Alternative Material for the
Hull of Fishing Boat
Winarto, W. Eddy, R. Liza and H. Syamsul
Tensile Strength of Banana Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites Materials
A.P. Irawan and I.W. Sukania
Green Composites Based on Recycled Plastic Reinforced Local Sisal Fibers
N.P.G. Suardana, N.M. Suaniti and I.P. Lokantara
Cement Bonded Sol-Gel TiO2 Powder Photocatalysis for Phenol Removal
N. Hafizah and I. Sopyan
179
186
193
201
208
215
223
229
233
239
246
253
260
264
271
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
Review on Zn-Based Alloys as Potential Biodegradable Medical Devices Materials
M.S. Dambatta, D. Kurniawan, S. Izman, B. Yahaya and H. Hermawan
Bone Implant Materials from Eggshell Waste
I. Sopyan
Boiling Phenomenon of Tabulate Biomaterial Wick Heat Pipe
W.N. Septiadi and N. Putra
Fluidization Characteristic of Sewage Sludge Particles
I.N.S. Winaya, R.S. Hartati and I.N.G. Sujana
Design of Fluidized Bed Co-Gasifier of Coal and Wastes Fuels
I.N.S. Winaya, R.S. Hartati, I.P. Lokantara, I.G. Subawa and I.M.A. Putrawan
c
277
282
289
294
300
Chapter 3: Advanced Decisions in Mechanical Engineering
Magnetic Camera and its Applications in Aging Aircraft, Express Train and Pipelines for
Green Technology
J.Y. Lee and J.M. Kim
Buckling Analysis on Pechiko Field of Fixed Offshore Platform in Makassar Strait
M.Z.M. Alie, Y.R. Palentek and D.G. Sesa
Simulation of a Differential-Drive Wheeled Mobile Lego Robot Mindstorms NXT
I.W. Widhiada, C.G.I. Partha and Y.A.P. Wayan Reza
Design and Simulation of Five Fingers Gripper for Dexterous Pick-Up Various of
Components
I.W. Widhiada, E. Pitowarno, C.G.I. Partha and Y.A.P. Wayan Reza
Tar Balls Collector for Mechanical Recovery in Combating Oil Spill on the Marine
Environment
C.P. Mahandari, M. Yamin and D.S.A. Asandi
Three Wheel Bike as Physical Therapy Equipment for Post-Stroke Patient
I.M.L. Batan, Rodika and M. Riva'i
Geometric Progression Application in Design Transmission Gear Ratio
A.A.I.A.S. Komaladewi, I.G.A.K. Suriadi and I.K.A. Atmika
Role of Risk Management in Effective Maintenance
H.A. Yuniarto and P.F. Paristiawati
Redesign Combustion Air Shelter of the Furnace to Improve the Performance in Melting
Bronze for Manufacturing Gamelan
I.G.N. Priambadi, I.K.G. Sugita, A.A.I.A.S. Komaladewi, K. Astawa and I.W.B. Adnyana
Model of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission from Motorcycle to the Manufactures, Engine
Displacement, Service Life and Travel Speed
A.M. Mulyadi and S. Gunarta
Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Condensed Flow on the Vertical
Wave Plates
W.H. Piarah and Z. Djafar
Forces Analysis on a Spherical Shaped Delivery Valve of Hydram Pump
M. Suarda
The Influence of Distance Variation between Rings with Sloping Position on the Cylinder
Surface to Drag Coefficient
S.P.G.G. Tista, A. Ghurri and H. Wijaksana
Auto PID Tuning of Speed Control of DC Motor Using Particle Swarm Optimization Based
on FPGA
H. Tayara, D.J. Lee and K.T. Chong
Mobile Robot Motion Planning to Avoid Obstacle Using Modified Ant Colony Optimization
N. Habib, A. Soeprijanto, D. Purwanto and M.H. Purnomo
Mobile Robot Motion Control Using Laguerre-Based Model Predictive Control
M. Chipofya, D.J. Lee and K.T. Chong
Chapter 4: Application of Alternative Energy and Information
Technologies
309
313
319
325
331
337
343
349
355
361
371
377
384
390
396
403
d
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
Experimental Investigation of Micro-Hydro Waterwheel Models to Determine Optimal
Efficiency
L. Jasa, A. Priyadi and M.H. Purnomo
Understanding Peak Average Power Ratio in VFFT-OFDM Systems
N.M.A.E.D. Wirastuti
Fusing Multiple Inexpensive GPS Heading Data via Fuzzified Ad-Hoc Weighing
F.P. Vista IV, D.J. Lee and K.T. Chong
Tree Data Structure Implementation in Android Base System of E-Ulambebantenan
A.A.K.O. Sudana and A.A.G. Brampramana Putra
Design and Implementation of Web-Based Geographic Information Systems on Mapping
Hindu s Temple
N. Piarsa and K. Adi Purnawan
Improving Biogas Quality through Circulated Water Scrubbing Method
H.S. Tira, Y.A. Padang, Mirmanto and Hendriono
Study on Solar Generating Apparatus for Solving Problem of Shadow
J.W. Chang, S.S. Kim, J.K. Lim and J.J. Lee
An Experimental Study on the Thickness of Stainless Steel as an Electrode in Alkaline Fuel
Cell
M. Sucipta, I.M. Suardamana, I.K.G. Sugita, M. Suarda and K. Astawa
Transient Thermal Efficiency of Natural Hybrid Dryer System on Chimney Height
Variation of Exhaust Moist Air
M.R. Murti and C.W. Park
413
419
425
431
437
443
449
455
461
CHAPTER 1:
Technologies of Sustainable Development in Civil
Engineering, Transportation and Urban Planning
CHAPTER 2:
Materials and Technologies for a Sustainable
Development
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol 776 (2015) pp 208-214
© (2015) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.776.208
Submitted: 2015-02-19
Accepted: 2015-04-10
The Effect of Solidification on Acoustical of Tin Bronze 20Sn Alloy
I Ketut Gede Sugita 1,a, I G. N.Priambadi 2,b
1.2
Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Udayana University
a
sgita_03@yahoo.com , bpriambadi.ngurah@yahoo.com
Keywords: tin bronze, dendrite, acoustical, SDAS, solidfication rate
Abstract. This study was designed to determine the effect of the solidification rate on the acoustic
properties of the bronze alloy of 20% wt. Sn. Copper and commercially pure tin is melted in a
furnace to a temperature 1000, 1100 and 1200⁰C. The melted metal is poured into molds variation
temperature of 200, 300 and 400⁰C. Materials castings were cut and machined for specimen
damping capacity test.
