T1 112012128 Full text
STANCES ENDORSING JOKOWI IN THE JAKARTA POST’S
EDITORIALS
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
FARADITA HANNA DIENSWARI
112012128
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN SATYA WACANA
SALATIGA
2016
STANCES ENDORSING JOKOWI IN THE JAKARTA POST’S
EDITORIALS
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
FARADITA HANNA DIENSWARI
112012128
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN SATYA WACANA
SALATIGA
2016
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE ........................................................................................
ii
APPROVAL PAGE .................................................................................
iii
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ..................................................................
iv
TABLE OF CONTENT ...........................................................................
v
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................
vi
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................
vii
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................
1
LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................
3
Attitude: Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation .................................
5
Review of Previous Studies.............................................................
10
THE STUDY ...........................................................................................
11
Research Methodology ...................................................................
11
Context of the Study .......................................................................
11
Text Sampling ................................................................................
12
Data Analysis Procedure .................................................................
12
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................
13
Editorials’ support to Jokowi ..........................................................
14
Attitude of The Jakarta Post ...........................................................
15
CONCLUSION .......................................................................................
23
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................
24
REFERENCES ........................................................................................
25
APPENDIX .............................................................................................
27
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Selected Editorial Articles ..........................................................
vi
12
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. An overview of Appraisal System .............................................
5
Figure 2. Judgment - Social Esteem .........................................................
8
Figure 3. Judgment - Social Sanction .......................................................
9
Figure 4. Types of Appreciation ..............................................................
9
vii
STANCES ENDORSING JOKOWI IN THE JAKARTA POST’S
EDITORIALS
Faradita Hanna Dienswari
ABSTRACT
Societies are often shaped by the media as they consume it every day. However, it
is inevitable that media will take a stance in their coverage. As one of the media,
newspapers also give contribution in shaping social construction. In the light of
that issue, it is deemed important to know where a newspaper takes its stance. In
order to know the newspaper’s stance, editorial section is used since it represents
the voice of the newspaper. The editorial articles were taken from The Jakarta
Post ’s online articles. The newspaper, although is a trustworthy one, has a
tendency on giving supporting stance toward Joko Widodo (a.k.a Jokowi). The
articles were selected from July 2014 when Jokowi run for the presidential
election until January 2016. Aiming to find how The Jakarta Post’s editorial
portrays it supporting stance toward Joko Widodo, his working cabinet, and Nawa
Cita, I used appraisal theory (Martin & White, 2005). Sentences in the editorials
that indicate support to Jokowi were analyzed and classified using qualitative data
analysis by considering the linguistic choice of affect, judgment, and appreciation.
The findings of this study overall suggested that the editorials were so much in
favor of using judgment in the articles.
Key words: media discourse, editorials, stance, attitude, Joko Widodo
INTRODUCTION
It has been almost two years since President of Indonesia, Joko “Jokowi”
Widodo and his Vice President Jusuf Kalla won the presidential election and ruled
over the country by carrying their working program which usually called Nawa
Cita (Nine Programs). As it is named, Nawa Cita focuses on nine specific areas in
which The President and his working cabinet set their goals. His nine agenda
priorities as reported by The Jakarta Post (May 21, 2014) includes protecting all
citizens and providing a safe environment; developing clean, effective, trusted and
democratic governance; developing Indonesia’s rural areas; reforming law
enforcement agencies; improve quality of life by increasing education quality as
one of its agenda; increasing productivity and competitiveness; promoting
1
economic independence by developing domestic strategic sectors; overhauling the
character of the nation through education; and strengthening the spirit of “unity in
diversity” and social reform. Many mass media had already evaluated the progress
that the Jokowi’s cabinet makes during these years.
However, mass media can be biased in their reports because some of them
are likely to take side with the one in which the media purpose seem fit. For
example, Metro TV will take a side on the government’s side because it is owned
by one political figure, Surya Paloh, who has a political interest in securing his
position in the government. Moreover, Macdonald (2003) believed that “media
themselves make claims for truthfulness and accuracy in relation to their coverage
of real events ... [then] refusing any attempt to assess the validity and veracity...”
which raised questions about the validity and veracity on the media themselves (p.
17). In addition, some researches in media analysis suggested that there were
unfairness in discussing news actors (e.g. Dwi-Nugroho, 2013), misinterpretation
of a minority (e.g. KhosraviNik, 2010), and stereotyping (e.g. Chang & Mehan,
2006). This issue of bias provoked questions on the reliability of mass media as
one of the institutions that supposedly neutral in their report. Therefore, this study
was dedicated to identifying and analyzing media stance toward an issue that
happened at the moment, since unfortunately, there were still few Indonesianbased media studies that discuss media stance-taking.
According to Fairclough (1997 in Dwi-Nugroho, 2013), news is very
influential in shaping the society and it is also shaped by the society. As a result of
news influence on the society, people tend to respond either positively or
2
negatively toward some issues (Van Djik, 1988). This, I believe, is true because
usually people are easily influenced after they read some articles in the
newspaper, especially when that newspaper is already known as a trustworthy
newspaper. This study analyzed one of Indonesia’s relatively trustworthy
newspapers, The Jaka rta Post, in its positioning when discussing President Joko
Widodo, his working cabinet, and Nawa Cita . The analysis was conducted by
analyzing the editorial section in the newspaper using Systemic Functional
Linguistic tools and media discourse analysis perspective.
LITERATURE REVIEW
This research focused on newspapers as one of the mass media in which
bias might occur. To illustrate, Wortham and Locher (1996) found in their study
that newscasters sent their implicit message about political candidates in news
political coverage, specifically coverage of the 1992 US presidential election by
using the analysis of voicing and ventriloquation. They closed their study by
saying that if those newscasters could be more explicit about their message, they
could help the audience to make up their minds about the issue. Through their
study, it can be inferred that the newscaster could lead the audience to have the
same position as his/her towards certain candidate which probably gave some
influences in the election. For this reason, some studies had reconsidered the
notion that said news is a neutral means of information. Fowler (1991) argued
“the world of Press is not the real world but [the] world skewed and judged” (p.
11) that can be interpreted it would always be writer’s bias in the news. Similarly,
Bakhtin (1963/1984a, 1935/1981), as stated in Wortham (2001), stated that people
3
usually position themselves when they are writing. Therefore, it is necessary to
assess how newspaper positions itself in delivering some recent issues in society.
In order to find newspaper position, I focused on the editorial section
published by The Jakarta Post. It is commonly believed that editorial articles
usually point out the newspaper opinion toward some issues. Greenberg (2000)
defined editorial as the “official voice of a media outlet on matters of public
importance” (p. 520). Fowler (1991) viewed editorial articles as “an important
symbolic function” which usually is seen as the newspaper point of view and
“implicitly supporting the claim that other sections [...] are pure ‘fact’ or ‘report’”
(p. 208). Therefore, editorial articles are important sections in the newspaper since
they may shape the public opinion, even more, when the newspaper is deemed
trustworthy.
Since editorial is believed to have a role to construct public opinion,
knowing how the newspaper is represented by the editorial in showing their
position or stance toward the issues that are being discussed is essential.
According to Du Bois (2007), stance was defined as
a public act by a social actor, achieved dialogically through overt
communicative means, of simultaneously evaluating objects, positioning
subjects (self and others), and aligning with other subjects, with respect to
any salient dimension of the sociocultural field (p.163).
Thus, by taking a stance people, or especially writers, attempted to communicate
his/her opinion in order to evaluate issues that happen in the society. Du Bois
4
(2007) further stated that there are some kinds of stance taking which are
evaluation, assessment, appraisal, and point of view.
As Du Bois (2007) saw evaluation as one kind of stance, Hunston and
Thompson’s (2000) and Martin and White’s (2005) Systemic Functional
Linguistic (SFL) approach believed stance as a part of evaluation. According to
Huston and Thompson (2000), there are three functions of evaluation: expressing
an opinion, maintaining a relationship between writers-readers, and organizing the
discourse by delivering writer’s attitudes, values, and reactions to the readers.
Therefore, based on the function of evaluation mentioned earlier, in order to
determine an author’s stance, the author’s stance was examined in light of the SFL
framework of appraisal suggested by Martin and White (2005).
Attitude: Affect, Judgment, Appreciation
Figure 1. An overview of Appraisal System, taken from Martin and White (2005, p. 38)
It needs to be underlined that attitude in Martin and White’s (2005)
appraisal framework which was the tool of the analysis in this study is different
from stance. Nonetheless, they are closely related to each other in a way; “stance
5
largely involves the writer’s expression of personal attitudes and assessments of
the status of knowledge in a text” as Hyland (2012, p. 134) stated in his study.
Attitude system is one constituent of, besides engagement and graduation, the big
picture of appraisal system which supports one another as shown in Figure 1. In
Martin and White (2005), attitude enabled a writer to show their feeling through
“emotional reaction, judgment of behavior and evaluation of things” (p. 35) in the
text. Engagement enabled the writer to engage the readers to have the same point
of view as his/hers. Graduation enabled the writer to “amplif[y]” (p. 35) that point
of view. However, due to limited space, I only focused on attitude which is subdivided again into three parts: affect, judgment, and appreciation.
Martin and White (2005) defined affect as a way writers delivered their
feelings positively or negatively, while judgment usually “deals with attitudes
towards behavi[or], which we admire or critici[ze], praise or condemn” (p. 42).
They further defined appreciation as an evaluation toward things or phenomena
rather than human behavior.
Affect
In Martin and White (2005), there are six factors that are used to find the
affect. However, for the purpose of this study, I only chose two out of the six
factors.
