The contribution of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters` interaction to their character development as seen in Anna Campion and Jane Campion`s Holy Smoke.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE CONTRIBUTION OF RUTH BARON AND P.J. WATERS’
INTERACTION TO THEIR CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT
AS SEEN IN ANNA CAMPION AND JANE CAMPION’S
HOLY SMOKE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ANSDARIA ADITYAS DANASTRI
Student Number: 064214088
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE CONTRIBUTION OF RUTH BARON AND P.J. WATERS’
INTERACTION TO THEIR CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT
AS SEEN IN ANNA CAMPION AND JANE CAMPION’S
HOLY SMOKE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ANSDARIA ADITYAS DANASTRI
Student Number: 064214088
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
i
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I declare that this thesis which I have written does not contain the works of part of the
works of other people, except those cited in the quotations and bibliography, as a
scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, March 2, 2013
Ansdaria Adityas Danastri
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My deepest gratitude goes to Lord Jesus Christ for giving me grace, blessing,
guidance, and courage during the process to finish this undergraduate thesis so that I
finally could accomplish this thesis.
My greatest gratitude goes to my advisor Dewi Widyastuti S. Pd., M. Hum.
for her advice, ideas, support, and patience in reading and guiding my undergraduate
thesis writing. I thank my co-advisor Dr. F. X. Siswadi, M. A. for his carefulness in
reading and checking my mistakes.
My sweetest gratitude goes to my beloved parents. My Father, Stephanus
Agus Wibowo Hadi and my mother, Caecilia Tri Kusdwinarti for their love, prayers
and patience to guide me. I would like to thank my beloved sister, Hendrika Seila
Klara Dea for her love and support, and to all my family.
I would also like to give my appreciation to all lecturers in the English Letters
Department at Sanata Dharma University, to mbak Ninik at the secretariat and also
library staff for their assistance along my study.
I also thank my classmates of 2006, Kiky, Wahyu, Nabila, Ireda, U’us, Vero,
Ira, Diksita, Yenny, Dewi, Morris, Tzin, Tuwiek, Hasan, and others who have shared
the unforgettable moments in English Letters Department at Sanata Dharma
University.
Last but not least, my gratitude goes to Andika Krisnugraha. He never gives
up supporting, motivating, and accompanying me from the very beginning of this
thesis until now. His love is my strength and he makes my life more meaningful.
Ansdaria Adityas Danastri
v
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma :
Nama
: Ansdaria Adityas Danastri
NomorMahasiswa
: 064214088
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :
THE CONTRIBUTION OF RUTH BARON AND P.J. WATERS’
INTERACTION TO THEIR CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT
AS SEEN IN ANNA CAMPION AND JANE CAMPION’S HOLY SMOKE
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan
dalam
bentuk
media
lain,
mengelolanya
dalam
bentuk
pangkalan
data,
mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain
untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan
royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 2 Maret 2013
Yang menyatakan
Ansdaria Adityas Danastri
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………. i
APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………………………... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE…………………………………………………………. iii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY………………………………... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………….. v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI..……………….... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................... viii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION........................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study.................................................................................. 1
B. Problem Formulation......................................................................................... 3
C. Objectives of the Study...................................................................................... 3
D. Definition of Terms............................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW........................................................
A. Review of Related Studies.................................................................................
B. Review of Related Theories...............................................................................
1. Theory on Character and Characterization………………………………….
2. Theory on Character Development…………………………………………...
3. Theory on Personality Development………………………………………….
C. Theoretical Framework.....................................................................................
6
6
7
7
10
11
14
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY....................................................................
A. Object of the Study...........................................................................................
B. Approach of the Study......................................................................................
C. Method of the Study.........................................................................................
16
16
18
20
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS................................................................................. 22
A. The Characteristics of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters .................................. 23
B. Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters’ Character Development………………….. 34
C. The Contribution of the Interaction toward the Character Development.... 44
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION............................................................................ 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................. 55
APPENDIX...........................................................................................................
vii
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
ANSDARIA ADITYAS DANASTRI. The Contribution of Ruth Baron and P.J.
Waters’ Interaction to Their Character Development as Seen in Anna Campion
and Jane Campion’s Holy Smoke. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters,
Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
This thesis discusses the character development of the two main characters in
Holy Smoke novel. The two main characters are Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters.
There are three objectives that the writer wants to achieve in this thesis. First
is to find out how Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters are characterized. Second is to find out
the character development of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters. The last objective is to find
out how Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters’ interaction contributes to their character
development.
This thesis is a library research. The data were taken from the novel itself and
other supporting theories from books, and internet articles which were used to solve
the problems in the analysis. In answering the problems, the writer uses a
psychological approach. This approach is thought as the best approach in answering
the problem because the story relates to character development of the two main
characters, Ruth and P.J. Waters.
The writer concludes that the two main characters in the novel, Ruth Baron
and P.J. Waters undergo character development because of their interaction. Their
characteristics become better. Ruth Baron characteristics do not change totally
because the deprogramming is just done in three days. Some of her characteristics
that have developed are the unrealistic, selfish, and rebellious. Then those
characteristics have developed into becoming more critical and in touch with reality.
P.J. Waters’ characteristics do not change totally also because his job is just done in
three days. Some of his characteristics that have developed are the self-absorbed,
misogynous, and attractive. Then those characteristics have developed into more
humble and appreciate help. The interactions and the conditions which contribute to
Ruth Baron’s character development are the changes of the social environment and
psychotherapy with P.J. Waters. The interactions and the conditions which contribute
to P.J. Waters’ character development are the changes in significant people in his life
and the motivation to be loved by Ruth Baron.
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
ANSDARIA ADITYAS DANASTRI. The Contribution of Ruth Baron and P.J.
Waters’ Interaction to Their Character Development as Seen in Anna Campion
and Jane Campion’s Holy Smoke. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas
Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Skripsi ini membahas tentang perubahan karakter dari dua tokoh utama dalam
novel Holy Smoke. Tokoh tersebut adalah Ruth Baron dan P.J. Waters.
Ada tiga tujuan yang ingin dicapai oleh penulis melalui karya tulis ini. Tujuan
pertama adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana penokohan Ruth Baron dan P.J. Waters.
Tujuan berikutnya adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana perubahan karakter Ruth
Baron dan P.J. Waters. Tujuan terakhir adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana interaksi
Ruth Baron dan P.J. Waters yang memberikan kontribusi pada perubahan karakter
mereka.
Skripsi ini adalah studi analisis yang menerapkan metode kepustakaan. Data
utama diambil dari novel Holy Smoke dan data yang lain diambil dari buku-buku lain
yang mendukung seperti teori-teori yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah
yang terdapat dalam analisis. Dalam menyelesaika nmasalah yang terdapat dalam
analisis, penulis menggunakan pendekatan psikologis. Hal ini karena cerita dalam
novel ini berkaitan dengan perubahan karakter yang dialami oleh dua tokoh utama,
Ruth Baron dan P.J. Waters.
Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa Ruth Baron dan P.J. Waters, dua tokoh utama
dalam novel, mengalami perubahan karakter karena interaksi mereka. Karakterisasi
mereka menjadi lebih baik. Karakter Ruth Baron tidak mengalami perubahan secara
keseluruhan karena terapi hanya dilakukan dalam tiga hari. Beberapa karakteristiknya
yang mengalami perubahan adalah tidak realistis, egois, dan pemberontak. Kemudian
karakteristik tersebut berubah menjadi lebih kritis dan realistis. Karakter P.J. Waters
tidak mengalami perubahan secara keseluruhan karena pekerjaannya hanya dilakukan
dalam tiga hari. Beberapa karakteristiknya yang mengalami perubahan adalah egois,
membenci wanita dan berpikir bahwa dirinya menarik. Kemudian karakteristik
tersebut berubah menjadi lebih rendah hati dan menghargai bantuan. Interaksi dan
kondisi yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap perubahan karakter Ruth Baron adalah
perubahan social sekitar dan psikoterapi yang dilakukan P.J. Waters. Interaksi dan
kondisi yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap perubahan karakter P.J. Waters adalah
perubahan seseorang yang berarti dalam hidupnya dan motivasi untuk dicintai oleh
Ruth Baron.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is divided into four parts. The first part is the background of the
study which discusses the reason of the study. The second part is the problem
formulation which focuses on the problem discussed in the analysis. The third part is
the objectives of the study which contains the goals of the study. The fourth part is
for the definition of terms used in this study.
A. Background of the Study
In this study, the writer analyzes a novel, Holy Smoke by Anna Campion and
Jane Campion from the point of view of the main characters of the novel. Anna
Campion and Jane Campion are sisters born eighteen months apart in Wellington,
New Zealand. Jane Campion wrote and directed award winning movies such as The
Piano, and co-wrote its novel version, while Anna Campion directed the film Loaded.
They began working together in 1994 to produce for the novel Holy Smoke. The
novel was published in 1999 before the premiere of its movie version.
During Ruth Baron’s visit to India, she is drawn to join a cult led by a guru.