The results showed that the reduction in mold temperature leads to an increase solidification
rate, which causes the shortness of the solidification time. The variation of the solidification rate
affects on the morphology of the microstructure and acoustical properties of the material. By
increasing the solidification rate influence on the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS)
decreases. It causes the material hardness increases and the damping capacity of material decreases.
There is a significant correlation between the material hardness and the damping capacity of
materials.
Introduction
Tin bronze with a composition of 87.5-80% Cu-20-22.5% Sn are generally used for musical
traditional materials such as bell, gamelan. It is because these alloys have good mechanical
properties, are stable in room temperature conditions, and have good acoustical characteristics that
can produce long sound (low damping vibration ) [1,2]. Commonly, the products are made of
bronze musical instruments such as gongs, bells, made by casting process.
One of the important parameters in the casting process is the process of solidification. It is a
process of change in the liquid phase to the solid phase. The solidification rate is influenced by the
temperature gradient of the liquid metal with the mold temperature. Preheating the metal mold aims
to avoid sudden temperature changes (temperature shock). Initial temperature of the mold that has
been studied is the temperature of 450-500 ⁰C [3], 300-400 ⁰C temperature [4]. Mold preheating
(300-400⁰C) on the gravity casting and high pressure can increase the fluidity. Campbell [4], states
that when the use of mold temperature approaching the the molten metal temperature, the fluidity of
alloy will be unlimited. The increased temperature lowers the nucleation rate and the cooling rate. It
increases the grain size and DAS [5]. Solididification rate also affects the form of the solidification
of dendrite tip radius. The higher the cooling rate, the more refined microstructure is formed, and
the pointy end of the dendrite is formed [6].
Related to this, there were several studies which have been conducted, such as: solidification
binary alloy system [7], solidification bronze alloy Cu-8% Sn [8], Cu-Sn peritectic alloy [9] and the
evolution of structure in the Cu-Sn alloy [10]. The solidification rate affects the micro structures
such as grain size and dendrite arm spacing (DAS). Changes on microstructure form directly affect
on the mechanical and acoustical properties of material castings.
Up to the present time, the studies on the influence of solidification of the acoustical
properties of tin bronze material for musical instruments (gamelan) has not been widely studied.
This study examines the effect of solidification rate on the microstructure and properties of
particular acoustic damping capacity.
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
209
Experimental Procedure
Alloy used in this study is tin bronze 20 Sn. The chemical composition of the alloy is
shown in Table 1. The pure commercial alloys are melted in a crucible furnace until the temperature
of 1000, 1100 and 1200⁰C variations. Metal that has been melted is poured in the mold with a size
of 250x55x15 mm. Mold is preheated at temperatures of 200, 300 and 400⁰C. Billet castings were
cut and machined. This is done for testing hardness and damping capacity specimens. Set-up of
damping capacity measurement refers to ASTME1876-01 standards [11], it shown in Figure 1. The
calculations of damping capacity use the method of logarithmic decrement. The damping capacity
was determined under simply supported free vibration bending model. The logarithmic decrement
, derived from the amplitude decay of specimen under free vibration, is given by [8].
1 Ai
= ln
n Ai+n
(1)
Where Ai and Ai+n are the amplitudes of the i th cycle and the (i + n) th cycle, by n periods of
oscillation.
Table 1 Chemical composition of alloy
Composition
Cu-20%Sn
Chemical Composition wt%
Cu
Sn
Si
79.18
19.1
-
Pb
1.18
Zn
0.505
Mn
0.0008
S
0.014
As
0.055
Figure 1. Set-up of damping capacity test
Results
Solidification Characteristics
Figure 2 shows the solidification characteristics of tin bronze 20 Sn alloy on the variation of
the mold temperature. The initial mold temperature varies at each temperature casting process, they
are 200,
300
and
Pouring
and
temperature
variation
the solidification
rate
curve.