1. Are the feelings positive or negative? In this factor, emotion is seen through
the cultural context of “good vibes that are enjoyable to experience” or “bad
6
vibes that are better avoided” (p. 46). The examples1 of this factor are as
follows:
Positive affect
the captain was happy
Negative affect
the captain was sad
2. Are they one of the groups of emotions which have to do with un/happiness,
in/security and dis/satisfaction? The un/happiness variable encompasses
emotions associated with “affairs of the heart;” the in/security variable
encompasses
emotions
concerned
with
“ecosocial
well-being;”
the
dis/satisfaction variable includes emotions related to “telos” (the pursuit of
goals) (p.49). The examples2 of this factor are as follows:
un/happiness
the captain felt sad/happy
in/security
the captain felt anxious/confident
dis/satisfaction
the captain felt fed up/absorbed
Judgment
Judgment is divided into two basic categories based on Martin and White
(2005, pp. 52-56):
i. social esteem is often seen in oral culture including chats, gossips, jokes, and
stories. Social esteem has three sub-categories: normality which is related to
the modal category of usuality (e.g. It’s normal, average, fashionable,
peculiar, odd, etc.), capacity which deals with ability (e.g. He’s healthy
enough, mature enough, clever enough, etc.), and tenacity which is linked
to modulations of inclination (e.g. I’m resolute, steadfast, unyielding,
1
2
Adapted from Martin & White (2005, p.47)
Adapted from Martin & White (2005, p.49)
7
unflinching, etc.). Figure 2 contains some illustrative realization for social
esteem.
Figure 2. Judgment - Social esteem, taken from Martin and White (2005, p. 53)
ii. social sanction, is often found in writing, “as edicts, decrees, rules,
regulations and laws about how to behave as surveilled by church and state”
(p. 52) which usually deals with veracity that is related to modal category or
probability (e.g. It’s true, honest, credible, authentic, bogus, etc.) and
propriety that is related to obligation (e.g. It’d be corrupt, insensitive,
arrogant, selfish, rude, etc.). Figure 3 is the illustrative realization of social
sanction.
Appreciation
The last part of attitude is appreciation. Martin and White (2005) defined
appreciation as an evaluation toward things rather than human behavior. It is also
divided into three sub-categories:
8
Reaction is related to affection (emotive – ‘it grabs me’, desiderative – ‘I
want it’); composition is related to perception (our view of order); and
valuation is related to cognition (our considered opinions). (p. 57)
To make it clearer, the following is Figure 4 which shows the illustrative
realization of appreciation.
Figure 3. Judgment - Social sanction, taken from Martin and White (2005, p. 53)
Figure 4. Types of appreciation, taken from Martin and White (2005, p. 56)
9
Review of Previous Studies
In order to understand fully about the framework of this study, I examined
some of the previous studies that discussed stance and attitude. Hyland (2012)
used undergraduate reports as the object in his study and focused not only to find
stance but also voice. He found that stance and voice that was delivered by the
students showed an awareness of academic conventions and the context of
situations, impact of institutional power and cultural preference. He further said
that the most frequently used attitude system (Martin & White, 2005) in the
academic text was appreciation. The example of appreciation in his study that was
taken from Biology academic text:
The remarkable inertness of the nitrido function in technetium complexes
towards proton-active reagents permits an extraordinarily wide variety of
substitution reactions. (p. 147)
In the light of his study, it was necessary to find another context to address the
stance and voice. Therefore, this study attempted to find the stance in the context
of newspaper discourse.
A study conducted by Bartley and Benitez-Castro (2016) had a similar
approach to the current study. They aimed to find the evaluation and attitude
toward homosexuality in 2008 newspaper articles in Irish context. They found that
the three newspapers in their corpus showed “gays and lesbians as immoral, evil,
corrupt, violent, promiscuous, effeminate and abnormal beings that are loathed by
society and, as a result, experience feelings of fear, anger, and frustration” (p.18).
Moreover, it was shown that judgment and affect were frequently used in the
10
newspapers. The current study did not address the issue of gay, but it extended
Martin and White’s (2005) SFL framework in touching upon mass media stance
(or “bias”).
THE STUDY
Research Methodology
The research question of this study was “how does The Jakarta Post take a
supportive stance through the attitude of the editorial section when discussing
President Joko Widodo, his working cabinet, and Nawa Cita ?” In order to answer
the research question, I employed a qualitative data methodology that used SFL
tools as a means of analysis. The articles were selected through purposive
sampling with editorial articles in The Jakarta Post electronic newspaper as the
main criterion. The articles that were used were the ones published on May 2014
until January 2016 in order to get sufficient amount of articles to see how the
newspaper showed their supporting stance over time at a certain timeframe.
Context of the Study
The study focused on Jokowi, his working cabinet, and his notion of Nawa
Cita (nine programs that run by the governor) as the new government agenda. The
Nawa Cita made an aggressive approach to reform economy, education, and
security sectors (The Jakarta Post, May 21, 2014). This Nawa Cita was released
when President Joko Widodo and Vice President Jusuf Kala held their campaign.
Nowadays, through some articles in the newspaper, more Indonesia people seem
to doubt that Nawa Cita will be achieved. Thus, regarding the scope of this
11
research, I believed that it was appropriate to analyze the articles in The Jakarta
Post newspaper since there was a tendency of supporting stance in this newspaper.
Text Sampling
I chose The Jakarta Post (henceforth JP) newspaper which according to
the Tarrant (2008) is the largest English newspaper in Indonesia. Its first edition
was published on April 25, 1983, and still continues its publication until today.
The Jakarta Post has two form of publication: printed and online newspaper. The
newspaper has a slogan “Always Bold. Always Independent.” In the current
study, I used only the editorial section in online newspaper as editorial represent
the newspaper point of view of the newspaper as displayed in Table 1. The articles
were published from May 2014 until January 2016.
Table 1. Selected Editorial Articles
Text
Title
Date
1
Editorial: The Jokowi-Kalla platform
May 26, 2014
2
Editorial: Endorsing Jokowi
July 4, 2014
3
Editorial: Integrity key for Jokowi
October 22, 2014
4
Editorial: Showtime for Jokowi
November 12, 2014
5
Editorial: After 100 days
January 30, 2015
6
Editorial: Down-to-earth diplomacy
February 3, 2015
7
Editorial: Jokowi and the foreign press
August 28, 2015
8
Editorial: Jokowi's early return
October 28, 2015
9
Editorial: Wrong on APEC
November 13, 2015
Data Analysis Procedure
After selecting the newspaper articles in JP’s editorial, I selected the
possible sentences in which it showed supportive sentences to be discussed. The
12
selection also limited to the discussion of President Joko Widodo, his working
cabinet, or Nawa Cita.
As I found the sentences, then I analyzed the attitudes of the authors’ news
articles. Based on the theoretical framework explained under the Literature
Review section, attitudes were analyzed in terms of affect judgment, and
appreciation. Affect indicated the positive/negative feelings and un/happiness,
in/security and dis/satisfaction; judgment indexed the social esteem and social
sanction, and appreciation denoted reaction, composition, and valuation. The
analysis focused only on the words or sentences level. Then using data
interpretation, I found how the newspaper shows their supportive stance
considering the analysis result. I got assistance from my thesis supervisor when
coding or checking my code. In so doing, the analysis was more reliable.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This section was divided into two major sections in which all of the
analysis of the study was discussed. The overall sentences that indicated the
editorials’ support to Jokowi were examined in the first section. Subsequently, the
discussion about the affect, judgment, and appreciation was presented in section
two. Through the analysis process, I found 50 sentences (see appendix) that were
in favor of Joko Widodo, his working cabinet or Nawa Cita from the nine articles
that had been selected. These selected sentences were those in which indicated
JP’s supporting stance toward the Indonesian President.
13
Editorials’ support to Jokowi
JP might have the slogan “Always Bold. Always Independent” from the
first time it published its articles. However, further scrutiny should be done in
order to evaluate whether the slogan is not just merely a slogan. This study found
that the newspaper might be bold and independent, yet it is not always both bold
and independent. Nine articles that were selected for the current study did not
seem to suggest that they were totally independent. JP itself once made an
editorial section that endorses Joko Widodo to be an Indonesian president before
the presidential election as follows:
[...]The Jakarta Post in its 31-year history has never endorsed a single
candidate or party during an election. [...] Our deliberations are dictated on
the values by which the Post has always stood firmly for: pluralism, human
rights, civil society and reformasi. We are encouraged that one candidate
has displayed a factual record of rejecting faith-based politics. [...] As one
candidate offers a break from the past, the other romanticizes the Soeharto
era. One is determined to reject the collusion of power and business, while
the other is embedded in a New Order-style of transactional politics that
betrays the spirit of reformasi. Rarely in an election has the choice been so
definitive. Never before has a candidate ticked all the boxes on our negative
checklist. And for that we cannot do nothing. Therefore the Post feels
obliged to openly declare its endorsement of the candidacy of Joko 'Jokowi'
Widodo and Jusuf Kalla as president and vice president in the July 9
election. It is an endorsement we do not take lightly. (JP, July 4, 2014)
Despite the editors’ reasoning, their endorsement on the Jokowi-JK behalf
in the presidential election was clearly implied or even explicitly stated in the
article as can be seen through the underlined sentences above.
14
Nonetheless, not all the selected articles portrayed their agreement with the
government leadership as can be seen in The Jakarta Post published on August
28, 2015. The article expressed their disappointment on Joko Widodo’s decision
to ban foreign press to do its coverage in Papua. Yet again, the newspaper still
gave its faith to the government in this following sentence
We don't think Jokowi has forgotten his own words while visiting the
country's easternmost region Merauke in May that 'foreign journalists, as of
today, are allowed to enter Papua as freely as they enter other provinces'.
(JP, August 28, 2015)
The Post was still carrying its hope when Joko Widodo clearly failed his
supporters when he declined to attend APEC last November 2015 and asked him
to reconsider his decision.
For the sake of Indonesian interests, we hope the President changes his
mind. (JP, November 13, 2015)
The above and the other 50 sentences were going to be identified in terms of
attitude (either affect, judgment, or appreciation) they belong to.
Attitude of The Jakarta Post
By using linguistic choices, a writer can express and amplify their stance.
Hyland (2012) pointed out that a writer gives his/her personal judgment and
marked their certainty towards some issues using attitude markers. The three of
attitude markers which had already been mentioned earlier in this study are (1)
affect, which dealt with the linguistic choice of emotion, (2) judgment, which was
indicated by the linguistic choices describing behaviors, and (3) appreciation
which signaled evaluation toward things or phenomena. This section evaluated the
selected sentences from the attitude perspective.
