OBSERVATION OF CHANGES IN LIMITED DISTANCE USING THE CONFIGURATION OF COMPRESSION SPRING AND LOAD CELL Observation of changes in limited distance using The configuration of compression spring and load cell as an alternative measurement of narrow displac

OBSERVATION OF CHANGES IN LIMITED DISTANCE USING
THE CONFIGURATION OF COMPRESSION SPRING AND LOAD CELL
AS AN ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENT OF NARROW
DISPLACEMENT

FINAL PROJECT
Arranged as one of requirement to finish the educational (S1) at Department
of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Submitted by:
Prima Jovita Permata Dinasty Purnama
D 400 112 004

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2016

i

APPROVAL PAGE
Final Project the title is “OBSERVATION OF CHANGES IN LIMITED
DISTANCE

USING

THE

CONFIGURATION

OF

COMPRESSION

SPRING AND LOAD CELL AS AN ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENT OF
NARROW DISPLACEMENT” created by:

Name

: Prima Jovita Permata Dinasty Purnama

NIM

: D400 112 004

Arranged as one of requirement to finish the educational (S1) at
Department of electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta.

It has been approved and authorized on:
Day

:

Date

:

Approving,
Supervisor I

Supervisor II

(Nurgiyatna, Ph.D.)

(Dedi Ary Prasetya, ST , M.Eng)

ii

AFFIRMATION PAGE

This final project has been maintained and be accounted in front of the
council of final project examiner to complete tasks and fulfil the requirements for
achieve a bachelor of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Day

: ..........................................

Date

: ..........................................
THE TITLE IS
OBSERVATION OF CHANGES IN LIMITED DISTANCE USING

THE CONFIGURATION OF COMPRESSION SPRING AND LOAD CELL
AS AN ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENT OF NARROW
DISPLACEMENT
The Council of Final Project Examiners:

1. Nurgiyatna, Ph.D.

.............................

2. Dedi Ary Prasetya, S.T., M.Eng.

.............................

3. Ir. Pratomo Budi Santoso, M.T.

.............................

4. Umi Fadlilah S.T., M.Eng.

.............................

Knowing
Dean Of The Engineering Faculty

Chairman of Electrical Engineering

Ir. Sri Sunarjono, M.T., Ph.D.

Umar, S.T., M.T.

iii

PREFACE

Assalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb.

Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, praise to the Almighty Allah SWT for the
gracious mercy and termendous blessing that allow me to accompllish the
bachelor final project entitled: observation of changes in limited distance using
the configuration of compression spring and load cell as an alternative
measurement of narrow displacement.
This final project presented to fulfil one of requirements in accomplishing
S-1 Degree in Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
My gratitude goes to people who involved in the process of this report
directly or indirectly, including to:
1. Allah SWT for His abundance of grace.
2. Prof. Bambang Setiaji, as the Rector of Universitas Muhammadiyah
Surakarta.
3. Ir. Sri Sunarjono, M.T., Ph.D., as Dean of the Faculty of Engineering,
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
4. Umar, S.T., M.T., as Head of Electrical engineering Departmenet,
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
5. Nurgiyatna, Ph.D., as the first supervisor in this final project.
6. Dedi Ary Prasetya, S.T., M.Eng., as the second supervisor in this project.
7. Mr and Mrs Lecturer as the council of examiners in this final project.

8. Mr and Mrs Lecturers who guide and gave knowledges all this time to me.
9. My parents (HM. Purnomo Sidiq, S.H. and Dra. Ninik Sumarini) and my
brother sister (Grand Andika Muhammad and Diera Zeinnita Maharani)
who gave me a lot of love and supports in material and immaterial.
10. Friends of mine Sri Anis Fadhila Sari, S.Gz., Tri Rochayatun, S.T.,
Anastatia Yunanda Istiani, Sri Ardiyati Kusuma Wardhani.

iv

11. All my classmates who accompany me for four years in class (Lilik
Setiyawan, S.T., Ilham Nur Zakaria, S.T., Dhucha Ajitama, S.T.,
Muhammad Puji Prasetyo, S.T.).
12. All the staff of Administration, Academic and non-academic staff, who
have helped and provide convenience to the author during studying at
Department of Electrical engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
13. Friends in KMTE Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, electrical class
of 2010, clas of 2011 and class of 2012 who have share all in the joy and
sorrow.
14. And the other parts who can not I mentioned one by one, for all of the help

I say thank you very much.
I realize that in the preparation of this Final Project report have many
weakness and still far from perfection. I hope this Final Project report can be
useful for anyone who need it.