The
solidification
rate
usemolding
of temperature
molding
temperature
of
200⁰C
is 13.112⁰C/s,
the highest
one
compared
with400⁰C.
the use
ofon
thethe
molding
of 400⁰C
that
isaffects
7.722⁰C/s.
The higher
the
solidification rate, the shorter time required in a complete solidification in comparison with a lower
solidification rate.
210
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
Figure 2. The effect of molds temperature on solidification of bronze 20Sn
The resullt of metallographic studies show that variation solidification rate have affected
microstructure form forming. Figure 3 a-c shows the microstructure of bronze alloy of 20% wt. Sn
due to solidification rate. The relatively tip dendrite shape is occurred at the solidification rate of
13.112⁰C/s (Figure 4a), and then it is getting spherical and bigger in accordance with the decrease
of solidification rate (Figure 3b-c). There is no change phase that occurs due to the differences in
the cooling rate. The relationship of the secondary dendrite arm spacing size (SDAS) and the
solidification rate is shown in Figure 4. The Size SDAS is getting decreases in accordance with the
increase of solidification rate.
Figure 3. Microstructure of alloy on ssolidification rate variations
a) 13.112 ⁰C/s, b) 10.206 ⁰C/s and c) 7.722 ⁰C/s.
(magnification 200x)
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
211
Figure 4. SDAS as a function of cooling rate
Relationship of cooling rate on VHN.
Figure 3 shows that the hardness of material (VHN) characteristic increases as with
solidification rate increases, eventhough has the opposite relationship with SDAS. The faster the
cooling rate in the solidfication process affects on finer the grain structure and the structure is more
dense. Material hardness is correlated with the density of a material.
Figure 5. VHN as a function of cooling rate
Relationship of cooling rate on damping capacity
Damping capacity is a measure of a material's ability to release energy during their
vibration. Low damping capacity means the ability of the alloy to release mechanical energy/low
vibration is characterized by the length of vibration. The materials having lower damping capacity
vibrates longer than those of having higher damping capacity. Figure 6 shows the relationship of
cooling rate with the damping capacity of tin bronze. The damping capacity of materials decreased
along with the increase of the cooling rate casting process.
Figure 6. Damping capacity as a function of cooling rate
212
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
Relationship of VHN on damping capacity
Figure 7. Damping capacity as a function of VHN
Figure 7 shows the relationship of material hardness (VHN) with the damping capacity of
tin bronze. The hardness of materials has a direct impact on the acoustic properties of the material,
especially the damping capacity of the material. The harder the materials, the lower the damping
capacity will be.
Casting defects
a.
Shrinkage porosity
b.
Gas porosity
Figure 8 SEM micrographs of casting defects
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
213
Casting process produces multiple defects in the form of casting defects such as gas
porosity and shrinkage porosity. Porosity is caused by two sources: shrinkage during solidification
and trapped gas. Alloys generally have higher densities in the solid state compared to the liquid
state, forming dendrite defects in the solidification interface called the shrinkage porosity (Figure
8a). Feeding casting process resulting turbulent flow can trap gases in liquids to form gas porosity.
The casting process on tin bronze alloy is also having defective castings such as gas porosity and
shrinkage porosity, as shown in Figure 8 b.
Discussion
The difference molds temperature rate were affected by variation of gradient temperature
between molten metal and mold temperature. The higher temperature difference between the liquid
metal with the mold temperature, the more speed of the solidification rate. The solidification rate is
influenced by the variations in the temperature gradient between the molten metal to the mold
temperature. The difference in the solidification rate affects on the shape of the resulting
microstructure. The size of SDAS tends to decrease in accordance with the increase of the
solidification rate. It is caused by the less time available diffusion of nucliation [11,4]. During the
solidification process the mold temperature increases due to heat transfer from the molten metal into
the mold. Mold absorbs the heat released by the molten metal, then heat is released into the
surrounding environment. Heat mold increasing temperature gradient will decrease the liquid metal
with the interface, so that the solidification rate is inhibited. This causes the longer time needed for
a complete solidification. The larger dendrite shape is occurred on the lower speed of solidification
rate. Research on the solidification rate of the material of no bronze is also observed that the
variation in the form of dendrite structure is influenced by variations in the speed of the
solidification of the wall into the mold until the mold. [3,13]. Solidification rate also affects the
form of dendrite tip radius. The higher the cooling rate, the more subtle microstructure formed, the
smaller SDAS, and the more pointed dendrite tip radius will be (6,13,14 and 15]. The smaller
SDAS are formed and the harder the properties of the material hardness. The high solidification rate
produces hardness of materials better than that of low rate of solidification. Finer structures are
formed at a high solidification rate. These will form many grain boundaries which can inhibit the
movement of dislocations. Therefore, the alloy strength increases [16].
Damping capacity is the ability of the materials to release elastic energy when the alloy is
getting impulse vibration. According to De Silvia [16] internal damping of material is influenced by
microstructural defects such as grain boundaries and impurities. Porosity is caused by two sources,
namely: shrinkage defect and gas trapped during solidification. Alloys generally have higher
densities in the solid state compared to the liquid state so that the shrinkage porosity formed on
solidification. Turbulent flow of molten metal during casting processes impact to trapping gases and
form porosity defect. Shape defects also occur due to shrinkage between the dendrite tips will cause
holes (voids) in the material. Void defects influence on the increase in the damping capacity of
material [17]. The increase in material damping capacity is caused by the vibrations that propagate
in the the material is absorbed by some porosity of material.
