Francis dolarhyde`s schizophrenia as seen in Thomas Harris` Red Dragon.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Dewanto, Nichollas Chandra. 2012. Francis Dolarhyde’s Schizophrenia as Seen
in Thomas Harris’ Red Dragon. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study
Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers
Training Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis analyses a novel written by Thomas Harris entitled Red
Dragon. The novel tells about Francis Dolarhyde, an unusual man who suffers
from schizophrenia. He has a serious disturbance in thought, emotion, and
behavior. Hence, he kills several people.
The objectives of the study are to find out three significant things from
the novel Red Dragon which are the symptoms, the causes, and the effects of
Dolarhyde psychological disorder. To do so, there are two problems formulated in
this thesis. They are (1) how is Dolarhyde’s schizophrenia described?, and (2)
how does Dolarhyde cope with schizophrenia?
This thesis uses the psychological approach because it deals with
psychological aspects. The method employed is library research. Two sources are
used in this thesis, namely primary and secondary sources. The primary source is
Thomas Harris’ Red Dragon. The secondary sources are books of literature and
psychology and related articles in websites. There are some theories applied in
this thesis. They are the theories of critical approach, character and
characterization, and schizophrenia.
The analysis of the major character shows that he has sets of delusions.
One of the delusions he experiences is the belief that other people conspire against
him. He also has auditory hallucination such as the voice of Red Dragon. By
knowing that he experiences sets of delusions and hallucinations, we can conclude
that he suffers from schizophrenia. One of the things that makes him become a
schizophrenic person is the heredity from his grandmother. His grandmother is a
person who also shows schizophrenic symptoms. The other cause is his
psychological and internal factors where he has bad childhood memories. By
suffering from schizophrenia, he does things like killing people, being
incredulous, and finally committing suicide. He thinks that by killing people he
can become one with the dragon. He also keeps secret about his life to other
person. At last, he feels depressed when he realizes that the dragon wants him to
kill his lover. In this depression, he thinks he should end his life by shooting his
own head with a shotgun.
Finally, this thesis provides some suggestions for further researchers on
Red Dragon. This thesis also proposes a lesson plan for Public Speaking I which
uses parts of the novel as the material.
Keywords: schizophrenia, red dragon, hallucination, delusion
x
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Dewanto, Nichollas Chandra. 2012. Francis Dolarhyde’s Schizophrenia as Seen
in Thomas Harris’ Red Dragon. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa
Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menganalisa sebuah novel karya Thomas Harris yang
berjudul Red Dragon. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang Francis Dolarhyde, seorang
yang tidak lazim karena menderita schizophrenia. Dia mengalami gangguan serius
pada pikiran, emosi, dan tingkah lakunya. Karena gangguan tersebut, dia
membunuh beberapa orang.
Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk mengetahui tiga hal penting dari
novel Red Dragon yaitu gejala, penyebab, dan efek dari penyakit psikologi
Francis Dolarhyde. Untuk itu permasalahan dirumuskan, yaitu (1) bagaimana
penyakit schizophrenia Dolarhyde digambarkan?, (2) bagaimana Dolarhyde
mengatasi penyakit schizophrenia?
Skripsi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologis karena skripsi ini
berkaitan dengan aspek psikologi. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka.
Ada dua sumber yang digunakan, yaitu sumber utama dan kedua. Sumber utama
adalah novel Red Dragon karangan Thomas Harris. Sumber kedua adalah bukubuku literatur dan psikologi serta artikel-artikel website terkait. Ada beberapa
teori yang digunakan di skripsi ini, yaitu teori pendekatan kritital, karakter dan
pengkarakteran, dan schizophrenia.
Analisis terhadap tokoh utama menunjukkan bahwa dia mengalami
sekumpulan delusi. Salah satu delusi yang dia alami adalah dia percaya bahwa
orang-orang di sekitarnya bersekongkol untuk melawan dia. Dia juga mengalami
halusinasi suara seperti suara dari Red Dragon. Dengan mengetahui bahwa dia
mengalami delusi dan halusinasi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dia menderita
schizophrenia. Salah satu hal yang membuat dia menderita schizophrenia adalah
disebabkan oleh keturunan dari neneknya. Neneknya adalah orang yang juga
menunjukkan gejala schizophrenia. Penyebab lain adalah faktor internal dan
psikologis yaitu dia memiliki masa kecil yang buruk. Dengan mengidap
schizophrenia, dia melakukan hal-hal seperti membunuh orang, tidak pernah
mempercayai orang, dan juga melakukan percobaan bunuh diri. Dia mengira
dengan membunuh orang, dia akan menjadi satu dengan Red Dragon. Dia juga
selalu merahasiakan tentang kehidupannya dari orang lain. Pada akhirnya dia
merasa tertekan ketika menyadari bahwa Red Dragon menyuruhnya membunuh
kekasihnya. Dalam tekanan ini, dia berfikir untuk mengakhiri hidupnya dengan
menembak kepalanya sendiri dengan shotgun.
xi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Di bagian akhir, skripsi ini memberikan beberapa saran untuk penelitipeneliti Red Dragon selanjutnya. Skripsi ini juga menganjurkan rencana
pembelajaran untuk Public Speaking I menggunakan novel tersebut sebagai
materi.
Kata kunci: schizophrenia, red dragon, hallucination, delusion
xii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
FRANCIS DOLARHYDE’S SCHIZOPHRENIA
AS SEEN IN THOMAS HARRIS’ RED DRAGON
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Nichollas Chandra Dewanto
Student Number: 061214150
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
FRANCIS DOLARHYDE’S SCHIZOPHRENIA
AS SEEN IN THOMAS HARRIS’ RED DRAGON
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Nichollas Chandra Dewanto
Student Number: 061214150
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
i
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on
FRANCIS DOLARHYDE’S SCHIZOPHRENIA
AS SEEN IN THOMAS HARRIS’ RED DRAGON
By
Nichollas Chandra Dewanto
Student Number: 061214150
Approved by
Advisor
Drs. Bambang Hendarto, M. Hum.
21 December, 2012
ii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on
FRANCIS DOLARHYDE’S SCHIZOPHRENIA
AS SEEN IN THOMAS HARRIS’ RED DRAGON
By
Nichollas Chandra Dewanto
Student Number : 061214150
Defended before the Board of Examiners
on 14 January 2013
and Declared Acceptable
Board of Examiners
Chair person : C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd.
________________
Secretary
: Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D.
________________
Member
: Drs. Bambang Hendarto, M. Hum.
________________
Member
: Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D.
________________
Member
: C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd.
________________
Yogyakarta, 14 January 2013
Faculty of Teachers Training and Education
Sanata Dharma University
Dean
Rohandi, Ph.D
iii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 21 December 2012
The writer,
Nichollas Chandra Dewanto
061214150
iv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
: Nichollas Chandra Dewanto
Nomor Mahasiswa
: 061214150
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
FRANCIS DOLARHYDE’S SCHIZOPHRENIA
AS SEEN IN THOMAS HARRIS’ RED DRAGON
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 21 Desember 2012
Yang menyatakan
Nichollas Chandra Dewanto
v
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In the first place, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Allah for
His Blessing and mercy so I can finally finish writing this thesis. His love and
guidance have given me strength to cope with the hard days in my life.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Drs. Bambang Hendarto,
M.Hum., who has guided me patiently in the process of writing this thesis. I thank
him for the patience, advice, and time for consultation on this thesis until it was
done. I also send my gratitude to Sanata Dharma University that has given me a
place and facilities to study and to all my lecturers and the administrative staff of
PBI Study Program that have devoted themselves to help me during my study in
Sanata Dharma.
With greatest gratitude, I thank my beloved parents, Sri Sukendro and Dra.
Tri Heriyanti, for their endless love and prayers. It is also for my beloved brothers
Arthur Andi Nanggola, S.E. and Triscison Bastianto for their support and help in
study.
My special thanks also go to my best friends Satrio Nugroho, S.Pd., Agnes
Endah, S.Pd., Elisabeth Berlian, S.Pd., and Paulina Silvia K., S.Kom. for their
support, correction, and guidance in finishing this thesis. I would also like to
thank all of 2006 PBI’s students that I cannot mention one by one for their support
and help in my study. May God bless us all.
vi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………….
i
APPROVAL PAGES …………………………………………………
ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ……………………….
iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI …………….
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………..
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………..
vii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………..
x
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………...
xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study …………………………………
1
B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………...
3
C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………...
4
D. Benefits of the Study ……………………………………..
4
E. Definition of Terms ………………………………………
4
CHAPTER II.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Theories ………………………………
6
1. Character ……………………………………………...
6
2. Characterization ………………………………………
7
3. Critical Approach ……………………………………..
9
vii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4. Schizophrenia ………………………………………....
10
B. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………
18
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study ……………………………………….
20
B. Approach ………………………………………………….
21
C. Method of the Study ……………………………………..
21
CHAPTER IV.ANALYSIS
A. The Description of Francis Dolarhyde’s Schizophrenia in
Red Dragon ……………………………………………….
23
1. Francis Dolarhyde’s Character as a Person with
Schizophrenia …………………………………………
23
Francis Dolarhyde’s Types of Schizophrenia ………..
29
3. The Symptoms ………………………………………..
31
4. Causes ………………………………………………...
39
B. The Way Francis Dolarhyde Copes with Schizophrenia …
44
1. Killing People ………………………………………...
45
2. By Being Incredulous …………………..…………….
47
3. By Attempting to Commit Suicide ...…………….......
48
2.