Her Australian family hires an American cult specialist, P.J. Waters, to free her from
the cult’s influence. The two main characters then spend a private time at a remote
farm in Australia for three days. As the deprogramming progressed, P.J. Waters and
Ruth Baron have an intense interaction with each other. P.J. Waters, an experienced
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2
and mature deprogrammer, has to confront Ruth Baron, who is bold and determined
to break the deprogrammer. The writer finds it interesting to look into how the
interaction between Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters contribute to their character
development.
Moreover, previous discussions on Holy Smoke notably by Barry Johnson
(http://www.austinchronicle.com/books/1999-10-01/74051),
Chris
(http://www.spikemagazine.com/0100holysmoke.php),
Massimo
(http://www.cesnur.org/testi/holysmoke.htm),
discuss
do
not
Mitchell
Introvigne
the
character
development of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters and how their interactions contribute to
their character development. Barry Johnson discusses on how the Campion sisters
present the opinions of the main characters. On the other hand, Christ Mitchell
focuses on the relationship between Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters, and Massimo
Introvigne talks about how the novel alternates chapters where Ruth Baron and P.J.
Waters tell their own version of the story.
Therefore, based on the interesting feature of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters’
character development, the writer decides to perform a thorough analysis on it using
current theories on characterization and character development.
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3
B. Problem Formulation
A discussion on the characters of the novel Holy Smoke immediately poses
some problems as follows.
1. How are Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters characterized in Anna Campion and Jane
Campion’s Holy Smoke?
2. What are the character developments of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters?
3. How does the interaction between Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters contribute to their
character development?
C. Objectives
The study aims of this writing is to present a discussion about the contribution
of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters’ interaction to their character development from a
novel by Anna Campion and Jane Campion entitled Holy Smoke. The discussion is
mainly to answer the three problems posed in the problem formulation. Therefore, the
goals of the study are as follows.
1. to find out how Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters are characterized in the novel
Holy Smoke
2. to find out the character development of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters in the
novel Holy Smoke
3. to find out how Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters’ interaction contribute to their
character development
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4
D. Definition of Terms
In this subchapter, the writer discusses the important terms used in this thesis
as follows.
1. Character
According to Abrams (1981: 20) in Glossary of Literary Terms, characters are
the persons, in a dramatic or a narrative work, endowed with moral and dispositional
qualities that are expressed in what they say –the dialogue- and what they do –the
action-. In other words, the characters display their characteristics and moral values in
the dialogue and the action in the novel.
2. Character Development
Pikunas (1976: 23) argues in his book, Human Development: An Emergent
Science, that development is a kind of processes of growth, maturation, learning and
achievement.
Laurence Perrine (1974:71) in Literature: Structure, Sound and Sense states
that all fictional characters can be classified as static or dynamic. The developing or
dynamic character undergoes a permanent change in some aspects of his or her
character, personality or outlook. The change may be for a large or a small one, it
may be better or worse, but it is something important or basis.
Combining term 1 and 2, character development means the growth or the
changing of a figure’s thought, feeling, behavior, the mental or moral qualities in
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
literary work through environment and successive period as the result of his action to
fulfill some motives regardless of the influence of the other characters or his past life.
3. Interaction
Interaction is the situation or occurrence in which two or more objects or
events act upon one another to produce a new effect; the effect resulting from such a
situation or occurrence. (http://www.definitions.net/definition/interaction)
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
In this chapter, the writer explores some review to support the analysis. This
chapter consists of the reviews of related studies, related theories and the theoretical
framework.
A. Review of Related Studies
There have been several works on the character development such as Aryo
Budi Wicaksono (2004), Gusti Ayu Made Dwi Setiawati (2003), and Lucianawati
(2002). They discuss how the authors describe their character development.
Aryo Budi Wicaksono (2004) in his undergraduate thesis entitle “Minor
Characters and Their Contributions to Scrooge’s Character Development” explores
the conflicts between the minor characters and the major characters that contribute to
the development of Scrooge’s character. Through the conflicts, Scrooge receives
great contributions to the development of his character seen in Charles Dickens’ A
Christmas Carol.
Gusti Ayu Made Dwi Setiawati (2003) in her undergraduate thesis entitle
“The Contribution of Michael Henchard’s Character Development and The Plot to
the Theme” states that Henchard’s character development and the plot of the story
give contribution, which is influenced by conflict and contact with other characters
toward the theme of the story. Setiawati (2003) also show how the conflicts arise
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7
from their contacts and how the main character overcomes the situations seen in
Thomas Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge.
Another analysis comes from Lucianawati (2002) in her undergraduate thesis
entitle “The Contribution of The Minor Characters to Bayard Sartoris’ Character
Development” explores the characteristic of the main character which developed
under the circumstances of the minor characters’ importance seen in William
Faulkner’s The Unvanquished.
It can be concluded that the previous studies are the same discussion about the
character development, but their characteristics develop because of the contribution
of the minor character and the plot of the story. In this study, the writer discusses on
how the author presents Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters’ characteristics and their
character development, as well as their interaction which contribute to their character
development.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory on Character and Characterization
A character can simply be considered as a person who has a role in a story.
Abrams (1981: 20) explains that a person presented in a story is called the character.
Abrams adds that the readers interpret the character as having certain characteristics
in the way they play their roles that are expressed by what they saw or their dialogue
and what they do or their action.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
Characters are the central point of the reader’s interest. Each character has a
different role in making the novel more interesting and dramatic. They have the
fullest attention for the readers (Henkle, 1977: 92).
Now turn to the characterization, Murphy (1972: 161-173) presents nine ways
in which an author can present the characterization of characters in a literary work as
follows.
a. Personal Description
The author can describe a character by using appearance and clothing. The readers
will get only a visible look of a character, like parts of the body of the character and
the clothes he or she wears (Murphy, 1972: 161).
b. Character as seen by another
The author can describe a character through the view, opinions, attitudes, and
comments of other characters. The readers will get a reflected image of the characters
which the author intends to portray (Murphy, 1972: 162).
c. Speech
The author can describe a character by giving readers an insight into the characters
through the way they speak and the language they use (Murphy, 1972: 164).
d. Past Life
The author can provide clues to events that help to shape characteristics by giving the
readers the characters’ past life. The clues are helpful to analyze the motives that a
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
character has when he has a particular characteristic or does something special (1972:
166).
e. Conversation of others
The author can comment and describe the characteristics of the characters directly to
readers (Murphy, 1972: 167).
f. Reactions
The author can describe the characters by showing how a character responds to
various situations and events. The reaction may give clues to the characteristics of the
character (Murphy, 1972: 170).
g. Direct Comment
The author comments and describes the characteristics of the characters directly to
readers. This becomes the best way for the readers to visualize the characteristics
because they know what the author exactly wants to reveal (Murphy, 1972: 170).
h. Thoughts
The author can give readers a direct knowledge on what a character is thinking about.
The thought can be presented through speech or attitudes. The readers then are in
privileged position since they have a secret listening device plugged into the inmost
thought of the characters in a novel (Murphy, 1972: 171).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10
i. Mannerism
The author can characterize a character through mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies.
Those things may tell reader something about the character’s characteristics (Murphy,
1972: 173).
2. Theory on Character Development
The development of the characters may change the personality, behavior, and
mind of the character. Therefore, Perrine (1974: 71) divides the characters into two,
static and dynamic characters.
a. Static Character
Such character does not undergo a change and will have the same
characteristics from the beginning until the end of the story. This is due to the
influence of the event changing or the disorder inter-relationship with other
characters.
b. Dynamic Character
Dynamic character is also called a developing character and is the opposite of
the static character. The character will change in certain conditions and it can be
developed into some possibilities. A developing character can undergo a permanent
change in some aspects of his or her character, personality or outlook. The change
may be for a large or a small one and for better or worse.
Furthermore, the dynamicity of the characters cannot be measured from the
quantity of the change but from the significant difference of the characters’ behavior
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
in some events. Therefore, a dynamic character is complex, many-sided and requires
a deeper analysis than a static character.
3. Theory on Personality Development
A personality is composed from characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings
and behaviors that render a person unique (http: //psychology.about.com/od/overview
of personality/a/persondef.htm).
The word development describes the growth of human throughout their
lifespan from conception to death. It is a process of growth, maturation, learning, and
achievement (Pikunas, 1976: 23).
Hurlock (1974: 120-122) divides the development of the characters into three
major categories as follows.
a. Better versus Worse
Personality changes for the better or for the worse reflect the kind of life
adjustment the individual is making at the time. Personality changes for the worse in
normal people occur at puberty and middle age (Hurlock, 1974: 120).
b. Quantitative versus Qualitative
In qualitative changes, an already present trait usually an undesirable one, is
replaced by another trait, usually a desirable one. In the case of selfishness, for
example, a qualitative change would mean that selfishness was eliminated and
replaced with generosity. In quantitative changes, characteristics already present are
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12
reinforced, strengthened, or weakened. Undesirable traits usually become less
undesirable (Hurlock, 1974: 120).
c. Slow versus Rapid Change
Changes are regarded as slow if they are barely perceptible, while rapid
changes are quickly to be understood to all. Normally, personality changes are slow
and gradual. They are slow, even in childhood before the personality pattern has
become well set, because every change involves the breaking of a previously learned
habit and the learning of a new habit to replace it (Hurlock, 1974: 122).