Conclusions
Research on the effect of solidification rate on the acoustic bronze material has been done so
that conclusions can be drawn. Pouring temperatures and temperature mold castings variation which
are used in the casting process affects the rate of solidification. The solidification rate affects the
resulted microstructure (SDAS). The difference in the generated microstructure due to variations in
the solidification rate affects the hardness and damping capacity of the material. The finer and the
smaller of microstructure shape effects on the increase of materila hardness. The increase in
hardness material affects on the decrease in damping capacity of material bronze.
214
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
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California, USA, 1984.
De Silva Clarence W,Vibration Fundamental and Practice, Boca Raton London, CRC Press,
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Technologies for
Sustainable Development
Edited by
A. Ghurri
N.P.G. Suardana
N.N. Pujianiki
I.N. Arya Thanaya
A.A. Diah Parami Dewi
I.N. Budiarsa
I.W. Widhiada
I.P. Agung Bayupati
I.N. Satya Kumara
Recent Decisions in
Technologies for Sustainable
Development
Selected, peer reviewed papers from the
3rd International Conference on
Sustainable Technology Development
(ICSTD 2014),
October 30-31, 2014, Bali, Indonesia
Edited by
A. Ghurri, N.P.G. Suardana, N. N. Pujianiki,
I. N. Arya Thanaya, A.A. Diah Parami Dewi,
I. N. Budiarsa, I. W. Widhiada,
I. P. Agung Bayupati and I.N. Satya Kumara
Copyright 2015 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland
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Volume 776 of
Applied Mechanics and Materials
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Preface
This volume was selected from papers presented at the 3rd International Conference on
Sustainable Technology Development (ICSTD Bali 2014), which have been held in Udayana
University Bali during October 30-31, 2014. The conference was organized by Faculty of Engineering,
University of Udayana Bali Indonesia. This conference covered wide range of engineering issues
toward the achievement of sustainablility.
In order to meet high standard of Applied Mechanics and Materials, the organization committee
has made their efforts to do the following things. Firstly, all submitted papers have been reviewed by 2
anonymous expert reviewers, poor quality papers have been rejected after reviewing. Secondly,
periodically review meetings have been held around the reviewers about three times for exchanging
reviewing suggestions. Finally, the conference organization had several preliminary sessions before the
conference. Through efforts of the scientific committee and Editors team, the volume will be the best
collected papers.
We would like to thank the Faculty of Engineering, University of Udayana, the member of
organizing and scientific committees, and also to TTP publisher.
Editors
Ainul Ghurri
N.P.G. Suardana
Ni Nyoman Pujianiki
I Nyoman Arya Thanaya
A.A. Diah Parami Dewi
I Nyoman Budiarsa
I Wayan Widhiada
I Putu Agung Bayupati
I.N. Satya Kumara
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Technologies of Sustainable Development in Civil
Engineering, Transportation and Urban Planning
Sustainable Development of Concrete Using GGBS: Effect of Curing Temperatures on the
Strength Development of Concrete
G. Turu'allo
Properties of Sand Sheet Asphalt Mixture Incorporating Waste Plastic
I.N.A. Thanaya, I.G.R. Purbanto and I.G. Wikarga
Asphalt Pavement Temperature Profile for Tropical Climate in Indonesia
I.M.A. Ariawan, B.S. Subagio and B.H. Setiadji
The Development of Slurry Seal Design with Ordinary Portland Cement Replacement by
Low Calcium Fly Ash
A. Setyawan, D. Sarwono and M.S. Adnan
The Structural Properties Assessment of Thin Hot Mixture Asphalt for Pavement
Preservation
A. Setyawan, A.H. Mustafa Elshawesh and S. As'ad
Mechanical Strength of Hydraulic Binder Made by Blending Type I Portland Cement and
Pozzolan
I.M.A.K. Salain
Laboratory Tests on Failure of Retaining Walls Caused by Sinusoidal Load
A.M. Hidayati, R.W. Sri Prabandiyani and I.W. Redana
Deformation Behavior of Concrete due to the Influence of the Steel Ring Width Variations
as the External Confinement
E. Safitri, I. Imran, Nuroji and S. Asa'ad
Evaluation of High Grade Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete Quality Using NonDestructive Testing Technique
N.N. Kencanawati, J. Fajrin, B. Anshari, Akmaluddin and M. Shigeishi
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Bolted Bamboo Joints without Void Filled
Material
G.M. Oka, A. Triwiyono, A. Awaludin and S. Siswosukarto
The Significant Importance to Measure Road Safety
S.A. Caroline