Wassalamu’alaikum. Wr.Wb.

Surakarta,

January 2016

Writer

v

MOTTO
“Perhaps you hate something, but it is very good for you. And perhaps you love
something, even it is very bad for you. Allah knows, while you do not know”
(Al-Baqarah: 216)

Annas bin malik said: the Prophet SAW has said: whoever out of the house to
study and he in jihad fisabilah to return.
(HR. Bukhari)

“You may not control all the events that happen to you, but yoou can decide not to
be reduced by them.”
(Maya Angelou)

“Friendship is always a sweet responsibility, never an opportunity.”
(Kahlil Gibran)

“It is literally true that you can succeed best and quickest by helping others to
succed.”
(Napoleon Hill)

“A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity. An optimist sees the
opportunity in every difficulty.”
(Sir Winston Churchill)

“Hakuna matata”

(The Lion King)

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DEDICATION

This final project dedicated for:
1. Allah SWT, for His abundance of grace.
2. My father and my mother, millions words of sorry and thanks even not
enough for all the sacrifices, sincerity, prays and affection given to me. I
will make both of you proud, God love and protect them.
3. Grand and Diera, thank you for being my super sweet little brother and
sister. I love you both.
4. My classmates Electrical Engineering 2011, thanks for all the memories
we’ve been created. No money can buy our times together.
5. My friend on KMTE, Robot Research, AERO T-RTF Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta.

vii

CONTRIBUTION LIST

Assalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb.
In completion of the final project entitled “OBSERVATION OF
CHANGES IN LIMITED DISTANCE USING THE CONFIGURATION OF
COMPRESSION SPRING AND LOAD CELL AS AN ALTERNATIVE
MEASUREMENT OF NARROW DISPLACEMENT”, I declare that:
1. The idea from Mr. Dedi Ary Prasetya, ST., M.Eng.
2. The simulation and circuit figure using Proteus v7.10 SP3.
3. The program of alternative measurement of narrow displacement, I
made by myself on my supervisor guidance and references from
internet.
4. Preparation of the final project report are done by myself at
boardinghouse and electrical engineering laboratory.
I made this contribution list honestly, I am responsible for the content and
the validity.

Wassalamu’alaikum. Wr.Wb.
Surakarta,

January 2016

Supervisor I

The Author

Nurgiyatna, Ph.D.

Prima Jovita Permata D. P.

viii

DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP

Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakaatuh
That marked hand in the following :
Name

: Prima Jovita Permata Dinasty Purnama

NIM

: D400 112 004

Study Program: Electrical Engineering
Title

: OBSERVATION OF CHANGES IN LIMITED
DISTANCE USING THE CONFIGURATION OF
COMPRESSION SPRING AND LOAD CELL AS AN
ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENT OF NARROW
DISPLACEMENT

Stated that the undergraduated thesis that I submit, this is really a work of
my own, except citation and summaries that I mentioned sources in the discussion
and bibliography, if in the future there is untruth in this statement then I am fully
responsibe for the risk.
Wassalamua’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakaatuh
Surakarta,

January 2016

Prima Jovita Permata Dinasty Purnama

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE ......................................................................................... ii
AFFIRMATION PAGE ................................................................................... iii
PREFACE ........................................................................................................ iv
MOTTO ........................................................................................................... vi
DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... vii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTION ............................................................................ viii
DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ............................................................. ix
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................... x
TABLE OF FIGURE ....................................................................................... xiii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... xiv
ABSTRACTS................................................................................................... xv
ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... xvi
CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY ......................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ......................................................................................... 1
1.2. Research Questions ............................................................................. 2
1.3. Problems Limitations .......................................................................... 2
1.4. Research Objectives ............................................................................ 2
1.5. Benefits Research ................................................................................ 2
1.6. Methods ............................................................................................... 3
1.7. Writing Methods ................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER II LITERATURE AND REFERENCES ...................................... 5
2.1. Literatures ........................................................................................... 5

