bbs ii slide histology of endocrine glands
2/11/2011
1
• Endocrine system regulates metabolic activities
help in bring out homeostasis3
• Nervous & endocrine systems functions in different
way interact to modulate & coordinate metabolic
activities of body3
• Secretory products/hormones secreted into:1, 2
Blood or lymphatic circulation
Directly into intercellular space
• Rich in vascular supply, secreting cells
to cappilllaries2
direct access
2
1
2/11/2011
3
1. DUCTLESS GLANDS (pituitary
gland/hypophysis
gland/
hypophysis,, adrenal gland,
parathyroid gland, thyroid gland, pineal
gland)2, 3
2. UNICELLULAR ENDOCRINE CELLS form a
diffuse endocrine system (e. g: In GI tract,
conducting airways of lung)2, 3
4
2
2/11/2011
5
6
3
2/11/2011
• Lying in sella turcica2
• Produces hormones responsible for regulating
growth, reproduction & metabolism3
• Hypophysis subdivision :1, 2, 3
A. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (anterior pituitary)
epithelial component :
- Pars distalis anterior lobe
- Pars intermedia
- Pars tuberalis
B. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (posterior pituitary)
nervous component :
- Pars nervosa (major part)
- Infundibular stalk
- Median eminence
• 2Posterior lobe Pars intermedia + pars nervosa
7
8
4
2/11/2011
9 b
Figure 18.6a,
• 75% of hypophysis1
• Composed of cords of cells with large
sinusoidal cappilaries3
• Endothelial lining of sinusoids
fenestrated fascilitates diffusion of
releasing factors & provides entry sites
for secretions3
• 2 kind of cells base on affinity for dyes :1,
2, 3
1. Chromophobic cells
2. Chromophilic cells :
- Acidophilic cells
- Basophilic cells
10
5
2/11/2011
Secretory granules stain with
histological dyes
stain with
acid dyes or stain with basic
dyes3
•
•
Most abundant cells in pars
distalis3
Structure :2, 3
Large, round or ovoid cells
Lage secretory granules stain
orange to red with eosin
•
2 KIND OF CELLS
11
o
o
o
Secretory granules stain blue with
basic dye3
Located at periphery of pars distalis3
Consist of 3 types of cells :2, 3
12
6
2/11/2011
•
•
Small, No granules2
Less cytoplasm than chromophils
Fail to color with routine stains2,
3
•
•
Degranulated chromophilic
A reservoir of chromophilic cells2
13
Non secretory, star shape cells
Constitute large population of pars distalis
Have long processes form gap junction
Function not clear
14
7
2/11/2011
Acidophilic
cells
Somatotrope cells
Mammotrope cells
Corticotropes cells
Chromophilic Basophilic
cells
cells
Thyrotropes cells
FSH
secreting
Gonadotropes
cells
cells
LH secreting
cells
Chromophobe cells
Folliculostellate cells
15
• Forms a sleeve, around infundibular stalk2
• Longitudinally arranged cords of cuboidal to
low collumnar epithelial cells separated by
sinusoids1,2, 3
• Basophilic cytoplasm, small den
se granules, with lipid droplets3
• No spesific hormone secreted 2, 3
16
8
2/11/2011
• Rudimentary in humans, only 2%
of hypophysis2
• Consist of :2, 3
1. Chromophobe cells
2. Basophil cells small granules
3. Colloid
Colloid--containing cysts lined by
chromophobic or basophilic cell
(cuboidal cells)
• Function of cells is unknown1, 2
17
• Develops from a downgrowth of
hypothalamus
• Macroscopically consist of :2
1. Median Eminence
2. Infudibular Stalk
3. Infundibular Process (pars nervosa)
18
9
2/11/2011
• Tecnically not endocrine glands3
• Hormones synthesized in
perikarya of neurons supraoptic
& paraventicular nuclei in
hypothalamus pass down