Accessibility to Location of Activities in Denpasar City, Bali-Indonesia
P.A. Suthanaya
Travel Time Estimation Based on Spot Speed with Instantaneous and Time Slice Model
A.M.H. Mahmudah, A. Budiarto and S.J. Legowo
Port Location Selection Model: Case Study of Tourism Sector in Bali
R.M.N. Budiartha, T. Achmadi and D. Manfaat
Determining Passenger Car Equivalent for Motorcycle at Mid-Block of Sesetan Road
I.G.R. Purbanto
Readiness Criteria: Indonesias New Initiative to Ensure Sustainable Development Program
A. Merthayasa
Conceptual Framework of Bidding Strategy in Order to Improve Construction Project
Performance
I.N.Y. Astana, H.A. Rusdi and M.A. Wibowo
The Conceptual Framework of Design Change Effects in Some Project Delivery Systems
A.A.G.A. Yana, H.A. Rusdi and M.A. Wibowo
An Identification of Construction Project Overheads for Sustainable Cost Management and
Controlling Practices (CMCPs)
N.M. Jaya and A. Frederika
Risk Analyses for Riau Regional Water Supply Projects (SPAM), Indonesia
A. Sandhyavitri
3
9
17
24
30
36
41
47
53
59
66
74
80
87
95
101
108
114
121
127
b
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
Modeling Discharge of the Bangga Watershed under Climate Change
I.W. Sutapa, M. Bisri, Rispiningtati and L. Montarcih
Water Resources Management of Subak Irrigation System in Bali
I.N. Norken, I.K. Suputra and I.G.N.K. Arsana
Study of the Evolution of Sanur Beach Nourishment Project for Beach Enhancement
I.G.B.S. Dharma and S.S. Efendi
Numerical Simulation of Breaking Waves in a Wave Group by SPH
N.N. Pujianiki
The Study on Bore Piles Foundation of the Reinforced Concrete Arch Bridge Beams of
Tukad Pekerisan and Tukad Penet
I.N. Sutarja and I.W. Wayan Redana
The Importance of the Physical Boundary Line onBali Coastal Tourist Resorts
A. Rajendra, N. Temple and R. Nicholls
Comparative Analysis of Traditional House at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah with Modern
House
S. Purnawan, I.W. Sukania and L. Widodo
133
139
145
151
157
163
169
Chapter 2: Materials and Technologies for a Sustainable Development
The Property and Applicability to Auto Industry of Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
R.H. Hu, Z.G. Ma, S. Zheng, C.L. Zheng and A.J. Jiang
Fracture Parameters of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polycarbonate Composite
Fabricated by Injection Molding Process
M.G. Hwang, G.H. Kim, H.J. Park, Y.G. Lee, C.M. Yang, J.K. Lim and H.Y. Kang
Effect of Polar Extract of Cocoa Peels Inhibitor on Mechanical Properties and
Microstructure of Mild Steel Exposed in Hydrocloric Acid
Gunawarman, Y. Yetri, Emriadi, N. Jamarun, Ken-Cho, M. Nakai and M. Niinomi
Hardness Distribution and Effective Case Depth of Low Carbon Steel after Pack
Carburizing Process under Different Carburizer
D.N.K.P. Negara, I.D.M.K. Muku, I.K.G. Sugita, I.M. Astika, I.W. Mustika and D.G.R. Prasetya
The Effect of Solidification on Acoustical of Tin Bronze 20Sn Alloy
I.K.G. Sugita and I.G.N. Priambadi
Morphological Analyses and Crystalline Structures of Anodic TiO2 Thin Film on Ti6Al4V
Alloy Using Phosphate and Calcium Containing Electrolyte under Different Voltage and
Calcium Molarity
I.N.G. Antara, K.I.M. Gatot, I.M. Budiana and D.K. Choi
Determination of Optimal Clinker Factor in Cement Production by Chemical Grinding
Aids Addition
T. Eryanto and E. Amrina
Wear of Carbon Steel (0.65%C) in Rolling-Sliding Contact with Creep Ratio
M. Widiyarta, T.G.T. Nindhia and H. Mudiastrawan
Hardness Prediction Based on P-h Curves and Inverse Material Parameters Estimation
I.N. Budiarsa
The Influence of Austenisation Temperature and Holding Time on Mechanical Properties,
Scale Thickness, and Microstructure in Alloy Steel
A. Aziz, M. Hidayat and I. Hardiyanti
Hardness, Density and Porosity of Al/(SiCw+Al2O3p) Composite by Powder Metallurgy
Process without and with Sintering
K. Suarsana and R. Soenoko
Development of Fiberglass Woven Roving Composite as an Alternative Material for the
Hull of Fishing Boat
Winarto, W. Eddy, R. Liza and H. Syamsul
Tensile Strength of Banana Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites Materials
A.P. Irawan and I.W. Sukania
Green Composites Based on Recycled Plastic Reinforced Local Sisal Fibers
N.P.G. Suardana, N.M. Suaniti and I.P. Lokantara
Cement Bonded Sol-Gel TiO2 Powder Photocatalysis for Phenol Removal
N. Hafizah and I. Sopyan
179
186
193
201
208
215
223
229
233
239
246
253
260
264
271
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
Review on Zn-Based Alloys as Potential Biodegradable Medical Devices Materials
M.S. Dambatta, D. Kurniawan, S. Izman, B. Yahaya and H. Hermawan
Bone Implant Materials from Eggshell Waste
I. Sopyan
Boiling Phenomenon of Tabulate Biomaterial Wick Heat Pipe
W.N. Septiadi and N. Putra
Fluidization Characteristic of Sewage Sludge Particles
