Land Degradation Evaluation in Medan City, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia

  2 nd International Conference on Tropical Biology “Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions ”, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-INDONESIA, 12-13 OCTOBER 2015 Land Degradation Evaluation as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Medan City North Sumatra Indonesia

LAND DEGRADATION EVALUATION AS AN EFFORT TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION

   2

  1 Agroecotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl.

  A.Sofyan No. 3 Kampus USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia email

  2 Forestry Study Program,Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma Ujung No. 1 Kampus USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia email

  Reviewer 2 This abstract explained the necessary information of the research, but not yet showing the relation with the topic selected. The full paper need to include a more detail explanation on the method used (e.g. criteria to select the sample purposively, etc.), result and discussion related with the topic selected, a more concrete conclusion (e.g. characteristics, causes, efforts, implication for each point sample) and implication.

• Corresponding author

  Keywords: Climate change, environmental, Medan City, mitigation, prevention

  INTRODUCTION

  Medan city , which is the capital of North Sumatra province , has with an area reaching 26,510 hectares (265.10 km

  ’s dense population and settlements City with an area of 26,510 ha (3.6% of the total area of North Sumatra) has 21 districts and 151 subdistricts. The density of population and settlement, as well as its flourishinghighindustrial and trading activities economic activities (industry and trade) are significantly contributing to rapid highly influential to land degradation. This study was aimed to evaluate the land characteristics and uses of land , to analyze the main causes of land degradation, and to explore efforts in preventingland degradation in Medan City. This study was cC onducted in June to October 2014 , the study coveredon various types of land use, such as residential, industrial, and commercial areasas well as the areas for food crops, horticulture, permanent vegetated lands (parks, green open spaces, mangrove forests and urban forests). The study was conducted using a Ss urvey method method was used to collect primary data and soil samples by purposive sampling. From each type of land use, at least three observed points were taken as a minimum of 30 sample points. The results showed that the rate of erosion on dry land in the area (which area?) ranged from 1.86 to 29.06 tons/ha/yr.The critical area of 5.15 ha (0.02%) while the potential critical of 21219.35 ha (74.99%) and the moderate critical area of 7,071 ha (24.99% of the total land area of Medan). These findings provided options to maintain the quality of land So that land in Medan City maintained its quality then some action needs to be done , such as :proper land use according to land characteristics and the capability, increas ing th e of number of tress, prevention of pollution, both by domestic sewage and industrial waste through the application of environmentally friendly technologies, maintaining mangrove forests andland utilization balance between the interests of technical civil (building) and aspects of vegetative (green open space).In order to mitigate climate change in Medan City, it is important to evaluate d lan d degradation as one of the efforts of climate change mitigation.

  ), or 3.6% of the total area of the province. North

  Sumatra, aA large part of the City is in the lower reaches of the Deli watershed, a small

  portion is in the lower reaches of the Belawanwatershed (West) and in the downstream Percutwatershed (eastern). Medan city has 21 sub-districts and 151 villages with a large population that is quite large, which amounted to of 2,109,339 people soulsat night and

  during the day could reach 2.5 million. Being With its position in the downstream of Deli watershed, and Percutand BelawanWatershed s which have is accompanied by dense

  population and settlement s , as well as high and diverse economic activit iesy and

  diverse (mainly industry and trade), environmental enables damage ( degradation )is Commented [SD1]: Please check, if the the abstract is improved & full paper is written by paying attention to the Reviewers’ comments in the reviewed abstract: Reviewer 1 Generally is good, full paper must reflect the abstract content.

  ABSTRACT As the capital city of North Sumatra Province, Medan

  Formatted: Highlight Commented [S2]: Actually, there is nothing new about these things. Unless you can justify that the local government of Medan City has really committed to implement these options.

  Formatted: Highlight Formatted: Highlight Commented [S3]: Or trees? Formatted: Highlight Formatted: Highlight Formatted: Highlight Commented [S4]: This is already part of proper land use Formatted: Highlight Formatted: Highlight Commented [S5]: Very sweeping generalization. It is not as easy as this Commented [S6]: The introduction was not able to establish the relationship of having land assessment as an effort to mitigage climate change in Medan City! There is a poor justification on the conduct of the research in relation to the title! Commented [S7]: Please be exact on the population data whether at day or night. There should only be one statistics on this.