Furthermore, changes in personality do not occur of their own accord. Usually
they are the result of multiple revisions in thoughts and feelings related to the
person’s concepts of self. The changes of personality can be affected by several
conditions (Hurlock, 1974: 124-130) as follows.
a. Physical Changes: The physical changes can be caused by illness or injuries and
will affect the characters’ personalities. If the physical changes happen at puberty,
a person can undergo changes in self-concept (Hurlock, 1974: 124).
b. Environment Changes: The environment changes can be either physical or social.
The changes depend on how well a person copes with the new environment
(Hurlock, 1974: 125)
c. Significant People’s Changes: Changes in significant people in a person’s life can
provoke changes in that person as well. A given person often has to adjust to the
changes of the behavior, attitudes, beliefs, and values, of the significant people in
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13
his or her life. These changes may not be marked nor are they always permanent
(Hurlock, 1974: 126).
d. Changes in social pressure: Changes in social pressure can make someone’s
personality changes in order to be accepted socially. Since everyone normally has
a strong desire to be accepted by those who are significant to him, he tries to
change any personality trait that will militate against him being accepted.
Furthermore, the strong social pressures such as shyness, bossiness,
aggressiveness and greediness have much possibility to encourage changes in
certain aspect of personality rather than the traits of admiration, affection,
cooperativeness and generosity (Hurlock, 1974: 126).
e. Changes of one’s role: Changes of one’s role may occur because of the changes of
age, economic conditions and affiliation with a new group. When the result of the
changes put a person into a favorable status, there will be a change for better in the
person’s self-concept (Hurlock, 1974: 127).
f. The degree of motivation: When the motivation to improve the personality pattern
is strong enough, changes can be affected. People generally improve their pattern
in order to get greater social acceptance and also to improve their social
relationship (Hurlock, 1974: 127).
g. The changes of self-concept in one’s personality: This type of change will change
his personality completely. Therefore, changes in self-concept are more difficult in
older people and usually the changes occur slowly. They also have more obstacles,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
namely intellectual, emotional and environment. The intellectual obstacle happens
because people tend to be accustomed to a certain behavior to solve problems and
therefore cannot see other solutions for the problems. The emotional obstacle is
due to the fact that people experience dissatisfactions when they are in charge with
higher responsibility. As an example, a follower might have difficulties when he is
assigned to be a leader. The environmental obstacles, such as a being in a hostile
or unfriendly environment, can affect a person’s self-concept. As an example, a
person will have difficulties in an environment which tends to judge people based
on their race or religion (Hurlock, 1974: 128)
h. Psychotherapy: The use of psychotherapy can help a person to gain a better insight
into his or her unrealistically favorable or unfavorable concept. The therapy also
helps someone to recognize how self-concept influences the quality of his or her
behavior and to realize how irrational his self-concept and his behavior. It can also
help someone to get the motivation and knowledge to change his self-concept
(Hurlock, 1974: 129).
C. Theoretical Framework
In this study, the writer uses three theories to analyze the topic about character
development. They are theory on character and characterization, theory on character
development, and theory on personality development. Theory on character by M. H.
Abrams and theory on characterization by M. J. Murphy are suitable means for
finding the characteristics of P.J. Waters and Ruth Baron in the novel. On the other
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
hand, the theory on character development by Laurence Perrine is used to find the
development of P.J. Waters’ and Ruth Baron’s characteristics. The third theory is
theory on personality development by Elizabeth B. Hurlock. This theory is used to
find how their interaction contributes to their character development.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Chapter three is divided into three sections, the object of the study, the chosen
approaches of the analysis and the methods used in completing the study.
A. Object of the Study
In this study, the writer discusses Holy Smoke, a collaborative novel between
two sisters, Anna Campion and Jane Campion. Jane Campion has been successful
with a series of controversial and celebrated movies such as The Piano, The Portrait
of A Lady and An Angel at My Table. Mitchell comments that Campion’s works are
complex and display sumptuous explorations of sexual politics. Anna Campion has
also made a success by directing Loaded, the movie.
The novel was first published in 1999 by Miramax, Hyperion New York. It
consists of 259 pages which are divided into 23 chapters. The publication of the novel
preceded the premiere of its film version with the same title, also produced by
Miramax.
The story revolves around two main characters, Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters.
Ruth Baron is a twenty-year-old Australian girl. Her father is adulterous, her brother
is obsessed with pornography and her sister in-law is promiscuous and even tries to
seduce P.J. Waters. While travelling in India, she becomes deeply involved in a cult
led by a guru, Chidaatma Baba at the point where she decides to abandon everything
16
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17
and stays with the guru. Her travelling companion, another Australian girl, alerts her
worried mother by presenting her with a picture of Ruth Baron wearing an Indian
sari. Mrs. Baron immediately contacts an Australian psychotherapist, who in turn
connects her with a highly successful cult deprogrammer from New York, P.J.
Waters. Contrary to the youthfulness of Ruth Baron, P.J. Waters is middle-aged and
mature. He is usually hired to deprogram people or to free people who are affected by
the influence or the brainwashing of a cult. In his work, he uses aggressive
psychotherapy which requires him to stay with his patients alone for an indefinite
amount of time. Due to the required closeness with his patients, he is sometimes
emotionally involved with his patient. His current fiancée is his former
deprogramming patient.
Now turn again to Ruth Baron, she is tricked by her mother to come to
Australia to start the deprogramming process. At first, she resists all attempts to bring
her home, including a trick of her father being dying. However, when her mother has
an asthmatic attack, she finally agrees to go back to Australia not knowing that a
deprogramming with a foreign therapist awaits her.
Arriving in Australia, Ruth Baron is unwillingly taken to a remote farm and is
forced to have a private deprogramming session with P.J. Waters. Ruth Baron is
obviously unhappy with the forced deprogramming, and she intends to fight P.J.
Waters back from the start. On the other hand, P.J. Waters is very enthusiastic to
perform his job to deprogram Ruth Baron. Although meeting with a high resistance
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
from Ruth Barron, P.J. Waters eagerly confronts her with discussions and videos of
cults and brainwashing such as comparing Baron’s guru with the murderous cult guru
Charles Manson and labels her as a blind follower (Campion and Campion, 1999: 8788).
The story then turns into a battle of influence and power between Ruth Baron
and P.J. Waters. On one side, P.J. Waters is determined to break Ruth Baron’s
resilient defense and possibly deprogram her to leave her cult, and on the other side,
Ruth Baron tries to seduce him with her youthful beauty to break the deprogrammer.
Soon, the interesting spiritual and philosophical discussions turn into sexual contacts.
The intended innocent deprogramming becomes tangled with the intense relationship
between Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters. However, as Introvigne observes, none of the
main characters are totally innocent. Both Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters display their
own dark sides. P.J. Waters himself is described as an old man who is not reluctant to
engage in sexual exploitation of a young girl. As a result, Introvigne concludes that
the deprogramming turn into a psychosexual interplay between the mature man, P.J.
Waters and the teenager, Ruth Baron.
B. Approach of the Study
In the present work, the writer uses a psychological approach. The
psychological approach is characterized by several factors. First, it deals with the
motives that underlying human behavior and serves as an excellent tool to ‘read
beneath the lines’ (Guerin, 1979: 121). Therefore, Guerin adds that the approach
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
19
offers many useful clues toward solving a work’s thematic and symbolic mysteries
and possibly the beautiful symmetry of a well-wrought literary work. As a result, the
approach helps the readers greatly to analyze a character’s psychology or a situation
in a literary work (Guerin, 1979: 125).
Meanwhile, Rohrberger and Woods Jr. argue that the psychological approach
draws a different body of knowledge. This approach involves an effort to locate and
demonstrate recurrent patterns, such as a man’s capacity for creation and the
complexity of his thought and behavior. Those contents of this region of mind find
the expression in symbolic words, thoughts and actions (Rohrberger and Woods Jr.,
1971: 15).
In the present study, the psychological approach is applied through an analysis
of the personalities of the main characters and their character developments. The
writer assumes that the developments of the characters are influenced by each other’s
personalities and experiences in life. The psychological analysis of the main
characters’ personalities and development is achieved by using theories of character
and characterization, theories of character development and theories of personality
development.
The theories of character and characterization are used to observe the
personalities or characterization of the characters in the novel. On the other hand, the
theories of character development are used to observe the development of the
characters in the novel.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
20
C. Method of the Study
In the present work, the writer performs library research as the method of the
study. The research aims to collect and obtain data from written sources such as
printed books as well as articles taken from the internet.
There are two types of written resources used in the present work, the primary
and the secondary resource. The primary resource is the novel Holy Smoke written by
the Campion sisters. The secondary resources are books on literature focusing on the
theories of character and characterization, theories of character development, and
theories of personalities.
Now the writer discusses the steps performed in the analysis of the character
development of the novel Holy Smoke. First, the writer read the novel several times to
internalize the story. In reading the story, the writer focused on the characteristics of
the main characters, their character development, and the influence of their
interaction to their character development. The writer made notes and quoted excerpts
from the novel which displayed the subject of the analysis above.