I.N.S. Winaya, R.S. Hartati and I.N.G. Sujana
Design of Fluidized Bed Co-Gasifier of Coal and Wastes Fuels
I.N.S. Winaya, R.S. Hartati, I.P. Lokantara, I.G. Subawa and I.M.A. Putrawan
c
277
282
289
294
300
Chapter 3: Advanced Decisions in Mechanical Engineering
Magnetic Camera and its Applications in Aging Aircraft, Express Train and Pipelines for
Green Technology
J.Y. Lee and J.M. Kim
Buckling Analysis on Pechiko Field of Fixed Offshore Platform in Makassar Strait
M.Z.M. Alie, Y.R. Palentek and D.G. Sesa
Simulation of a Differential-Drive Wheeled Mobile Lego Robot Mindstorms NXT
I.W. Widhiada, C.G.I. Partha and Y.A.P. Wayan Reza
Design and Simulation of Five Fingers Gripper for Dexterous Pick-Up Various of
Components
I.W. Widhiada, E. Pitowarno, C.G.I. Partha and Y.A.P. Wayan Reza
Tar Balls Collector for Mechanical Recovery in Combating Oil Spill on the Marine
Environment
C.P. Mahandari, M. Yamin and D.S.A. Asandi
Three Wheel Bike as Physical Therapy Equipment for Post-Stroke Patient
I.M.L. Batan, Rodika and M. Riva'i
Geometric Progression Application in Design Transmission Gear Ratio
A.A.I.A.S. Komaladewi, I.G.A.K. Suriadi and I.K.A. Atmika
Role of Risk Management in Effective Maintenance
H.A. Yuniarto and P.F. Paristiawati
Redesign Combustion Air Shelter of the Furnace to Improve the Performance in Melting
Bronze for Manufacturing Gamelan
I.G.N. Priambadi, I.K.G. Sugita, A.A.I.A.S. Komaladewi, K. Astawa and I.W.B. Adnyana
Model of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission from Motorcycle to the Manufactures, Engine
Displacement, Service Life and Travel Speed
A.M. Mulyadi and S. Gunarta
Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Condensed Flow on the Vertical
Wave Plates
W.H. Piarah and Z. Djafar
Forces Analysis on a Spherical Shaped Delivery Valve of Hydram Pump
M. Suarda
The Influence of Distance Variation between Rings with Sloping Position on the Cylinder
Surface to Drag Coefficient
S.P.G.G. Tista, A. Ghurri and H. Wijaksana
Auto PID Tuning of Speed Control of DC Motor Using Particle Swarm Optimization Based
on FPGA
H. Tayara, D.J. Lee and K.T. Chong
Mobile Robot Motion Planning to Avoid Obstacle Using Modified Ant Colony Optimization
N. Habib, A. Soeprijanto, D. Purwanto and M.H. Purnomo
Mobile Robot Motion Control Using Laguerre-Based Model Predictive Control
M. Chipofya, D.J. Lee and K.T. Chong
Chapter 4: Application of Alternative Energy and Information
Technologies
309
313
319
325
331
337
343
349
355
361
371
377
384
390
396
403
d
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
Experimental Investigation of Micro-Hydro Waterwheel Models to Determine Optimal
Efficiency
L. Jasa, A. Priyadi and M.H. Purnomo
Understanding Peak Average Power Ratio in VFFT-OFDM Systems
N.M.A.E.D. Wirastuti
Fusing Multiple Inexpensive GPS Heading Data via Fuzzified Ad-Hoc Weighing
F.P. Vista IV, D.J. Lee and K.T. Chong
Tree Data Structure Implementation in Android Base System of E-Ulambebantenan
A.A.K.O. Sudana and A.A.G. Brampramana Putra
Design and Implementation of Web-Based Geographic Information Systems on Mapping
Hindu s Temple
N. Piarsa and K. Adi Purnawan
Improving Biogas Quality through Circulated Water Scrubbing Method
H.S. Tira, Y.A. Padang, Mirmanto and Hendriono
Study on Solar Generating Apparatus for Solving Problem of Shadow
J.W. Chang, S.S. Kim, J.K. Lim and J.J. Lee
An Experimental Study on the Thickness of Stainless Steel as an Electrode in Alkaline Fuel
Cell
M. Sucipta, I.M. Suardamana, I.K.G. Sugita, M. Suarda and K. Astawa
Transient Thermal Efficiency of Natural Hybrid Dryer System on Chimney Height
Variation of Exhaust Moist Air
M.R. Murti and C.W. Park
413
419
425
431
437
443
449
455
461
CHAPTER 1:
Technologies of Sustainable Development in Civil
Engineering, Transportation and Urban Planning
CHAPTER 2:
Materials and Technologies for a Sustainable
Development
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol 776 (2015) pp 208-214
© (2015) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.776.208
Submitted: 2015-02-19
Accepted: 2015-04-10
The Effect of Solidification on Acoustical of Tin Bronze 20Sn Alloy
I Ketut Gede Sugita 1,a, I G. N.Priambadi 2,b
1.2
Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Udayana University
a
sgita_03@yahoo.com , bpriambadi.ngurah@yahoo.com
Keywords: tin bronze, dendrite, acoustical, SDAS, solidfication rate
Abstract. This study was designed to determine the effect of the solidification rate on the acoustic
properties of the bronze alloy of 20% wt. Sn. Copper and commercially pure tin is melted in a
furnace to a temperature 1000, 1100 and 1200⁰C. The melted metal is poured into molds variation
temperature of 200, 300 and 400⁰C. Materials castings were cut and machined for specimen
damping capacity test.