15
Affect
JP did not use affect frequently since, in the 50 sentences that had been
selected, there were only two sentences that had the linguistic choice of affect.
The first affect was found in Text 2 in which it showed positive satisfaction since
the underlined words implied a determination to reach a certain goal.
Therefore the Post feels obliged to openly declare its endorsement of the
candidacy of Joko 'Jokowi' Widodo and Jusuf Kalla as president and vice
president in the July 9 election. (JP, July 4, 2014)
The word ‘obliged’ in the underlined words was an imperative word which can be
included in the social sanction under judgment. However, the word ‘feels’
changed the sense of the word obliged from imperative word into emotion word.
Another affect was found in Text 4 where it portrayed Jokowi’s insecurity
toward his first APEC meeting in 2014.
It is understandable that he wanted to concentrate on pressing domestic
matters and perhaps felt nervous to negotiate with global leaders [...]
(JP, November 12, 2014)
The underlined word ‘felt nervous’ implied Jokowi’s feeling of joining APEC for
the first time. Although the affect seemed to refer to insecurity in which constructs
negative context, the previous words understandable and perhaps, appreciation
words of reaction, directed the sentence into a more hopeful sentence, which
implied the editor’s support to (or bias toward) Jokowi.
The newspaper probably limited the usage of affect linguistic choice since it
referred more to the emotions. An article which included more feeling can be seen
as less reliable. Moreover, to be all sensitive towards some issues is not the
purpose editorial articles; rather it is suitable in a feature section.
16
Judgment
Different from affect, JP marked its articles mostly with judgment. There
were only four sentences out of fifty that had no judgment marks. In this section, I
discussed judgment based on two sub-categories which are social sanction and
social esteem and on which category the newspaper focused its linguistic choice.
Through the overall analysis, I argued that, JP through its linguistic choice,
focused on social esteem with a total 40 words representing it while social
sanction was exemplified by 28 words. The following sections discussed the
social sanction and social esteem in more depth.
Social Sanction
As written in the Literature Review, social sanction covered veracity that
expressed truthfulness and propriety that expressed obligation. To show JP’s
veracity, below is an example.
Jokowi’s obsession with having people of integrity fill the ministerial
positions 'to the extent that honesty and sincerity is everything' is
understandable because integrity and competent leadership are his basic
political capital in winning the trust of the people. (JP, October 22, 2014)
Through this sentence, The Post used the quotation of honesty and sincerity to say
that Joko Widodo was highly committed to making sure that those in ministerial
positions were people of integrity. Honesty and sincerity were classified in
veracity since it evaluated probity.
However, not all veracity that had been analyzed portrays positive marking
as in the sentence below.
On Monday, the new President proved his doubters wrong.
(JP, November 12, 2014)
17
The veracity in this sentence was the word ‘wrong’ which evaluated Jokowi’s
doubters’ opinion about his ability to represent Indonesia in APEC. The word
‘wrong’ gave positive evaluation on the sentence because, despite its negative in
literal meaning, the ‘doubters’ word changed the value of the word ‘wrong.’
After viewing JP’s veracity in its coverage, the following paragraph
discussed the newspaper’s propriety. Propriety was used more frequently than
veracity since it showed the obligation which was often used by the newspaper as
a form of support and request to Jokowi. The use of modal of obligation was often
seen in the sentence indicating propriety, as follows
Without any hesitation, it must be his decision to cut short his first
American tour. (JP, October 28, 2015)
The propriety was not always marked by modal of obligation, but also by
using verb as it is shown in the following example.
The President's presence is deemed important to ensure that the rescue
operation and disaster mitigation efforts succeed.
(JP, November 13, 2015)
The words ‘ensure’ and ‘succeed’ suggested a meaning of obligation since they
were showing a necessity to be done by the actor, in this case, the President’s
presence in Sumatra and Kalimantan fire disaster last October.
Social Esteem
There were three sub-categories which were covered by social esteem.
They were normality that was seen from usuality, capacity that was seen from
ability, and tenacity that was seen from dependency. The first to be discussed in
18
this section was the normality. The following sentence is an example of a sentence
that had normality.
Despite disheartening public criticism, Jokowi should know full well that
critics are merely reminding him of why they supported him in the first
place. (JP, January 30, 2015)
As the normality represented the commonness, the word ‘merely’ fit into this
category. It lessened and countered the harshness of ‘critics’ that were mentioned
earlier as ‘disheartening public criticism.’ Therefore, the word ‘merely’ provided
a supporting stance toward Jokowi who got the criticism.
Another example of normality below showed JP’s favor toward Jokowi.
[...]convincing the international business community that the time was right
for it to bring money and technologies to Indonesia.
(JP, November 12, 2014)
The underlined words were included in the normality because it implied a
meaning that it is not always the right time to invest in Indonesia, but in Jokowi’s
era it is. Moreover, ‘the time was right,’ in literal meaning, were referring to a
certain period which had the correlation with usuality.
The next category to be discussed was capacity which was the most
frequently used to exemplify social esteem. 23 words out of 40 words indicating
social esteem were related to capacity. It was frequently used because it portrayed
Joko Widodo’s ability. By using capacity, the newspaper promoted The
Indonesian President as shown in the example:
In the energy sector, the pair's policies of prioritizing the use of natural gas
and coal for electric power and strengthening incentives, legal certainty
and regulatory body in the petroleum industry are indeed quite strategic.
(JP, May 26, 2014)
19
The sentence evaluated Jokowi’s Na wa Cita plan when he was still a candidate in
the presidential election. The capacity that was shown in this sentence was
prioritizing and strengthening in which Jokowi’s focused on after he was elected.
Through the capacity, JP also portrayed Jokowi’s criteria for the minister
he worked with.
[...] he needs to ensure that the core members of the team have impeccable
integrity. (JP, October 22, 2014)
To win the Indonesian society’s favor, The President needed to gain their trust.
Therefore, he selected his minister faithfully. When he did his part to win the
society, the newspaper also did its part in promoting him. The word ‘impeccable
integrity’ gave a strong impact that the president set a high standard of integrity to
those who wanted to be his minister.
The last part of this section discussed tenacity in which it represented
determination, among others. Tenacity usually used modal of inclination (feeling
of doing something) as is point out in the following sentence.
It would be much more productive if the ministers were to take more time
to listen to than to brief the participants. (JP, February 3, 2015)
The sentence contained suggestion in which indicated the newspaper was
determined to support the government even though the sentence may seem to be a
critic. The suggestion then made the government more dependable. Another
example of tenacity was represented in the following sentence, where the focus of
tenacity was not on the newspaper editorial’s voice (like the previous example),
but on the part of Jokowi.
20
We understand that President Jokowi has committed to resolving problems
on a domestic level before paying attention to Indonesia's role in the
international community[...]. (JP, November 13, 2015)
JP showed in this sentence that the President was dependable by saying
‘has committed to resolving problems.’ It implied the meaning that Jokowi’s
decision in declining his presence in APEC 2015 was reasonable because he was
committed to the internal problem. Again, the newspaper was taking side with the
President although he made a wrong decision.
Appreciation
Appreciation was used in the selected articles twenty times, more
frequently than affect yet still less frequent than judgment. There were three subcategories of appreciation discussed in this section. The first category was
reaction which is an evaluation of the impact or quality of a thing or phenomenon.
Their plan to increase research and development in agriculture is also quite
strategic [...]. (JP, May 26, 2015)
The words ‘quite strategic’ evaluated the plan in a way that they gave a positive
image to the thing (i.e. plan). Moreover, the newspaper added the word ‘quite’ to
amplify the quality of the strategic plan.
The next category to be discussed was composition in which it evaluated
the balance or complexity of a thing or phenomenon, as is showed in the
following example.
While we do share the President's concern about such pressing agendas at
home needing his direct involvement, the Indonesian leader's no-show at
APEC is a diplomatic blunder, especially given the APEC summit host is a
fellow ASEAN member. (JP, November 13, 2015)
21
The word ‘pressing’ was classified in the composition category since it evaluated
the complexity of the ‘agendas’ as the thing in the sentence. While the words ‘a
diplomatic blunder’ suggested negative mark because Jokowi preferred choosing
internal affair to the global issue, the previous word ‘concern,’ a judgment mark
of social esteem capacity, signified the president’s positive attitude toward the
‘pressing agendas.’ Moreover, JP said ‘we do share’ to mark its support for
Jokowi’s concern.
Valuation was the last category in this section in which it evaluated the
importance or the attractiveness of a thing or phenomenon.
A fresh start for the nation included his reminder that we had “turned our
backs on the ocean” for too long [...] (JP, January 30, 2015)
The word ‘fresh’ evaluated the word ‘start’ as it was a new beginning of the
government’s decision to focus also on the nation’s maritime. ‘Fresh’ was
included in valuation since it denoted the importance of the start. Moreover, it
gave a positive evaluation of the decision that the government had made.
Based on the previous discussion on attitude, it can be argued that the way
JP’s editors made their supportive stance toward Joko Widodo was mostly by
using judgment rather than the others (i.e. affect and appreciation). It was
frequently used since it enabled the editors to describe the usuality, the ability, and
the dependency of Jokowi. Moreover, judgment also permitted JP’s editors to
suggest probability and obligation in order to make supporting sentences in
discussing Joko Widodo, his working cabinet, and Nawa Cita .
However, these findings cannot be over-generalized to all text types,
including the other newspapers’ editorials. In academic text, Hyland (2012) found
22
that appreciation was the most frequently used. In his study, the undergraduate
students used appreciation in their study since it allowed them to express a more
emotive evaluation of things or phenomena. In another case, affect was mostly
used in discussing sexual orientation issue (Bartley and Benitez-Castro, 2016)
since it gave the writers a freedom to show the LGBT people’s feelings
(dissatisfaction or anxiety) toward the society. Therefore, writers’ choice of using
whether affect, judgment, or appreciation was related to the purpose of the text.