Second, the writer formulated three problems to analyze the character
development of the main characters of the Holy Smoke. The three problems included
the characterization, the character development, and the interaction of the main
characters which contribute to their character development. Third, the writer
performed a library research to look for previous studies on Holy Smoke and theories
related to characterization and character development in the literature. The writer
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
21
then reviewed previous studies on the Holy Smoke to look for subjects which were
not discussed in the studies. Furthermore, the writer also applied the theories of
characterization and character development into the notes and excerpts collected from
the novel Holy Smoke.
Lastly, the writer composed the conclusion of the study. This was done by
answering the problems listed in the problem formulation. Upon answering the
problems, the writer then concluded the study. The conclusion is the finding of the
analysis.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter consists of the discussion of the analysis and the answers of the
problem formulation stated in the first chapter. Therefore, this chapter is divided into
three parts. The first part discusses the characteristics of the main characters of the
Holy Smoke, Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters. The second part talks about the character
development of the main characters. The last part discusses the interaction of the
main characters which contribute to their development.
In the first part of the analysis, the writer discusses the characteristics of Ruth
Baron and P. J. Waters before they start to influence each other’s characters. The
discussion is based on Murphy’s theory of characterizations.
In the second part, the writer uses the theory of personalities by Perrine to
look into the character development of Ruth Baron and P. J. Waters. Thus, the writer
first compares the characterizations of Ruth Baron and P. J. Waters before and after
their interaction, and then investigates their character development based on that
comparison.
In the last part, the writer analyzes the interaction of Ruth Baron and P. J.
Waters which contribute to their character development. Hence, the writer looks
closely on their interaction as a deprogrammer and his patient and as a mature man
and a young woman.
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23
A. The Characteristics of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters
In literary work, characters are the persons who are life-like, portrayed in a
story and interpretable by the reader from their speeches, dialogues, and actions
(Abrams, 1981: 20). Characters are the central point of the reader’s interest. Each
character has a different role in making the novel more interesting and dramatic. In
Anna Campion and Jane Campion’s Holy Smoke, the writer found that the main
characters of the novel are Ruth Baron and P. J. Waters. They are chosen as the main
characters since their presence is echoed from the beginning until the end of the
novel. They are the central characters and the most important characters to whom the
reader focuses on the whole story. Thus, those characters are chosen as the main
characters since they have the fullest attention for the readers (Henkle, 1977: 92).
Murphy in Understanding Unseens: an Introduction to English Poetry and the
English Novel for Overseas Students, there are nine ways in which an author can
present the characterization of characters, they are personal description, character as
seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment,
thoughts, mannerism (1972, 161- 173).
1. Ruth Baron
Ruth Baron is one of the two major characters in the novel Holy Smoke. The
novel speaks alternately between Ruth Baron and P. J. Waters’ point of views. For
example, in Chapter I speaks the point of view of Ruth Baron. Then, for Chapter II is
P. J. Waters who speaks, and Ruth Baron point of view is spoken again in Chapter III.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
24
The writer discusses Ruth’s characters as seen from Murphy’s theory of
characterizations. Thus, the writer talks about the characters in terms of personal
descriptions, characters as seen by others, speech, past life, reactions, conversation of
others, direct comment, and thoughts and mannerism. From the theory above, the
characteristics of Ruth Baron can be classified as follows.
a. Complicated
Ruth Baron is portrayed as having a complex personality. The writer can
observes this from the conversation of others. In the example below, Mrs. Baron
speaks to Ruth Baron about her being difficult.
“You, you’ve been always difficult, you used to say you were going to
school, only you went to the library” (Campion and Campion, 1999:
16).
From the quotation above, the writer knows that Ruth has a complicated
personality. She was not an obedient and honest child. She sometimes deceived her
family for her benefit. Her mother describes this character as being difficult.
The writer also find the evidence of Ruth’s difficult personalities from the
other characters’ point of views, such as from P. J. Waters as follows.
“Ruth as a case was simple enough…..Ruth as a woman was
completely different, and I pause here because there’s some way in
which she entered me and I’m not sure how” (Campion and Campion,
1999: 23).
In this excerpt, P. J. Waters expresses his thought of Ruth’s character. He
thinks that Ruth’s case as a brainwashed cult member is easy to be solved since he
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
25
has solved many similar cases before. However, Ruth as a woman has difficult
characteristics and this proves to be a problem during the deprogramming.
b. Self-Assured
Despite of being young and inexperienced, Ruth is described as self-assured.
When her whole family meets and confronts her in front of P.J. Waters in the
beginning of the novel, she does not lose her composure. In fact, she can gather
herself and behaves dignifiedly as P. J. Waters describes below through his thought.
Yes and the way she did that tucking; concentrating, gathering herself
to herself moved me. To be on exhibit and be able to transform that
moment, a weak moment, where she’s standing there as freak, into
food for her own advantage was clever (Campion and Campion, 1999:
41).
From P. J. Waters’ thought, the writer knows that Ruth does not react with
fear and extreme anger. Instead, she tries to look confidence and dignified which
impresses him.
c. Independent
Ruth Baron is shown as an independent woman. The writer observes this from
P. J. Waters’ comment as follows.
“That’s what she looked like, all golden, not wanting our protection. I
felt she’d had to struggle with a militant independence all her life ….
(Campion and Campion, 1999: 41).
P. J. Waters is impressed with Ruth Baron’s independence. When her family
confronts her to undergo the deprogramming, she handles that with dignity and
appears as if she does not need any protection. In fact, he guesses that Ruth has
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
26
always tried to be independent from her family all her life. This is true, since Ruth
does not like to live with them.
d. Bad-Tempered
As the writer knows from the novel, her family is dysfunctional and hypocrite.
Ruth’s father commits an adultery. Although her mother knows about this, she never
confronts her husband and pretends like nothing happens. Ruth dislikes this as we can
observe from her direct speech as follows.
“Hypocrite. Well he is, I am fucking sick of it. They don’t know what
works in life, how could they know what works, they haven’t
questioned it. Robots” (Campion and Campion, 1999: 48).
In the example above, Ruth expresses her dislikes of her family’s hypocrisy
and their ignorant behavior. She feels that her family never questions anything and
just lives their life without any goals. From the surface, her family looks all right, but
if we look closely they do not function well, at least not as well as Ruth wants them
to. Beside her adulterous father, she dislikes her brothers and her sister in law,
Yvonne. Yvonne’s marriage to Robbie, Ruth’s brother seems to look all right in the
surface, but actually Yvonne does not really love Robbie and often flirts with other
men, such as with P.J. Waters. She even puts pictures of male celebrities close to her
bed to look at every time she makes love with Robbie. This type of hypocrisy makes
Ruth hate her family and wants to escape from them.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
27
e. Rebellious
Ruth is rebellious. From the novel, the writer observes how P.J. Waters’
comments on Ruth’s rebellious reaction to him at one session of the deprogramming.
This produces a throw yourself on the bed fit, hands over her ears, face
into the pillows, wahwah noises as loud as she can go. I expect
rebellion. I am prepared for it (Campion and Campion, 1999: 68).
Thus, the writer knows from the quotation above that Ruth is a rebellious
woman. She does not want to be told what to do by P. J. Waters during the
deprogramming session at a remote farm. She reacts strongly by throwing herself to
bed and making loud noises to show her resistance to P.J. Waters’ deprogramming.
So we know that Ruth is rebellious and does not hesitate to show that to others
around her.
f. Curious
The writer observes from her past life that Ruth Baron has always been
curious about her life meaning and goal. When she was fifteen, she begins to ask
question about her life meaning and goal to her mother. ‘… Mum, I’m fifteen; I want
to know what the point of life is” (Campion and Campion, 1999: 100).
She became disappointed since her mother does not really care about her
question and because her mother also does not seem to care about the meaning of her
life either.
Ruth Baron also asks the same question to herself.
‘But instead, I sobbed for two days…… the real reason was I hadn’t
discovered the reason to live…. given that more people were mean and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
28
jealous and envious than were nice and generous’ (Campion and
Campion, 1999: 101).
From the quotation above, the writer knows that Ruth was very sad that she
did not know about the reason for her to live since she observed that most people had
bad characteristics she disliked, such as being mean, jealous, and envious. Her
curiosity about her life meaning and goal makes her to travel to India to look for an
answer. This brings her to the cult led by Chidaatma Baba. The writer observes that
her family never asks any question about their life. This makes Ruth unhappy and
therefore she travels to India to seek for the answer of her life’s purpose. The writer
also infers that Ruth is attracted to Chidaatma Baba because he appears to be able to
answer her questions about life. This is why she plans to marry and live with him in
India.
g. Attractive
Ruth Baron thinks that every man desires her. Every time P. J. Waters touches
her, she thinks that P. J. Waters wants to sleep with her. This upsets P.J. Waters.
“ Not all touch is desire but you … you wouldn’t know about that,
would you, Ruth, because you’re so busy up there…. Imagining how
everyone is desiring you. You’re one of the most ungenerous people
I’ve ever met (Campion and Campion, 1999: 133).
