Suitability analysis of pearl oyster farming in Lampung Bay, Pesawaran, Lampung Province, Indonesia
Su it a bilit y a n a ly sis of pe a r l oy st e r fa r m in g in La m pu n g Ba y , Pe sa w a r a n , La m pu n g Pr ovin ce , I n don e sia
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1 Her m an Yuliant o, Agus Har t oko, Sut r isno Anggor o, Put u C. Delis 1 Depart m ent of Aquat ic Resources, Agricult ure Facult y , Universit y of Lam pung, 2 I ndonesia;
Depart m ent of Aquat ic Resources Managem ent , Agricult ure, Fisheries, and Biology 3 Facult y , Bangka Belit ung Universit y , I ndonesia; Depart m ent of Aquat ic Resources Managem ent , Fisheries and Marine Science Facult y, Diponegor o Universit y, I ndonesia.
Cor r esponding aut hor: P.C. Delis, pt cint hia@yahoo.com
Abst r a ct . Pear l oy st er is fisher y pr oduct w hich has a pr om ising pr ospect . Lam pung Pr ov ince has a pot ent ial ar ea of 2260.5 ha. Effor t s in pear l oyst er far m ing in t he Lam pung Bay hav e been done in Pidada ar ea, and Cape of Put us, how ev er it st ill failed. Therefor e, it is necessary t o analy ze t he lev el of suit abilit y for pear l oy st er s farm ing in t he Lam pung Bay . Sur v ey m et hod w as applied t hrough spat ial and t em por al approach. The dat a used in t his st udy were der iv ed fr om pr im ary and secondar y dat a. Geo- st at ist ical m odel w as used as a for m of m apping t he ear t h’s surface ( biot ic and abiot ic) t hr ough st at ist ical applicat ions. To obt ain t he suit abilit y class, a suit abilit y m at r ix of w at er for phy sical, chem ical and biological par am et ers w as cr eat ed. Based on t he scor ing r esult , it is k now n t hat t he w at er s of Lam pung Bay is v ery suit able as pear l oy st er cult iv at ion ar ea, especially in t he ar ea around t he st at ion of 9, 10, 11, 12 ( ar ound Puhaw ang I sland) , 13, 14, 15 st at ion ( ar ound Mait em and Tegal I slands) and st at ion 18 w hich t he far m ing locat ion belongs t o pr iv at e ent er pr ise ( PT. Ky ok o Shinj u) .
Ke y w or ds: pear l oy st ers, Lam pung Bay , fish far m ing, suit abilit y analy sis.
I n t r odu ct ion . Pearl oyst er is fishery pr oduct w it h prom ising prospect . Unt il now , t he
pearl indust ry st ill relies on fishing act ivit ies from nat ure. Pearl oyst er farm ing act ivit ies have a posit ive im pact , including on reducing fishing oyst er from t he w ild in order t o m aint ain st ock s in nat ure ( Haw s et al 2010) . Pearl oy st er farm ing can also r educe w ast e/ pollut ant in coast al w at er ( Gifford et al 2005) . Som e count ries have been dev eloping t he pearl oyst er farm ing including, Aust ralia ( Wells & Jernakoff 2006) , Mexico ( Saucedo et al 2007) , China ( Zhifeng et al 2009) , Japan ( Fukum ori et al 2008; Nagai 2013) , and French Polynesia ( Andréfouët et al 2012) . Most of t he far m ing act ivit ies in I ndonesia focus on pearl product ion as com par ed w it h oyst ers for consum pt ion ( Rim m er et al 2013) . I ndonesia has t he pot ent ial as an indust rial area of pearl oyst er s, not only because it has a st able nat ural condit ions t hroughout t he y ear, but also because t he t ype of pearl oyst ers pr oduced in I ndonesia is superior t o t hose produced in ot her count ries ( Suryant o et al 2005) .