axon stored in nerve
terminals that form pars
nervosa2
• Consist of unmyelinated nerve
fibers/axons forms
hypothalamo--hypophyseal tract1,
hypothalamo
2
19
• Axon contain HERRING BODIES
accumulation of dense neurosecretory
granules2, 3
• Pituicytes :1, 2, 3
Scattered among nerve fibers
25% of pars nervosa
Only nuclei stain well enough
Vary in size & shape
Equivalent to neuroglial cells of CNS
supported axons in pars nervosa
• Hormones stored & released from pars
nervosa :2
- ADH / Vasopressin
- Oxytocin
20
10
2/11/2011
21
• A pair of flattened, triangular struct2, 3
• Surrounded by thick conn. Tissue capsule
forms trabeculae
• Consist of adrenal cortex & adrenal
medulla2, 3
• A yellow pheripheral layer1
• 80
80--90% of organs3
• Parenchyma : continous cords of secretory
cells, separated by blood sinusoids2
22
11
2/11/2011
23
•
Subdivided into 3 layer :1, 2
1. Outer zona glomerulosa
2. Middle zona Fasciculata
3. Inner zona reticularis
1. Zona glomerulosa :1, 2, 3
A narrow band beneath capsule,
15% of organs
Small Collumnar cells arranged
into arcades
Spherical, central nuclei & 1 or 2
nucleoli
Acidophilic cytoplasm SER >>,
well develop golgi comp., short
mitochondria
24
12
2/11/2011
2. Zona Fasciculata :1, 2
Widest zone of cortex 65
65--80% of
organs
Polyhedral Cells larger than in other
2 zone arrange in radial collums
Spherical & centrally nuclei,
binucleate
Cytoplasm with many lipid droplets
lipid eliminated during
stainning appear vacuolated
cells called SPONGIOCYTE
Lipid droplets contain neutral fat,
fatty acids, fatty acyl esters of
cholesterol precursor for
synthesize steroid hormones
Spherical mitochondria, extensive
SER, some RER, lysosomes
25
3. Zona Reticularis :1, 2, 3
7% of organs
A network of irregular
anastomosing cords
Similar cells to fasciculata
except smaller
Acidophilic cytoplasm,
contain fewer lipid droplets
Nuclei stain more deeply
26
13
2/11/2011
•
Hormones secreted by :1, 2
1. Zona glomerulosa : mineralcorticoids primarily
aldosterone
2. Zona Fasciculata : glucocorticoids cortisone and
cortisol
3. Zona reticularis : glucocorticoids cortisone and
cortisol (probably)
•
Cells of adrenal cortex NOT store secretory
products in granules synthesize & secrete
steroid hormone only upon demands1
27
• Composed of Chromaffin cells &
sympathetic ganglionic cells3
• CHROMAFFIN CELLS :1, 2
A large round or polyhedral cells
Numerous brown granules
treated with chromium salts
(chromaffin reaction)
Granules may contain epinephrine
or norepinephrine (20% of
granules), ATP, chromogranins
(binding protein), dopamine beta
hidroxylase, enkephalins
Well develop golgi comp., some
RER, numerous mitochondria
28
14
2/11/2011
•
Enclosed in Conn. Tissue
capsule2
•
Consist of :2
A. Follicles
B. Colloid a gelatinous
material inside follicle
• Follicle :2
Spherical structure, vary in
diameter
Walls Simple squamous
epithelium
29
Transverse section (T: trachea,
Tg: thyroid gland,
Pg: parathyroid gland,
E: esophagus).
30
15
2/11/2011
• Principal (follicular) cells:2
Mainly form wall of follicle
Squamous to cuboidal or collumnar,
depend on activity of thyroid
Round to ovoid nuclei, centrally
placed, 2 nucleoli
Numerous small vesicles contain
thyroglobulin
In great demand of thyroid hormone,
follicular cells extend pseudopods
into follicles to envelop & absorb
colloid
Synthesized Thyroglobulin
31
32
16
2/11/2011
• Parafollicular / C cells:2, 3
Present in follicular epith.