CONCLUSION
This study was aimed to answer the question “how does The Jakarta Post
take supportive stance through the attitude of the editorial section when discussing
President Joko Widodo, his working cabinet, and Nawa Cita ?” Through this
study, it was found that JP made its encouragement toward President Joko
Widodo, his working cabinet, and Nawa Cita by using attitude linguistic choice.
The newspaper used affect, judgment, and appraisal linguistic choice as parts of
attitude analysis although the most favorable category was judgment.
Nevertheless, Martin and White (2005) saw affect as the core to propose judgment
and measure the value of things. Therefore, basically, in discussing the following
two linguistic markers (i.e. judgment and appreciation), we also discussed affect.
For further study, it is better to choose one of the affect, judgment, or
appreciation. So that the study gets deeper analysis and more focus discussion. In
general, it is expected that society, including Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana
students can be more aware of the media stance and the use of appraisal system,
specifically attitude in the media discourse. For pedagogical purposes, it is hoped
23
that through this study students’ critical reading and thinking can be developed.
Also, it hopefully increases their awareness of some issues that happen recently.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The utmost gratitude I give unto My Almighty God, Jesus Christ, because
only by His blessing and grace I could do everything and become who I am. I also
would like to express my great gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Joseph Ernest
Mambu, Ph.D., for such dedication and willingness in helping me going through
the struggles and giving me feedbacks and inputs so that I could complete this
thesis. There is no way I could repay your sacrifice, Sir. Another gratitude I would
like to give to my thesis examiner, Dian Toar Y.G. Sumakul, M.A., for without
his assistance and consideration I probably will not able to finish this thesis.
I personally would like to thank my beloved ones for being my greatest
motivator in difficult times. An enormous appreciation I give to my parents who
have taken care of me for this past 22 years and probably ahead. I hope, as your
oldest daughter, I can make both of you proud. Also, I would like to thank my
only and beloved sister who often accompanied me stayed up late to make this
thesis. And for the dearest one, Satrya, I would like to thank you for every
encouragement and understanding that pushed me to finish my duty.
Finally, I would like to give lots of hugs and kisses for Jap, Victoria who
has become such a wonderful listener, sister, and friend in this past four years of
our college life, proofread my thesis, and struggled together on many occasions,
including thesis. Many thanks I also would like to give to Frenky, Huri, Valerie,
Elin, Ones, Edwin, Rio who have lightened my day when I felt down. Thanks to
BPMU periode 2015-2016 members as the witness of my struggling in working
thesis. And for Twelvers, I (finally) made it guys!!
24
REFERENCES
Aritonang, M. S., Witular, R. A. (2014, May 21). Jokowi-Kalla hawkish on
economic policies. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved December 12, 2015 from
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/05/21/jokowi-kalla-hawkisheconomic-policies.html
Bartley, L., & Benitez-Castro, M.-A. (2016). Evaluation and attitude towards
homosexuality in the Irish context: A corpus-assisted discourse analysis of
appraisal patterns in 2008 newspaper articles. Irish Journal of Applied
Social Studies 16(1), 1-21.
Chang, G., & Mehan, H. (2006). Discourse in a religious mode: The Bush
administration's discourse in the war on terrorism and its challanges.
Pragmatics 43(1), 33-51.
Du Bois, J. W. (2007). The stance triangle. In R. Englebretson, Stancetaking in
discourse: Subjectivity, evaluation, interaction (pp. 139-182).
Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Dwi-Nugroho, A. (2013). With and without ‘General’: The representation of
Wiranto in the Sydney Morning Herald during Indonesia’s 2004 general
election. Kata 15(1), 39-45.
Editorial: After 100 days. (2015, January 30). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved March
30, 2016 from www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/30/editorial-after100-days.html
Editorial: Down-to-earth diplomacy. (2015, February 03). The Jakarta Post.
Retrieved
August
22,
2016
from
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/02/03/down-earth-diplomacy.html
Editorial: Endorsing Jokowi. (2014, July 04). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved August
22, 2016 from www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/07/04/editorialendorsing-jokowi.html
Editorial: Integrity key for Jokowi. (2014, October 22). The Jakarta Post.
Retrieved
August
22,
2016
from
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/10/22/editorial-integrity-keyjokowi.html
Editorial: Jokowi and the foreign press. (2015, August 28). The Jakarta Post.
Retrieved
August
22,
2016
from
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/28/editorial-jokowi-and-foreignpress.html
Editorial: Jokowi's early return. (2015, October 28). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved
August
22,
2016
from
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/10/28/editorial-jokowi-s-earlyreturn.html
Editorial: Showtime for Jokowi. (2014, November 12). The Jakarta Post.
Retrieved
August
22,
2016
from
25
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/12/editorial-showtimejokowi.html
Editorial: The Jokowi-Kalla platform. (2014, May 26). The Jakarta Post.
Retrieved
August
22,
2016
from
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/05/26/editorial-the-jokowi-kallaplatform.html
Editorial: Wrong on APEC. (2015, November 13). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved
August
22,
2016
from
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/11/13/editorial-wrong-apec.html
Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the news: Discourse and ideology in the press.
New York: Routledge.
Greenberg, J. (2000). Opinion discourse and Canadian newspapers: The case of
the Chinese "Boat People". Canadian Journal of Communication 25, 517537.
Hunston, S., & Thompson, G. (2000). Evaluation in text. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Hyland, K. (2012). Undergraduate understandings: Stance and voice in final year
reports. In K. Hyland, Stance and voice in written academic genres (pp.
134-150). London: Macmillan Publishers.
KhosraviNik, M. (2010). The representation of refugees, asylum seekers and
immigrants in British newspapers. Journal of Language and Politics 9(1) ,
1-28.
Macdonald, M. (2003). Exploring media discourse. London: Arnold.
Martin, J., & White, P. (2005). The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tarrant, B. (2008). Reporting Indonesia: The Jakarta Post story. Jakarta:
Equinox.
Van Djik, T. (1988). News as discourse. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates Inc. Publishers.
Wortham, S. (2001). Narratives in action: A strategy for research and analysis.
New York: Teachers College Press.
Wortham, S., & Locher, M. (1996). Voicing on the news: An analytic technique
for studying media bias. In T. A. Van Dijk, Text: An interdiciplinary
journal for the study of discourse (pp. 557-585). New York: Mouton de
Gruyter.
26
APPENDIX
Text 1 - Editorial: The Jokowi-Kalla platform
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Items
The economic components of the platform put
forth by presidential candidate Joko 'Jokowi'
Widodo and his running mate Jusuf Kalla reflect
the right priorities that the nation really needs as
they focus on food, energy and infrastructure.
The Jokowi-Kalla plan to open 1 million hectares
of new rice fields outside Java and build new
irrigation networks for 3 million ha of rice fields
between 2014 and 2019 is ambitious but not
impossible with the right leadership and
management.
Their plan to increase research and development
in agriculture is also quite strategic because the
key to agricultural productivity is high-yield seeds
that can be developed only through research.
In the energy sector, the pair's policies of
prioritizing the use of natural gas and coal for
electric power and strengthening incentives, legal
certainty and regulatory body in the petroleum
industry are indeed quite strategic.
But we are confident a Jokowi-Kalla government
will have the political courage to take the bull by
the horns.
Attitude
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Appreciation-Reaction,
Appreciation-Reaction
Judgment-Social Sanction,
Judgment-Social Sanction,
Appreciation-Reaction
Appreciation-Reaction,
Appreciation-Reaction,
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Appreciation-Reaction
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Esteem
Text 2 - Editorial: Endorsing Jokowi
No.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Items
We are encouraged that one candidate has
displayed a factual record of rejecting faith-based
politics.
As one candidate offers a break from the past, ...
One is determined to reject the collusion of power
and business, ...
Therefore the Post feels obliged to openly declare
its endorsement of the candidacy of Joko 'Jokowi'
Widodo and Jusuf Kalla as president and vice
president in the July 9 election.
It is an endorsement we do not take lightly.
27
Attitude
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Appreciation-Valuation
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Esteem
Affect-Satisfaction, JudgmentSocial Sanction
Judgment-Social Sanction
Text 3 - Editorial: Integrity key for Jokowi
No.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Items
We apparently must wait another day before
learning who will form the working team that will
assist President Joko ‘Jokowi’ Widodo in
implementing his vision and the mission of his
government during the next five years as he needs
to ensure that the core members of the team have
impeccable integrity.
It is heartening to learn though that the short delay
in Jokowi’s announcement of his Cabinet has
nothing to do with horse trading to strengthen his
coalition at the House of Representatives.
Jokowi’s obsession with having people of
integrity fill the ministerial positions ‘to the extent
that honesty and sincerity is everything’ is
understandable because integrity and competent
leadership are his basic political capital in winning
the trust of the people.
Likewise, the government should work
immediately to revise the 2015 state budget,...
..., the new government will have to intensify tax
collection during the last quarter to maintain the
budget deficit at 2.4 percent of gross domestic
deficit as set in the State Budget Law.
Attitude
Judgment-Social Sanction,
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Sanction,
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Sanction,
Judgment-Social Sanction,
Judgment-Social Sanction,
Appreciation-Reaction,
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Sanction
Judgment-Social Esteem
Text 4 - Editorial: Showtime for Jokowi
No.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Items
On Monday, the new President proved his
doubters wrong.
In addressing the APEC CEO forum on Monday,
Jokowi lived up to his status as the CEO of
Indonesia, ...
..., convincing the international business
community that the time was right for it to bring
money and technologies to Indonesia.
As a former businessman, he understands well
how to do business in Indonesia.
..., but Jokowi left his own impression with a
down-to-earth approach.
It is understandable that he wanted to concentrate
on pressing domestic matters and perhaps felt
nervous to negotiate with global leaders [...].
These will be easier for him because now his selfconfidence has grown stronger and many
28
Attitude
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Sanction
Appreciation-Reaction,
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Sanction
Appreciation-Reaction, AffectInsecurity
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Esteem
23.
24.
25.
participants of the upcoming summits also
attended the Beijing forum.