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2 International Conference on Tropical Biology “Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions ”, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-INDONESIA, 12-13 OCTOBER 2015

  inevitable happen in all the land footprint, particularly in the form of pollution, land

  compaction, and inundation. Such environmental degradation affects the Soil damage is

  certain to impact on thecapacity quality of the soil for better production and health status of the public. the environment that cause a decrease in the quality of public health.

  Soil degradation can be in the form of loss of potential productivity / fertility or increased content of chemical elements in the soil which can be toxic to the limit as a result of natural factors or human activity. Degradation of soil degradation can include physical, chemical, and biological processes. Among the soil physical degradation is the decline in soil structure that leads to hardening / compaction, erosion, desertification, anaerobisme, and environmental pollution. Significant chemical degradation includes acidification, washing, salinization, decreased cation capacity, and decreased fertility. Biological processes including the reduction of total biomass carbon, and soil biodiversity decline.

  Based on the explanation above, this it is important to study was thus conducted to

  determine the rate of land degradation of land, in the city of Medan in order to obtain information about the extent of the level of damage that occurred, thefactors underlying

  cause s of the damage, and the needed efforts to prevent further , and the spread of damage

  to the land. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of land and to analyze the main causes of land degradation as well as the effort to prevention of environmental damage in the Medan city.

  Commented [S8]: This section needs more elaboration

MATERIALS AND METHODS

  This study was conducted in June to October 2014 on various types of land use, such as residential, industrial, and commercial area and the area for food crops, horticulture, permanent vegetated lands (parks, green open spaces, mangrove forests and urban forest). The study method used the is survey method in with the collecti ngon of field data and soil Commented [S9]: What field data were collected? Were there

  respondents or just review of secondary data from the city

  sampl inges w asere done intentionally ( purposive ly sampling) . The methods of analysis of

  government? How did you analyze the survey results? What

  soil samples for each parameter followed the were observed refer to Appendix Government statistical method was used to analyze the results? Regulation No. 150 of 2000 on Damage Criteria Raw Land for Biomass Production (PP No.

  Commented [S10]: Why did you do purposive sampling? How many samples did you collect per land type/use? 150 of 2000) .

  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Commented [S11]: The authors failed to relate their findings to climate change mitigation. They also failed to properly cite relevant literatures to further analyze the findings as well as give

  Depth of Solum implications!

  One of the criteria for a level of degraded land, especially in dry land can be viewed from the thickness / depth of solumsoil . The soil is considered gG ood soi l when the depth / thickness of solum can meet the needs of plants for nutrient s sources (nutrients) plant and

  the plant’s root system is able to establish a place / medium optimal anchorage to the plant roots . The depths of solum observ ed for ation fields of each soil sample location sto a depth of solum in Medan are presented in Table 1. From this Based on Table , 1 it can be seen

  that the city of Medan City has a land types in the form of dry land s and wetlands which are located at an elevation (altitude) rang ing es from 2 to- 67 meters above sea level. Most

  common uses for Type of use on dry land s include sforest, tree plantation (e.g., crops consists of forest trees, coconut s) trees and a garden / forest parkstown .

  Solum depth of soil on dry land in the city of Medan City ranges between 25 to -

  61 cm. Solum depth as this is still above the critical threshold (> 20 cm) when viewed by Criteria Raw Land Damage for Biomass Production (Indonesian Government Regulation No. 150 of 2000).When the review is based morphological characteristics of the soil with the criteria thickness / depth <25 cm is classified as very shallow, thickness / relatively shallow depth

  Land Degradation Evaluation as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Medan City North Sumatra Indonesia

  2 nd International Conference on Tropical Biology “Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions ”, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-INDONESIA, 12-13 OCTOBER 2015 Land Degradation Evaluation as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Medan City North Sumatra Indonesia