The results showed that the reduction in mold temperature leads to an increase solidification
rate, which causes the shortness of the solidification time. The variation of the solidification rate
affects on the morphology of the microstructure and acoustical properties of the material. By
increasing the solidification rate influence on the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS)
decreases. It causes the material hardness increases and the damping capacity of material decreases.
There is a significant correlation between the material hardness and the damping capacity of
materials.
Introduction
Tin bronze with a composition of 87.5-80% Cu-20-22.5% Sn are generally used for musical
traditional materials such as bell, gamelan. It is because these alloys have good mechanical
properties, are stable in room temperature conditions, and have good acoustical characteristics that
can produce long sound (low damping vibration ) [1,2]. Commonly, the products are made of
bronze musical instruments such as gongs, bells, made by casting process.
One of the important parameters in the casting process is the process of solidification. It is a
process of change in the liquid phase to the solid phase. The solidification rate is influenced by the
temperature gradient of the liquid metal with the mold temperature. Preheating the metal mold aims
to avoid sudden temperature changes (temperature shock). Initial temperature of the mold that has
been studied is the temperature of 450-500 ⁰C [3], 300-400 ⁰C temperature [4]. Mold preheating
(300-400⁰C) on the gravity casting and high pressure can increase the fluidity. Campbell [4], states
that when the use of mold temperature approaching the the molten metal temperature, the fluidity of
alloy will be unlimited. The increased temperature lowers the nucleation rate and the cooling rate. It
increases the grain size and DAS [5]. Solididification rate also affects the form of the solidification
of dendrite tip radius. The higher the cooling rate, the more refined microstructure is formed, and
the pointy end of the dendrite is formed [6].
Related to this, there were several studies which have been conducted, such as: solidification
binary alloy system [7], solidification bronze alloy Cu-8% Sn [8], Cu-Sn peritectic alloy [9] and the
evolution of structure in the Cu-Sn alloy [10]. The solidification rate affects the micro structures
such as grain size and dendrite arm spacing (DAS). Changes on microstructure form directly affect
on the mechanical and acoustical properties of material castings.
Up to the present time, the studies on the influence of solidification of the acoustical
properties of tin bronze material for musical instruments (gamelan) has not been widely studied.
This study examines the effect of solidification rate on the microstructure and properties of
particular acoustic damping capacity.
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
209
Experimental Procedure
Alloy used in this study is tin bronze 20 Sn. The chemical composition of the alloy is
shown in Table 1. The pure commercial alloys are melted in a crucible furnace until the temperature
of 1000, 1100 and 1200⁰C variations. Metal that has been melted is poured in the mold with a size
of 250x55x15 mm. Mold is preheated at temperatures of 200, 300 and 400⁰C. Billet castings were
cut and machined. This is done for testing hardness and damping capacity specimens. Set-up of
damping capacity measurement refers to ASTME1876-01 standards [11], it shown in Figure 1. The
calculations of damping capacity use the method of logarithmic decrement. The damping capacity
was determined under simply supported free vibration bending model. The logarithmic decrement
, derived from the amplitude decay of specimen under free vibration, is given by [8].
1 Ai
= ln
n Ai+n
(1)
Where Ai and Ai+n are the amplitudes of the i th cycle and the (i + n) th cycle, by n periods of
oscillation.
Table 1 Chemical composition of alloy
Composition
Cu-20%Sn
Chemical Composition wt%
Cu
Sn
Si
79.18
19.1
-
Pb
1.18
Zn
0.505
Mn
0.0008
S
0.014
As
0.055
Figure 1. Set-up of damping capacity test
Results
Solidification Characteristics
Figure 2 shows the solidification characteristics of tin bronze 20 Sn alloy on the variation of
the mold temperature. The initial mold temperature varies at each temperature casting process, they
are 200,
300
and
Pouring
and
temperature
variation
the solidification
rate
curve.
The
solidification
rate
usemolding
of temperature
molding
temperature
of
200⁰C
is 13.112⁰C/s,
the highest
one
compared
with400⁰C.
the use
ofon
thethe
molding
of 400⁰C
that
isaffects
7.722⁰C/s.
The higher
the
solidification rate, the shorter time required in a complete solidification in comparison with a lower
solidification rate.
210
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
Figure 2. The effect of molds temperature on solidification of bronze 20Sn
The resullt of metallographic studies show that variation solidification rate have affected
microstructure form forming. Figure 3 a-c shows the microstructure of bronze alloy of 20% wt. Sn
due to solidification rate. The relatively tip dendrite shape is occurred at the solidification rate of
13.112⁰C/s (Figure 4a), and then it is getting spherical and bigger in accordance with the decrease
of solidification rate (Figure 3b-c). There is no change phase that occurs due to the differences in
the cooling rate. The relationship of the secondary dendrite arm spacing size (SDAS) and the
solidification rate is shown in Figure 4. The Size SDAS is getting decreases in accordance with the
increase of solidification rate.