CHAPTER
V.
CONCLUSIONS,
IMPLICATIONS,
AND
SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ……………………………………………….
viii
52
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
B. Implications …………………………………………….....
54
C. Suggestions ……………………………………………….
54
1. Suggestion for Further Researchers …………………..
55
2. Suggestion for Teachers ………..................................
55
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………..
57
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 Summary of the Novel ……………………………….
59
APPENDIX 2 Biography of Thomas Harris ………………………....
62
APPENDIX 3 Lesson Plan Public Speaking I ………………………
64
APPENDIX 4 Teaching Materials of Public Speaking I …………….
67
ix
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Dewanto, Nichollas Chandra. 2012. Francis Dolarhyde’s Schizophrenia as Seen
in Thomas Harris’ Red Dragon. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study
Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers
Training Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis analyses a novel written by Thomas Harris entitled Red
Dragon. The novel tells about Francis Dolarhyde, an unusual man who suffers
from schizophrenia. He has a serious disturbance in thought, emotion, and
behavior. Hence, he kills several people.
The objectives of the study are to find out three significant things from
the novel Red Dragon which are the symptoms, the causes, and the effects of
Dolarhyde psychological disorder. To do so, there are two problems formulated in
this thesis. They are (1) how is Dolarhyde’s schizophrenia described?, and (2)
how does Dolarhyde cope with schizophrenia?
This thesis uses the psychological approach because it deals with
psychological aspects. The method employed is library research. Two sources are
used in this thesis, namely primary and secondary sources. The primary source is
Thomas Harris’ Red Dragon. The secondary sources are books of literature and
psychology and related articles in websites. There are some theories applied in
this thesis. They are the theories of critical approach, character and
characterization, and schizophrenia.
The analysis of the major character shows that he has sets of delusions.
One of the delusions he experiences is the belief that other people conspire against
him. He also has auditory hallucination such as the voice of Red Dragon. By
knowing that he experiences sets of delusions and hallucinations, we can conclude
that he suffers from schizophrenia. One of the things that makes him become a
schizophrenic person is the heredity from his grandmother. His grandmother is a
person who also shows schizophrenic symptoms. The other cause is his
psychological and internal factors where he has bad childhood memories. By
suffering from schizophrenia, he does things like killing people, being
incredulous, and finally committing suicide. He thinks that by killing people he
can become one with the dragon. He also keeps secret about his life to other
person. At last, he feels depressed when he realizes that the dragon wants him to
kill his lover. In this depression, he thinks he should end his life by shooting his
own head with a shotgun.
Finally, this thesis provides some suggestions for further researchers on
Red Dragon. This thesis also proposes a lesson plan for Public Speaking I which
uses parts of the novel as the material.
Keywords: schizophrenia, red dragon, hallucination, delusion
x
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Dewanto, Nichollas Chandra. 2012. Francis Dolarhyde’s Schizophrenia as Seen
in Thomas Harris’ Red Dragon. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa
Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menganalisa sebuah novel karya Thomas Harris yang
berjudul Red Dragon. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang Francis Dolarhyde, seorang
yang tidak lazim karena menderita schizophrenia. Dia mengalami gangguan serius
pada pikiran, emosi, dan tingkah lakunya. Karena gangguan tersebut, dia
membunuh beberapa orang.
Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk mengetahui tiga hal penting dari
novel Red Dragon yaitu gejala, penyebab, dan efek dari penyakit psikologi
Francis Dolarhyde. Untuk itu permasalahan dirumuskan, yaitu (1) bagaimana
penyakit schizophrenia Dolarhyde digambarkan?, (2) bagaimana Dolarhyde
mengatasi penyakit schizophrenia?
Skripsi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologis karena skripsi ini
berkaitan dengan aspek psikologi. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka.
Ada dua sumber yang digunakan, yaitu sumber utama dan kedua. Sumber utama
adalah novel Red Dragon karangan Thomas Harris. Sumber kedua adalah bukubuku literatur dan psikologi serta artikel-artikel website terkait. Ada beberapa
teori yang digunakan di skripsi ini, yaitu teori pendekatan kritital, karakter dan
pengkarakteran, dan schizophrenia.
Analisis terhadap tokoh utama menunjukkan bahwa dia mengalami
sekumpulan delusi. Salah satu delusi yang dia alami adalah dia percaya bahwa
orang-orang di sekitarnya bersekongkol untuk melawan dia. Dia juga mengalami
halusinasi suara seperti suara dari Red Dragon. Dengan mengetahui bahwa dia
mengalami delusi dan halusinasi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dia menderita
schizophrenia. Salah satu hal yang membuat dia menderita schizophrenia adalah
disebabkan oleh keturunan dari neneknya. Neneknya adalah orang yang juga
menunjukkan gejala schizophrenia. Penyebab lain adalah faktor internal dan
psikologis yaitu dia memiliki masa kecil yang buruk. Dengan mengidap
schizophrenia, dia melakukan hal-hal seperti membunuh orang, tidak pernah
mempercayai orang, dan juga melakukan percobaan bunuh diri. Dia mengira
dengan membunuh orang, dia akan menjadi satu dengan Red Dragon. Dia juga
selalu merahasiakan tentang kehidupannya dari orang lain. Pada akhirnya dia
merasa tertekan ketika menyadari bahwa Red Dragon menyuruhnya membunuh
kekasihnya. Dalam tekanan ini, dia berfikir untuk mengakhiri hidupnya dengan
menembak kepalanya sendiri dengan shotgun.
xi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Di bagian akhir, skripsi ini memberikan beberapa saran untuk penelitipeneliti Red Dragon selanjutnya. Skripsi ini juga menganjurkan rencana
pembelajaran untuk Public Speaking I menggunakan novel tersebut sebagai
materi.
Kata kunci: schizophrenia, red dragon, hallucination, delusion
xii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter preserves as the opening part of the whole thesis and
consists of five parts namely background of the study, problem formulation,
objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The
background of the study provides an overview about the basic reasons to conduct
the study. Then, the problem formulation states briefly the inquiries that will be
discussed. Next, Objectives of the study state the purpose of the study undertaken
in relation with the research questions. Furthermore, benefits of the study state the
advantages of the research in relation to the research problem. Last but not least,
definition of terms discusses the terms that appear in the discussion throughout the
thesis.
A. Background of the Study
Crazy, nutty, insane, and belfry are popular terms used for referring to
someone who is suffering from psychological disorder. Those terms are
commonly used without understanding the actual meaning. What we can
understand when people use such terms is that the terms refer to abnormal
behavior or abnormal psychology.
Psychologically, a person who has an abnormal behavior is a person
suffering from mental illness. The person suffering from mental illness may do
such unethical activities, loss of touch with reality, social and personal
1
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2
maladjusted, antisocial or psychopath behavior, or any other uncommon behavior.
These abnormal behaviors or abnormal psychologies are classified into large
number which is one of them is schizophrenia.
Davison and Neale (1996) have studied and researched schizophrenia and
described that Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic disorder. It is characterized
by major disturbances in thought, emotion, and behavior. A schizophrenic person
will have disordered thinking in which ideas are not logically related, faulty
perception and attention, bizarre disturbances in motor activity, and flat or
inappropriate affect (para. 389).
A person who suffers schizophrenia will have serious disturbance in his
thought, emotion, and behavior. In his thought, he often sees or even become
something that does not exist in reality. This thought will affect his emotion into a
flat and mysterious character. However, behind that character he will do anything
to get rid or to become the ghost he sees in his thought. Thus, killing is a common
thing done by persons who suffer schizophrenia.
A character in Red Dragon, named Francis Dolarhyde, does such things.
When he is a child, he lives with his grandmother. His grandmother often treats
him wrong, which makes him suffer from schizophrenia. Just like the definition of
the schizophrenia, he feels like being pursued by a figure that does not exist in
reality. The figure on his imaginary is a ghost of Red Dragon who persuades him
to kill a certain person. By killing the person, he feels like being the Red Dragon
and satisfies himself.
Another interesting part of this novel is that the novel presents some of
William Blake’s poems before the story begins. William Blake is an artist known
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
for his writings and pictures about schizophrenia. He wrote some poems about
schizophrenia. He also drew a picture of a ghost of flea. This ghost is also
mentioned in Davison and Neale’s book Abnormal Psychology. Just like the
picture of a ghost of flea, Francis Dolarhyde also thinks that he is being pursued
by a ghost of Red Dragon.
The story Red Dragon tells about a policeman named Will Graham, who
has a duty to catch a serial killer named Francis Dolarhyde. He is chosen to catch
Dolarhyde because he has an experience catching a killer who does the same thing
as Francis Dolarhyde. The story is divided into two parts. The first part is about
the life of Will Graham and the second part is about the life of Francis Dolarhyde.
Francis Dolarhyde is a character who has a miserable childhood life which leads
him into a killer who kills a number of people. After analyzing some home videos,
Graham finally finds Francis Dolarhyde and stops him from killing people.
Analyzing Dolarhyde’s behavior disorder that makes him become a serial
killer and relating it with schizophrenia are a curious matter. Thus, this study
chooses his behavior disorder as the topic because it is interesting to analyze the
symptoms, the causes, and the effects of his behavior disorder.
B. Problem Formulation
As having been mentioned in the previous section, the researcher finds
that there is a psychological disorder that Francis Dolarhyde has. In relation to the
psychological disorder, the researcher formulates the following problems:
1.