From P. J. Waters’ direct comment, the writer knows that Ruth thinks that
every man likes her. Ruth Baron knows that she is young and attractive and she
thinks that every man is attracted to her because of that.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
29
h. Unrealistic
Ruth has unrealistic dreams. For example, she dreams of having other parents
in her life, like Yani and Tim. This dream is of course unrealistic, since her parents
are total
THE CONTRIBUTION OF RUTH BARON AND P.J. WATERS’
INTERACTION TO THEIR CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT
AS SEEN IN ANNA CAMPION AND JANE CAMPION’S
HOLY SMOKE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ANSDARIA ADITYAS DANASTRI
Student Number: 064214088
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE CONTRIBUTION OF RUTH BARON AND P.J. WATERS’
INTERACTION TO THEIR CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT
AS SEEN IN ANNA CAMPION AND JANE CAMPION’S
HOLY SMOKE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
ANSDARIA ADITYAS DANASTRI
Student Number: 064214088
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
i
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I declare that this thesis which I have written does not contain the works of part of the
works of other people, except those cited in the quotations and bibliography, as a
scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, March 2, 2013
Ansdaria Adityas Danastri
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My deepest gratitude goes to Lord Jesus Christ for giving me grace, blessing,
guidance, and courage during the process to finish this undergraduate thesis so that I
finally could accomplish this thesis.
My greatest gratitude goes to my advisor Dewi Widyastuti S. Pd., M. Hum.
for her advice, ideas, support, and patience in reading and guiding my undergraduate
thesis writing. I thank my co-advisor Dr. F. X. Siswadi, M. A. for his carefulness in
reading and checking my mistakes.
My sweetest gratitude goes to my beloved parents. My Father, Stephanus
Agus Wibowo Hadi and my mother, Caecilia Tri Kusdwinarti for their love, prayers
and patience to guide me. I would like to thank my beloved sister, Hendrika Seila
Klara Dea for her love and support, and to all my family.
I would also like to give my appreciation to all lecturers in the English Letters
Department at Sanata Dharma University, to mbak Ninik at the secretariat and also
library staff for their assistance along my study.
I also thank my classmates of 2006, Kiky, Wahyu, Nabila, Ireda, U’us, Vero,
Ira, Diksita, Yenny, Dewi, Morris, Tzin, Tuwiek, Hasan, and others who have shared
the unforgettable moments in English Letters Department at Sanata Dharma
University.
Last but not least, my gratitude goes to Andika Krisnugraha. He never gives
up supporting, motivating, and accompanying me from the very beginning of this
thesis until now. His love is my strength and he makes my life more meaningful.
Ansdaria Adityas Danastri
v
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma :
Nama
: Ansdaria Adityas Danastri
NomorMahasiswa
: 064214088
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :
THE CONTRIBUTION OF RUTH BARON AND P.J. WATERS’
INTERACTION TO THEIR CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT
AS SEEN IN ANNA CAMPION AND JANE CAMPION’S HOLY SMOKE
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan
dalam
bentuk
media
lain,
mengelolanya
dalam
bentuk
pangkalan
data,
mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain
untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan
royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 2 Maret 2013
Yang menyatakan
Ansdaria Adityas Danastri
vi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………. i
APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………………………... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE…………………………………………………………. iii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY………………………………... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………….. v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI..……………….... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................... viii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION........................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study.................................................................................. 1
B. Problem Formulation......................................................................................... 3
C. Objectives of the Study...................................................................................... 3
D. Definition of Terms............................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW........................................................
A. Review of Related Studies.................................................................................
B. Review of Related Theories...............................................................................
1. Theory on Character and Characterization………………………………….
2. Theory on Character Development…………………………………………...
3. Theory on Personality Development………………………………………….
C. Theoretical Framework.....................................................................................
6
6
7
7
10
11
14
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY....................................................................
A. Object of the Study...........................................................................................
B. Approach of the Study......................................................................................
C. Method of the Study.........................................................................................
16
16
18
20
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS................................................................................. 22
A. The Characteristics of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters .................................. 23
B. Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters’ Character Development………………….. 34
C. The Contribution of the Interaction toward the Character Development.... 44
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION............................................................................ 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................. 55
APPENDIX...........................................................................................................
vii
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
ANSDARIA ADITYAS DANASTRI. The Contribution of Ruth Baron and P.J.
Waters’ Interaction to Their Character Development as Seen in Anna Campion
and Jane Campion’s Holy Smoke. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters,
Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
This thesis discusses the character development of the two main characters in
Holy Smoke novel. The two main characters are Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters.
There are three objectives that the writer wants to achieve in this thesis. First
is to find out how Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters are characterized. Second is to find out
the character development of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters. The last objective is to find
out how Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters’ interaction contributes to their character
development.
This thesis is a library research. The data were taken from the novel itself and
other supporting theories from books, and internet articles which were used to solve
the problems in the analysis. In answering the problems, the writer uses a
psychological approach. This approach is thought as the best approach in answering
the problem because the story relates to character development of the two main
characters, Ruth and P.J. Waters.
The writer concludes that the two main characters in the novel, Ruth Baron
and P.J. Waters undergo character development because of their interaction. Their
characteristics become better. Ruth Baron characteristics do not change totally
because the deprogramming is just done in three days. Some of her characteristics
that have developed are the unrealistic, selfish, and rebellious. Then those
characteristics have developed into becoming more critical and in touch with reality.
P.J. Waters’ characteristics do not change totally also because his job is just done in
three days. Some of his characteristics that have developed are the self-absorbed,
misogynous, and attractive. Then those characteristics have developed into more
humble and appreciate help. The interactions and the conditions which contribute to
Ruth Baron’s character development are the changes of the social environment and
psychotherapy with P.J. Waters. The interactions and the conditions which contribute
to P.J. Waters’ character development are the changes in significant people in his life
and the motivation to be loved by Ruth Baron.
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
ANSDARIA ADITYAS DANASTRI. The Contribution of Ruth Baron and P.J.
Waters’ Interaction to Their Character Development as Seen in Anna Campion
and Jane Campion’s Holy Smoke. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas
Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Skripsi ini membahas tentang perubahan karakter dari dua tokoh utama dalam
novel Holy Smoke. Tokoh tersebut adalah Ruth Baron dan P.J. Waters.
Ada tiga tujuan yang ingin dicapai oleh penulis melalui karya tulis ini. Tujuan
pertama adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana penokohan Ruth Baron dan P.J. Waters.
Tujuan berikutnya adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana perubahan karakter Ruth
Baron dan P.J. Waters. Tujuan terakhir adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana interaksi
Ruth Baron dan P.J. Waters yang memberikan kontribusi pada perubahan karakter
mereka.
Skripsi ini adalah studi analisis yang menerapkan metode kepustakaan. Data
utama diambil dari novel Holy Smoke dan data yang lain diambil dari buku-buku lain
yang mendukung seperti teori-teori yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah
yang terdapat dalam analisis. Dalam menyelesaika nmasalah yang terdapat dalam
analisis, penulis menggunakan pendekatan psikologis. Hal ini karena cerita dalam
novel ini berkaitan dengan perubahan karakter yang dialami oleh dua tokoh utama,
Ruth Baron dan P.J. Waters.
Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa Ruth Baron dan P.J. Waters, dua tokoh utama
dalam novel, mengalami perubahan karakter karena interaksi mereka. Karakterisasi
mereka menjadi lebih baik. Karakter Ruth Baron tidak mengalami perubahan secara
keseluruhan karena terapi hanya dilakukan dalam tiga hari. Beberapa karakteristiknya
yang mengalami perubahan adalah tidak realistis, egois, dan pemberontak. Kemudian
karakteristik tersebut berubah menjadi lebih kritis dan realistis. Karakter P.J. Waters
tidak mengalami perubahan secara keseluruhan karena pekerjaannya hanya dilakukan
dalam tiga hari. Beberapa karakteristiknya yang mengalami perubahan adalah egois,
membenci wanita dan berpikir bahwa dirinya menarik. Kemudian karakteristik
tersebut berubah menjadi lebih rendah hati dan menghargai bantuan. Interaksi dan
kondisi yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap perubahan karakter Ruth Baron adalah
perubahan social sekitar dan psikoterapi yang dilakukan P.J. Waters. Interaksi dan
kondisi yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap perubahan karakter P.J. Waters adalah
perubahan seseorang yang berarti dalam hidupnya dan motivasi untuk dicintai oleh
Ruth Baron.
ix
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is divided into four parts. The first part is the background of the
study which discusses the reason of the study. The second part is the problem
formulation which focuses on the problem discussed in the analysis. The third part is
the objectives of the study which contains the goals of the study. The fourth part is
for the definition of terms used in this study.
A. Background of the Study
In this study, the writer analyzes a novel, Holy Smoke by Anna Campion and
Jane Campion from the point of view of the main characters of the novel. Anna
Campion and Jane Campion are sisters born eighteen months apart in Wellington,
New Zealand. Jane Campion wrote and directed award winning movies such as The
Piano, and co-wrote its novel version, while Anna Campion directed the film Loaded.
They began working together in 1994 to produce for the novel Holy Smoke. The
novel was published in 1999 before the premiere of its movie version.
During Ruth Baron’s visit to India, she is drawn to join a cult led by a guru.