His colleagues want to hear directly from the Judgment-Social
EDITORIALS
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
FARADITA HANNA DIENSWARI
112012128
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN SATYA WACANA
SALATIGA
2016
STANCES ENDORSING JOKOWI IN THE JAKARTA POST’S
EDITORIALS
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
FARADITA HANNA DIENSWARI
112012128
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN SATYA WACANA
SALATIGA
2016
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE ........................................................................................
ii
APPROVAL PAGE .................................................................................
iii
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ..................................................................
iv
TABLE OF CONTENT ...........................................................................
v
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................
vi
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................
vii
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................
1
LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................
3
Attitude: Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation .................................
5
Review of Previous Studies.............................................................
10
THE STUDY ...........................................................................................
11
Research Methodology ...................................................................
11
Context of the Study .......................................................................
11
Text Sampling ................................................................................
12
Data Analysis Procedure .................................................................
12
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................
13
Editorials’ support to Jokowi ..........................................................
14
Attitude of The Jakarta Post ...........................................................
15
CONCLUSION .......................................................................................
23
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................
24
REFERENCES ........................................................................................
25
APPENDIX .............................................................................................
27
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Selected Editorial Articles ..........................................................
vi
12
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. An overview of Appraisal System .............................................
5
Figure 2. Judgment - Social Esteem .........................................................
8
Figure 3. Judgment - Social Sanction .......................................................
9
Figure 4. Types of Appreciation ..............................................................
9
vii
STANCES ENDORSING JOKOWI IN THE JAKARTA POST’S
EDITORIALS
Faradita Hanna Dienswari
ABSTRACT
Societies are often shaped by the media as they consume it every day. However, it
is inevitable that media will take a stance in their coverage. As one of the media,
newspapers also give contribution in shaping social construction. In the light of
that issue, it is deemed important to know where a newspaper takes its stance. In
order to know the newspaper’s stance, editorial section is used since it represents
the voice of the newspaper. The editorial articles were taken from The Jakarta
Post ’s online articles. The newspaper, although is a trustworthy one, has a
tendency on giving supporting stance toward Joko Widodo (a.k.a Jokowi). The
articles were selected from July 2014 when Jokowi run for the presidential
election until January 2016. Aiming to find how The Jakarta Post’s editorial
portrays it supporting stance toward Joko Widodo, his working cabinet, and Nawa
Cita, I used appraisal theory (Martin & White, 2005). Sentences in the editorials
that indicate support to Jokowi were analyzed and classified using qualitative data
analysis by considering the linguistic choice of affect, judgment, and appreciation.
The findings of this study overall suggested that the editorials were so much in
favor of using judgment in the articles.
Key words: media discourse, editorials, stance, attitude, Joko Widodo
INTRODUCTION
It has been almost two years since President of Indonesia, Joko “Jokowi”
Widodo and his Vice President Jusuf Kalla won the presidential election and ruled
over the country by carrying their working program which usually called Nawa
Cita (Nine Programs). As it is named, Nawa Cita focuses on nine specific areas in
which The President and his working cabinet set their goals. His nine agenda
priorities as reported by The Jakarta Post (May 21, 2014) includes protecting all
citizens and providing a safe environment; developing clean, effective, trusted and
democratic governance; developing Indonesia’s rural areas; reforming law
enforcement agencies; improve quality of life by increasing education quality as
one of its agenda; increasing productivity and competitiveness; promoting
1
economic independence by developing domestic strategic sectors; overhauling the
character of the nation through education; and strengthening the spirit of “unity in
diversity” and social reform. Many mass media had already evaluated the progress
that the Jokowi’s cabinet makes during these years.
However, mass media can be biased in their reports because some of them
are likely to take side with the one in which the media purpose seem fit. For
example, Metro TV will take a side on the government’s side because it is owned
by one political figure, Surya Paloh, who has a political interest in securing his
position in the government. Moreover, Macdonald (2003) believed that “media
themselves make claims for truthfulness and accuracy in relation to their coverage
of real events ... [then] refusing any attempt to assess the validity and veracity...”
which raised questions about the validity and veracity on the media themselves (p.
17). In addition, some researches in media analysis suggested that there were
unfairness in discussing news actors (e.g. Dwi-Nugroho, 2013), misinterpretation
of a minority (e.g. KhosraviNik, 2010), and stereotyping (e.g. Chang & Mehan,
2006). This issue of bias provoked questions on the reliability of mass media as
one of the institutions that supposedly neutral in their report. Therefore, this study
was dedicated to identifying and analyzing media stance toward an issue that
happened at the moment, since unfortunately, there were still few Indonesianbased media studies that discuss media stance-taking.
According to Fairclough (1997 in Dwi-Nugroho, 2013), news is very
influential in shaping the society and it is also shaped by the society. As a result of
news influence on the society, people tend to respond either positively or
2
negatively toward some issues (Van Djik, 1988). This, I believe, is true because
usually people are easily influenced after they read some articles in the
newspaper, especially when that newspaper is already known as a trustworthy
newspaper. This study analyzed one of Indonesia’s relatively trustworthy
newspapers, The Jaka rta Post, in its positioning when discussing President Joko
Widodo, his working cabinet, and Nawa Cita . The analysis was conducted by
analyzing the editorial section in the newspaper using Systemic Functional
Linguistic tools and media discourse analysis perspective.
LITERATURE REVIEW
This research focused on newspapers as one of the mass media in which
bias might occur. To illustrate, Wortham and Locher (1996) found in their study
that newscasters sent their implicit message about political candidates in news
political coverage, specifically coverage of the 1992 US presidential election by
using the analysis of voicing and ventriloquation. They closed their study by
saying that if those newscasters could be more explicit about their message, they
could help the audience to make up their minds about the issue. Through their
study, it can be inferred that the newscaster could lead the audience to have the
same position as his/her towards certain candidate which probably gave some
influences in the election. For this reason, some studies had reconsidered the
notion that said news is a neutral means of information. Fowler (1991) argued
“the world of Press is not the real world but [the] world skewed and judged” (p.
11) that can be interpreted it would always be writer’s bias in the news. Similarly,
Bakhtin (1963/1984a, 1935/1981), as stated in Wortham (2001), stated that people
3
usually position themselves when they are writing. Therefore, it is necessary to
assess how newspaper positions itself in delivering some recent issues in society.
In order to find newspaper position, I focused on the editorial section
published by The Jakarta Post. It is commonly believed that editorial articles
usually point out the newspaper opinion toward some issues. Greenberg (2000)
defined editorial as the “official voice of a media outlet on matters of public
importance” (p. 520). Fowler (1991) viewed editorial articles as “an important
symbolic function” which usually is seen as the newspaper point of view and
“implicitly supporting the claim that other sections [...] are pure ‘fact’ or ‘report’”
(p. 208). Therefore, editorial articles are important sections in the newspaper since
they may shape the public opinion, even more, when the newspaper is deemed
trustworthy.
Since editorial is believed to have a role to construct public opinion,
knowing how the newspaper is represented by the editorial in showing their
position or stance toward the issues that are being discussed is essential.
According to Du Bois (2007), stance was defined as
a public act by a social actor, achieved dialogically through overt
communicative means, of simultaneously evaluating objects, positioning
subjects (self and others), and aligning with other subjects, with respect to
any salient dimension of the sociocultural field (p.163).
Thus, by taking a stance people, or especially writers, attempted to communicate
his/her opinion in order to evaluate issues that happen in the society. Du Bois
4
(2007) further stated that there are some kinds of stance taking which are
evaluation, assessment, appraisal, and point of view.
As Du Bois (2007) saw evaluation as one kind of stance, Hunston and
Thompson’s (2000) and Martin and White’s (2005) Systemic Functional
Linguistic (SFL) approach believed stance as a part of evaluation. According to
Huston and Thompson (2000), there are three functions of evaluation: expressing
an opinion, maintaining a relationship between writers-readers, and organizing the
discourse by delivering writer’s attitudes, values, and reactions to the readers.
Therefore, based on the function of evaluation mentioned earlier, in order to
determine an author’s stance, the author’s stance was examined in light of the SFL
framework of appraisal suggested by Martin and White (2005).
Attitude: Affect, Judgment, Appreciation
Figure 1. An overview of Appraisal System, taken from Martin and White (2005, p. 38)
It needs to be underlined that attitude in Martin and White’s (2005)
appraisal framework which was the tool of the analysis in this study is different
from stance. Nonetheless, they are closely related to each other in a way; “stance
5
largely involves the writer’s expression of personal attitudes and assessments of
the status of knowledge in a text” as Hyland (2012, p. 134) stated in his study.
Attitude system is one constituent of, besides engagement and graduation, the big
picture of appraisal system which supports one another as shown in Figure 1. In
Martin and White (2005), attitude enabled a writer to show their feeling through
“emotional reaction, judgment of behavior and evaluation of things” (p. 35) in the
text. Engagement enabled the writer to engage the readers to have the same point
of view as his/hers. Graduation enabled the writer to “amplif[y]” (p. 35) that point
of view. However, due to limited space, I only focused on attitude which is subdivided again into three parts: affect, judgment, and appreciation.
Martin and White (2005) defined affect as a way writers delivered their
feelings positively or negatively, while judgment usually “deals with attitudes
towards behavi[or], which we admire or critici[ze], praise or condemn” (p. 42).
They further defined appreciation as an evaluation toward things or phenomena
rather than human behavior.
Affect
In Martin and White (2005), there are six factors that are used to find the
affect. However, for the purpose of this study, I only chose two out of the six
factors.