How is Dolarhyde’s schizophrenia described?
2.
How does Dolarhyde cope with schizophrenia?
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4
C. Objectives of the Study
This study is about to find out three significant things from the novel Red
Dragon which are the symptoms, the causes, and the effects of Francis
Dolarhyde’s psychological disorder. First, the writer will explain how his
schizophrenia described in the story, because it plays an important rule in the way
the story goes along. After that, the writer will analyze how he copes with
schizophrenia. This part will explain schizophrenic things that he does and the
effects. By finding out those significant things, people who read this study will
understand what schizophrenia is. Deeper, they will also be able to get rid of this
kind of problem.
D. Benefits of the Study
By studying the novel, the researcher hopes that this study will give
benefits for English Language Education Study Program students. They can use
this study as an example in analyzing a literally work. The other benefit is that this
study gives the readers knowledge about people who suffer from schizophrenia.
The readers will understand what the symptoms, causes, and effects of this
psychological problem are. By understanding those aspects the readers will be
able to get rid of this psychological problem.
E. Definition of Terms
The researcher uses some significant terms in the research. In this
section, the researcher would like to quote the definitions of those significant
terms.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
1.
Psychosis
According to Strange (1965), psychosis is a psychological term referring
to most serious mental illnesses. The word psychosis means loss of touch with
some important aspect of reality as shown in such symptoms as delusions,
hallucinations, and confusion. May result from brain disturbance or from poor
social learning (p.10).
2.
Schizophrenia
According to Coleman (1976), schizophrenia is the descriptive term for
a group of psychotic disorder characterized by gross distortion of reality;
withdrawal from social interaction, and the disorganization and fragmentation of
perception, thought, and emotion (p. 292). Experts consider schizophrenia as one
of the most serious psychotic disorder as well as the most baffling. Schizophrenia
is not all the same with split personality or multiple personality that people often
confused with.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is review of related
theories that contains literature theory and theory of critical approach. The second
part contains theoretical framework which explain those theories applied in
analysis.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part consists of theory of character, theory of characterization,
critical approach, and theory of schizophrenia.
1.
Character
Novel is a kind of literature. In a novel, we cannot ignore the characters
that the author creates. Characters have important roles in the novel. It is also
very important to make readers understand about the story. Abrams (1971) says
that “Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work who
are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral dispositional qualities
that are expressed in what they say (the dialogues) and what they do (the
actions)” (p. 20). Therefore, in a work of literature a character can be identified
from what they say and what they do.
Other experts, Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971) define a character as a
person who acts out in a particular time and place (p.20). They divide character
6
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7
into two kinds those are flat character or one-sided character and rounded
character or many-sided character.
In a character, we find the idea of the moral uprightness and the simpler
notion of the presence of creature in art which seems to be a human being of one
sort or another. A character in a story can be a kind of creature, which imitates a
human being, so that he or she exists as a real character. Inside the character, we
find the idea of human morality. Abrams (1971) (pp.50-56) differentiates
character into two categories, namely major and minor character.
Major character is the center of the story. He or she is the most important
character in the story. The minor character appears in certain setting. Their actions
are less important because they are not fully developed characters and their roles
of story are just to support the development of the main characters.
2.
Characterization
Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971) define characterization as “The
process by which an author creates a character, which has particular personality
and physical attributes that distinguish each character from another” (p. 120). The
author makes each character has his or her own characteristics so that each
character is different from others. Murphy (1972) (pp. 161-173) states nine ways
to understand about characterization. Those ways are as follows:
a.
Personal Description
The reader can imagine the description of the character through a
person’s appearance and clothes.
b.
Character as Seen by Another
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
It is another way to describe a character through the eyes and opinions of
other people in the novel.
c.
Speech
Here the author can give an insight into the characteristic of the person in
the novel through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he
puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clues to his character.
d.
Past Life
By learning about a person’s past life the author can give a clue that the
events that have helped to shape a person’s character. The author gives comment
through the person’s thought and conversation or through another person.
e.
Conversation by Others
It is the way the author gives the readers clues to a person’s characteristic
through the conversation of the other persons of the story and the things they say
about the actor.
f.
Reactions
The readers will know the person’s character by seeing at how the person
reacts to various situation and events in his life.
g.
Direct Comments
The author describes and comments on the characters that he creates
directly.
h.
Thoughts
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
The author wants to show the personalities of the character’s perspective
way. If the readers are subjectively involved in the character’s thoughts, they can
understand the character’s personalities and position in the story. Even the
readers can feel as if they were the character themselves.
i.
Mannerisms
The author can describes the character’s mannerisms and habits, which
may tell us about his or her character.
3.
Critical Approach
Novel is one kind of literature. It is written in beautiful language by the
author to make the readers more interested in the novel they read. The beauty of a
novel as a work of literature will arise the appreciation of the readers, so they will
enjoy reading the novel.
Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971) state five kinds of critical approaches,
which help the readers formulate their responses to a work of literature (pp. 6-15).
The approaches are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociohistorical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach.
The formalist approach searches only on the work based on its aesthetic value.
The biographical approach is an approach in understanding a work of art through
the author biography. The socio-historical approach sees a work of literature
which is referenced on socio-historical background. The mythopoeic approach is
an approach that uses myth beyond the work of art as the reference. The
psychological approach works which is based on the psychological theories.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10
In this study, the approach that is going to be used to analyze the novel is
the psychological approach. This approach involves the effort to locate and
demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. It draws different body of knowledge on
psychology to explain the character’s personality and behavior. The psychological
approach will enable the researcher to analyze the characteristic of mental
disorder of the main character and the conflicts lying inside and find out how he
copes with all the conflicts in his live. By using the psychological approach, the
researcher can analyze the character thought, personality, and behavior deeply.
4.
Schizophrenia
This part deals with the theory of schizophrenia. This part is divided into
two sub-parts. They are the symptoms of schizophrenia and the type of
schizophrenia.
According to Coleman (1976), schizophrenia is the descriptive term for a
group of psychotic disorder characterized by gross distortion of reality;
withdrawal from social interaction, and the disorganization and fragmentation of
perception, thought, and emotion. Schizophrenia is not as ear friendly as
psychopath or other psychological disorder (p. 292). However, experts consider
schizophrenia as one of the most serious psychotic disorder. Experts also consider
schizophrenia not only as the most serious, but also as the most baffling psychotic
disorder.
Schizophrenia is different from psychopathic or antisocial personality.
Coleman (1976) has described psychopathic and antisocial personality as
personality with lack of ethical and inability to follow an approved model of
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
behavior. Patients who suffer from psychopathic disorder will have difficulties in
interpersonal relationships which bring the individual into repeated conflict with
society. Basically, they are unsocialized and incapable of significant loyalty to
other persons, groups, or social values (para.370).
A person who suffers from antisocial and psychopathic personality will
not be able to behave appropriately. He will not be able to behave normally as
approved by the society. Coleman also mentions a clinical picture is his book that
a person suffers from antisocial or psychopathic personality broke his friend’s
Television set only for a joke. He cannot differentiate actions which is acceptable
or not acceptable in his society. Thus, a person who suffers from antisocial and
psychopathic personality has repeated conflict with society.
a. Symptoms
To indicate that someone is suffering from schizophrenia there are five
typical symptoms that must be evident for at least six months and have some
marked effects. Those five typical symptoms are delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms. These five
symptoms are categorized into two broad categories. They are positive and
negative. The positive symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized
speech, and catatonic behavior. The symptoms that are categorized as negative
symptoms are little speech, lack of drive, and flat or blunt effect. Those positive
and negative symptoms do not refer to good or bad symptoms. The positive
symptoms refer to symptoms being present, while negative symptoms refer to
feelings or absence behavior.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12
1) Positive Symptoms
According to Wilson et al. (1996),“Positive symptoms refer to symptoms
being present, such as hearing voices not heard by others (hallucinations)” (p.
417).There are four typical symptoms that belong to its broad categories. Those
symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and catatonic
behavior. The explanation or those symptoms are as follows:
a) Delusions
In their study, Wilson et al. (1996) state that “Delusions are false beliefs
or unusual misrepresentation of reality, such as delusion of persecution, romance,
grandeur, or control” (p. 417). Persons with schizophrenia often express unusual
beliefs that are not shared by others in their culture.
b)
Hallucination
Davison and Neale (1996) state that “The most dramatic of perception
are called hallucination” (p. 392). Hallucinations are also sensory experiences that
occur in the absence of any external environmental stimulation. They are
sensations that are experienced by individual but are not experienced by others.
c) Disorganized Speech
According to Wilson et al. (1996), another symptom of schizophrenia is a
speech that is disorganized in a variety of ways (p.417). In this case, a person
moves from one topic into another without any natural transitions. Sometimes, a
schizophrenia patient will answer a question in a manner that seems not related to
the question.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13
d) Catatonic Behavior
According to Wilson et al. (1996) “Catatonic behavior refers to marked
motor abnormalities, including motor immobility, excessive motor behaviors, and
the maintenance of fixed postures over long period of time” (p. 420). A person
with catatonic behavior disorder may not be able to control parts of their body like
hands, fingers, feet, or another.
2) Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include three symptoms. They are
flat or blunt affect, little speech, and lack of drive. The flat affect refers to lack of
emotional expressiveness in gesture, facial expression, and voice tone. Little
speech is also calledalogia. Alogia is the condition where the patient talks very
little and gives brief, empty replies to question. The last symptom is lack of drive.