  28

  40

  34

  17 D30 3.53783 98.69933 Harjosari Ii Medan Amplas Tebu

  73

  26

  16 D29 3.55585 98.68313 KampungBaru Medan Maimun Taman Rekreasi PPKS

  25

  15 D28 3.57646 98.66915 Madras Hulu Medan Polonia Taman Kota

  27

  53

  4

  14 D25 3.76135 98.67292 PulauSicanang MedanBelawan Kelapa

  30

  5

  13 D24 3.73328 98.67594 PekanLabuhan Medan Labuhan Pisang

  30

  9

  18 D32 3.55569 98.71161 Binjai Medan Denai Tebu

  40

  25

  19

  16

  24 D38 3.62232 98.69332 IndraKasih Medan Tembung LahanKoson g

  45

  16

  Pisang

  23 D37 3.61661 98.68960 TegalRejo Medan Perjuangan Semak +

  30

  22 D36 3.60714 98.69975 Sidorejo Medan Tembung UbiSayur

  19 D33 3.58544 98.70423 Tegal Sari I Medan Area Semak

  30

  18

  21 D35 3.60049 98.71153 BantanTimur Medan Tembung Semak

  30

  21

  20 D34 3.59198 98.72084 Bantan Medan Tembung Semak

  30

  24

  12 D22 3.69639 98.66514 RengasPulau Medan Marelan Sayuran

  7

  of 25-50 cm, thickness / depth of 50-90 cm is classified and depth> 90 cm belonging to the (Hardjowigeno and Sukmana, 1995 ), then the depth of the soil in Medan can be grouped into two katergori is shallow and moderate. Based on the criteria it can be seen that the land in Medan relatively shallow and moderate.

  29

  Tuntungan Hutan

  4 D07 3.52292 98.60843

KemenanganT

ani Medan

  50

  67

  Kacangan

  3 D06 3.49973 98.61046 Sidomulyo Medan Tuntungan Kacang-

  61

  2 D04 3.56444 98.61502 AsamKumbang Medan Selayang Semangka

  45

  52

  31

  1 D02 3.56837 98.61788 AsamKumbang Medan Selayang Ubi kayu

  (m.dpl) Solumd epth (Cm)

  Coordinate (LONG) Village Sub DIstrict Land Cover Elevasi

  Sampel Code Coordinate (LAT)

  No.

  Table 1. The geographical position, elevation, land use type, s patial r egions and depth of solum soil sample sites on dry land Medan

  52

  5 D08 3.51860 98.66699 Gedung Johor Medan Johor Hutan

  11 D18 3.70700 98.67944 RengasPulau Medan Marelan Taman Kota

  27

  45

  6

  10 D17 3.68848 98.63600 Terjun Medan Marelan SawidanKan gkung

  41

  24

  9 D14 3.58434 98.65913 Babura Medan Baru Taman Kota

  37

  8 D13 3.57687 98.67643 Jati Medan Maimun Taman Kota

  44

  55

  29

  7 D11 3.58127 98.61488 Sunggal Medan Sunggal Jabon

  43

  45

  Tuntungan Jagung

  6 D10 3.53558 98.60569

TanjungSelam

at Medan

  40

  25

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  KarangBeromb

  25 D39 3.62174 98.66562 Medan Barat Ubi kayu

  18

  48 ak SeiPutih

  26 D40 3.60089 98.65898 Medan Petisah Ubi kayu

  22

  40 Tengah

  Dry land in Medan who belong to a depth of solum sample location was only 5 or 19% of the sample points are observed, while the remaining 21 locations sampled, or 81% of the sample points are observed at a depth relatively shallow solum. The facts above show that although the lands in Medan no one has entered the category below the critical threshold based PP. No. 150 (2000), but the distribution of land belonging to the superficial criteria of reaching 81% of the sample locations are spread from upstream to downstream and categories were only 19%, while classified in the category (> 90 cm) no (0%) then the tendency to Further degradation reaches a critical threshold is likely to occur.

  Setbacks soil depth in Medan can occur as a result of intensive erosion, especially in the upper reaches of Medan as in the district of Medan and Medan Johor Tuntungan up to the middle of the city of Medan as in MedanAmplas, Medan Selayang, Sunggal and Medan Helvetia Sub-Sistrict. While the decline of soil depth in the lower reaches of the city of Medan may occur mainly caused by compaction (compection) due to the intensity of human activity is very high as well can be caused by erosion.

  Shallow Groundwater Depth

  Shallow ground water is underground water (ground water or water table) that can be close to or above the soil surface. Shallow ground water appeared in regions or landscapes basin which is then referred to as wetlands. Wetland itself is defined as land that is the source of water comes from ground water (ground water) that the landscape may be in the rice fields, marshes, ponds, lakes or reservoirs, so that water could inundate or close to the ground throughout the season. While the land is the source of water comes from rainfall (only inundated during the rainy season) and the water becomes very deep soil of> 90 cm during the dry season the land belonging to the dry land.