1. Are the feelings positive or negative? In this factor, emotion is seen through
the cultural context of “good vibes that are enjoyable to experience” or “bad
6
vibes that are better avoided” (p. 46). The examples1 of this factor are as
follows:
Positive affect
the captain was happy
Negative affect
the captain was sad
2. Are they one of the groups of emotions which have to do with un/happiness,
in/security and dis/satisfaction? The un/happiness variable encompasses
emotions associated with “affairs of the heart;” the in/security variable
encompasses
emotions
concerned
with
“ecosocial
well-being;”
the
dis/satisfaction variable includes emotions related to “telos” (the pursuit of
goals) (p.49). The examples2 of this factor are as follows:
un/happiness
the captain felt sad/happy
in/security
the captain felt anxious/confident
dis/satisfaction
the captain felt fed up/absorbed
Judgment
Judgment is divided into two basic categories based on Martin and White
(2005, pp. 52-56):
i. social esteem is often seen in oral culture including chats, gossips, jokes, and
stories. Social esteem has three sub-categories: normality which is related to
the modal category of usuality (e.g. It’s normal, average, fashionable,
peculiar, odd, etc.), capacity which deals with ability (e.g. He’s healthy
enough, mature enough, clever enough, etc.), and tenacity which is linked
to modulations of inclination (e.g. I’m resolute, steadfast, unyielding,
1
2
Adapted from Martin & White (2005, p.47)
Adapted from Martin & White (2005, p.49)
7
unflinching, etc.). Figure 2 contains some illustrative realization for social
esteem.
Figure 2. Judgment - Social esteem, taken from Martin and White (2005, p. 53)
ii. social sanction, is often found in writing, “as edicts, decrees, rules,
regulations and laws about how to behave as surveilled by church and state”
(p. 52) which usually deals with veracity that is related to modal category or
probability (e.g. It’s true, honest, credible, authentic, bogus, etc.) and
propriety that is related to obligation (e.g. It’d be corrupt, insensitive,
arrogant, selfish, rude, etc.). Figure 3 is the illustrative realization of social
sanction.
Appreciation
The last part of attitude is appreciation. Martin and White (2005) defined
appreciation as an evaluation toward things rather than human behavior. It is also
divided into three sub-categories:
8
Reaction is related to affection (emotive – ‘it grabs me’, desiderative – ‘I
want it’); composition is related to perception (our view of order); and
valuation is related to cognition (our considered opinions). (p. 57)
To make it clearer, the following is Figure 4 which shows the illustrative
realization of appreciation.
Figure 3. Judgment - Social sanction, taken from Martin and White (2005, p. 53)
Figure 4. Types of appreciation, taken from Martin and White (2005, p. 56)
9
Review of Previous Studies
In order to understand fully about the framework of this study, I examined
some of the previous studies that discussed stance and attitude. Hyland (2012)
used undergraduate reports as the object in his study and focused not only to find
stance but also voice. He found that stance and voice that was delivered by the
students showed an awareness of academic conventions and the context of
situations, impact of institutional power and cultural preference. He further said
that the most frequently used attitude system (Martin & White, 2005) in the
academic text was appreciation. The example of appreciation in his study that was
taken from Biology academic text:
The remarkable inertness of the nitrido function in technetium complexes
towards proton-active reagents permits an extraordinarily wide variety of
substitution reactions. (p. 147)
In the light of his study, it was necessary to find another context to address the
stance and voice. Therefore, this study attempted to find the stance in the context
of newspaper discourse.
A study conducted by Bartley and Benitez-Castro (2016) had a similar
approach to the current study. They aimed to find the evaluation and attitude
toward homosexuality in 2008 newspaper articles in Irish context. They found that
the three newspapers in their corpus showed “gays and lesbians as immoral, evil,
corrupt, violent, promiscuous, effeminate and abnormal beings that are loathed by
society and, as a result, experience feelings of fear, anger, and frustration” (p.18).
Moreover, it was shown that judgment and affect were frequently used in the
10
newspapers. The current study did not address the issue of gay, but it extended
Martin and White’s (2005) SFL framework in touching upon mass media stance
(or “bias”).
THE STUDY
Research Methodology
The research question of this study was “how does The Jakarta Post take a
supportive stance through the attitude of the editorial section when discussing
President Joko Widodo, his working cabinet, and Nawa Cita ?” In order to answer
the research question, I employed a qualitative data methodology that used SFL
tools as a means of analysis. The articles were selected through purposive
sampling with editorial articles in The Jakarta Post electronic newspaper as the
main criterion. The articles that were used were the ones published on May 2014
until January 2016 in order to get sufficient amount of articles to see how the
newspaper showed their supporting stance over time at a certain timeframe.
Context of the Study
The study focused on Jokowi, his working cabinet, and his notion of Nawa
Cita (nine programs that run by the governor) as the new government agenda. The
Nawa Cita made an aggressive approach to reform economy, education, and
security sectors (The Jakarta Post, May 21, 2014). This Nawa Cita was released
when President Joko Widodo and Vice President Jusuf Kala held their campaign.
Nowadays, through some articles in the newspaper, more Indonesia people seem
to doubt that Nawa Cita will be achieved. Thus, regarding the scope of this
11
research, I believed that it was appropriate to analyze the articles in The Jakarta
Post newspaper since there was a tendency of supporting stance in this newspaper.
Text Sampling
I chose The Jakarta Post (henceforth JP) newspaper which according to
the Tarrant (2008) is the largest English newspaper in Indonesia. Its first edition
was published on April 25, 1983, and still continues its publication until today.
The Jakarta Post has two form of publication: printed and online newspaper. The
newspaper has a slogan “Always Bold. Always Independent.” In the current
study, I used only the editorial section in online newspaper as editorial represent
the newspaper point of view of the newspaper as displayed in Table 1. The articles
were published from May 2014 until January 2016.
Table 1. Selected Editorial Articles
Text
Title
Date
1
Editorial: The Jokowi-Kalla platform
May 26, 2014
2
Editorial: Endorsing Jokowi
July 4, 2014
3
Editorial: Integrity key for Jokowi
October 22, 2014
4
Editorial: Showtime for Jokowi
November 12, 2014
5
Editorial: After 100 days
January 30, 2015
6
Editorial: Down-to-earth diplomacy
February 3, 2015
7
Editorial: Jokowi and the foreign press
August 28, 2015
8
Editorial: Jokowi's early return
October 28, 2015
9
Editorial: Wrong on APEC
November 13, 2015
Data Analysis Procedure
After selecting the newspaper articles in JP’s editorial, I selected the
possible sentences in which it showed supportive sentences to be discussed. The
12
selection also limited to the discussion of President Joko Widodo, his working
cabinet, or Nawa Cita.
As I found the sentences, then I analyzed the attitudes of the authors’ news
articles. Based on the theoretical framework explained under the Literature
Review section, attitudes were analyzed in terms of affect judgment, and
appreciation. Affect indicated the positive/negative feelings and un/happiness,
in/security and dis/satisfaction; judgment indexed the social esteem and social
sanction, and appreciation denoted reaction, composition, and valuation. The
analysis focused only on the words or sentences level. Then using data
interpretation, I found how the newspaper shows their supportive stance
considering the analysis result. I got assistance from my thesis supervisor when
coding or checking my code. In so doing, the analysis was more reliable.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This section was divided into two major sections in which all of the
analysis of the study was discussed. The overall sentences that indicated the
editorials’ support to Jokowi were examined in the first section. Subsequently, the
discussion about the affect, judgment, and appreciation was presented in section
two. Through the analysis process, I found 50 sentences (see appendix) that were
in favor of Joko Widodo, his working cabinet or Nawa Cita from the nine articles
that had been selected. These selected sentences were those in which indicated
JP’s supporting stance toward the Indonesian President.
13
Editorials’ support to Jokowi
JP might have the slogan “Always Bold. Always Independent” from the
first time it published its articles. However, further scrutiny should be done in
order to evaluate whether the slogan is not just merely a slogan. This study found
that the newspaper might be bold and independent, yet it is not always both bold
and independent. Nine articles that were selected for the current study did not
seem to suggest that they were totally independent. JP itself once made an
editorial section that endorses Joko Widodo to be an Indonesian president before
the presidential election as follows:
[...]The Jakarta Post in its 31-year history has never endorsed a single
candidate or party during an election. [...] Our deliberations are dictated on
the values by which the Post has always stood firmly for: pluralism, human
rights, civil society and reformasi. We are encouraged that one candidate
has displayed a factual record of rejecting faith-based politics. [...] As one
candidate offers a break from the past, the other romanticizes the Soeharto
era. One is determined to reject the collusion of power and business, while
the other is embedded in a New Order-style of transactional politics that
betrays the spirit of reformasi. Rarely in an election has the choice been so
definitive. Never before has a candidate ticked all the boxes on our negative
checklist. And for that we cannot do nothing. Therefore the Post feels
obliged to openly declare its endorsement of the candidacy of Joko 'Jokowi'
Widodo and Jusuf Kalla as president and vice president in the July 9
election. It is an endorsement we do not take lightly. (JP, July 4, 2014)
Despite the editors’ reasoning, their endorsement on the Jokowi-JK behalf
in the presidential election was clearly implied or even explicitly stated in the
article as can be seen through the underlined sentences above.
14
Nonetheless, not all the selected articles portrayed their agreement with the
government leadership as can be seen in The Jakarta Post published on August
28, 2015. The article expressed their disappointment on Joko Widodo’s decision
to ban foreign press to do its coverage in Papua. Yet again, the newspaper still
gave its faith to the government in this following sentence
We don't think Jokowi has forgotten his own words while visiting the
country's easternmost region Merauke in May that 'foreign journalists, as of
today, are allowed to enter Papua as freely as they enter other provinces'.
(JP, August 28, 2015)
The Post was still carrying its hope when Joko Widodo clearly failed his
supporters when he declined to attend APEC last November 2015 and asked him
to reconsider his decision.
For the sake of Indonesian interests, we hope the President changes his
mind. (JP, November 13, 2015)
The above and the other 50 sentences were going to be identified in terms of
attitude (either affect, judgment, or appreciation) they belong to.
Attitude of The Jakarta Post
By using linguistic choices, a writer can express and amplify their stance.
Hyland (2012) pointed out that a writer gives his/her personal judgment and
marked their certainty towards some issues using attitude markers. The three of
attitude markers which had already been mentioned earlier in this study are (1)
affect, which dealt with the linguistic choice of emotion, (2) judgment, which was
indicated by the linguistic choices describing behaviors, and (3) appreciation
which signaled evaluation toward things or phenomena. This section evaluated the
selected sentences from the attitude perspective.