Lack of drive is also calledavolition. Avolition is the inability to begin and sustain
goals-directed activity. The patients are often sits for hours, exhibiting little or no
interest in activities.
b. Types of Schizophrenia
There are many types of schizophrenia. However, there are only five
types commonly recognized. Wilson et al. (pp.421-423) state those five types of
schizophrenia. They are catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, undifferentiated, and
residual. Those five types of schizophrenia differ one to another as shown below:
1) Catatonic Type
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
Individual with catatonic type of schizophrenia has unusual patterns of
motor activity. He or she displays rigid postures and refuse to respond to request
or follow instructions.
2) Disorganized Type
The disorganized type of schizophrenia is characterized by verbal
incoherence, grossly disorganized behavior, marked loosening of association, and
inappropriate affect. Disorganized type of schizophrenia may display a variety of
motor symptoms, such as unusual mannerism, as well as extreme social
impairment.
3) Paranoid Type
Persons with paranoid type are preoccupied with one or more elaborated
set of delusion. They may also have auditory hallucination associated with a
single theme. Paranoid schizophrenia sometimes show anger and are occasionally
violent.
4) Undifferentiated Type
In undefined schizophrenia, there is a mixture of all the symptoms from
all the types of schizophrenia. People can suffer from prominent delusions,
hallucinations, inconsistent speech, and grossly disorganized behavior. In fact, it
cannot be differentiated into a specific type of schizophrenia.
5) Residual Type
Residual schizophrenia happens when symptoms such as hallucinations,
delusions,
and
disorganized
speech
have
disappeared,
but
sometimes
hallucinations and delusion still occur occasionally and do not cause serious
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
dysfunctions. The residual schizophrenia will be apparent with the attendance of
emotional expression, loss speech, and loss of goal-directed interest.
A person who suffers from schizophrenia will do anything to get rid from
what he sees in his hallucination. Mostly they are afraid of the ghost in his
imaginary and tried to do anything to get rid of the ghost he sees. In acute
schizophrenia the person will looks like he lives in his hallucination. He will be
unable to communicate to other person and neglect his hygiene and appearance.
He will thrill out when he sees the ghost in his imaginary.
c.
Causes
There are three primary causes of this disorder. Coleman (1976) (pp. 309-
326) has describes those three causes. They are biological factors, psychological
and interpersonal factors, and general sociocultural factors. These three factors are
different one to another as shown below:
1)
Biological Factors
There are three derivatives factors of this point. Those are heredity,
biochemical, and neurophysiological factors. Heredity is the most important cause
of schizophrenia. People are likely to be affected with schizophrenia when they
have relation genetically with someone who has had schizophrenia. There are
three possible causes in heredity. Those are family, twin, and adoption factor.
Coleman has studied the cause of schizophrenia among children of schizophrenic
parent. He reported that about 45 percent of the children who have one
schizophrenic parent would later become schizoid or actually schizophrenic. He
also mentioned that the children with two schizophrenic parents approached 66
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16
percent. From those percentage, family heredity considered as the most important
causes of schizophrenia. The next heredity cause is twin. He states that recent
studies found 38 percent rate for identical twins. Seeing from that great
percentage, we can see that genetic factor has important role for the causes of
schizophrenia.
The next factor is adoption. Children raised apart from their
schizophrenic parent also considered as schizophrenia causes factor. There are 6.6
percent of 47 persons who had been born to schizophrenic mothers in a state
mental hospital and placed with relatives shortly after birth were diagnosed as
schizophrenic. From that study, we can find that even though the children have
not met his schizophrenic mother he can later become schizophrenia. Thus,
heredity or genetic factor is the most important factor for the causes of
schizophrenia.
2)
Biochemical Factors
Biochemical can also become the causes of schizophrenia. A substance
called taraxein, which comes from the blood of schizophrenic patients, has the
possibility to influence a normal person into schizophrenia. “Research in
possibility of biochemical abnormalities in schizophrenic patients was given
impetus when it was shown that the presence of some chemical agents in the
bloodstream, even in minute amounts, can produce profound mental changes.”
From that quotation, we can find that there is possibility of schizophrenia spread
from one to another biochemically. The infection comes from a patient’s blood
that contaminated an object. The object that is contaminated has the possibility to
influence another person.
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17
3)
Neurophysiological
Coleman (1976) states that, “…in situation representing relatively mild
stress for normal subject, arousal tends to be abnormally high in schizophrenics;
in response to more severe stress, however, the reactivity in schizophrenics is
often relatively lower than that of normal subjects” (p. 313). People with the
potential of schizophrenia tend to be fragile if he is stressed. A little stress can
make the schizophrenic emotion unstable. The unstable emotion is the condition
where people become fragile of being schizophrenia. Thus, stress is also become
one of the causes of schizophrenia.
d.
Coping With Schizophrenia
There are complex ways of schizophrenic patients coping with his or her
schizophrenia. However, some researchers give some explanation how people
with schizophrenia cope with his or her mental disorder. Strange (1965) states
that, “The normally quiet unobtrusive person will suddenly become noisy and
boisterous… He or she avoided contact with the other” (pp. 302-303). People
suffering from schizophrenia who are normally quiet may suddenly become
aggressive. The patient seems hard to control his or her self. This condition
mostly caused by hallucination and delusion. Another typical type of
schizophrenia patients is that they avoid contact with other person. They think that
people always talking about them. This makes them avoid contact with other
person.
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B. Theoretical Framework
This part describes some theories used to help analyze the novel. The
theories support and strengthen the analysis. Each theory will be used to answer
the specified questions that have been formulated in the previous chapter.
This thesis is to find out Francis Dolarhyde’s Schizophrenia as seen in
Thomas Harris’ Red Dragon. To achieve that objective, there are two problems
formulated. The first problem is to find out how his schizophrenia described. The
second problem is to find out how he copes with schizophrenia. In order to answer
those problems, some theories are used in this study. The theories are theory of
character, theory of characterization, psychological approach, and theory of
schizophrenia.
The first and second theories, character and characterization, will help
the researcher describe his character and characteristics in the story related to
schizophrenia. In order to analyze his character, the theories by Abrams and
Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. are used by the researcher. Then, the theories by
Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. are used again combined with Murphy’s theory to
reveal his characterization.
The researcher also uses another Rohrberger and Woods, Jr.’s theory,
namely the critical approach. The critical approach used to analyze the novel is
the psychological approach. Throughout the psychological approach, the
researcher can analyze the character thought, personality, and behavior deeply.
This study concerns about Dolarhyde’s mental illness which is
schizophrenia. Thus, theory of schizophrenia is used for analyzing his
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
19
schizophrenia. Theories by Wilson, Davison and Neale, Coleman, Brusel, and
Strange are used as the means to analyze Dolarhyde’s schizophrenia.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
20
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of the object of the study that is going to be
analyzed, the approaches that are going to be used, and the method of the study
toward the analyzing.
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study is a work of Thomas Harris entitled Red Dragon.
The book contains 358 pages, and it was published in 1981 by Dell Publishing in
New York. Red Dragon is Thomas Harris’ second novel. This novel was made
into a film entitled Manhunter five years after it was published. Yet, the film was
rated poorly in box office. After the success of his two novels, Harris wrote his
third and fourth novel, The Silence of the Lambs and Hannibal. These two novels
were also filmed and won an Oscar for Best Actor in 1991 for Hannibal. This
success gave the Red Dragon new readers. Due to the success of the second and
third films, Red Dragon was remade as a film entitled Red Dragon directed by
Brett Ratner in 2002.
Red Dragon talks about an ex-FBI agent, Will Graham, who is called
back to catch a serial killer. Graham is called back because the killer, Francis
Dolarhyde, does the same thing as the killer that he catches several years ago.
Francis Dolarhyde is a man who has bad childhood. He kills people because he
20
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
21
thinks that the people he kills will be reborn. By killing people, he also feels that
he becomes stronger and becomes the Red Dragon.
He finally knows that he is pursued by a police named Graham.
Knowing that the police are on their way to his house, he burns his house
together with himself and his lover.
B. Approach
In analyzing the problems, this study uses the psychological approach.
The psychological approach is used because the topic is about Francis
Dolarhyde’s psychological disorder that concern with psychological matter. This
study analyzes the psychological side of Francis Dolarhyde including the
background of his schizophrenia which is caused by early psychological trauma,
such as violence, sexual abuse, death, divorce or separation in childhood. Besides,
it also analyzes the symptoms of his psychopath, the causes as well as the effect of
his life.
C. Method of the Study
There were some steps to analyze the problems. First of all, the
researcher read the main source as the main data that is the novel Red Dragon
written by Thomas Harris for many times. At the first reading, the researcher was
only read through the story by skimming and scanning through the book. This is
aimed to know the content of the story. The next reading was a careful reading
that which aimed to get the detail information of the book and understand the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
22
story completely. Besides reading the novel, the researcher also watched the Red
Dragon film in order to get the real images of the scenes.
As the researcher used library research as the method of the study, the
second step was collecting some references related to the study that helped to
analyze the problems formulations. The references were not only from books but
the researcher also used journals and internet sources. Using the references, the
researcher was able to make the analysis and discussion. By doing so, the
researcher was able to answer the problems that are formulated in the first
chapter.