in conn. Tissue between
follicles
2 or 3 times bigger than
follicular cells
Occur singly or group
Pale cytoplasm, round
nucleus, moderate RER,
elongated mitochondria
Dense secretory granules
contain calcitonin
(Thyrocalcitonin)
33
• Structure :2
Surrounded by thin conn. tissue capsule
trabeculae/septa with blood
vessels,lymphatics & nerve
Parenchymal consist of epithelial cells
2 types of cells
• Contain 2 types of cells :
1. Chief (principal) cells
2. Oxyphil cells
34
17
2/11/2011
35
1. Chief (principal) cells :2, 3
More numerous
Slightly eosinophiliceosinophilic-stainning
Contain granules
Round & centrally placed
vesicular nuclei
Juxtanuclear golgi complex,
elongated mitochondria,
abundant RER
PreProparathyroid hormone
synthesize on ribosomes of RER
on golgi complex become
parathyroid hormone
36
18
2/11/2011
2. Oxyphil cells :2, 3
Only small part of cell
populations
Occur singly or in group
Larger than chief cells
Cytoplasm stains intensely
with eosin (acidophil)
More mitochondria, smaller
golgi app. & little RER
Intermediate cells in
active phase of chief cells
Function unknown
37
•
•
Cover by thin conn. tissue capsule
(pial) tissue septa1, 2
2 types of cells :1, 2, 3
1. Pinealocytes
2. Glial / Intertitial cells
continous with meningeal
A. Pinealocytes
– Basophilic cells 2, 3
– Large lobulated nuclei 1, 2
– Produce melatonin & several other subtances
B. Glial / intertitial cells :1, 2
Fewer number than pinealocytes
Nuclei smaller & stain more deeply
Long cytoplasmic process, regarded as a form of astrocyte
38
19
2/11/2011
• Corpora adranacea (brain sand) :1, 2
Concretions found in pineal gland of humans
Irregularly shaped structures occur in capsule &
substance of gland
Consist mainly calcium carbonate & phosphates
Increased with age, function unknown
39
40
20
2/11/2011
•
Pancreatic islets : 2
Scattered among pancreatic
acini
Irregular, elongate masses of
pale stainning cells
In ordinary sections
homogenous population of
pale polygonal cell2
In elect. Micrograph & special
stainning :2
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alpha / A cells
Beta / B cells
Delta / D cells
PP cells
41
1. Alpha cells : 2
20% of islet cells
Periphery of islets
Contain large, dense,
spherical granules
2. Beta cells :2
78% of islet cells
Locate near the center of
islets
Secretory granules smaller
than alpha cells, contain
small, dense crystals
3. Delta & PP cells located
periphery of islets2
42
21
2/11/2011
CELL TYPES
A (alpha)
HORMONAL
SUBSTANCES
Glucagon
PRIMARY
FUNCTION
Increase blood sugar
B (beta)
Insulin
D (delta)
Somatostatin
Decrease blood
sugar
Inhibitor of hormone
secretions
PP
Pancreatic
Polypeptide
Opposes action of
cholecystokinin
43
1.
Basic Histology Text & Atlas , 10th ed. , L. Carlos Junquira
MD, Jose Carneiro MD, Robert O. Kelley PhD, Lange
Medical Books, Mc GrawGraw-Hill , 1995. Pp 403 – 430.
2. Essentials of Human Histology, 2nd Edition, William
J. Krausse PhD, Little Brown & Company (Inc), 1996.
Pp 377377-392
3. Color Textbook of Histologi, 2nd edition, Gartner LP,
Hiatt JL, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 2001. Pp 301301-324
44
22
1
• Endocrine system regulates metabolic activities
help in bring out homeostasis3
• Nervous & endocrine systems functions in different
way interact to modulate & coordinate metabolic
activities of body3
• Secretory products/hormones secreted into:1, 2
Blood or lymphatic circulation
Directly into intercellular space
• Rich in vascular supply, secreting cells
to cappilllaries2
direct access
2
1
2/11/2011
3
1. DUCTLESS GLANDS (pituitary
gland/hypophysis
gland/
hypophysis,, adrenal gland,
parathyroid gland, thyroid gland, pineal
gland)2, 3
2. UNICELLULAR ENDOCRINE CELLS form a
diffuse endocrine system (e. g: In GI tract,
conducting airways of lung)2, 3
4
2
2/11/2011
5
6
3
2/11/2011
• Lying in sella turcica2
• Produces hormones responsible for regulating
growth, reproduction & metabolism3
• Hypophysis subdivision :1, 2, 3
A. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (anterior pituitary)
epithelial component :
- Pars distalis anterior lobe
- Pars intermedia
- Pars tuberalis
B. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (posterior pituitary)
nervous component :
- Pars nervosa (major part)
- Infundibular stalk
- Median eminence
• 2Posterior lobe Pars intermedia + pars nervosa
7
8
4
2/11/2011
9 b
Figure 18.6a,
• 75% of hypophysis1
• Composed of cords of cells with large
sinusoidal cappilaries3
• Endothelial lining of sinusoids
fenestrated fascilitates diffusion of
releasing factors & provides entry sites
for secretions3
• 2 kind of cells base on affinity for dyes :1,
2, 3
1. Chromophobic cells
2. Chromophilic cells :
- Acidophilic cells
- Basophilic cells
10
5
2/11/2011