Her Australian family hires an American cult specialist, P.J. Waters, to free her from
the cult’s influence. The two main characters then spend a private time at a remote
farm in Australia for three days. As the deprogramming progressed, P.J. Waters and
Ruth Baron have an intense interaction with each other. P.J. Waters, an experienced
1
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2
and mature deprogrammer, has to confront Ruth Baron, who is bold and determined
to break the deprogrammer. The writer finds it interesting to look into how the
interaction between Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters contribute to their character
development.
Moreover, previous discussions on Holy Smoke notably by Barry Johnson
(http://www.austinchronicle.com/books/1999-10-01/74051),
Chris
(http://www.spikemagazine.com/0100holysmoke.php),
Massimo
(http://www.cesnur.org/testi/holysmoke.htm),
discuss
do
not
Mitchell
Introvigne
the
character
development of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters and how their interactions contribute to
their character development. Barry Johnson discusses on how the Campion sisters
present the opinions of the main characters. On the other hand, Christ Mitchell
focuses on the relationship between Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters, and Massimo
Introvigne talks about how the novel alternates chapters where Ruth Baron and P.J.
Waters tell their own version of the story.
Therefore, based on the interesting feature of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters’
character development, the writer decides to perform a thorough analysis on it using
current theories on characterization and character development.
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3
B. Problem Formulation
A discussion on the characters of the novel Holy Smoke immediately poses
some problems as follows.
1. How are Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters characterized in Anna Campion and Jane
Campion’s Holy Smoke?
2. What are the character developments of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters?
3. How does the interaction between Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters contribute to their
character development?
C. Objectives
The study aims of this writing is to present a discussion about the contribution
of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters’ interaction to their character development from a
novel by Anna Campion and Jane Campion entitled Holy Smoke. The discussion is
mainly to answer the three problems posed in the problem formulation. Therefore, the
goals of the study are as follows.
1. to find out how Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters are characterized in the novel
Holy Smoke
2. to find out the character development of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters in the
novel Holy Smoke
3. to find out how Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters’ interaction contribute to their
character development
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4
D. Definition of Terms
In this subchapter, the writer discusses the important terms used in this thesis
as follows.
1. Character
According to Abrams (1981: 20) in Glossary of Literary Terms, characters are
the persons, in a dramatic or a narrative work, endowed with moral and dispositional
qualities that are expressed in what they say –the dialogue- and what they do –the
action-. In other words, the characters display their characteristics and moral values in
the dialogue and the action in the novel.
2. Character Development
Pikunas (1976: 23) argues in his book, Human Development: An Emergent
Science, that development is a kind of processes of growth, maturation, learning and
achievement.
Laurence Perrine (1974:71) in Literature: Structure, Sound and Sense states
that all fictional characters can be classified as static or dynamic. The developing or
dynamic character undergoes a permanent change in some aspects of his or her
character, personality or outlook. The change may be for a large or a small one, it
may be better or worse, but it is something important or basis.
Combining term 1 and 2, character development means the growth or the
changing of a figure’s thought, feeling, behavior, the mental or moral qualities in
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
literary work through environment and successive period as the result of his action to
fulfill some motives regardless of the influence of the other characters or his past life.
3. Interaction
Interaction is the situation or occurrence in which two or more objects or
events act upon one another to produce a new effect; the effect resulting from such a
situation or occurrence. (http://www.definitions.net/definition/interaction)
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
In this chapter, the writer explores some review to support the analysis. This
chapter consists of the reviews of related studies, related theories and the theoretical
framework.
A. Review of Related Studies
There have been several works on the character development such as Aryo
Budi Wicaksono (2004), Gusti Ayu Made Dwi Setiawati (2003), and Lucianawati
(2002). They discuss how the authors describe their character development.
Aryo Budi Wicaksono (2004) in his undergraduate thesis entitle “Minor
Characters and Their Contributions to Scrooge’s Character Development” explores
the conflicts between the minor characters and the major characters that contribute to
the development of Scrooge’s character. Through the conflicts, Scrooge receives
great contributions to the development of his character seen in Charles Dickens’ A
Christmas Carol.
Gusti Ayu Made Dwi Setiawati (2003) in her undergraduate thesis entitle
“The Contribution of Michael Henchard’s Character Development and The Plot to
the Theme” states that Henchard’s character development and the plot of the story
give contribution, which is influenced by conflict and contact with other characters
toward the theme of the story. Setiawati (2003) also show how the conflicts arise
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7
from their contacts and how the main character overcomes the situations seen in
Thomas Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge.
Another analysis comes from Lucianawati (2002) in her undergraduate thesis
entitle “The Contribution of The Minor Characters to Bayard Sartoris’ Character
Development” explores the characteristic of the main character which developed
under the circumstances of the minor characters’ importance seen in William
Faulkner’s The Unvanquished.
It can be concluded that the previous studies are the same discussion about the
character development, but their characteristics develop because of the contribution
of the minor character and the plot of the story. In this study, the writer discusses on
how the author presents Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters’ characteristics and their
character development, as well as their interaction which contribute to their character
development.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory on Character and Characterization
A character can simply be considered as a person who has a role in a story.
Abrams (1981: 20) explains that a person presented in a story is called the character.
Abrams adds that the readers interpret the character as having certain characteristics
in the way they play their roles that are expressed by what they saw or their dialogue
and what they do or their action.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
Characters are the central point of the reader’s interest. Each character has a
different role in making the novel more interesting and dramatic. They have the
fullest attention for the readers (Henkle, 1977: 92).
Now turn to the characterization, Murphy (1972: 161-173) presents nine ways
in which an author can present the characterization of characters in a literary work as
follows.
a. Personal Description
The author can describe a character by using appearance and clothing. The readers
will get only a visible look of a character, like parts of the body of the character and
the clothes he or she wears (Murphy, 1972: 161).
b. Character as seen by another
The author can describe a character through the view, opinions, attitudes, and
comments of other characters. The readers will get a reflected image of the characters
which the author intends to portray (Murphy, 1972: 162).
c. Speech
The author can describe a character by giving readers an insight into the characters
through the way they speak and the language they use (Murphy, 1972: 164).
d. Past Life
The author can provide clues to events that help to shape characteristics by giving the
readers the characters’ past life. The clues are helpful to analyze the motives that a
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
character has when he has a particular characteristic or does something special (1972:
166).
e. Conversation of others
The author can comment and describe the characteristics of the characters directly to
readers (Murphy, 1972: 167).
f. Reactions
The author can describe the characters by showing how a character responds to
various situations and events. The reaction may give clues to the characteristics of the
character (Murphy, 1972: 170).
g. Direct Comment
The author comments and describes the characteristics of the characters directly to
readers. This becomes the best way for the readers to visualize the characteristics
because they know what the author exactly wants to reveal (Murphy, 1972: 170).
h. Thoughts
The author can give readers a direct knowledge on what a character is thinking about.
The thought can be presented through speech or attitudes. The readers then are in
privileged position since they have a secret listening device plugged into the inmost
thought of the characters in a novel (Murphy, 1972: 171).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10
i. Mannerism
The author can characterize a character through mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies.
Those things may tell reader something about the character’s characteristics (Murphy,
1972: 173).
2. Theory on Character Development
The development of the characters may change the personality, behavior, and
mind of the character. Therefore, Perrine (1974: 71) divides the characters into two,
static and dynamic characters.
a. Static Character
Such character does not undergo a change and will have the same
characteristics from the beginning until the end of the story. This is due to the
influence of the event changing or the disorder inter-relationship with other
characters.
b. Dynamic Character
Dynamic character is also called a developing character and is the opposite of
the static character. The character will change in certain conditions and it can be
developed into some possibilities. A developing character can undergo a permanent
change in some aspects of his or her character, personality or outlook. The change
may be for a large or a small one and for better or worse.
Furthermore, the dynamicity of the characters cannot be measured from the
quantity of the change but from the significant difference of the characters’ behavior
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
in some events. Therefore, a dynamic character is complex, many-sided and requires
a deeper analysis than a static character.
3. Theory on Personality Development
A personality is composed from characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings
and behaviors that render a person unique (http: //psychology.about.com/od/overview
of personality/a/persondef.htm).
The word development describes the growth of human throughout their
lifespan from conception to death. It is a process of growth, maturation, learning, and
achievement (Pikunas, 1976: 23).
Hurlock (1974: 120-122) divides the development of the characters into three
major categories as follows.
a. Better versus Worse
Personality changes for the better or for the worse reflect the kind of life
adjustment the individual is making at the time. Personality changes for the worse in
normal people occur at puberty and middle age (Hurlock, 1974: 120).
b. Quantitative versus Qualitative
In qualitative changes, an already present trait usually an undesirable one, is
replaced by another trait, usually a desirable one. In the case of selfishness, for
example, a qualitative change would mean that selfishness was eliminated and
replaced with generosity. In quantitative changes, characteristics already present are
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12
reinforced, strengthened, or weakened. Undesirable traits usually become less
undesirable (Hurlock, 1974: 120).
c. Slow versus Rapid Change
Changes are regarded as slow if they are barely perceptible, while rapid
changes are quickly to be understood to all. Normally, personality changes are slow
and gradual. They are slow, even in childhood before the personality pattern has
become well set, because every change involves the breaking of a previously learned
habit and the learning of a new habit to replace it (Hurlock, 1974: 122).