The third step was analyzing the story. In order to answer the problems,
the researcher analyzed each chapter deeply. He compared the film with the novel
in order to create the real imagin
ABSTRACT
Dewanto, Nichollas Chandra. 2012. Francis Dolarhyde’s Schizophrenia as Seen
in Thomas Harris’ Red Dragon. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study
Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers
Training Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis analyses a novel written by Thomas Harris entitled Red
Dragon. The novel tells about Francis Dolarhyde, an unusual man who suffers
from schizophrenia. He has a serious disturbance in thought, emotion, and
behavior. Hence, he kills several people.
The objectives of the study are to find out three significant things from
the novel Red Dragon which are the symptoms, the causes, and the effects of
Dolarhyde psychological disorder. To do so, there are two problems formulated in
this thesis. They are (1) how is Dolarhyde’s schizophrenia described?, and (2)
how does Dolarhyde cope with schizophrenia?
This thesis uses the psychological approach because it deals with
psychological aspects. The method employed is library research. Two sources are
used in this thesis, namely primary and secondary sources. The primary source is
Thomas Harris’ Red Dragon. The secondary sources are books of literature and
psychology and related articles in websites. There are some theories applied in
this thesis. They are the theories of critical approach, character and
characterization, and schizophrenia.
The analysis of the major character shows that he has sets of delusions.
One of the delusions he experiences is the belief that other people conspire against
him. He also has auditory hallucination such as the voice of Red Dragon. By
knowing that he experiences sets of delusions and hallucinations, we can conclude
that he suffers from schizophrenia. One of the things that makes him become a
schizophrenic person is the heredity from his grandmother. His grandmother is a
person who also shows schizophrenic symptoms. The other cause is his
psychological and internal factors where he has bad childhood memories. By
suffering from schizophrenia, he does things like killing people, being
incredulous, and finally committing suicide. He thinks that by killing people he
can become one with the dragon. He also keeps secret about his life to other
person. At last, he feels depressed when he realizes that the dragon wants him to
kill his lover. In this depression, he thinks he should end his life by shooting his
own head with a shotgun.
Finally, this thesis provides some suggestions for further researchers on
Red Dragon. This thesis also proposes a lesson plan for Public Speaking I which
uses parts of the novel as the material.
Keywords: schizophrenia, red dragon, hallucination, delusion
x
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ABSTRAK
Dewanto, Nichollas Chandra. 2012. Francis Dolarhyde’s Schizophrenia as Seen
in Thomas Harris’ Red Dragon. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa
Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menganalisa sebuah novel karya Thomas Harris yang
berjudul Red Dragon. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang Francis Dolarhyde, seorang
yang tidak lazim karena menderita schizophrenia. Dia mengalami gangguan serius
pada pikiran, emosi, dan tingkah lakunya. Karena gangguan tersebut, dia
membunuh beberapa orang.
Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk mengetahui tiga hal penting dari
novel Red Dragon yaitu gejala, penyebab, dan efek dari penyakit psikologi
Francis Dolarhyde. Untuk itu permasalahan dirumuskan, yaitu (1) bagaimana
penyakit schizophrenia Dolarhyde digambarkan?, (2) bagaimana Dolarhyde
mengatasi penyakit schizophrenia?
Skripsi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologis karena skripsi ini
berkaitan dengan aspek psikologi. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka.
Ada dua sumber yang digunakan, yaitu sumber utama dan kedua. Sumber utama
adalah novel Red Dragon karangan Thomas Harris. Sumber kedua adalah bukubuku literatur dan psikologi serta artikel-artikel website terkait. Ada beberapa
teori yang digunakan di skripsi ini, yaitu teori pendekatan kritital, karakter dan
pengkarakteran, dan schizophrenia.
Analisis terhadap tokoh utama menunjukkan bahwa dia mengalami
sekumpulan delusi. Salah satu delusi yang dia alami adalah dia percaya bahwa
orang-orang di sekitarnya bersekongkol untuk melawan dia. Dia juga mengalami
halusinasi suara seperti suara dari Red Dragon. Dengan mengetahui bahwa dia
mengalami delusi dan halusinasi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dia menderita
schizophrenia. Salah satu hal yang membuat dia menderita schizophrenia adalah
disebabkan oleh keturunan dari neneknya. Neneknya adalah orang yang juga
menunjukkan gejala schizophrenia. Penyebab lain adalah faktor internal dan
psikologis yaitu dia memiliki masa kecil yang buruk. Dengan mengidap
schizophrenia, dia melakukan hal-hal seperti membunuh orang, tidak pernah
mempercayai orang, dan juga melakukan percobaan bunuh diri. Dia mengira
dengan membunuh orang, dia akan menjadi satu dengan Red Dragon. Dia juga
selalu merahasiakan tentang kehidupannya dari orang lain. Pada akhirnya dia
merasa tertekan ketika menyadari bahwa Red Dragon menyuruhnya membunuh
kekasihnya. Dalam tekanan ini, dia berfikir untuk mengakhiri hidupnya dengan
menembak kepalanya sendiri dengan shotgun.
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Di bagian akhir, skripsi ini memberikan beberapa saran untuk penelitipeneliti Red Dragon selanjutnya. Skripsi ini juga menganjurkan rencana
pembelajaran untuk Public Speaking I menggunakan novel tersebut sebagai
materi.
Kata kunci: schizophrenia, red dragon, hallucination, delusion
xii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
FRANCIS DOLARHYDE’S SCHIZOPHRENIA
AS SEEN IN THOMAS HARRIS’ RED DRAGON
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Nichollas Chandra Dewanto
Student Number: 061214150
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
FRANCIS DOLARHYDE’S SCHIZOPHRENIA
AS SEEN IN THOMAS HARRIS’ RED DRAGON
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Nichollas Chandra Dewanto
Student Number: 061214150
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
i
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on
FRANCIS DOLARHYDE’S SCHIZOPHRENIA
AS SEEN IN THOMAS HARRIS’ RED DRAGON
By
Nichollas Chandra Dewanto
Student Number: 061214150
Approved by
Advisor
Drs. Bambang Hendarto, M. Hum.
21 December, 2012
ii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on
FRANCIS DOLARHYDE’S SCHIZOPHRENIA
AS SEEN IN THOMAS HARRIS’ RED DRAGON
By
Nichollas Chandra Dewanto
Student Number : 061214150
Defended before the Board of Examiners
on 14 January 2013
and Declared Acceptable
Board of Examiners
Chair person : C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd.
________________
Secretary
: Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D.
________________
Member
: Drs. Bambang Hendarto, M. Hum.
________________
Member
: Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D.
________________
Member
: C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd.
________________
Yogyakarta, 14 January 2013
Faculty of Teachers Training and Education
Sanata Dharma University
Dean
Rohandi, Ph.D
iii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 21 December 2012
The writer,
Nichollas Chandra Dewanto
061214150
iv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
: Nichollas Chandra Dewanto
Nomor Mahasiswa
: 061214150
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
FRANCIS DOLARHYDE’S SCHIZOPHRENIA
AS SEEN IN THOMAS HARRIS’ RED DRAGON
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 21 Desember 2012
Yang menyatakan
Nichollas Chandra Dewanto
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In the first place, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Allah for
His Blessing and mercy so I can finally finish writing this thesis. His love and
guidance have given me strength to cope with the hard days in my life.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Drs. Bambang Hendarto,
M.Hum., who has guided me patiently in the process of writing this thesis. I thank
him for the patience, advice, and time for consultation on this thesis until it was
done. I also send my gratitude to Sanata Dharma University that has given me a
place and facilities to study and to all my lecturers and the administrative staff of
PBI Study Program that have devoted themselves to help me during my study in
Sanata Dharma.
With greatest gratitude, I thank my beloved parents, Sri Sukendro and Dra.
Tri Heriyanti, for their endless love and prayers. It is also for my beloved brothers
Arthur Andi Nanggola, S.E. and Triscison Bastianto for their support and help in
study.
My special thanks also go to my best friends Satrio Nugroho, S.Pd., Agnes
Endah, S.Pd., Elisabeth Berlian, S.Pd., and Paulina Silvia K., S.Kom. for their
support, correction, and guidance in finishing this thesis. I would also like to
thank all of 2006 PBI’s students that I cannot mention one by one for their support
and help in my study. May God bless us all.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………….
i
APPROVAL PAGES …………………………………………………
ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ……………………….
iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI …………….
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………..
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………..
vii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………..
x
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………...
xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study …………………………………
1
B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………...
3
C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………...
4
D. Benefits of the Study ……………………………………..
4
E. Definition of Terms ………………………………………
4
CHAPTER II.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Theories ………………………………
6
1. Character ……………………………………………...
6
2. Characterization ………………………………………
7
3. Critical Approach ……………………………………..
9
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4. Schizophrenia ………………………………………....
10
B. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………
18
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study ……………………………………….
20
B. Approach ………………………………………………….
21
C. Method of the Study ……………………………………..
21
CHAPTER IV.ANALYSIS
A. The Description of Francis Dolarhyde’s Schizophrenia in
Red Dragon ……………………………………………….
23
1. Francis Dolarhyde’s Character as a Person with
Schizophrenia …………………………………………
23
Francis Dolarhyde’s Types of Schizophrenia ………..
29
3. The Symptoms ………………………………………..
31
4. Causes ………………………………………………...
39
B. The Way Francis Dolarhyde Copes with Schizophrenia …
44
1. Killing People ………………………………………...
45
2. By Being Incredulous …………………..…………….
47
3. By Attempting to Commit Suicide ...…………….......
48
2.
