Perencanaan dan Administrasi Lingkungan

  Perencanaan dan Administrasi Lingkungan

  By Mukhtar Ahmad

  PPS UNRI, PS S2 Ilmu Lingkungan

Goals

• Ahli dan pakar dalam penelitian perencanaan dan administrasi lingkungan dan pengembangannya;
• Kompeten menyusun rencana lingkungan dalam pembangunan, melaksanakannya, dan

  menyelenggarakan administrasi lingkungan mulai

  dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan mau pun pemantauan dan penyeliaannya.

• • Profesional pengelola lingkungan ia kompeten dan

  bertanggung-jawab menyusun rencana lingkungan

  maupun melaksanakan rencana dan administrasi

  lingkungan.

Agenda

• Introduction
• The Concept of Planning
• The Theory of Administration
• Environment Administration
• Environmental Planning
• Environmental Strategic Planning dan its administration
• Analysis of Environmental Planning and its administration
• Planning for Sustainable Development
• Methods and Procedures for Planning
• Strategic Planning and Action Plan
• Environment Planning Evaluation and its Administration
• Preparing and guiding implementation of planning
• Implementation of Planning and its administration
• Organization and Management

• Controlling: Monitoring, Evaluation, and Supervision

• Case Study of Environment Planning

• Case Study of Environment Planning Administration

Evaluation and Mark

  45%

Class Discussion and Activities 10% Assignment

  

Lecture attendance 10%

Assignment:

• Individual paper 20%
• Teamwork paper 15% Examinations

• Individual: 5 pages, A4, one space 5 references

  Group team: 3 persons 10 pages, A4, one space 10 references

• Contents: Opening Substance Closing References

• *Scope: Ecology; Ecosystem; Environment;

   Administration; Strategic Management, Strategic Planning.

• Objective of the Course:

  Concept: Strategic or Conventional planning Approach: Ontology, Epistemology, Axiology Value System: Ecological efficiency, ecosystem balance, environment stability, resources conservation and sustainable.

  

Scope and Concept

• Ecology
• interrelationship life and environment

• * efficient resources utilization but conservation

>Ecosy>Environment and resou
• Planning: teleology; futurology, statistics.
• Administration: government, policy, effective
• Management: governance, planning, efficient

Issues and Problems

  Apakah keadaan pengelolaan lingkungan ciri keterbelakangan

Apakah keadaan administrasi lingkungan merupakan sumber?

Apakah sejarah selalu berulang dengan cara yang sama? Apakah yang terjadi di Eropa juga akan berlaku di Indonesia? Kenapa perlu perencanaan lingkungan dan administrasinya? Mengapa suatu lingkungan digunakan tanpa perencanaan? Apakah arah pengelolaan lingkungan selama ini benar? Benarkah perencanaan dan administrasi lingkungan kini?

Bagaimanakah memilih alternatif pengelolaan dan administrasi

lingkungan? Bagaimanakah suatu lingkungan yang krisis dan kritis dapat dipulihkan?

Bagaimanakah perencanaan dan administrasi lingkungan yang

mantap itu? Bagaimanakah merencanakan dan administ lingkungan baru?

  Administration Concept

• Process • Policy • Approach and Orientation • Acts

  

Administration

• Administrare (L): ad = to; ministrare = serve

   to give service (Webster Dictionary).

• The executive officials of government or institution and their policy  conduct, direct.
• The management of institutional affairs; the executive parts of government serve any kind
• Elements of administration: objective, collaboration, activities process, facilities and fund, performance or quality.

POLICY

• One of the determinants of policies is ideologies  its content of ideals and idea.
• The ideology is viewed as a theory. It is tested in regard to its logical consistency, the adequacy to reality of its ideas about facts and about the causal relations between facts, and the significance and relevance of its ideals as value premises for practical conclusions and political action in the particular society.

  Criteria and Function Criteria:

• Rationality  common sense
• Effectiveness 
• Efficiency

  Function:

• Policy formulation
• Regulation and supervision
• The dynamics of administration

Administration: act & process

• • Government Administration: the body direct

• Public Administration: service to public
• State Administration:
• Development Administration:
• Environment Administration Coordination and Collaboration Organization/Bureaucracy Apparatus/Bureaucrat

  

Planning Administration

• Administrasi perencanaan adalah suatu mekanisme analisis, kegiatan dan proses

  pembentukan kebijaksanaan perencanaan,

  yang mencakup sistem perencanaan dan penganggaran.