  Shallow depth of ground water in wetlands in Medan ranged between 0-6 cm. The range of the depth of shallow ground water is not entering into the critical threshold criteria based Damage Criteria Raw Land for Biomass Production (Indonesian Government Regulation No. 150 of 2000) due to the depth of the shallow ground water is still smaller (shallower) than 25 cm.

  Distribution of shallow groundwater depth in Medan are evenly from the upstream area , central to the downstream area of the city of Medan . The existence region with a depth of groundwater largely (9 locations in the sample) in a state of stagnant (0 cm) and just 5 sample points that are below ground level but does not exceed 6 cm describe in the area of Medan there are potential sites for development as land the production of food crops (paddy rice), vegetables (spinach), pool/pond fish and water-based tourist areas , in addition to the development of mangrove forests, particularly in the downstream is in the district of Medan Belawan and Medan Labuhan .

  Composition Fraction Land

  The composition of the soil fraction is the most permanent and important characteristics of the soil in biomass production systems (agriculture, fisheries and forestry). Soil mineral particles size varies from coarse diameter of more than 2 mm until very smooth with a size of less than 2 lm. Soil particles are grouped based on the size of the particles Formatted: Font: Highlight into the rock (gravel) with a diameter of> 2 mm, sand (diameter 0.05 to 2 mm), dust

  Land Degradation Evaluation as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Medan City North Sumatra Indonesia

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  (diameter (.05 to .002 mm), and clay (diameter <0.002 mm). Composition fraction of land that can only be obtained through the analysis of soil samples in labooratorium using these Hydrometer method will then determine the type of soil texture.

  The composition of the soil fractions on dry land Medan, ditinjai of% fraction of sand there are on the critical threshold because it does not contain sand kuarsitik> 80%, but based on the clay content of the sample, there are about 14 points (53.85%) on dry land clay containing <18% were classified into critical thresholds based on PP. No. 150 of 2000 on Damage Criteria Raw Land for Biomass Production.

  The existence of soil clay fraction consisting of clay minerals and oxides amorphous silicates are very important because the role of the clay fraction is the active ingredient making up the ground and determine the nature and capabilities in the provision of land and plant nutrient exchange. While the sand fraction and dust are largely composed of SiO2 is not much role in supplying plant nutrients, and even the presence of excess soil fraction (> 80%) describe land degradation in the form of desertification.

  Sandy soil, namely the soil with sand content of> 70% causes the soil porosity to be low because most of the large-sized pore space (macro) so that good soil aeration, water conductivity fast, but the ability of soil to retain water and keep nutrients low. Excellence sand soil easily processed so as so-called soft ground.

  Land with very high levels of clay fraction (> 45%) is also not good. This soil is relatively high porosity, but is mostly a small-sized pore (micro), so permeability is low and air circulation is less smooth. Clayey soil's ability to store water and nutrients are high, but the water is bound by clay strong enough, so it was difficult absorbed by plants when dry. The clay also called heavy soils because it is difficult processed.

  Argillaceous soil is a land with a proportion of sand, silt, and clay such that its located between sandy and clayey soil. Such land has aeration or air and water system is quite good, the ability to store and provide water for crops is high, and the most optimum soil for plant growth. Thus, based on Table 6 it can be seen that the lands in the city of Medan that is almost entirely memili argillaceous texture (only in two locations textured clayey), so it can be said that the lands in the city of Medan has a good soil fertility levels for biomass production ,

  Weight Fill Land

  Soil bulk density (ρb) or bulk density is the ratio between the total mass of land in the dry state with a volume oven undisturbed soil (soil lumps), provides an overview of the level of friability / soil density. Soil friability level is inversely proportional to the value of soil bulk density. Land with a large bulk density values describe the soil denser than the soil that has a bulk density value is smaller. In other words, the greater the value of the unit weight of the soil, the soil is getting solid and conversely the smaller the value of soil bulk density, soil more friable.

  T he location of the soil samples dry land in the city of Medan that the value of the

  unit weight of the soil into the critical threshold that is greater than 1.40 g / cm3 (according to the PP. No. 150 of 2000 on Damage Criteria Raw Land For Biomass Production) there are only The four locations, as can be seen in Table 2.