CHAPTER
V.
CONCLUSIONS,
IMPLICATIONS,
AND
SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ……………………………………………….
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B. Implications …………………………………………….....
54
C. Suggestions ……………………………………………….
54
1. Suggestion for Further Researchers …………………..
55
2. Suggestion for Teachers ………..................................
55
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………..
57
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 Summary of the Novel ……………………………….
59
APPENDIX 2 Biography of Thomas Harris ………………………....
62
APPENDIX 3 Lesson Plan Public Speaking I ………………………
64
APPENDIX 4 Teaching Materials of Public Speaking I …………….
67
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ABSTRACT
Dewanto, Nichollas Chandra. 2012. Francis Dolarhyde’s Schizophrenia as Seen
in Thomas Harris’ Red Dragon. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study
Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers
Training Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis analyses a novel written by Thomas Harris entitled Red
Dragon. The novel tells about Francis Dolarhyde, an unusual man who suffers
from schizophrenia. He has a serious disturbance in thought, emotion, and
behavior. Hence, he kills several people.
The objectives of the study are to find out three significant things from
the novel Red Dragon which are the symptoms, the causes, and the effects of
Dolarhyde psychological disorder. To do so, there are two problems formulated in
this thesis. They are (1) how is Dolarhyde’s schizophrenia described?, and (2)
how does Dolarhyde cope with schizophrenia?
This thesis uses the psychological approach because it deals with
psychological aspects. The method employed is library research. Two sources are
used in this thesis, namely primary and secondary sources. The primary source is
Thomas Harris’ Red Dragon. The secondary sources are books of literature and
psychology and related articles in websites. There are some theories applied in
this thesis. They are the theories of critical approach, character and
characterization, and schizophrenia.
The analysis of the major character shows that he has sets of delusions.
One of the delusions he experiences is the belief that other people conspire against
him. He also has auditory hallucination such as the voice of Red Dragon. By
knowing that he experiences sets of delusions and hallucinations, we can conclude
that he suffers from schizophrenia. One of the things that makes him become a
schizophrenic person is the heredity from his grandmother. His grandmother is a
person who also shows schizophrenic symptoms. The other cause is his
psychological and internal factors where he has bad childhood memories. By
suffering from schizophrenia, he does things like killing people, being
incredulous, and finally committing suicide. He thinks that by killing people he
can become one with the dragon. He also keeps secret about his life to other
person. At last, he feels depressed when he realizes that the dragon wants him to
kill his lover. In this depression, he thinks he should end his life by shooting his
own head with a shotgun.
Finally, this thesis provides some suggestions for further researchers on
Red Dragon. This thesis also proposes a lesson plan for Public Speaking I which
uses parts of the novel as the material.
Keywords: schizophrenia, red dragon, hallucination, delusion
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ABSTRAK
Dewanto, Nichollas Chandra. 2012. Francis Dolarhyde’s Schizophrenia as Seen
in Thomas Harris’ Red Dragon. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa
Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menganalisa sebuah novel karya Thomas Harris yang
berjudul Red Dragon. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang Francis Dolarhyde, seorang
yang tidak lazim karena menderita schizophrenia. Dia mengalami gangguan serius
pada pikiran, emosi, dan tingkah lakunya. Karena gangguan tersebut, dia
membunuh beberapa orang.
Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk mengetahui tiga hal penting dari
novel Red Dragon yaitu gejala, penyebab, dan efek dari penyakit psikologi
Francis Dolarhyde. Untuk itu permasalahan dirumuskan, yaitu (1) bagaimana
penyakit schizophrenia Dolarhyde digambarkan?, (2) bagaimana Dolarhyde
mengatasi penyakit schizophrenia?
Skripsi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologis karena skripsi ini
berkaitan dengan aspek psikologi. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka.
Ada dua sumber yang digunakan, yaitu sumber utama dan kedua. Sumber utama
adalah novel Red Dragon karangan Thomas Harris. Sumber kedua adalah bukubuku literatur dan psikologi serta artikel-artikel website terkait. Ada beberapa
teori yang digunakan di skripsi ini, yaitu teori pendekatan kritital, karakter dan
pengkarakteran, dan schizophrenia.
Analisis terhadap tokoh utama menunjukkan bahwa dia mengalami
sekumpulan delusi. Salah satu delusi yang dia alami adalah dia percaya bahwa
orang-orang di sekitarnya bersekongkol untuk melawan dia. Dia juga mengalami
halusinasi suara seperti suara dari Red Dragon. Dengan mengetahui bahwa dia
mengalami delusi dan halusinasi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dia menderita
schizophrenia. Salah satu hal yang membuat dia menderita schizophrenia adalah
disebabkan oleh keturunan dari neneknya. Neneknya adalah orang yang juga
menunjukkan gejala schizophrenia. Penyebab lain adalah faktor internal dan
psikologis yaitu dia memiliki masa kecil yang buruk. Dengan mengidap
schizophrenia, dia melakukan hal-hal seperti membunuh orang, tidak pernah
mempercayai orang, dan juga melakukan percobaan bunuh diri. Dia mengira
dengan membunuh orang, dia akan menjadi satu dengan Red Dragon. Dia juga
selalu merahasiakan tentang kehidupannya dari orang lain. Pada akhirnya dia
merasa tertekan ketika menyadari bahwa Red Dragon menyuruhnya membunuh
kekasihnya. Dalam tekanan ini, dia berfikir untuk mengakhiri hidupnya dengan
menembak kepalanya sendiri dengan shotgun.
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Di bagian akhir, skripsi ini memberikan beberapa saran untuk penelitipeneliti Red Dragon selanjutnya. Skripsi ini juga menganjurkan rencana
pembelajaran untuk Public Speaking I menggunakan novel tersebut sebagai
materi.
Kata kunci: schizophrenia, red dragon, hallucination, delusion
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1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter preserves as the opening part of the whole thesis and
consists of five parts namely background of the study, problem formulation,
objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The
background of the study provides an overview about the basic reasons to conduct
the study. Then, the problem formulation states briefly the inquiries that will be
discussed. Next, Objectives of the study state the purpose of the study undertaken
in relation with the research questions. Furthermore, benefits of the study state the
advantages of the research in relation to the research problem. Last but not least,
definition of terms discusses the terms that appear in the discussion throughout the
thesis.
A. Background of the Study
Crazy, nutty, insane, and belfry are popular terms used for referring to
someone who is suffering from psychological disorder. Those terms are
commonly used without understanding the actual meaning. What we can
understand when people use such terms is that the terms refer to abnormal
behavior or abnormal psychology.
Psychologically, a person who has an abnormal behavior is a person
suffering from mental illness. The person suffering from mental illness may do
such unethical activities, loss of touch with reality, social and personal
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2
maladjusted, antisocial or psychopath behavior, or any other uncommon behavior.
These abnormal behaviors or abnormal psychologies are classified into large
number which is one of them is schizophrenia.
Davison and Neale (1996) have studied and researched schizophrenia and
described that Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic disorder. It is characterized
by major disturbances in thought, emotion, and behavior. A schizophrenic person
will have disordered thinking in which ideas are not logically related, faulty
perception and attention, bizarre disturbances in motor activity, and flat or
inappropriate affect (para. 389).
A person who suffers schizophrenia will have serious disturbance in his
thought, emotion, and behavior. In his thought, he often sees or even become
something that does not exist in reality. This thought will affect his emotion into a
flat and mysterious character. However, behind that character he will do anything
to get rid or to become the ghost he sees in his thought. Thus, killing is a common
thing done by persons who suffer schizophrenia.
A character in Red Dragon, named Francis Dolarhyde, does such things.
When he is a child, he lives with his grandmother. His grandmother often treats
him wrong, which makes him suffer from schizophrenia. Just like the definition of
the schizophrenia, he feels like being pursued by a figure that does not exist in
reality. The figure on his imaginary is a ghost of Red Dragon who persuades him
to kill a certain person. By killing the person, he feels like being the Red Dragon
and satisfies himself.
Another interesting part of this novel is that the novel presents some of
William Blake’s poems before the story begins. William Blake is an artist known
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for his writings and pictures about schizophrenia. He wrote some poems about
schizophrenia. He also drew a picture of a ghost of flea. This ghost is also
mentioned in Davison and Neale’s book Abnormal Psychology. Just like the
picture of a ghost of flea, Francis Dolarhyde also thinks that he is being pursued
by a ghost of Red Dragon.
The story Red Dragon tells about a policeman named Will Graham, who
has a duty to catch a serial killer named Francis Dolarhyde. He is chosen to catch
Dolarhyde because he has an experience catching a killer who does the same thing
as Francis Dolarhyde. The story is divided into two parts. The first part is about
the life of Will Graham and the second part is about the life of Francis Dolarhyde.
Francis Dolarhyde is a character who has a miserable childhood life which leads
him into a killer who kills a number of people. After analyzing some home videos,
Graham finally finds Francis Dolarhyde and stops him from killing people.
Analyzing Dolarhyde’s behavior disorder that makes him become a serial
killer and relating it with schizophrenia are a curious matter. Thus, this study
chooses his behavior disorder as the topic because it is interesting to analyze the
symptoms, the causes, and the effects of his behavior disorder.
B. Problem Formulation
As having been mentioned in the previous section, the researcher finds
that there is a psychological disorder that Francis Dolarhyde has. In relation to the
psychological disorder, the researcher formulates the following problems:
1.