Secretory granules stain with
histological dyes
stain with
acid dyes or stain with basic
dyes3
•
•
Most abundant cells in pars
distalis3
Structure :2, 3
Large, round or ovoid cells
Lage secretory granules stain
orange to red with eosin
•
2 KIND OF CELLS
11
o
o
o
Secretory granules stain blue with
basic dye3
Located at periphery of pars distalis3
Consist of 3 types of cells :2, 3
12
6
2/11/2011
•
•
Small, No granules2
Less cytoplasm than chromophils
Fail to color with routine stains2,
3
•
•
Degranulated chromophilic
A reservoir of chromophilic cells2
13
Non secretory, star shape cells
Constitute large population of pars distalis
Have long processes form gap junction
Function not clear
14
7
2/11/2011
Acidophilic
cells
Somatotrope cells
Mammotrope cells
Corticotropes cells
Chromophilic Basophilic
cells
cells
Thyrotropes cells
FSH
secreting
Gonadotropes
cells
cells
LH secreting
cells
Chromophobe cells
Folliculostellate cells
15
• Forms a sleeve, around infundibular stalk2
• Longitudinally arranged cords of cuboidal to
low collumnar epithelial cells separated by
sinusoids1,2, 3
• Basophilic cytoplasm, small den
se granules, with lipid droplets3
• No spesific hormone secreted 2, 3
16
8
2/11/2011
• Rudimentary in humans, only 2%
of hypophysis2
• Consist of :2, 3
1. Chromophobe cells
2. Basophil cells small granules
3. Colloid
Colloid--containing cysts lined by
chromophobic or basophilic cell
(cuboidal cells)
• Function of cells is unknown1, 2
17
• Develops from a downgrowth of
hypothalamus
• Macroscopically consist of :2
1. Median Eminence
2. Infudibular Stalk
3. Infundibular Process (pars nervosa)
18
9
2/11/2011
• Tecnically not endocrine glands3
• Hormones synthesized in
perikarya of neurons supraoptic
& paraventicular nuclei in
hypothalamus pass down
axon stored in nerve
terminals that form pars
nervosa2
• Consist of unmyelinated nerve
fibers/axons forms
hypothalamo--hypophyseal tract1,
hypothalamo
2
19
• Axon contain HERRING BODIES
accumulation of dense neurosecretory
granules2, 3
• Pituicytes :1, 2, 3
Scattered among nerve fibers
25% of pars nervosa
Only nuclei stain well enough
Vary in size & shape
Equivalent to neuroglial cells of CNS
supported axons in pars nervosa
• Hormones stored & released from pars
nervosa :2
- ADH / Vasopressin
- Oxytocin
20
10
2/11/2011
21
• A pair of flattened, triangular struct2, 3
• Surrounded by thick conn. Tissue capsule
forms trabeculae
• Consist of adrenal cortex & adrenal
medulla2, 3
• A yellow pheripheral layer1
• 80
80--90% of organs3
• Parenchyma : continous cords of secretory
cells, separated by blood sinusoids2
22
11
2/11/2011
23
•
Subdivided into 3 layer :1, 2
1. Outer zona glomerulosa
2. Middle zona Fasciculata
3. Inner zona reticularis
1. Zona glomerulosa :1, 2, 3
A narrow band beneath capsule,
15% of organs
Small Collumnar cells arranged
into arcades
Spherical, central nuclei & 1 or 2
nucleoli
Acidophilic cytoplasm SER >>,
well develop golgi comp., short
mitochondria
24
12
2/11/2011
2. Zona Fasciculata :1, 2
Widest zone of cortex 65
65--80% of
organs
Polyhedral Cells larger than in other
2 zone arrange in radial collums
Spherical & centrally nuclei,
binucleate
Cytoplasm with many lipid droplets
lipid eliminated during
stainning appear vacuolated
cells called SPONGIOCYTE
Lipid droplets contain neutral fat,
fatty acids, fatty acyl esters of
cholesterol precursor for
synthesize steroid hormones
Spherical mitochondria, extensive
SER, some RER, lysosomes
25
3. Zona Reticularis :1, 2, 3
7% of organs
A network of irregular
anastomosing cords
Similar cells to fasciculata
except smaller
Acidophilic cytoplasm,
contain fewer lipid droplets
Nuclei stain more deeply
26
13
2/11/2011
•
Hormones secreted by :1, 2
1. Zona glomerulosa : mineralcorticoids primarily
aldosterone
2. Zona Fasciculata : glucocorticoids cortisone and
cortisol
3. Zona reticularis : glucocorticoids cortisone and
cortisol (probably)
•
Cells of adrenal cortex NOT store secretory
products in granules synthesize & secrete
steroid hormone only upon demands1
27
• Composed of Chromaffin cells &
sympathetic ganglionic cells3
• CHROMAFFIN CELLS :1, 2
A large round or polyhedral cells
Numerous brown granules
treated with chromium salts
(chromaffin reaction)
Granules may contain epinephrine
or norepinephrine (20% of
granules), ATP, chromogranins
(binding protein), dopamine beta
hidroxylase, enkephalins
Well develop golgi comp., some
RER, numerous mitochondria
28
14
2/11/2011
•
Enclosed in Conn. Tissue
capsule2
•
Consist of :2
A. Follicles
B. Colloid a gelatinous
material inside follicle
• Follicle :2
Spherical structure, vary in
diameter
Walls Simple squamous
epithelium
29
Transverse section (T: trachea,
Tg: thyroid gland,
Pg: parathyroid gland,
E: esophagus).