Figure 3. Microstructure of alloy on ssolidification rate variations
a) 13.112 ⁰C/s, b) 10.206 ⁰C/s and c) 7.722 ⁰C/s.
(magnification 200x)
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
211
Figure 4. SDAS as a function of cooling rate
Relationship of cooling rate on VHN.
Figure 3 shows that the hardness of material (VHN) characteristic increases as with
solidification rate increases, eventhough has the opposite relationship with SDAS. The faster the
cooling rate in the solidfication process affects on finer the grain structure and the structure is more
dense. Material hardness is correlated with the density of a material.
Figure 5. VHN as a function of cooling rate
Relationship of cooling rate on damping capacity
Damping capacity is a measure of a material's ability to release energy during their
vibration. Low damping capacity means the ability of the alloy to release mechanical energy/low
vibration is characterized by the length of vibration. The materials having lower damping capacity
vibrates longer than those of having higher damping capacity. Figure 6 shows the relationship of
cooling rate with the damping capacity of tin bronze. The damping capacity of materials decreased
along with the increase of the cooling rate casting process.
Figure 6. Damping capacity as a function of cooling rate
212
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
Relationship of VHN on damping capacity
Figure 7. Damping capacity as a function of VHN
Figure 7 shows the relationship of material hardness (VHN) with the damping capacity of
tin bronze. The hardness of materials has a direct impact on the acoustic properties of the material,
especially the damping capacity of the material. The harder the materials, the lower the damping
capacity will be.
Casting defects
a.
Shrinkage porosity
b.
Gas porosity
Figure 8 SEM micrographs of casting defects
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
213
Casting process produces multiple defects in the form of casting defects such as gas
porosity and shrinkage porosity. Porosity is caused by two sources: shrinkage during solidification
and trapped gas. Alloys generally have higher densities in the solid state compared to the liquid
state, forming dendrite defects in the solidification interface called the shrinkage porosity (Figure
8a). Feeding casting process resulting turbulent flow can trap gases in liquids to form gas porosity.
The casting process on tin bronze alloy is also having defective castings such as gas porosity and
shrinkage porosity, as shown in Figure 8 b.
Discussion
The difference molds temperature rate were affected by variation of gradient temperature
between molten metal and mold temperature. The higher temperature difference between the liquid
metal with the mold temperature, the more speed of the solidification rate. The solidification rate is
influenced by the variations in the temperature gradient between the molten metal to the mold
temperature. The difference in the solidification rate affects on the shape of the resulting
microstructure. The size of SDAS tends to decrease in accordance with the increase of the
solidification rate. It is caused by the less time available diffusion of nucliation [11,4]. During the
solidification process the mold temperature increases due to heat transfer from the molten metal into
the mold. Mold absorbs the heat released by the molten metal, then heat is released into the
surrounding environment. Heat mold increasing temperature gradient will decrease the liquid metal
with the interface, so that the solidification rate is inhibited. This causes the longer time needed for
a complete solidification. The larger dendrite shape is occurred on the lower speed of solidification
rate. Research on the solidification rate of the material of no bronze is also observed that the
variation in the form of dendrite structure is influenced by variations in the speed of the
solidification of the wall into the mold until the mold. [3,13]. Solidification rate also affects the
form of dendrite tip radius. The higher the cooling rate, the more subtle microstructure formed, the
smaller SDAS, and the more pointed dendrite tip radius will be (6,13,14 and 15]. The smaller
SDAS are formed and the harder the properties of the material hardness. The high solidification rate
produces hardness of materials better than that of low rate of solidification. Finer structures are
formed at a high solidification rate. These will form many grain boundaries which can inhibit the
movement of dislocations. Therefore, the alloy strength increases [16].
Damping capacity is the ability of the materials to release elastic energy when the alloy is
getting impulse vibration. According to De Silvia [16] internal damping of material is influenced by
microstructural defects such as grain boundaries and impurities. Porosity is caused by two sources,
namely: shrinkage defect and gas trapped during solidification. Alloys generally have higher
densities in the solid state compared to the liquid state so that the shrinkage porosity formed on
solidification. Turbulent flow of molten metal during casting processes impact to trapping gases and
form porosity defect. Shape defects also occur due to shrinkage between the dendrite tips will cause
holes (voids) in the material. Void defects influence on the increase in the damping capacity of
material [17]. The increase in material damping capacity is caused by the vibrations that propagate
in the the material is absorbed by some porosity of material.
Conclusions
Research on the effect of solidification rate on the acoustic bronze material has been done so
that conclusions can be drawn. Pouring temperatures and temperature mold castings variation which
are used in the casting process affects the rate of solidification. The solidification rate affects the
resulted microstructure (SDAS). The difference in the generated microstructure due to variations in
the solidification rate affects the hardness and damping capacity of the material. The finer and the
smaller of microstructure shape effects on the increase of materila hardness. The increase in
hardness material affects on the decrease in damping capacity of material bronze.
214
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
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