How is Dolarhyde’s schizophrenia described?
2.
How does Dolarhyde cope with schizophrenia?
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C. Objectives of the Study
This study is about to find out three significant things from the novel Red
Dragon which are the symptoms, the causes, and the effects of Francis
Dolarhyde’s psychological disorder. First, the writer will explain how his
schizophrenia described in the story, because it plays an important rule in the way
the story goes along. After that, the writer will analyze how he copes with
schizophrenia. This part will explain schizophrenic things that he does and the
effects. By finding out those significant things, people who read this study will
understand what schizophrenia is. Deeper, they will also be able to get rid of this
kind of problem.
D. Benefits of the Study
By studying the novel, the researcher hopes that this study will give
benefits for English Language Education Study Program students. They can use
this study as an example in analyzing a literally work. The other benefit is that this
study gives the readers knowledge about people who suffer from schizophrenia.
The readers will understand what the symptoms, causes, and effects of this
psychological problem are. By understanding those aspects the readers will be
able to get rid of this psychological problem.
E. Definition of Terms
The researcher uses some significant terms in the research. In this
section, the researcher would like to quote the definitions of those significant
terms.
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1.
Psychosis
According to Strange (1965), psychosis is a psychological term referring
to most serious mental illnesses. The word psychosis means loss of touch with
some important aspect of reality as shown in such symptoms as delusions,
hallucinations, and confusion. May result from brain disturbance or from poor
social learning (p.10).
2.
Schizophrenia
According to Coleman (1976), schizophrenia is the descriptive term for
a group of psychotic disorder characterized by gross distortion of reality;
withdrawal from social interaction, and the disorganization and fragmentation of
perception, thought, and emotion (p. 292). Experts consider schizophrenia as one
of the most serious psychotic disorder as well as the most baffling. Schizophrenia
is not all the same with split personality or multiple personality that people often
confused with.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is review of related
theories that contains literature theory and theory of critical approach. The second
part contains theoretical framework which explain those theories applied in
analysis.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part consists of theory of character, theory of characterization,
critical approach, and theory of schizophrenia.
1.
Character
Novel is a kind of literature. In a novel, we cannot ignore the characters
that the author creates. Characters have important roles in the novel. It is also
very important to make readers understand about the story. Abrams (1971) says
that “Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work who
are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral dispositional qualities
that are expressed in what they say (the dialogues) and what they do (the
actions)” (p. 20). Therefore, in a work of literature a character can be identified
from what they say and what they do.
Other experts, Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971) define a character as a
person who acts out in a particular time and place (p.20). They divide character
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7
into two kinds those are flat character or one-sided character and rounded
character or many-sided character.
In a character, we find the idea of the moral uprightness and the simpler
notion of the presence of creature in art which seems to be a human being of one
sort or another. A character in a story can be a kind of creature, which imitates a
human being, so that he or she exists as a real character. Inside the character, we
find the idea of human morality. Abrams (1971) (pp.50-56) differentiates
character into two categories, namely major and minor character.
Major character is the center of the story. He or she is the most important
character in the story. The minor character appears in certain setting. Their actions
are less important because they are not fully developed characters and their roles
of story are just to support the development of the main characters.
2.
Characterization
Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971) define characterization as “The
process by which an author creates a character, which has particular personality
and physical attributes that distinguish each character from another” (p. 120). The
author makes each character has his or her own characteristics so that each
character is different from others. Murphy (1972) (pp. 161-173) states nine ways
to understand about characterization. Those ways are as follows:
a.
Personal Description
The reader can imagine the description of the character through a
person’s appearance and clothes.
b.
Character as Seen by Another
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It is another way to describe a character through the eyes and opinions of
other people in the novel.
c.
Speech
Here the author can give an insight into the characteristic of the person in
the novel through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he
puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clues to his character.
d.
Past Life
By learning about a person’s past life the author can give a clue that the
events that have helped to shape a person’s character. The author gives comment
through the person’s thought and conversation or through another person.
e.
Conversation by Others
It is the way the author gives the readers clues to a person’s characteristic
through the conversation of the other persons of the story and the things they say
about the actor.
f.
Reactions
The readers will know the person’s character by seeing at how the person
reacts to various situation and events in his life.
g.
Direct Comments
The author describes and comments on the characters that he creates
directly.
h.
Thoughts
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The author wants to show the personalities of the character’s perspective
way. If the readers are subjectively involved in the character’s thoughts, they can
understand the character’s personalities and position in the story. Even the
readers can feel as if they were the character themselves.
i.
Mannerisms
The author can describes the character’s mannerisms and habits, which
may tell us about his or her character.
3.
Critical Approach
Novel is one kind of literature. It is written in beautiful language by the
author to make the readers more interested in the novel they read. The beauty of a
novel as a work of literature will arise the appreciation of the readers, so they will
enjoy reading the novel.
Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971) state five kinds of critical approaches,
which help the readers formulate their responses to a work of literature (pp. 6-15).
The approaches are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociohistorical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach.
The formalist approach searches only on the work based on its aesthetic value.
The biographical approach is an approach in understanding a work of art through
the author biography. The socio-historical approach sees a work of literature
which is referenced on socio-historical background. The mythopoeic approach is
an approach that uses myth beyond the work of art as the reference. The
psychological approach works which is based on the psychological theories.
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In this study, the approach that is going to be used to analyze the novel is
the psychological approach. This approach involves the effort to locate and
demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. It draws different body of knowledge on
psychology to explain the character’s personality and behavior. The psychological
approach will enable the researcher to analyze the characteristic of mental
disorder of the main character and the conflicts lying inside and find out how he
copes with all the conflicts in his live. By using the psychological approach, the
researcher can analyze the character thought, personality, and behavior deeply.
4.
Schizophrenia
This part deals with the theory of schizophrenia. This part is divided into
two sub-parts. They are the symptoms of schizophrenia and the type of
schizophrenia.
According to Coleman (1976), schizophrenia is the descriptive term for a
group of psychotic disorder characterized by gross distortion of reality;
withdrawal from social interaction, and the disorganization and fragmentation of
perception, thought, and emotion. Schizophrenia is not as ear friendly as
psychopath or other psychological disorder (p. 292). However, experts consider
schizophrenia as one of the most serious psychotic disorder. Experts also consider
schizophrenia not only as the most serious, but also as the most baffling psychotic
disorder.
Schizophrenia is different from psychopathic or antisocial personality.
Coleman (1976) has described psychopathic and antisocial personality as
personality with lack of ethical and inability to follow an approved model of
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behavior. Patients who suffer from psychopathic disorder will have difficulties in
interpersonal relationships which bring the individual into repeated conflict with
society. Basically, they are unsocialized and incapable of significant loyalty to
other persons, groups, or social values (para.370).
A person who suffers from antisocial and psychopathic personality will
not be able to behave appropriately. He will not be able to behave normally as
approved by the society. Coleman also mentions a clinical picture is his book that
a person suffers from antisocial or psychopathic personality broke his friend’s
Television set only for a joke. He cannot differentiate actions which is acceptable
or not acceptable in his society. Thus, a person who suffers from antisocial and
psychopathic personality has repeated conflict with society.
a. Symptoms
To indicate that someone is suffering from schizophrenia there are five
typical symptoms that must be evident for at least six months and have some
marked effects. Those five typical symptoms are delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms. These five
symptoms are categorized into two broad categories. They are positive and
negative. The positive symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized
speech, and catatonic behavior. The symptoms that are categorized as negative
symptoms are little speech, lack of drive, and flat or blunt effect. Those positive
and negative symptoms do not refer to good or bad symptoms. The positive
symptoms refer to symptoms being present, while negative symptoms refer to
feelings or absence behavior.
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1) Positive Symptoms
According to Wilson et al. (1996),“Positive symptoms refer to symptoms
being present, such as hearing voices not heard by others (hallucinations)” (p.
417).There are four typical symptoms that belong to its broad categories. Those
symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and catatonic
behavior. The explanation or those symptoms are as follows:
a) Delusions
In their study, Wilson et al. (1996) state that “Delusions are false beliefs
or unusual misrepresentation of reality, such as delusion of persecution, romance,
grandeur, or control” (p. 417). Persons with schizophrenia often express unusual
beliefs that are not shared by others in their culture.
b)
Hallucination
Davison and Neale (1996) state that “The most dramatic of perception
are called hallucination” (p. 392). Hallucinations are also sensory experiences that
occur in the absence of any external environmental stimulation. They are
sensations that are experienced by individual but are not experienced by others.
c) Disorganized Speech
According to Wilson et al. (1996), another symptom of schizophrenia is a
speech that is disorganized in a variety of ways (p.417). In this case, a person
moves from one topic into another without any natural transitions. Sometimes, a
schizophrenia patient will answer a question in a manner that seems not related to
the question.
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d) Catatonic Behavior
According to Wilson et al. (1996) “Catatonic behavior refers to marked
motor abnormalities, including motor immobility, excessive motor behaviors, and
the maintenance of fixed postures over long period of time” (p. 420). A person
with catatonic behavior disorder may not be able to control parts of their body like
hands, fingers, feet, or another.
2) Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include three symptoms. They are
flat or blunt affect, little speech, and lack of drive. The flat affect refers to lack of
emotional expressiveness in gesture, facial expression, and voice tone. Little
speech is also calledalogia. Alogia is the condition where the patient talks very
little and gives brief, empty replies to question. The last symptom is lack of drive.