30
15
2/11/2011
• Principal (follicular) cells:2
Mainly form wall of follicle
Squamous to cuboidal or collumnar,
depend on activity of thyroid
Round to ovoid nuclei, centrally
placed, 2 nucleoli
Numerous small vesicles contain
thyroglobulin
In great demand of thyroid hormone,
follicular cells extend pseudopods
into follicles to envelop & absorb
colloid
Synthesized Thyroglobulin
31
32
16
2/11/2011
• Parafollicular / C cells:2, 3
Present in follicular epith.
in conn. Tissue between
follicles
2 or 3 times bigger than
follicular cells
Occur singly or group
Pale cytoplasm, round
nucleus, moderate RER,
elongated mitochondria
Dense secretory granules
contain calcitonin
(Thyrocalcitonin)
33
• Structure :2
Surrounded by thin conn. tissue capsule
trabeculae/septa with blood
vessels,lymphatics & nerve
Parenchymal consist of epithelial cells
2 types of cells
• Contain 2 types of cells :
1. Chief (principal) cells
2. Oxyphil cells
34
17
2/11/2011
35
1. Chief (principal) cells :2, 3
More numerous
Slightly eosinophiliceosinophilic-stainning
Contain granules
Round & centrally placed
vesicular nuclei
Juxtanuclear golgi complex,
elongated mitochondria,
abundant RER
PreProparathyroid hormone
synthesize on ribosomes of RER
on golgi complex become
parathyroid hormone
36
18
2/11/2011
2. Oxyphil cells :2, 3
Only small part of cell
populations
Occur singly or in group
Larger than chief cells
Cytoplasm stains intensely
with eosin (acidophil)
More mitochondria, smaller
golgi app. & little RER
Intermediate cells in
active phase of chief cells
Function unknown
37
•
•
Cover by thin conn. tissue capsule
(pial) tissue septa1, 2
2 types of cells :1, 2, 3
1. Pinealocytes
2. Glial / Intertitial cells
continous with meningeal
A. Pinealocytes
– Basophilic cells 2, 3
– Large lobulated nuclei 1, 2
– Produce melatonin & several other subtances
B. Glial / intertitial cells :1, 2
Fewer number than pinealocytes
Nuclei smaller & stain more deeply
Long cytoplasmic process, regarded as a form of astrocyte
38
19
2/11/2011
• Corpora adranacea (brain sand) :1, 2
Concretions found in pineal gland of humans
Irregularly shaped structures occur in capsule &
substance of gland
Consist mainly calcium carbonate & phosphates
Increased with age, function unknown
39
40
20
2/11/2011
•
Pancreatic islets : 2
Scattered among pancreatic
acini
Irregular, elongate masses of
pale stainning cells
In ordinary sections
homogenous population of
pale polygonal cell2
In elect. Micrograph & special
stainning :2
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alpha / A cells
Beta / B cells
Delta / D cells
PP cells
41
1. Alpha cells : 2
20% of islet cells
Periphery of islets
Contain large, dense,
spherical granules
2. Beta cells :2
78% of islet cells
Locate near the center of
islets
Secretory granules smaller
than alpha cells, contain
small, dense crystals
3. Delta & PP cells located
periphery of islets2
42
21
2/11/2011
CELL TYPES
A (alpha)
HORMONAL
SUBSTANCES
Glucagon
PRIMARY
FUNCTION
Increase blood sugar
B (beta)
Insulin
D (delta)
Somatostatin
Decrease blood
sugar
Inhibitor of hormone
secretions
PP
Pancreatic
Polypeptide
Opposes action of
cholecystokinin
43
1.
Basic Histology Text & Atlas , 10th ed. , L. Carlos Junquira
MD, Jose Carneiro MD, Robert O. Kelley PhD, Lange
Medical Books, Mc GrawGraw-Hill , 1995. Pp 403 – 430.
2. Essentials of Human Histology, 2nd Edition, William
J. Krausse PhD, Little Brown & Company (Inc), 1996.
Pp 377377-392
3. Color Textbook of Histologi, 2nd edition, Gartner LP,
Hiatt JL, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 2001. Pp 301301-324
44
22