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2.2. References ........................................................................................... 7
2.2.1. Arduino Uno ............................................................................ 7
2.2.2. Arduino Language .................................................................... 8
2.2.3. Load Cell .................................................................................. 9
2.2.4. HX711 Module ........................................................................ 9
2.2.5. LCD 2x16 ................................................................................. 10
2.2.6. Signal Conditioner ................................................................... 10
2.2.7. Compression Spring ................................................................. 11
2.2.8. Push Button .............................................................................. 12
CHAPTER III REASEARCH METHOD........................................................ 13
3.1. Time and Place .................................................................................... 13
3.2. Tools and Materials ............................................................................. 13
3.3. The Research Process .......................................................................... 14
3.4. Device System ..................................................................................... 15
3.5. Arduino Program ................................................................................. 18
3.6. Testing

for

Accuracy,

Relative

Error,

Repeatability,

Reproducibility, Hysteresis .................................................................. 20
3.7. Device Dimension ............................................................................... 22
3.8. Forms of Calculations ......................................................................... 24
CHAPTER IV THE RESULT AND ANALYSIS ........................................... 27
4.1. Measuring Device Main Function ..................................................... 27
4.1.1. Displacement Measuring Mechanism ...................................... 27
4.1.2. Measuring Procedure ............................................................... 29

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4.2. Accuracy Testing Based on The Certain Load .................................. 32
4.3. Accuracy Testing Based on The Certain Distance ............................ 35
4.4. Repeatability and Reproducibility ..................................................... 37
4.5. Hysteresis Testing .............................................................................. 39
4.6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Measuring Device ....................... 41
CHAPTER V CLOSING ................................................................................. 43
5.1. Conclusions ......................................................................................... 43
5.2. Suggestions ......................................................................................... 44
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 46
ATTACHMENTS ............................................................................................ 48

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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1. Front view Arduino Uno Board ..................................................... 8
Figure 2.2. Load Cell ....................................................................................... 9
Figure 2.3. HX711 Module .............................................................................. 10
Figure 2.4. LCD 2x16 ...................................................................................... 10
Figure 2.5. Compression Spring ...................................................................... 11
Figure 2.6.Push Button ..................................................................................... 12
Figure 3.1. Flowchart Research ....................................................................... 15
Figure 3.2. Diagram Block Circuit ................................................................... 16
Figure 3.3.Flowchart System ........................................................................... 18
Figure 3.4 Device Dimension .......................................................................... 21
Figure 3.5 Load base dimensions ..................................................................... 22
Figure 3.6 Sliding Cylinder Front View .......................................................... 22
Figure 4.1 Main Device of Digital Displacement Measurement ..................... 27
Figure 4.2 Measuring process .......................................................................... 29
Figure 4.3 Weight on base for set point adjustment ........................................ 30
Figure 4.4 Set point adjustment ....................................................................... 30
Figure 4.5 Measuring process display.............................................................. 31
Figure 4.6 Average deviations of all springs ................................................... 34
Figure 4.7 Accuracy of springs based on distance ........................................... 36
Figure 4.8 Comparison of deviation................................................................. 38
Figure 4.9 Graph of all spring ......................................................................... 41

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1. Tools................................................................................................ 13
Table 3.2. Materials.......................................................................................... 14
Table 3.3. Spring characteristics ...................................................................... 17
Table 4.1. Accuracy testing (deviation from target) of spring A, B and C ...... 33
Table 4.2. Accuracy testing of springs based on the distance .......................... 35
Table 4.3. Average of deviation from spring A, B and C ................................ 38
Table 4.4. Hysteresis Value for Spring A, B and C ......................................... 40

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OBSERVATION OF CHANGES IN LIMITED DISTANCE USING
THE CONFIGURATION OF COMPRESSION SPRING AND LOAD CELL
AS AN ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENT OF NARROW
DISPLACEMENT

Prima Jovita Permata Dinasty Purnama
Department of Electrical Faculty Engineering
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Email : primajovita91@gmail.com