Lack of drive is also calledavolition. Avolition is the inability to begin and sustain
goals-directed activity. The patients are often sits for hours, exhibiting little or no
interest in activities.
b. Types of Schizophrenia
There are many types of schizophrenia. However, there are only five
types commonly recognized. Wilson et al. (pp.421-423) state those five types of
schizophrenia. They are catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, undifferentiated, and
residual. Those five types of schizophrenia differ one to another as shown below:
1) Catatonic Type
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Individual with catatonic type of schizophrenia has unusual patterns of
motor activity. He or she displays rigid postures and refuse to respond to request
or follow instructions.
2) Disorganized Type
The disorganized type of schizophrenia is characterized by verbal
incoherence, grossly disorganized behavior, marked loosening of association, and
inappropriate affect. Disorganized type of schizophrenia may display a variety of
motor symptoms, such as unusual mannerism, as well as extreme social
impairment.
3) Paranoid Type
Persons with paranoid type are preoccupied with one or more elaborated
set of delusion. They may also have auditory hallucination associated with a
single theme. Paranoid schizophrenia sometimes show anger and are occasionally
violent.
4) Undifferentiated Type
In undefined schizophrenia, there is a mixture of all the symptoms from
all the types of schizophrenia. People can suffer from prominent delusions,
hallucinations, inconsistent speech, and grossly disorganized behavior. In fact, it
cannot be differentiated into a specific type of schizophrenia.
5) Residual Type
Residual schizophrenia happens when symptoms such as hallucinations,
delusions,
and
disorganized
speech
have
disappeared,
but
sometimes
hallucinations and delusion still occur occasionally and do not cause serious
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15
dysfunctions. The residual schizophrenia will be apparent with the attendance of
emotional expression, loss speech, and loss of goal-directed interest.
A person who suffers from schizophrenia will do anything to get rid from
what he sees in his hallucination. Mostly they are afraid of the ghost in his
imaginary and tried to do anything to get rid of the ghost he sees. In acute
schizophrenia the person will looks like he lives in his hallucination. He will be
unable to communicate to other person and neglect his hygiene and appearance.
He will thrill out when he sees the ghost in his imaginary.
c.
Causes
There are three primary causes of this disorder. Coleman (1976) (pp. 309-
326) has describes those three causes. They are biological factors, psychological
and interpersonal factors, and general sociocultural factors. These three factors are
different one to another as shown below:
1)
Biological Factors
There are three derivatives factors of this point. Those are heredity,
biochemical, and neurophysiological factors. Heredity is the most important cause
of schizophrenia. People are likely to be affected with schizophrenia when they
have relation genetically with someone who has had schizophrenia. There are
three possible causes in heredity. Those are family, twin, and adoption factor.
Coleman has studied the cause of schizophrenia among children of schizophrenic
parent. He reported that about 45 percent of the children who have one
schizophrenic parent would later become schizoid or actually schizophrenic. He
also mentioned that the children with two schizophrenic parents approached 66
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percent. From those percentage, family heredity considered as the most important
causes of schizophrenia. The next heredity cause is twin. He states that recent
studies found 38 percent rate for identical twins. Seeing from that great
percentage, we can see that genetic factor has important role for the causes of
schizophrenia.
The next factor is adoption. Children raised apart from their
schizophrenic parent also considered as schizophrenia causes factor. There are 6.6
percent of 47 persons who had been born to schizophrenic mothers in a state
mental hospital and placed with relatives shortly after birth were diagnosed as
schizophrenic. From that study, we can find that even though the children have
not met his schizophrenic mother he can later become schizophrenia. Thus,
heredity or genetic factor is the most important factor for the causes of
schizophrenia.
2)
Biochemical Factors
Biochemical can also become the causes of schizophrenia. A substance
called taraxein, which comes from the blood of schizophrenic patients, has the
possibility to influence a normal person into schizophrenia. “Research in
possibility of biochemical abnormalities in schizophrenic patients was given
impetus when it was shown that the presence of some chemical agents in the
bloodstream, even in minute amounts, can produce profound mental changes.”
From that quotation, we can find that there is possibility of schizophrenia spread
from one to another biochemically. The infection comes from a patient’s blood
that contaminated an object. The object that is contaminated has the possibility to
influence another person.
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3)
Neurophysiological
Coleman (1976) states that, “…in situation representing relatively mild
stress for normal subject, arousal tends to be abnormally high in schizophrenics;
in response to more severe stress, however, the reactivity in schizophrenics is
often relatively lower than that of normal subjects” (p. 313). People with the
potential of schizophrenia tend to be fragile if he is stressed. A little stress can
make the schizophrenic emotion unstable. The unstable emotion is the condition
where people become fragile of being schizophrenia. Thus, stress is also become
one of the causes of schizophrenia.
d.
Coping With Schizophrenia
There are complex ways of schizophrenic patients coping with his or her
schizophrenia. However, some researchers give some explanation how people
with schizophrenia cope with his or her mental disorder. Strange (1965) states
that, “The normally quiet unobtrusive person will suddenly become noisy and
boisterous… He or she avoided contact with the other” (pp. 302-303). People
suffering from schizophrenia who are normally quiet may suddenly become
aggressive. The patient seems hard to control his or her self. This condition
mostly caused by hallucination and delusion. Another typical type of
schizophrenia patients is that they avoid contact with other person. They think that
people always talking about them. This makes them avoid contact with other
person.
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B. Theoretical Framework
This part describes some theories used to help analyze the novel. The
theories support and strengthen the analysis. Each theory will be used to answer
the specified questions that have been formulated in the previous chapter.
This thesis is to find out Francis Dolarhyde’s Schizophrenia as seen in
Thomas Harris’ Red Dragon. To achieve that objective, there are two problems
formulated. The first problem is to find out how his schizophrenia described. The
second problem is to find out how he copes with schizophrenia. In order to answer
those problems, some theories are used in this study. The theories are theory of
character, theory of characterization, psychological approach, and theory of
schizophrenia.
The first and second theories, character and characterization, will help
the researcher describe his character and characteristics in the story related to
schizophrenia. In order to analyze his character, the theories by Abrams and
Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. are used by the researcher. Then, the theories by
Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. are used again combined with Murphy’s theory to
reveal his characterization.
The researcher also uses another Rohrberger and Woods, Jr.’s theory,
namely the critical approach. The critical approach used to analyze the novel is
the psychological approach. Throughout the psychological approach, the
researcher can analyze the character thought, personality, and behavior deeply.
This study concerns about Dolarhyde’s mental illness which is
schizophrenia. Thus, theory of schizophrenia is used for analyzing his
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schizophrenia. Theories by Wilson, Davison and Neale, Coleman, Brusel, and
Strange are used as the means to analyze Dolarhyde’s schizophrenia.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of the object of the study that is going to be
analyzed, the approaches that are going to be used, and the method of the study
toward the analyzing.
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study is a work of Thomas Harris entitled Red Dragon.
The book contains 358 pages, and it was published in 1981 by Dell Publishing in
New York. Red Dragon is Thomas Harris’ second novel. This novel was made
into a film entitled Manhunter five years after it was published. Yet, the film was
rated poorly in box office. After the success of his two novels, Harris wrote his
third and fourth novel, The Silence of the Lambs and Hannibal. These two novels
were also filmed and won an Oscar for Best Actor in 1991 for Hannibal. This
success gave the Red Dragon new readers. Due to the success of the second and
third films, Red Dragon was remade as a film entitled Red Dragon directed by
Brett Ratner in 2002.
Red Dragon talks about an ex-FBI agent, Will Graham, who is called
back to catch a serial killer. Graham is called back because the killer, Francis
Dolarhyde, does the same thing as the killer that he catches several years ago.
Francis Dolarhyde is a man who has bad childhood. He kills people because he
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thinks that the people he kills will be reborn. By killing people, he also feels that
he becomes stronger and becomes the Red Dragon.
He finally knows that he is pursued by a police named Graham.
Knowing that the police are on their way to his house, he burns his house
together with himself and his lover.
B. Approach
In analyzing the problems, this study uses the psychological approach.
The psychological approach is used because the topic is about Francis
Dolarhyde’s psychological disorder that concern with psychological matter. This
study analyzes the psychological side of Francis Dolarhyde including the
background of his schizophrenia which is caused by early psychological trauma,
such as violence, sexual abuse, death, divorce or separation in childhood. Besides,
it also analyzes the symptoms of his psychopath, the causes as well as the effect of
his life.
C. Method of the Study
There were some steps to analyze the problems. First of all, the
researcher read the main source as the main data that is the novel Red Dragon
written by Thomas Harris for many times. At the first reading, the researcher was
only read through the story by skimming and scanning through the book. This is
aimed to know the content of the story. The next reading was a careful reading
that which aimed to get the detail information of the book and understand the
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story completely. Besides reading the novel, the researcher also watched the Red
Dragon film in order to get the real images of the scenes.
As the researcher used library research as the method of the study, the
second step was collecting some references related to the study that helped to
analyze the problems formulations. The references were not only from books but
the researcher also used journals and internet sources. Using the references, the
researcher was able to make the analysis and discussion. By doing so, the
researcher was able to answer the problems that are formulated in the first
chapter.
The third step was analyzing the story. In order to answer the problems,
the researcher analyzed each chapter deeply. He compared the film with the novel
in order to create the real imagin