Lam pung Province is one of ar ea t hat has t he pot ency of pearl oyst er farm ing . The pot ency of pearl oy st er farm ing in t he Lam pung Bay, I ndonesia is 3260.5 ha, w her eas in 2008 about 2560.50 ha of ar ea has been ut ilized. Based on dat a fr om DKP Pesaw aran ( 2010) , t he ut ilizat ion rat e of m arine cult ure w as appr oxim at ely ± 73.19% so t hat t he pot ent ial of aquacult ure can be dev eloped by 26.81% . Pearl oyst er cult ured in I ndonesia is Pinct ada m axim a ( Goldlip Pearl Oyst er) ( Sury ant o et al 2005) . Som e exam ples of pearl oyst er farm ing pract ices dev eloped in I ndonesia are locat ed in Papua Barat ( Lee et al 2008) and t he Pr ovince of t he Sout h East Sulaw esi ( Aslan et al 2015) . Pearl farm ing act ivit ies r equire a locat ion t hat is free of w ast e and pollut ion ( Chellam et al 1987) . Effort s in pearl oyst er cult ure in t he Lam pung province had ev er been per form ed in Kyoko, Pidada, and Cape of Put us. How ev er, based on observat ions, oyst er farm ing w as successfully carried out only in t he Kyoko ar ea w hile it failed in Pidada area and cape of put us. Several fact or s affect ing t he success or failure of pearl farm ing act ivit ies including physical fact or s, w at er qualit y, biology, and ant hropology fact or ( Suryant o et al 2005) . I t is also disclosed by ( Pouv reau & Pr asil 2001) t hat t he environm ent ( t he pr esence of food and t em perat ur e) as w ell as t he condit ion of cult ivat ed land ( densit y, dept h, and com pet it or s) ar e t he dom inant fact or s. The purpose of t his st udy is t o analyze t he degree of suit abilit y of Lam pung Bay w at er s for pearl oyst er farm ing based on ecosyst em variables, as w ell as t o det erm ine t he appropriat e m aricult ure zoning for pearl oyst er s. Therefore, t his research is expect ed t o m inim ize t he failure of pearl oyst er farm ing in t he Lam pung Bay.
M a t e r ia l a n d M e t h od . The st udy w as conduct ed in April- May 2012 in t h e w at ers of
Lam pung Bay, Pesaw ar an Regency, Lam pung Province, I ndonesia. The locat ion w as one of Minapolit an developm ent ar eas. The m et hod used in t his st udy w as a surv ey m et hod t hrough spat ial and t em poral approach. Spat ial approach w as car ried out t o present ing and m odeling t he spat ial aspect s of t he phenom enon, w hile t he t em poral approach w as t aken t o pr esent w at er condit ions at a cert ain t im e.
D e t e r m in in g t h e sa m plin g loca t ion . Resear ch w as conduct ed in m ult iple use zone in
Lam pung Bay. Det erm inat ion of t he observ at ion point w as designed by using purposive sam pling m et hod. Sam pling point as m any as 20 st at ions w er e expect ed t o r epresent all t he condit ions of t he w at ers by considering t he ’ecological prefer ence’ of species cult ured, t hat is t he pearl oyst er ( Table 1) . Coordinat es of sam pling w ere recorded by using t he Global Posit ioning Syst em ( GPS) w it h t he for m at ( lat it ude; longit ude) . Map of r esear ch sit es is show n in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The locat ion of sam pling st at ions.
Table 1 Descript ion of sam pling st at ions
St at ion Locat ion Coor dinat es St at ion descr ipt ion num ber ( degr ees, m inut es, seconds) Lat it ude Longit ude
1 Siuncal 5° 46’21.53" S 105° 18’35.95" E The Nor t h of Siuncal I sland, about 1. 2 km fr om t he coast line.
2 Siuncal 5° 47’7.62" S 105° 18’21.90" E Labuhan Saw ah ar ea, t he nor t h of Siuncal I sland, about 0.4 km fr om coast line.
3 Lesung 5° 47’30.68" S 105° 17’55.12" E Locat ed at t he m out h of t he Siuncal st r ait ( t he st r ait bet w een Siuncal and Legundi
I slands) .
4 Legundi 5° 47’1.20" S 105° 17’38.04" E The nor t h of Legundi I sland, about 2 km fr om coast line.
5 Punduh 5° 44’19.89" S 105° 11’33.21" E Locat ed at Punduh Pidada Pidada Bay.
6 Tanj ung 5° 44’25.93" S 105° 13’20.91" E The sout h of Lalanggabalak Put us
I sland is a for m er pear l oyst er far m ing.