Furthermore, changes in personality do not occur of their own accord. Usually
they are the result of multiple revisions in thoughts and feelings related to the
person’s concepts of self. The changes of personality can be affected by several
conditions (Hurlock, 1974: 124-130) as follows.
a. Physical Changes: The physical changes can be caused by illness or injuries and
will affect the characters’ personalities. If the physical changes happen at puberty,
a person can undergo changes in self-concept (Hurlock, 1974: 124).
b. Environment Changes: The environment changes can be either physical or social.
The changes depend on how well a person copes with the new environment
(Hurlock, 1974: 125)
c. Significant People’s Changes: Changes in significant people in a person’s life can
provoke changes in that person as well. A given person often has to adjust to the
changes of the behavior, attitudes, beliefs, and values, of the significant people in
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13
his or her life. These changes may not be marked nor are they always permanent
(Hurlock, 1974: 126).
d. Changes in social pressure: Changes in social pressure can make someone’s
personality changes in order to be accepted socially. Since everyone normally has
a strong desire to be accepted by those who are significant to him, he tries to
change any personality trait that will militate against him being accepted.
Furthermore, the strong social pressures such as shyness, bossiness,
aggressiveness and greediness have much possibility to encourage changes in
certain aspect of personality rather than the traits of admiration, affection,
cooperativeness and generosity (Hurlock, 1974: 126).
e. Changes of one’s role: Changes of one’s role may occur because of the changes of
age, economic conditions and affiliation with a new group. When the result of the
changes put a person into a favorable status, there will be a change for better in the
person’s self-concept (Hurlock, 1974: 127).
f. The degree of motivation: When the motivation to improve the personality pattern
is strong enough, changes can be affected. People generally improve their pattern
in order to get greater social acceptance and also to improve their social
relationship (Hurlock, 1974: 127).
g. The changes of self-concept in one’s personality: This type of change will change
his personality completely. Therefore, changes in self-concept are more difficult in
older people and usually the changes occur slowly. They also have more obstacles,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
namely intellectual, emotional and environment. The intellectual obstacle happens
because people tend to be accustomed to a certain behavior to solve problems and
therefore cannot see other solutions for the problems. The emotional obstacle is
due to the fact that people experience dissatisfactions when they are in charge with
higher responsibility. As an example, a follower might have difficulties when he is
assigned to be a leader. The environmental obstacles, such as a being in a hostile
or unfriendly environment, can affect a person’s self-concept. As an example, a
person will have difficulties in an environment which tends to judge people based
on their race or religion (Hurlock, 1974: 128)
h. Psychotherapy: The use of psychotherapy can help a person to gain a better insight
into his or her unrealistically favorable or unfavorable concept. The therapy also
helps someone to recognize how self-concept influences the quality of his or her
behavior and to realize how irrational his self-concept and his behavior. It can also
help someone to get the motivation and knowledge to change his self-concept
(Hurlock, 1974: 129).
C. Theoretical Framework
In this study, the writer uses three theories to analyze the topic about character
development. They are theory on character and characterization, theory on character
development, and theory on personality development. Theory on character by M. H.
Abrams and theory on characterization by M. J. Murphy are suitable means for
finding the characteristics of P.J. Waters and Ruth Baron in the novel. On the other
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
hand, the theory on character development by Laurence Perrine is used to find the
development of P.J. Waters’ and Ruth Baron’s characteristics. The third theory is
theory on personality development by Elizabeth B. Hurlock. This theory is used to
find how their interaction contributes to their character development.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Chapter three is divided into three sections, the object of the study, the chosen
approaches of the analysis and the methods used in completing the study.
A. Object of the Study
In this study, the writer discusses Holy Smoke, a collaborative novel between
two sisters, Anna Campion and Jane Campion. Jane Campion has been successful
with a series of controversial and celebrated movies such as The Piano, The Portrait
of A Lady and An Angel at My Table. Mitchell comments that Campion’s works are
complex and display sumptuous explorations of sexual politics. Anna Campion has
also made a success by directing Loaded, the movie.
The novel was first published in 1999 by Miramax, Hyperion New York. It
consists of 259 pages which are divided into 23 chapters. The publication of the novel
preceded the premiere of its film version with the same title, also produced by
Miramax.
The story revolves around two main characters, Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters.
Ruth Baron is a twenty-year-old Australian girl. Her father is adulterous, her brother
is obsessed with pornography and her sister in-law is promiscuous and even tries to
seduce P.J. Waters. While travelling in India, she becomes deeply involved in a cult
led by a guru, Chidaatma Baba at the point where she decides to abandon everything
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17
and stays with the guru. Her travelling companion, another Australian girl, alerts her
worried mother by presenting her with a picture of Ruth Baron wearing an Indian
sari. Mrs. Baron immediately contacts an Australian psychotherapist, who in turn
connects her with a highly successful cult deprogrammer from New York, P.J.
Waters. Contrary to the youthfulness of Ruth Baron, P.J. Waters is middle-aged and
mature. He is usually hired to deprogram people or to free people who are affected by
the influence or the brainwashing of a cult. In his work, he uses aggressive
psychotherapy which requires him to stay with his patients alone for an indefinite
amount of time. Due to the required closeness with his patients, he is sometimes
emotionally involved with his patient. His current fiancée is his former
deprogramming patient.
Now turn again to Ruth Baron, she is tricked by her mother to come to
Australia to start the deprogramming process. At first, she resists all attempts to bring
her home, including a trick of her father being dying. However, when her mother has
an asthmatic attack, she finally agrees to go back to Australia not knowing that a
deprogramming with a foreign therapist awaits her.
Arriving in Australia, Ruth Baron is unwillingly taken to a remote farm and is
forced to have a private deprogramming session with P.J. Waters. Ruth Baron is
obviously unhappy with the forced deprogramming, and she intends to fight P.J.
Waters back from the start. On the other hand, P.J. Waters is very enthusiastic to
perform his job to deprogram Ruth Baron. Although meeting with a high resistance
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18
from Ruth Barron, P.J. Waters eagerly confronts her with discussions and videos of
cults and brainwashing such as comparing Baron’s guru with the murderous cult guru
Charles Manson and labels her as a blind follower (Campion and Campion, 1999: 8788).
The story then turns into a battle of influence and power between Ruth Baron
and P.J. Waters. On one side, P.J. Waters is determined to break Ruth Baron’s
resilient defense and possibly deprogram her to leave her cult, and on the other side,
Ruth Baron tries to seduce him with her youthful beauty to break the deprogrammer.
Soon, the interesting spiritual and philosophical discussions turn into sexual contacts.
The intended innocent deprogramming becomes tangled with the intense relationship
between Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters. However, as Introvigne observes, none of the
main characters are totally innocent. Both Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters display their
own dark sides. P.J. Waters himself is described as an old man who is not reluctant to
engage in sexual exploitation of a young girl. As a result, Introvigne concludes that
the deprogramming turn into a psychosexual interplay between the mature man, P.J.
Waters and the teenager, Ruth Baron.
B. Approach of the Study
In the present work, the writer uses a psychological approach. The
psychological approach is characterized by several factors. First, it deals with the
motives that underlying human behavior and serves as an excellent tool to ‘read
beneath the lines’ (Guerin, 1979: 121). Therefore, Guerin adds that the approach
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
19
offers many useful clues toward solving a work’s thematic and symbolic mysteries
and possibly the beautiful symmetry of a well-wrought literary work. As a result, the
approach helps the readers greatly to analyze a character’s psychology or a situation
in a literary work (Guerin, 1979: 125).
Meanwhile, Rohrberger and Woods Jr. argue that the psychological approach
draws a different body of knowledge. This approach involves an effort to locate and
demonstrate recurrent patterns, such as a man’s capacity for creation and the
complexity of his thought and behavior. Those contents of this region of mind find
the expression in symbolic words, thoughts and actions (Rohrberger and Woods Jr.,
1971: 15).
In the present study, the psychological approach is applied through an analysis
of the personalities of the main characters and their character developments. The
writer assumes that the developments of the characters are influenced by each other’s
personalities and experiences in life. The psychological analysis of the main
characters’ personalities and development is achieved by using theories of character
and characterization, theories of character development and theories of personality
development.
The theories of character and characterization are used to observe the
personalities or characterization of the characters in the novel. On the other hand, the
theories of character development are used to observe the development of the
characters in the novel.
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20
C. Method of the Study
In the present work, the writer performs library research as the method of the
study. The research aims to collect and obtain data from written sources such as
printed books as well as articles taken from the internet.
There are two types of written resources used in the present work, the primary
and the secondary resource. The primary resource is the novel Holy Smoke written by
the Campion sisters. The secondary resources are books on literature focusing on the
theories of character and characterization, theories of character development, and
theories of personalities.
Now the writer discusses the steps performed in the analysis of the character
development of the novel Holy Smoke. First, the writer read the novel several times to
internalize the story. In reading the story, the writer focused on the characteristics of
the main characters, their character development, and the influence of their
interaction to their character development. The writer made notes and quoted excerpts
from the novel which displayed the subject of the analysis above.