15
Affect
JP did not use affect frequently since, in the 50 sentences that had been
selected, there were only two sentences that had the linguistic choice of affect.
The first affect was found in Text 2 in which it showed positive satisfaction since
the underlined words implied a determination to reach a certain goal.
Therefore the Post feels obliged to openly declare its endorsement of the
candidacy of Joko 'Jokowi' Widodo and Jusuf Kalla as president and vice
president in the July 9 election. (JP, July 4, 2014)
The word ‘obliged’ in the underlined words was an imperative word which can be
included in the social sanction under judgment. However, the word ‘feels’
changed the sense of the word obliged from imperative word into emotion word.
Another affect was found in Text 4 where it portrayed Jokowi’s insecurity
toward his first APEC meeting in 2014.
It is understandable that he wanted to concentrate on pressing domestic
matters and perhaps felt nervous to negotiate with global leaders [...]
(JP, November 12, 2014)
The underlined word ‘felt nervous’ implied Jokowi’s feeling of joining APEC for
the first time. Although the affect seemed to refer to insecurity in which constructs
negative context, the previous words understandable and perhaps, appreciation
words of reaction, directed the sentence into a more hopeful sentence, which
implied the editor’s support to (or bias toward) Jokowi.
The newspaper probably limited the usage of affect linguistic choice since it
referred more to the emotions. An article which included more feeling can be seen
as less reliable. Moreover, to be all sensitive towards some issues is not the
purpose editorial articles; rather it is suitable in a feature section.
16
Judgment
Different from affect, JP marked its articles mostly with judgment. There
were only four sentences out of fifty that had no judgment marks. In this section, I
discussed judgment based on two sub-categories which are social sanction and
social esteem and on which category the newspaper focused its linguistic choice.
Through the overall analysis, I argued that, JP through its linguistic choice,
focused on social esteem with a total 40 words representing it while social
sanction was exemplified by 28 words. The following sections discussed the
social sanction and social esteem in more depth.
Social Sanction
As written in the Literature Review, social sanction covered veracity that
expressed truthfulness and propriety that expressed obligation. To show JP’s
veracity, below is an example.
Jokowi’s obsession with having people of integrity fill the ministerial
positions 'to the extent that honesty and sincerity is everything' is
understandable because integrity and competent leadership are his basic
political capital in winning the trust of the people. (JP, October 22, 2014)
Through this sentence, The Post used the quotation of honesty and sincerity to say
that Joko Widodo was highly committed to making sure that those in ministerial
positions were people of integrity. Honesty and sincerity were classified in
veracity since it evaluated probity.
However, not all veracity that had been analyzed portrays positive marking
as in the sentence below.
On Monday, the new President proved his doubters wrong.
(JP, November 12, 2014)
17
The veracity in this sentence was the word ‘wrong’ which evaluated Jokowi’s
doubters’ opinion about his ability to represent Indonesia in APEC. The word
‘wrong’ gave positive evaluation on the sentence because, despite its negative in
literal meaning, the ‘doubters’ word changed the value of the word ‘wrong.’
After viewing JP’s veracity in its coverage, the following paragraph
discussed the newspaper’s propriety. Propriety was used more frequently than
veracity since it showed the obligation which was often used by the newspaper as
a form of support and request to Jokowi. The use of modal of obligation was often
seen in the sentence indicating propriety, as follows
Without any hesitation, it must be his decision to cut short his first
American tour. (JP, October 28, 2015)
The propriety was not always marked by modal of obligation, but also by
using verb as it is shown in the following example.
The President's presence is deemed important to ensure that the rescue
operation and disaster mitigation efforts succeed.
(JP, November 13, 2015)
The words ‘ensure’ and ‘succeed’ suggested a meaning of obligation since they
were showing a necessity to be done by the actor, in this case, the President’s
presence in Sumatra and Kalimantan fire disaster last October.
Social Esteem
There were three sub-categories which were covered by social esteem.
They were normality that was seen from usuality, capacity that was seen from
ability, and tenacity that was seen from dependency. The first to be discussed in
18
this section was the normality. The following sentence is an example of a sentence
that had normality.
Despite disheartening public criticism, Jokowi should know full well that
critics are merely reminding him of why they supported him in the first
place. (JP, January 30, 2015)
As the normality represented the commonness, the word ‘merely’ fit into this
category. It lessened and countered the harshness of ‘critics’ that were mentioned
earlier as ‘disheartening public criticism.’ Therefore, the word ‘merely’ provided
a supporting stance toward Jokowi who got the criticism.
Another example of normality below showed JP’s favor toward Jokowi.
[...]convincing the international business community that the time was right
for it to bring money and technologies to Indonesia.
(JP, November 12, 2014)
The underlined words were included in the normality because it implied a
meaning that it is not always the right time to invest in Indonesia, but in Jokowi’s
era it is. Moreover, ‘the time was right,’ in literal meaning, were referring to a
certain period which had the correlation with usuality.
The next category to be discussed was capacity which was the most
frequently used to exemplify social esteem. 23 words out of 40 words indicating
social esteem were related to capacity. It was frequently used because it portrayed
Joko Widodo’s ability. By using capacity, the newspaper promoted The
Indonesian President as shown in the example:
In the energy sector, the pair's policies of prioritizing the use of natural gas
and coal for electric power and strengthening incentives, legal certainty
and regulatory body in the petroleum industry are indeed quite strategic.
(JP, May 26, 2014)
19
The sentence evaluated Jokowi’s Na wa Cita plan when he was still a candidate in
the presidential election. The capacity that was shown in this sentence was
prioritizing and strengthening in which Jokowi’s focused on after he was elected.
Through the capacity, JP also portrayed Jokowi’s criteria for the minister
he worked with.
[...] he needs to ensure that the core members of the team have impeccable
integrity. (JP, October 22, 2014)
To win the Indonesian society’s favor, The President needed to gain their trust.
Therefore, he selected his minister faithfully. When he did his part to win the
society, the newspaper also did its part in promoting him. The word ‘impeccable
integrity’ gave a strong impact that the president set a high standard of integrity to
those who wanted to be his minister.
The last part of this section discussed tenacity in which it represented
determination, among others. Tenacity usually used modal of inclination (feeling
of doing something) as is point out in the following sentence.
It would be much more productive if the ministers were to take more time
to listen to than to brief the participants. (JP, February 3, 2015)
The sentence contained suggestion in which indicated the newspaper was
determined to support the government even though the sentence may seem to be a
critic. The suggestion then made the government more dependable. Another
example of tenacity was represented in the following sentence, where the focus of
tenacity was not on the newspaper editorial’s voice (like the previous example),
but on the part of Jokowi.
20
We understand that President Jokowi has committed to resolving problems
on a domestic level before paying attention to Indonesia's role in the
international community[...]. (JP, November 13, 2015)
JP showed in this sentence that the President was dependable by saying
‘has committed to resolving problems.’ It implied the meaning that Jokowi’s
decision in declining his presence in APEC 2015 was reasonable because he was
committed to the internal problem. Again, the newspaper was taking side with the
President although he made a wrong decision.
Appreciation
Appreciation was used in the selected articles twenty times, more
frequently than affect yet still less frequent than judgment. There were three subcategories of appreciation discussed in this section. The first category was
reaction which is an evaluation of the impact or quality of a thing or phenomenon.
Their plan to increase research and development in agriculture is also quite
strategic [...]. (JP, May 26, 2015)
The words ‘quite strategic’ evaluated the plan in a way that they gave a positive
image to the thing (i.e. plan). Moreover, the newspaper added the word ‘quite’ to
amplify the quality of the strategic plan.
The next category to be discussed was composition in which it evaluated
the balance or complexity of a thing or phenomenon, as is showed in the
following example.
While we do share the President's concern about such pressing agendas at
home needing his direct involvement, the Indonesian leader's no-show at
APEC is a diplomatic blunder, especially given the APEC summit host is a
fellow ASEAN member. (JP, November 13, 2015)
21
The word ‘pressing’ was classified in the composition category since it evaluated
the complexity of the ‘agendas’ as the thing in the sentence. While the words ‘a
diplomatic blunder’ suggested negative mark because Jokowi preferred choosing
internal affair to the global issue, the previous word ‘concern,’ a judgment mark
of social esteem capacity, signified the president’s positive attitude toward the
‘pressing agendas.’ Moreover, JP said ‘we do share’ to mark its support for
Jokowi’s concern.
Valuation was the last category in this section in which it evaluated the
importance or the attractiveness of a thing or phenomenon.
A fresh start for the nation included his reminder that we had “turned our
backs on the ocean” for too long [...] (JP, January 30, 2015)
The word ‘fresh’ evaluated the word ‘start’ as it was a new beginning of the
government’s decision to focus also on the nation’s maritime. ‘Fresh’ was
included in valuation since it denoted the importance of the start. Moreover, it
gave a positive evaluation of the decision that the government had made.
Based on the previous discussion on attitude, it can be argued that the way
JP’s editors made their supportive stance toward Joko Widodo was mostly by
using judgment rather than the others (i.e. affect and appreciation). It was
frequently used since it enabled the editors to describe the usuality, the ability, and
the dependency of Jokowi. Moreover, judgment also permitted JP’s editors to
suggest probability and obligation in order to make supporting sentences in
discussing Joko Widodo, his working cabinet, and Nawa Cita .
However, these findings cannot be over-generalized to all text types,
including the other newspapers’ editorials. In academic text, Hyland (2012) found
22
that appreciation was the most frequently used. In his study, the undergraduate
students used appreciation in their study since it allowed them to express a more
emotive evaluation of things or phenomena. In another case, affect was mostly
used in discussing sexual orientation issue (Bartley and Benitez-Castro, 2016)
since it gave the writers a freedom to show the LGBT people’s feelings
(dissatisfaction or anxiety) toward the society. Therefore, writers’ choice of using
whether affect, judgment, or appreciation was related to the purpose of the text.