7 Punduh 5° 45’29.82" S 105° 11’35.97" E The ar ea in Punduh Pidada Pidada Bay.
8 Punduh 5° 45’30.53" S 105° 13’30.01" E The m out h ar ea of Punduh Pidada Pidada Bay .
9 Puhaw ang 5° 42’59.50" S 105° 13’40.57" E The nor t h of Puhaw ang I sland.
10 Puhaw ang 5° 41’38.32" S 105° 12’14.48" E The nor t hw est of Puhaw ang I sland, t her e ar e seaw eed far m ing.
11 Puhaw ang 5° 41’36.81" S 105° 13’38.43" E I n t he m iddle of Puhaw ang and Kelagian I slands.
12 Puhaw ang 5° 39’7.89" S 105° 15’18.00" E Appr oxim at ely 2.5 km t o t he nor t heast of t he Pahaw ang I sland.
13 Mait em 5° 35’30.91" S 105° 15’27.94" E The nor t h of Mait em I sland.
14 Mait em 5° 34’50.00" S 105° 15’49.95" E I n t he m iddle of Mait em and Tegal I slands.
15 Tegal 5° 34’46.96" S 105° 17’11.23" E The Sout heast of Tegal I sland.
16 Tegal 5° 34’2.69" S 105° 17’23.83" E The east of Tegal I sland.
17 Tegal 5° 33’5.12" S 105° 17’14.39" E The nor t h of Tegal I sland.
18 Kyoko 5° 31’55.78" S 105° 16’41.33" E Pear l oyst er far m ing ar ea ow ned by PT. Kyoko.
19 Teluk 5° 32’4.11" S 105° 16’1.19" E The ar ea of gr ouper cult ur e.
Hur un 20 Ringgung 5° 33’23.36" S 105° 15’53.39" E The ar ea of gr ouper cult ur e.
D a t a colle ct ion . The dat a used in t his st udy w er e derived from prim ary and secondary
dat a. Prim ary dat a collect ed w er e sam ples of w at er qualit y such as param et er s of physical, chem ical and biological w at er s. Secondary dat a collect ion includes t he eart h surface m ap, im age dat a, and ot her secondary dat a. Sam pling of w at er qualit y w as conduct ed at 8.00 am unt il 17.00 pm . Especially for t he param et er s of dissolved oxygen , m easur em ent s w er e t aken t w ice, i.e. w hen t her e w as sunlight ( day- ev ening) and aft er sunset ( ev ening- m orning) . Measur em ent of dept h, bright ness, t em per at ure, w at er flow , dissolved oxygen, pH, and salinit y w as m easured direct ly in t he field based on APHA m et hod ( 1992) . Sam ples of phyt oplankt on, chlor ophyll- a and nut rient s w ere analyzed in t he laborat or y of Balai Besar Pengem bangan Budidaya Laut ( BBPBL) Lam pung w it h m et hods t hat r efer s t o APHA ( 1976; 1992) . List of m easur ed param et er s can be seen in Table 2.
Table 2 The list of m easur ed param t ers
Measured param et ers Unit Tools Locat ion Physical param et er
1. Coordinat es
I n sit u - GPS
2. Dept h m et er Bat him et er I n sit u
3. Bright ness m et er Secchi disk I n sit u o
4. Tem perat ur e C Wat er qualit y check er I n sit u - 1
5. Wat er flow m s Curent m et er I n sit u
6. Subst rat e of bot t om - 1 Ekm an Grab Sam pler - I n sit u/ Lab w at er s m g L Milipore filt ers Laborat ory
7. MPT Chem ical param et er - 1 m g L Wat er qualit y check er I n sit u
1. Dissolved ox ygen Wat er qualit y check er I n sit u -
2. pH ppt Wat er qualit y check er I n sit u
3. Salinit y - 1 m g L Spect r ophot om et er Laborat or y
4. Phosphat e - 1 m g L Spect r ophot om et er Laborat ory
5. Nit rat e Biological param et er - 1 Microscope, Sedgw ick- cell L Laborat or y
1. Phyt oplankt on - 1 raft er m g L Laborat or y
2. Chlorophyll- a Spect r ophot om et er
D a t a a n a ly sis
Con t ou r m a p pin g a n d sp a t ia l m od e lin g . Geo- st at ist ical m odel w as used as a form of
m apping t he eart h’s surface ( biot ic and abiot ic) t hrough st at ist ical applicat ion . The dev elopm ent of t his m odel w as based on geodet ic dat a t ransfer / posit ion ( Degr ee, Minut e, Second/ DMS) t o get a single value, t he form ula ( Hart ok o 2000) : The num erical value ( Lat ; Long) = Degree + { Minut e + ( Second/ 60) } / 60 ERMapper 7.0 soft w ar e w as used as a dat a processing facilit y t o creat e a layer of param et er s of physics, chem ist ry and biology. ERMapper produces cont our by using grid file as t he basis for int erpolat ion and ex t rapolat ion. This process seem s t o increase t he num ber of point s on t he am ount of dat a already exist ed. I n t he int erpolat ion procedure w as used k riging m odel ( Budiyant o 2005) .