ABSTRACTS
The use of digital measuring devices is replacing various conventional or
analog devices. Measuring displacement usually using caliper, accuracy is the
main issue to obtain precise data. The use of sensor is one of the solutions to make
digitized. This research conducted in observations of the distance changes on the
compression spring that is placed on load cell.
This research uses a mechanism where the spring length changing caused
by compressive force. It can be sensed and measured digitally by Arduino based
system and displayed using LCD 2x16. Data from sensor need to be gained before
processed by using HX711. There are three types of wire diameter: 0.7 mm
(spring A), 0.8 mm (spring B), 1 mm (spring C) and three push buttons as an
input. Some testings conducted to get the data of set point, accuracy relative
errors, repeatability, reproducibility, and hysteresis. Each testing conducted more
than one to get the precious data in averages. In every spring observation, set
point adjustment needs to obtain the constant value of spring which is used to get
the displacement in millimeters. The testing method uses two measurement
references, some certain loads and some certain distances as the target of digital
measurement.
The result of this observations can mention as follows: the accuracies of
all spring used are defined by its deviation from the targets, come in range from
0.14 mm until 0.72 mm in averages. The relative errors of all the spring by using
loads targets are Spring A: 0.99%, Spring B: 0.67%, and Spring C: 1.05%. On the
other hands, relative errors by using distances targets are 1.55%, 1.41%, and
1.16% for Spring A, B, and C in sequence. The hysteresis appears on both manual
and digital measurement. Its less than 0.3 mm on Spring A and arround 0.1 mm
on Spring B and C. In general, Spring A has deviation < 1 mm on distance < 40
mm measurement, while Spring B and C have deviation < 1 mm on distance < 50.
All of the spring indicate non linear accuracy on 0 cm – 9 cm displacemant range.
Keywords: accuracy, Arduino Uno, compression spring, hysteresis, load cell
sensor, relative errors, repeatability, reproducibility.

xv

PENGAMATAN PERUBAHAN JARAK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN
KOMBINASI PEGAS TEKAN DAN SENSOR BERAT (LOAD CELL)
SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENGUKURAN PADA JARAK TERBATAS
Prima Jovita Permata Dinasty Purnama
Jurusan Teknik Elektro Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Email : primajovita91@gmail.com

ABSTRAK
Penggunaan perangkat ukur digital sudah semakin banyak menggantikan
berbagai perangkat ukur konvensional atau analog. Pengukuran perubahan jarak
pada suatu benda biasanya menggunakan jangka sorong, karena akurasi adalah
faktor utama untuk memperoleh data yang tepat. Penggunaan sensor adalah
salah satu solusi untuk membuatnya menjadi digital. Penelitian ini dilakukan
dengan mengamati perubahan jarak pada pegas tekan yang dikonfigurasikan
dengan load cell.
Prinsip kerja pengukuran ini adalah panjang pegas berubah karena
dipengaruhi oleh gaya tekan. Perubahan ini dapat dirasakan dan diukur secara
digital oleh sistem berbasis Arduino dan ditampilkan menggunakan LCD 2x16.
Data dari sensor perlu dikuatkan sebelum diproses dengan menggunakan HX711.
Ada tiga jenis diameter kawat: 0,7 mm (Pegas A), 0,8 mm (Pegas B), 1 mm
(Pegas C) dan tiga tombol sebagai masukan. Beberapa percobaan dilakukan
untuk mendapatkan data dari set point, akurasi, relative errors, repeatability,
reproducibility, dan hysteresis. Setiap pengujian dilakukan lebih dari satu kali
untuk mendapatkan data dalam rata-rata. Dalam setiap pengamatan pegas,
mengatur nilai set point perlu dilakukan untuk mendapatkan nilai konstanta pegas
dan untuk mendapatkan nilai perpindahan dalam milimeter. Metode pengujian
yang dilakukan menggunakan dua referensi pengukuran, beberapa beban tertentu
dan beberapa jarak tertentu sebagai target pengukuran digital.
Hasil dari pengamatan ini adalah : akurasi dari semua pegas yang
digunakan dapat dilihat dari nilai simpangannya, antara 0.14 mm until 0.72 mm
dalam rata-rata. Relative errors dari semua pegas dengan menggunakan beban
sebagai target adalah Pegas A: 0.99%, Pegas B: 0.67%, dan Pegas C: 1.05%.
Disamping itu, relative errors dengan menggunakan jarak sebagai target adalah
1.55%, 1.41%, dan 1.16% untuk Pegas A, B, and C secara berurutan. Hysteresis
muncul pada pengukuran manual dan digital. Nilainya < 0.3 mm Pegas A dan
sekitar 0.1 mm pada Pegas B dan C. Secara umum, simpangan Pegas A < 1 mm
pada jarak < 40 mm pengukuran, sementara Pegas B dan C simpangannya < 1
mm pada jarak < 50. Semua pegas menunjukan akurasi yang tidak linear pada 0
cm -9 cm jarak pengukuran.
Kata kunci: akurasi, Arduino Uno, pegas tekan, hysteresis, sensor load cell,
relative errors, repeatability, reproducibility.

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