  Fungsi Administrasi Perencanaan

• Administrasi program dan proyek
• Administrasi mobilisasi dana
• Administrasi pembiayaan

• • Administrasi Pengendalian dan pengawasan

  Environment Administration Administration: accountable & responsible

• * Related to authority, politic/policy, services

  and government  process and act

  Management: related to leadership, decision, practices, and governance. Policy: effectiveness of decision to support the execution of planning in order to achieve the objective effectiveness><ineffective

  

Environmental Planning

• * Ecology : efficiency >< inefficient Ratios between energy flow at different points along the food chain

  

Ecological development><maximum product

• * Ecosystem: balance, equilibrium, stable

  

Ecosystem development><maximum protect

• Environment: health ><pollution, hazard • Carrying capacity: threshold to destruct. >Planning: efficiency and certainty nearby
• Planning Administration

  

Ecological Development

Organism development Environmental development Organism & environmental relationship development A process to develop the relationship between organism (human, fauna, flora) and environmental to achieve ecological efficiency

  Insight and detail consideration of the effect and Impact of development to the ecology.

  In the process eco-technological principle is well consider .

  Ecotechnology is the applications of ecological principles in the way to do or to produce things efficiently.

  

Eco-technology Concept

Sustainable development requires the implementation

of appropriate environmentally-friendly technologies which are both efficient and adapted to local conditions.

• Ecotechnology represents a new way of thinking

  about environmental conservation and restoration.

  Rather than simply abating threats and waiting for

  ecosystems to recover (in cases, something that

  might not ever happen if damage is too severe), it

  can actively manipulate specific life processes in a

  “green” manner to help speed up the process.
• Ecotechnology requires a solid fundamental knowledge of molecular, physiological, and ecological workings.

  

Environmental Development

The ecosystem unit for management must include for every square meter of water at least 20 times an area or terrestrial watershed.

  Problem-based approach: pollution, hazardous, deterioration  remedial, recovery, healing, conservation.

  Value-based optimistic approach  ecological efficiency, ecosystem balance, environmental stability, carrying capacity.

Ecosystem Development

• Ecological succession parameters:

  1. It is an orderly process of community

development that involves changes in species

structure and community processes with time; it is reasonably directional and predictable.

  2. It results from modification of the physical

environment by the community; succession is

community controlled even though the physical environment determines the pattern, the rate of change, and often sets limits as to how far development can go.

  3. It culminates in a stabilized ecosystem in which maximum biomass and symbiotic function

between organisms are maintained per unit of

   Environmental Development Planning

• – Environmental Planning Development – Environmental Development Planning – Action Plan of Environmental Development – Environmental Plan Implementation

What is planning?

• • Suatu proses dalam usaha mencapai tujuan

  tertentu dengan efektif dan secara efisien.

• • Suatu kegiatan penyusunan rencana upaya

  dalam mendayagunakan sumber-sumber yang terbatas secara efisien untuk

  menghasilkan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan

• Gambaran keadaan masa depan yang

  hendak diwujudkan secara efektif dengan

  mengalokasikan sumber-sumber yang tersedia secara efisien.

  

Planning Concept

Conventional Planning: Problem-based = berdasarkan masalah ditetapkan tujuan dan cara pemecahannya.

  

Strategic Planning: Value-based = berdasarkan suatu nilai.

  

Teleologi: (telos = ujung + logos = nalar): Mencari keterangan

yang dapat membenarkan mengapa sesuatu hal terjadi (Hull, 1974). Metoda yang dipakai untuk pemecahan masalah sehari-hari secara praktis. Jika hendak mencapai suatu tujuan, ditunjukkan dulu tujuan itu. Difikirkan secara rasional

bagaimana menuju tujuan itu, dipelajari sebab-akibatnya.

  Tetapkan tujuannya dulu dan kemudian difikirkan jalan yang serasionalnya menuju tujuan itu (Moh. Hatta 1980).

The Ideology of Planning

• The basic principle in the ideology of economic planning is that the state shall take an active, indeed the decisive, role in the economy; by its own acts of investment and enterprise, and by its various control – inducements and restrictions – over the private sector, the state shall initiate, spur, and steer economic development. The public policy

  measures shall be rationally coordinated, and the

  coordination be made explicit in an over-all plan for a specified number of years ahead.
• In all its manifestation is essentially rationalist in approach and interventionist in conclusions. (Gunnar Myrdal 1968: Asian Drama: An inquiry into the Poverty of Nations)

  

Ecological Planning

Methodology of ecological planning

• An ecological survey of the ecosystem

• • Determine the possibilities of the milieu base on the

  ecological survey. Describe the various activities envisaged (development and protection of the site). Each category is translated in terms of potentialities for the various possible uses.
• A planning scheme through super-imposition (cartographical) for the various activities on the area. This plan takes into maximum account the ecological possibilities of the milieu.