An a ly sis of w a t e r su it a bilit y for p e a r l oyst e r cu lt u r e . Mat rix of w at er suit abilit y w as
cr eat ed t o obt ain a suit abilit y class for t he par am et ers of physics, chem ist ry and biology.Preparat ion of suit abilit y m at rix w as t he basic spat ial analysis conduct ed t hrough scoring and w eight ing fact or. The r esult s of t he scoring and w eight ing w ere evaluat ed in order t o get a suit abilit y class t hat described t he suit abilit y level of a field for a part icular use. Suit abilit y level w as divided int o four classes according t o DKP ( 2002) , nam ely, Class S1: Highly Suit able; Class S2: Moderat ely Suit able; Class S3: Marginally Suit able; Class N: Not Suit able w here t he suit ablit y value of S1 ( > 85- 100% ) , S2 ( > 75 - 85% ) , S3 ( > 65- 75% ) and N ( 0- 65% ) .
Mat rix of w at er suit abilit y w as developed t hrough lit erat ure r eview and considerat ion of t echnical cult ure, so variables t o be r efer enced in assigning w eight s w ere know n ( Table 3) . I m port ant and dom inant variables consider ed t o be t he basic w eight det erm inant for dom inant and less dom inant var iables. To see t he exist ence of t he
I nform at ion :
> 10 4–10
3
1
10
50
30
10 Wat er salinit y ( ppt ) 30- 35
20–30< < 20 and > 35
5
3
1
10
50
30
10 Chlorophyll- a ( m g L - 1 )
< 4
3.5- < 4.5 and 6.5< - 7.7 < 3.5 and > 7. 7
1. Cr it er ia used in t he pr epar at ion of suit abilit y and w eight ing m at r ix for det erm ining t he feasibilit y of pear l
oy st er far m ing are m odified by som e aut hors w it h r eference t o t he cr it er ia dev eloped by m ar icult ur e r esear cher s ( oyst er pear l) by Winant o ( 2000; 2004) , DKP ( 2002) , Radiar t a et al ( 2003; 2004) , Sur y ant o et al ( 2005) , Kangk an et al ( 2007) and Har t oko et al ( 2010) , as w ell as I ndonesian Decr ee of t he Minist r y of Env ironm ent Num ber 51 2004 on Sea Wat er Qualit y St andar d.> 75 – 85 Moderat ely suit able > 65 – 75 Marginally suit able 0 – 65 Not suit able
Tot al scoring ( % ) Evaluat ion/ Conclusion > 85 – 100 Highly suit able
Table 4 Evaluat ion of suit ablit y assessm ent on zoning of pearl oyst er farm ing
4. Score is The t ot al score obt ained w as analyzed for it s level of suit abilit y by using Table 4.
3. Weight based libr ary / consider at ion of t he influence of t he dom inant v ar iables.
2. Score Rat ing is based on DKP inst r uct ions ( 2002) , nam ely 5: Good 3: Medium 1: Less.
I nform at ion:
5
10 Tot al scor e ( 100 % )
30
50
10
1
3
5
10 Wat er bright ness ( m ) 4.5–6,5
variables abov e, relat ionships am ong sev eral dom inant variables t ow ard variables as support ing dat a w er e needed. The r elat ionship w as analyzed using a m at hem at ical m odel of m ult iple regr ession. Soft w ar e St at ist ical Produ ct and Ser vice Solut ions ( SPSS) w as used as an analysis t ool.