CONCLUSION
This study was aimed to answer the question “how does The Jakarta Post
take supportive stance through the attitude of the editorial section when discussing
President Joko Widodo, his working cabinet, and Nawa Cita ?” Through this
study, it was found that JP made its encouragement toward President Joko
Widodo, his working cabinet, and Nawa Cita by using attitude linguistic choice.
The newspaper used affect, judgment, and appraisal linguistic choice as parts of
attitude analysis although the most favorable category was judgment.
Nevertheless, Martin and White (2005) saw affect as the core to propose judgment
and measure the value of things. Therefore, basically, in discussing the following
two linguistic markers (i.e. judgment and appreciation), we also discussed affect.
For further study, it is better to choose one of the affect, judgment, or
appreciation. So that the study gets deeper analysis and more focus discussion. In
general, it is expected that society, including Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana
students can be more aware of the media stance and the use of appraisal system,
specifically attitude in the media discourse. For pedagogical purposes, it is hoped
23
that through this study students’ critical reading and thinking can be developed.
Also, it hopefully increases their awareness of some issues that happen recently.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The utmost gratitude I give unto My Almighty God, Jesus Christ, because
only by His blessing and grace I could do everything and become who I am. I also
would like to express my great gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Joseph Ernest
Mambu, Ph.D., for such dedication and willingness in helping me going through
the struggles and giving me feedbacks and inputs so that I could complete this
thesis. There is no way I could repay your sacrifice, Sir. Another gratitude I would
like to give to my thesis examiner, Dian Toar Y.G. Sumakul, M.A., for without
his assistance and consideration I probably will not able to finish this thesis.
I personally would like to thank my beloved ones for being my greatest
motivator in difficult times. An enormous appreciation I give to my parents who
have taken care of me for this past 22 years and probably ahead. I hope, as your
oldest daughter, I can make both of you proud. Also, I would like to thank my
only and beloved sister who often accompanied me stayed up late to make this
thesis. And for the dearest one, Satrya, I would like to thank you for every
encouragement and understanding that pushed me to finish my duty.
Finally, I would like to give lots of hugs and kisses for Jap, Victoria who
has become such a wonderful listener, sister, and friend in this past four years of
our college life, proofread my thesis, and struggled together on many occasions,
including thesis. Many thanks I also would like to give to Frenky, Huri, Valerie,
Elin, Ones, Edwin, Rio who have lightened my day when I felt down. Thanks to
BPMU periode 2015-2016 members as the witness of my struggling in working
thesis. And for Twelvers, I (finally) made it guys!!
24
REFERENCES
Aritonang, M. S., Witular, R. A. (2014, May 21). Jokowi-Kalla hawkish on
economic policies. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved December 12, 2015 from
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/05/21/jokowi-kalla-hawkisheconomic-policies.html
Bartley, L., & Benitez-Castro, M.-A. (2016). Evaluation and attitude towards
homosexuality in the Irish context: A corpus-assisted discourse analysis of
appraisal patterns in 2008 newspaper articles. Irish Journal of Applied
Social Studies 16(1), 1-21.
Chang, G., & Mehan, H. (2006). Discourse in a religious mode: The Bush
administration's discourse in the war on terrorism and its challanges.
Pragmatics 43(1), 33-51.
Du Bois, J. W. (2007). The stance triangle. In R. Englebretson, Stancetaking in
discourse: Subjectivity, evaluation, interaction (pp. 139-182).
Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Dwi-Nugroho, A. (2013). With and without ‘General’: The representation of
Wiranto in the Sydney Morning Herald during Indonesia’s 2004 general
election. Kata 15(1), 39-45.
Editorial: After 100 days. (2015, January 30). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved March
30, 2016 from www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/30/editorial-after100-days.html
Editorial: Down-to-earth diplomacy. (2015, February 03). The Jakarta Post.
Retrieved
August
22,
2016
from
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/02/03/down-earth-diplomacy.html
Editorial: Endorsing Jokowi. (2014, July 04). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved August
22, 2016 from www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/07/04/editorialendorsing-jokowi.html
Editorial: Integrity key for Jokowi. (2014, October 22). The Jakarta Post.
Retrieved
August
22,
2016
from
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/10/22/editorial-integrity-keyjokowi.html
Editorial: Jokowi and the foreign press. (2015, August 28). The Jakarta Post.
Retrieved
August
22,
2016
from
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/28/editorial-jokowi-and-foreignpress.html
Editorial: Jokowi's early return. (2015, October 28). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved
August
22,
2016
from
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/10/28/editorial-jokowi-s-earlyreturn.html
Editorial: Showtime for Jokowi. (2014, November 12). The Jakarta Post.
Retrieved
August
22,
2016
from
25
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/12/editorial-showtimejokowi.html
Editorial: The Jokowi-Kalla platform. (2014, May 26). The Jakarta Post.
Retrieved
August
22,
2016
from
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/05/26/editorial-the-jokowi-kallaplatform.html
Editorial: Wrong on APEC. (2015, November 13). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved
August
22,
2016
from
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/11/13/editorial-wrong-apec.html
Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the news: Discourse and ideology in the press.
New York: Routledge.
Greenberg, J. (2000). Opinion discourse and Canadian newspapers: The case of
the Chinese "Boat People". Canadian Journal of Communication 25, 517537.
Hunston, S., & Thompson, G. (2000). Evaluation in text. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Hyland, K. (2012). Undergraduate understandings: Stance and voice in final year
reports. In K. Hyland, Stance and voice in written academic genres (pp.
134-150). London: Macmillan Publishers.
KhosraviNik, M. (2010). The representation of refugees, asylum seekers and
immigrants in British newspapers. Journal of Language and Politics 9(1) ,
1-28.
Macdonald, M. (2003). Exploring media discourse. London: Arnold.
Martin, J., & White, P. (2005). The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tarrant, B. (2008). Reporting Indonesia: The Jakarta Post story. Jakarta:
Equinox.
Van Djik, T. (1988). News as discourse. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates Inc. Publishers.
Wortham, S. (2001). Narratives in action: A strategy for research and analysis.
New York: Teachers College Press.
Wortham, S., & Locher, M. (1996). Voicing on the news: An analytic technique
for studying media bias. In T. A. Van Dijk, Text: An interdiciplinary
journal for the study of discourse (pp. 557-585). New York: Mouton de
Gruyter.
26
APPENDIX
Text 1 - Editorial: The Jokowi-Kalla platform
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Items
The economic components of the platform put
forth by presidential candidate Joko 'Jokowi'
Widodo and his running mate Jusuf Kalla reflect
the right priorities that the nation really needs as
they focus on food, energy and infrastructure.
The Jokowi-Kalla plan to open 1 million hectares
of new rice fields outside Java and build new
irrigation networks for 3 million ha of rice fields
between 2014 and 2019 is ambitious but not
impossible with the right leadership and
management.
Their plan to increase research and development
in agriculture is also quite strategic because the
key to agricultural productivity is high-yield seeds
that can be developed only through research.
In the energy sector, the pair's policies of
prioritizing the use of natural gas and coal for
electric power and strengthening incentives, legal
certainty and regulatory body in the petroleum
industry are indeed quite strategic.
But we are confident a Jokowi-Kalla government
will have the political courage to take the bull by
the horns.
Attitude
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Appreciation-Reaction,
Appreciation-Reaction
Judgment-Social Sanction,
Judgment-Social Sanction,
Appreciation-Reaction
Appreciation-Reaction,
Appreciation-Reaction,
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Appreciation-Reaction
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Esteem
Text 2 - Editorial: Endorsing Jokowi
No.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Items
We are encouraged that one candidate has
displayed a factual record of rejecting faith-based
politics.
As one candidate offers a break from the past, ...
One is determined to reject the collusion of power
and business, ...
Therefore the Post feels obliged to openly declare
its endorsement of the candidacy of Joko 'Jokowi'
Widodo and Jusuf Kalla as president and vice
president in the July 9 election.
It is an endorsement we do not take lightly.
27
Attitude
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Appreciation-Valuation
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Esteem
Affect-Satisfaction, JudgmentSocial Sanction
Judgment-Social Sanction
Text 3 - Editorial: Integrity key for Jokowi
No.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Items
We apparently must wait another day before
learning who will form the working team that will
assist President Joko ‘Jokowi’ Widodo in
implementing his vision and the mission of his
government during the next five years as he needs
to ensure that the core members of the team have
impeccable integrity.
It is heartening to learn though that the short delay
in Jokowi’s announcement of his Cabinet has
nothing to do with horse trading to strengthen his
coalition at the House of Representatives.
Jokowi’s obsession with having people of
integrity fill the ministerial positions ‘to the extent
that honesty and sincerity is everything’ is
understandable because integrity and competent
leadership are his basic political capital in winning
the trust of the people.
Likewise, the government should work
immediately to revise the 2015 state budget,...
..., the new government will have to intensify tax
collection during the last quarter to maintain the
budget deficit at 2.4 percent of gross domestic
deficit as set in the State Budget Law.
Attitude
Judgment-Social Sanction,
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Sanction,
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Sanction,
Judgment-Social Sanction,
Judgment-Social Sanction,
Appreciation-Reaction,
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Sanction
Judgment-Social Esteem
Text 4 - Editorial: Showtime for Jokowi
No.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Items
On Monday, the new President proved his
doubters wrong.
In addressing the APEC CEO forum on Monday,
Jokowi lived up to his status as the CEO of
Indonesia, ...
..., convincing the international business
community that the time was right for it to bring
money and technologies to Indonesia.
As a former businessman, he understands well
how to do business in Indonesia.
..., but Jokowi left his own impression with a
down-to-earth approach.
It is understandable that he wanted to concentrate
on pressing domestic matters and perhaps felt
nervous to negotiate with global leaders [...].
These will be easier for him because now his selfconfidence has grown stronger and many
28
Attitude
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Sanction
Appreciation-Reaction,
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Esteem
Judgment-Social Sanction
Appreciation-Reaction, AffectInsecurity
Judgment-Social Esteem,
Judgment-Social Esteem
23.
24.
25.
participants of the upcoming summits also
attended the Beijing forum.
His colleagues want to hear directly from the Judgment-Social