  Why Plan?

• Maksimasi manfaat dan keuntungan bersih pembangunan ekonomi dengan perduli pada terjaminnya keberlanjutan mutu sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan sepanjang waktu.

  1. Pemakaian sumberdaya terbarukan dalam

tingkat yang rendah atau sama dengan tingkat

pembaruan sumberdaya alam tsb.

  2. Optimalisasi efisiensi pendayagunaan sumberdaya alam tidak terbarukan dengan substitusi antara sumberdaya alam dan teknik  Efficiency (Pearce and Turner 1990:4, 24)

  

Planning Approach

• Planning from Above (PfA)
• Centralized * Decentralized * Autonomy • Planning from Bottom (PfB)
• Sectoral Planning * Community-based Planning (Participatory)
• Local Planning (LEP)
• Export Processing Zone (EPZ), Free Port, FTZ, SEZ, Company  space-based plan.

Planning From Above

• Perencanaan pembangunan diatur dari atas dan bersifat sentralisasi.
• Berjalan dengan kerjasama antara modal asing dan pemerintah yang memihak pada kepentingan penanam modal dalam industrialisasi.
• Perencanaan yang bersifat makro maupun mikro sering berawal dari atas, sekurang- kurangnya tentang gagasan (idea) dan

Planning From Bottom

• Bertujuan utama memenuhi kebutuhan semua lapisan penduduk.
• Mengandalkan sepenuhnya pada sumberdaya alam dan keahlian setempat.
• Semua surplus dikembalikan lagi ke wilayah untuk mendiversifikasi ekonomi wilayah.
• Agropolitan development.
• Land-use planning for development

Local or Regional Planning

• Perencanaan pembangunan ekonomi yang menekankan perlunya menciptakan lapangan kerja bagi penduduk lokal dengan mendayagunakan lingkungan dan sumber daya (alam, insani, modal) setempat.
• Merupakan upaya bersama antara masyarakat, pemerintah, dan sektor swasta dalam mendayagunakan ‘comperative adavantage’ suatu lingkungan membangun ‘competitive advantage’ suatu wilayah lokal.

  The Type of Planning

• Business Planning • Strategic Planning: * Environmental Planning * Development Planning * Ecological Planning • Long-term Planning • Mid-term Planning • Short-term Planning: * Business Planning * Action Planning

  

Value System

• Materialistic  GDP and Growth • Physical Effect  Aesthetics • Value and Utility  Benefit, Time/Future,

  Work, Discipline, Ecosystem orientation

• Moral-Spiritual  Rohaniah • Democratic and Civic  liberalism
• Arts, Social, Politics, Religious,

  Economics, Scientific Values (Edward Spencer).

  Filsafat  Nilai Produksi Filsafat Etika

  Epistemologi Nilai Ilmu Sikap Teknologi Prilaku

   Rekayasa Kegiatan Industri Kerja

  Manajemen Karya/Produksi/Kinerja Wawasan: Environmental Vision Ecosystem Development  Change and improvement impact

• 1. Ecological Efficiency • 2. Ecosystem Balance • 3. Environmental Stability • 4. Environmental Carrying Capacity

  Vision: Penglihatan gambaran abstraksi

masa depan yang paling mungkin dan

dapat diwujudkan.

  Development Action Plan

• Action Plan • Plan implementation

  Institution (Political and Tradition) Organization Personal Program and Action

  Plan Implementation

• Planning Administration • Implementation: Institution Strategy Policy Program Action Monitoring and Evaluation Control and supervision

Planning Policy and Policy Planning

• – Policy studies on planning
• – Environmental Policy – Development Policy – Policy Implementation – Case Study on Policy Implementation

References Bintoro Tjokroamidjojo. 1987. Manajemen Pembangunan. CV

  Haji Masagung. Jakarta. 209p. E.P. Odum. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. ^. W.B. Saunders. J.G. Zielinski. 1968. On the Theory of Socialist Planning.

  Oxford University Press. Ibadan (Nigeria). 170p Jan Tinbergen. 1987. Rencana Pembangunan. UIPress.

  Jakarta. 239p. John Glasson. 1977. Pengantar Perencanaan Regional.

  Terjemahan Paul Sitohang. LPFE-UI. Jakarta. 172p.

Siti Sutriah Nurzaman. 2002. Perencanaan Wilayah di Indone-

sia pada masa sekitar krisis. Penerbit ITB. Bandung. 133p.

  W. Arthur Lewis. 1994. Perencanaan Pembangunan. Dasar- dasar Kebijaksanaan Ekonomi. Rineka Cipta. Jakarta. 359p.

• . 1959. The Principles of Economic Planning. _rd