3
3
5
< 2000 & > 10 6
> 15.000 & < 5 x 10 5 2000- 15000 and 5 x 10 5 - 10 6
5 Plankt on abundance ( cell L - 1 )
4
2
40 200 120
1
( AxB)
( B) Score
( A) Percent age
Par am et er s Ranges Rat ings
Table 3 Assessm ent syst em of w at er suit abilit y for t he aquacult ure area of pearl oyst er
1
40 Wat er flow ( cm s - 1 )
30
5< – < 8 4–5.5 and 8– 9
50
10
1
3
5
< 4 and > 9
20 Dissolved ox ygen ( m g L - 1 )
15< – < 25 10–15 and 25- 30
60
20 100
1
3
5
< 10 and > 30
- Tot al scor ing recom m endat ions of DKP ( 2002) ;
- Tot al scor ing obt ained by t he follow ing form ula; • Tot al scor ing = ( t ot al score/ m ax im um t ot al scor e) x 100% .
Re su lt s a n d D iscu ssion
En vir on m e n t a l con d it ion s of La m p u n g Ba y . I n general, coast line condit ions ( w est )
w er e t w ist y w it h som e sm all Bays included Hurun Bay, Rat ai Bay and Pidada Bay. Clust er of sm all islands w er e found along t he beach. Besides, beach t opography w as w it h slight ly slope. The exist ence of Siuncal and Legundi I slands locat ed at t he m out h of t he Lam pung Bay ( sout h) increased t he level of w at er prot ect ion from t he t hreat s of t he w av es, bot h from t he I ndian Ocean and from t he Java Sea.
Generally, t he charact er ist ic of Lam pung Bay w at er s in coast al area of Pesaw aran dist rict w as r elat ively st able and support ed t he applicat ion of m aricult ure act ivit ies ( Table 5) . The r esult s show t hat t he w at er qualit y value w as st ill wit hin t he range required for m arine biot a ( Decree of Minist ry of Environm ent Num ber 51 Year 2004 on Sea Wat er Qualit y St andard) . Saucedo et al ( 2001) st at ed t hat t he suit able t em perat ur e for pearl o o oyst er is at 24
C, w hile t he t em perat ure of 28 C st ill can be t olerat ed by pearl oyst ers. o The adverse effect on t he grow t h of pearl oyst er s is at t em perat ur e of > 30 C ( Pouvreau & Prasil 2001) . How ev er , t he survival and grow t h of larvae can be increased t hrough const ant t em perat ur e and low st ocking densit y ( Saucedo et al 2007) . I n addit ion , salinit y also influences t he grow t h of pearl oy st er. Based on t he dat a obt ained, Lam pung Bay had a suit able salinit y for pearl oyst ers, w hich w as in t he range of 32- 35 ppt ( O’Connor & Law ler 2004) .
Table 5 The ranges of w at er qualit y param et ers in t he w at er s of Lam pung Bay
St andard Param et ers Average deviat ion
Tem perat ur e ( ° C) - 1 [ A]
29.99
0.50
5.22
0.29 Dissolved ox ygen ( m g L ) [ B]
5.63
0.42 Salinit y ( ppt )
33.07
0.13 pH
8.16
0.12 Dept h ( m )
26.99
6.53 Bright ness ( m ) - 1
11.32
2.92 Wat er flow ( cm s ) - 1
20.00
6.89 MPT ( m g L ) - 1
47.05
18.02 Nit rat e ( NO 3 ) ( m g L ) - 1
0.06
0.07 Phosphat e ( PO 4 ) ( m g L ) - 1
0.08
0.09 Chlorophyll- a ( m g L ) - 1
4.37
1.26 Plankt on abundance ( cell L ) 89800.17 12447.56 The subst rat e of bot t om w at er s
Sandy rock s
Source: Yuliant o ( 2013) I nform at ion: [ A] : m easur em ent at 12.00 am unt il 06.00 am [ B] : m easur em ent at 09.00 am unt il 04.00 pm .
Th e su it a bilit y of pe a r l oyst e r f a r m in g . The scoring result s indicat e t hat all locat ions
w er e feasible t o be pearl oyst er farm ing locat ion ( Table 6) . Eight st at ions w hich result ed in scor es bet w een 85- 100% , nam ely 88% and 92% , show s t hat t hey reached t he suit abilit y level of Highly Suit able ( S1) . While 12 locat ions w hich show ed t he final score bet w een 75- 84% w it h value of 76% , 80% and 84% , indicat ed t he suit abilit y level achieved w as t he Moder at ely Suit able ( S2) . The range of t he final score obt ained w as 76- 88 on t he highest scor e value of 100.