Second, the writer formulated three problems to analyze the character
development of the main characters of the Holy Smoke. The three problems included
the characterization, the character development, and the interaction of the main
characters which contribute to their character development. Third, the writer
performed a library research to look for previous studies on Holy Smoke and theories
related to characterization and character development in the literature. The writer
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21
then reviewed previous studies on the Holy Smoke to look for subjects which were
not discussed in the studies. Furthermore, the writer also applied the theories of
characterization and character development into the notes and excerpts collected from
the novel Holy Smoke.
Lastly, the writer composed the conclusion of the study. This was done by
answering the problems listed in the problem formulation. Upon answering the
problems, the writer then concluded the study. The conclusion is the finding of the
analysis.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter consists of the discussion of the analysis and the answers of the
problem formulation stated in the first chapter. Therefore, this chapter is divided into
three parts. The first part discusses the characteristics of the main characters of the
Holy Smoke, Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters. The second part talks about the character
development of the main characters. The last part discusses the interaction of the
main characters which contribute to their development.
In the first part of the analysis, the writer discusses the characteristics of Ruth
Baron and P. J. Waters before they start to influence each other’s characters. The
discussion is based on Murphy’s theory of characterizations.
In the second part, the writer uses the theory of personalities by Perrine to
look into the character development of Ruth Baron and P. J. Waters. Thus, the writer
first compares the characterizations of Ruth Baron and P. J. Waters before and after
their interaction, and then investigates their character development based on that
comparison.
In the last part, the writer analyzes the interaction of Ruth Baron and P. J.
Waters which contribute to their character development. Hence, the writer looks
closely on their interaction as a deprogrammer and his patient and as a mature man
and a young woman.
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23
A. The Characteristics of Ruth Baron and P.J. Waters
In literary work, characters are the persons who are life-like, portrayed in a
story and interpretable by the reader from their speeches, dialogues, and actions
(Abrams, 1981: 20). Characters are the central point of the reader’s interest. Each
character has a different role in making the novel more interesting and dramatic. In
Anna Campion and Jane Campion’s Holy Smoke, the writer found that the main
characters of the novel are Ruth Baron and P. J. Waters. They are chosen as the main
characters since their presence is echoed from the beginning until the end of the
novel. They are the central characters and the most important characters to whom the
reader focuses on the whole story. Thus, those characters are chosen as the main
characters since they have the fullest attention for the readers (Henkle, 1977: 92).
Murphy in Understanding Unseens: an Introduction to English Poetry and the
English Novel for Overseas Students, there are nine ways in which an author can
present the characterization of characters, they are personal description, character as
seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment,
thoughts, mannerism (1972, 161- 173).
1. Ruth Baron
Ruth Baron is one of the two major characters in the novel Holy Smoke. The
novel speaks alternately between Ruth Baron and P. J. Waters’ point of views. For
example, in Chapter I speaks the point of view of Ruth Baron. Then, for Chapter II is
P. J. Waters who speaks, and Ruth Baron point of view is spoken again in Chapter III.
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24
The writer discusses Ruth’s characters as seen from Murphy’s theory of
characterizations. Thus, the writer talks about the characters in terms of personal
descriptions, characters as seen by others, speech, past life, reactions, conversation of
others, direct comment, and thoughts and mannerism. From the theory above, the
characteristics of Ruth Baron can be classified as follows.
a. Complicated
Ruth Baron is portrayed as having a complex personality. The writer can
observes this from the conversation of others. In the example below, Mrs. Baron
speaks to Ruth Baron about her being difficult.
“You, you’ve been always difficult, you used to say you were going to
school, only you went to the library” (Campion and Campion, 1999:
16).
From the quotation above, the writer knows that Ruth has a complicated
personality. She was not an obedient and honest child. She sometimes deceived her
family for her benefit. Her mother describes this character as being difficult.
The writer also find the evidence of Ruth’s difficult personalities from the
other characters’ point of views, such as from P. J. Waters as follows.
“Ruth as a case was simple enough…..Ruth as a woman was
completely different, and I pause here because there’s some way in
which she entered me and I’m not sure how” (Campion and Campion,
1999: 23).
In this excerpt, P. J. Waters expresses his thought of Ruth’s character. He
thinks that Ruth’s case as a brainwashed cult member is easy to be solved since he
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25
has solved many similar cases before. However, Ruth as a woman has difficult
characteristics and this proves to be a problem during the deprogramming.
b. Self-Assured
Despite of being young and inexperienced, Ruth is described as self-assured.
When her whole family meets and confronts her in front of P.J. Waters in the
beginning of the novel, she does not lose her composure. In fact, she can gather
herself and behaves dignifiedly as P. J. Waters describes below through his thought.
Yes and the way she did that tucking; concentrating, gathering herself
to herself moved me. To be on exhibit and be able to transform that
moment, a weak moment, where she’s standing there as freak, into
food for her own advantage was clever (Campion and Campion, 1999:
41).
From P. J. Waters’ thought, the writer knows that Ruth does not react with
fear and extreme anger. Instead, she tries to look confidence and dignified which
impresses him.
c. Independent
Ruth Baron is shown as an independent woman. The writer observes this from
P. J. Waters’ comment as follows.
“That’s what she looked like, all golden, not wanting our protection. I
felt she’d had to struggle with a militant independence all her life ….
(Campion and Campion, 1999: 41).
P. J. Waters is impressed with Ruth Baron’s independence. When her family
confronts her to undergo the deprogramming, she handles that with dignity and
appears as if she does not need any protection. In fact, he guesses that Ruth has
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always tried to be independent from her family all her life. This is true, since Ruth
does not like to live with them.
d. Bad-Tempered
As the writer knows from the novel, her family is dysfunctional and hypocrite.
Ruth’s father commits an adultery. Although her mother knows about this, she never
confronts her husband and pretends like nothing happens. Ruth dislikes this as we can
observe from her direct speech as follows.
“Hypocrite. Well he is, I am fucking sick of it. They don’t know what
works in life, how could they know what works, they haven’t
questioned it. Robots” (Campion and Campion, 1999: 48).
In the example above, Ruth expresses her dislikes of her family’s hypocrisy
and their ignorant behavior. She feels that her family never questions anything and
just lives their life without any goals. From the surface, her family looks all right, but
if we look closely they do not function well, at least not as well as Ruth wants them
to. Beside her adulterous father, she dislikes her brothers and her sister in law,
Yvonne. Yvonne’s marriage to Robbie, Ruth’s brother seems to look all right in the
surface, but actually Yvonne does not really love Robbie and often flirts with other
men, such as with P.J. Waters. She even puts pictures of male celebrities close to her
bed to look at every time she makes love with Robbie. This type of hypocrisy makes
Ruth hate her family and wants to escape from them.
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e. Rebellious
Ruth is rebellious. From the novel, the writer observes how P.J. Waters’
comments on Ruth’s rebellious reaction to him at one session of the deprogramming.
This produces a throw yourself on the bed fit, hands over her ears, face
into the pillows, wahwah noises as loud as she can go. I expect
rebellion. I am prepared for it (Campion and Campion, 1999: 68).
Thus, the writer knows from the quotation above that Ruth is a rebellious
woman. She does not want to be told what to do by P. J. Waters during the
deprogramming session at a remote farm. She reacts strongly by throwing herself to
bed and making loud noises to show her resistance to P.J. Waters’ deprogramming.
So we know that Ruth is rebellious and does not hesitate to show that to others
around her.
f. Curious
The writer observes from her past life that Ruth Baron has always been
curious about her life meaning and goal. When she was fifteen, she begins to ask
question about her life meaning and goal to her mother. ‘… Mum, I’m fifteen; I want
to know what the point of life is” (Campion and Campion, 1999: 100).
She became disappointed since her mother does not really care about her
question and because her mother also does not seem to care about the meaning of her
life either.
Ruth Baron also asks the same question to herself.
‘But instead, I sobbed for two days…… the real reason was I hadn’t
discovered the reason to live…. given that more people were mean and
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jealous and envious than were nice and generous’ (Campion and
Campion, 1999: 101).
From the quotation above, the writer knows that Ruth was very sad that she
did not know about the reason for her to live since she observed that most people had
bad characteristics she disliked, such as being mean, jealous, and envious. Her
curiosity about her life meaning and goal makes her to travel to India to look for an
answer. This brings her to the cult led by Chidaatma Baba. The writer observes that
her family never asks any question about their life. This makes Ruth unhappy and
therefore she travels to India to seek for the answer of her life’s purpose. The writer
also infers that Ruth is attracted to Chidaatma Baba because he appears to be able to
answer her questions about life. This is why she plans to marry and live with him in
India.
g. Attractive
Ruth Baron thinks that every man desires her. Every time P. J. Waters touches
her, she thinks that P. J. Waters wants to sleep with her. This upsets P.J. Waters.
“ Not all touch is desire but you … you wouldn’t know about that,
would you, Ruth, because you’re so busy up there…. Imagining how
everyone is desiring you. You’re one of the most ungenerous people
I’ve ever met (Campion and Campion, 1999: 133).
From P. J. Waters’ direct comment, the writer knows that Ruth thinks that
every man likes her. Ruth Baron knows that she is young and attractive and she
thinks that every man is attracted to her because of that.
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h. Unrealistic
Ruth has unrealistic dreams. For example, she dreams of having other parents
in her life, like Yani and Tim. This dream is of course unrealistic, since her parents
are total