Furt herm or e, j udging fr om t he r esult s of t his scoring , any t r eat m ent s/ feedback on ecosy st em variables t o t he im plem ent at ion of t he pearl oyst er farm ing in t hese w at ers w er e not needed. The abundance level of plankt on, according t o resear cher s, is t he m ost influent ial variable on t he det erm inat ion of t he suit abilit y of pearl oyst er farm ing. All st at ions w er e found t o have t he pr oper r ange t o perform pearl oyst er farm ing. Scor e obt ained by each st at ion w as 5, w hich w as t he highest value. The success of pearl oy st er cult ure is st rongly influenced by t he food presence ( Pouv r eau & Prasil 2001) . Phyt oplankt on is t he m ain food for Pinct ada sp. ( Fukum ori et al 2008) . Research conduct ed by Fournier et al ( 2012) show ed t hat t he concent rat ion of plankt on has a close corr elat ion t o t he developm ent of pearl oyst er gam et es. I n addit ion t o t he pr esence of food, w at er flow is also an im port ant fact or. Wat er flow is needed t o bring food t o t he pearl oyst er , if t he w at er flow is high t hen t he food supply is also abundant ( Lacost e et al 2014) . The r esult s of m easur em ent s of w at er flow show ed t hat scor e of 3 w as only obt ained at st at ion 1, 3, 5, 6, 16 and 17 w hich m eans t hat t hose st at ions had appropriat e m arginal scor e w hile t he ot her st at ion s achieved value of 5 or v ery good.
Considering t he scoring result , it can be int erpret ed t hat t he w at ers of t he Lam pung Bay is very feasible for pearl oyst er farm ing. The best locat ions t o be ut ilized for oy st er cult ure w er e around t he st at ion 9, 10, 11, 12 ( ar ound Pulau Puhaw ang) , 13, 14, 15 st at ion ( around Mait em and Tegal I slands) and st at ion 18 w hich w as t he cult ure locat ion of a privat ely ow ned com pany ( PT. Ky oko Shinj u) .
Pe a r l oyst e r f a r m in g z on e s. Wat er suit abilit y zoning of pearl oyst er farm ing ( Figure 2)
show s t hat t he ar ea around Puhaw ang I sland ( st at ion 9, 10, 11, 12) t o Tegal I sland ( st at ion 13, 14, 15) achieved t he highest scor e as w ell as t he area ar ound Tegal I sland t o t he Hurun Bay ( st at ion 17 and 18) . Th us, t hese areas becam e t he m ost suit able places t o be used as a pearl oy st er far m ing zones in t he Lam pung Bay. Surely , considerat ions used in zoning w ere not only based on t he ecosyst em variable, t hey w er e r elat ed t o ot her int erest s t hat view t he use of w at er from Lam pung Bay.
Ot her considerat ions t hat support t hese w at er s t o be pearl oy st er farm ing are t he prot ect ion level of Lam pung Bay w at er s w hich w er e relat ively good, and also t he st abilit y of t he w at er flow . Pearl oyst er r equires st able environm ent al condit ions t o grow . Fluct uat ing w at er condit ions can t rigger t he disease in pearl oy st ers ( Kuchel et al 2011) . High light int ensit y in t hese w at ers also support s pearl oyst er cult ure as oy st ers r elying on phyt oplankt on as a food ( Tom aru et al 2002) . Phyt oplankt on has a role in enhancing t he grow t h of pearl oy st er s ( Lodeiros et al 2002) . Research published by Deng et al ( 2013) have show n t hat oyst er s consum ing various t ypes of m icroalgae have a bet t er shell grow t h t han t hose w hich only eat one t ype of m icroalgae.
Furt herm or e, t he exist ence of PT. Ky oko Shinj u , w hich has been conduct ing pearl oyst er s cult ure in t he Lam pung Bay unt il t oday, can be used as a benchm ark of w at er suit abilit y in Lam pung Bay for cult ivat ion of pearl oyst ers. Fr om a spat ial m odel obt ained, w at er area t hat can be used for t he cult ivat ion of pearl oyst ers in suit abilit y level of highly suit able ( S1 ) of 18917 ha, m oderat ely suit able ( S2) of 14151.58 ha and m arginally suit able ( S3 ) of 778.54 ha of t he t ot al st udy area of 33847 .12 ha.
Description: >85% – 100 % = Highly suitable >75 % – 85 % = Moderately suitable >65 % – 75 % = Marginally suitable
= Not suitable 0 % – 65 %
Figure 2. Zoning of w at er suit ablit y for pearl oy st er farm ing.
Con clu sion s. The suit able area for cult ivat ion of pearl oyst er s is 33847.12 ha. The
com posit ion levels of suit ablit y are: Highly Suit able ( S1) 18917 ha, Moderat ely Suit able ( S2) 14151.58 ha and Marginally Suit able ( S3) 778.54 ha. Oyst er cult ivat ion zone is locat ed in t he ar ea around t he st at ion 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 18, w hich is t he area bet w een Puhaw ang I sland and Mait em I sland, as w ell as t he areas in t he nort h of Tegal I sland w hich is t he cult ivat ion area of pearl oyst ers belonging t o privat e ent erprise ( PT. Ky ok o Shinj u) . By looking at t he pot ent ial of t he w at er s of t he Lam pung Bay , planning for appr opriat e ar eas as a cult ivat ion zone is needed.
Con f lict of I n t e r e st . Aut hors ar e not curr ent ly affiliat ed t o and t he resear ch is not
sponsor ed by any organizat ion wit h a direct econom ic int erest in subj ect of t he art icle.Table 6 Dat a of scoring result on each st at ion
M AX
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0
Dissolved - 1
5 0
50
50
10
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50 oxygen ( m g L ) Salinit it y ( ppt ) 5 0
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50 Bright ness ( m ) 5 0
30
10
50
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
30
10
10
10
10
10
10
10 Chlorophyll- a 5 0
10
10
10
10
30
30
10
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
10
10 Wat er flow - 1
1 0 0
60 100 60 100
60 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
60 60 100 100 100 ( cm s ) Plankt on abundance 2 0 0 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
- - 1 ( cell L )
Tot a l 5 0 0 400 420 380 420 400 400 420 440 440 440 440 440 460 440 440 400 400 440 420 420
Fin a l scor e 8 0 8 4 7 6 8 4 8 0 8 0 8 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 2 8 8 8 8 8 0 8 0 8 8 8 4 8 4
I nform at ion: S1 ( Highly Suit able) ; S2 ( Moderat ely Suit able) ; S3 ( Mar ginally Suit able) ; N ( Not Suit able) AACL Bioflu x, 2016, Volu m e 9, I ssue 1 .
1216
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Receiv ed: 12 Oct ober 2016. Accept ed: 10 Nov em ber 2016. Published online: 28 Nov em ber 2016. Aut hor s: Her m an Yuliant o, Depar t m ent of Aquat ic Resour ces, Agr icult ur e Facult y , Univ er sit y of Lam pung, I ndonesia; e- m ail: her m an.y uliant o@fp.unila.ac.id Agus Har t ok o, Depar t m ent of Aquat ic Resour ces Managem ent , Agr icult ur e, Fisher ies and Biology Facult y , Bangk a Belit ung Univ er sit y , I ndonesia; e- m ail: agushar t oko@gm ail.com Sut r isno Anggor o, Depar t m ent of Aquat ic Resour ces Managem ent ; Fisher ies and Mar ine Science Facult y , Diponegor o Univer sit y , I ndonesia. Put u Cint hia Delis, Depar t m ent of Aquat ic Resour ces, Agr icult ur e Facult y , Univ er sit y of Lam pung, I ndonesia;
e- m ail: pt cint hia@y ahoo.com
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per m it s unr est r ict ed use, dist ribut ion and r epr oduct ion in any m edium , prov ided t he or iginal aut hor and sour ce
ar e cr edit ed. How t o cit e t his ar t icle:Yuliant o H., Har t ok o A., Anggoro S., Delis P. C., 2016 Suit abilit y analy sis of pear l oyst er far m ing in Lam pung
Bay , Pesaw ar an, Lam pung Pr ov ince, I ndonesia. AACL Bioflux 9( 6) : 1208- 1219.