  Soil Porosity

  Porosity (η), which is the proportion of the total pore space contained in the unit volume of soil or the ratio of pore space to the total volume of soil is a condition of drainage and soil aeration. This pore space can be occupied by water and soil air. Soil nests (porous)

  

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  means having adequate soil pore space for air and water movement into and out of the matrix / body ground freely.

  Porosity (total pore space) in sandy soils is usually lower than the clayey soil, but the pores in the soil sandy soil pores dominated macro sized (diameter> 90 mm) making it very efficient in the pass the air and water in the soil. Micropores (diameter <30 mm) contained in sandy soils low that low water storing capacity. In contrast to the taah with a high clay content, total space is also high which is dominated by micro pores so the ability to withstand higher water, but the strength of adsorption clay and high water can inhibit the absorption of water by plants. This means land with total soil pores (pororsitas) land that is too high (> 70%) and too low (<30%) are equally poorly and are at a critical threshold by PP. No. 150 of 2000 on Damage Criteria Raw Land For Biomass Production. soil porosity value of all the locations of soil samples on dry land Medan no entry / belonging to the critical threshold according to the PP. No. 150 of 2000, due to the porosity values in the range of> 30% and <70%.

  The D egree of R elease of W ater ( P ermeability) Land

  The degree of release of water or soil permeability that describes the amount of water per unit of time that goes through the surface and move in the soil (cm / h) is an important indicator in conjunction with the ground water system. The dominant soil contains clay fractions will be slower to pass water in the soil mass than the dominant soil containing sand fraction. Soil with a high clay content of the dominant faction have micro pores that are less porous, which in turn would be difficult to pass water, otherwise the soil with a high content of sand fraction will easily pass the water because it has a macro pores that much.

  Soil permeability is too large (> 8.0 cm / hour) with the same lack of good permeability of the soil that is too small (<0.7 cm / hour) and this limit is by PP. No. 150 of 2000 as land critical threshold in terms of the degree of release of water (permeability) soil. only one soil sample point location that has the degree of release of water (permeability) that fall within the critical threshold in Medan, namely in Sub Acid Beetle district of Medan Selayang with a permeability value of 8.52. The soil permeability values exceed the criteria (> 8.0 cm / hour) as the critical threshold based PP. No. 150 of 2000 on Damage Criteria Standard Quality Land for Biomass Production.

  Electrical Conductivity (EC)

  Parameter electric conductivity (EC) is an indicator for lands that have high levels of dissolved salts. Naturally, soils with high levels of dissolved salts like this a lot happening in the climate of the area is very dry (arid), lands in coastal areas that are affected seawater (salt water), and can also occur due to accumulation of salts due irrigation water.

  In the arid regions of dissolved salts in the subsoil can be transported to the soil surface due to evaporation are very strong. The type of soil that is formed here is saline soils, saline-sodic and sodic by varying the amount of content and comparison of types of salts.There are 7 locations of sample points that have a value that goes beyond DHL threshold specified in the PP. No. 150 of 2000 on Damage Criteria Raw Land for Biomass Production amounted to more than 4.0 mS / cm. While the value of the land DHL wetlands in Medan which exceeded the critical threshold reached 8 locations of sample points from 14 sample points wetlands locations were observed.

  Looking from the deployment location of the sample from upstream to downstream in Medan, both on dry land and in wetlands, which have DHL exceeded the critical threshold value (> 4.0 mS / cm) as defined in the PP. No. 150 of 2000 on Damage Criteria Raw Land For Biomass Production then the cause can be classified based on: (1) a source of irrigation water; (2) runoff water (inundation); and (3) water tide. For paddy soil in the upper and

  

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  middle Medan can be ascertained the cause comes from irrigation water contaminated by domestic and industrial wastewater, while the large dry land due to water runoff in the form of floodwaters overflowing from the drainage ditch containing domestic and industrial wastewater when it rains.

  Facts on the ground indicate that many rice water coming from irrigation channels, which constitute a drainage ditch from residential areas (water is black and foul smelling) and some dry land used for the cultivation of dry land farming also has / drainage ditch alongside the people who advance shallow drainage water. DHL high at locations downstream of the sample can be ascertained due to the runoff of the tide as it happened in the sub-district of Medan Belawan and Medan Labuhan Sub- district.

  Acidity (pH) Soil

  Soil acidity expressed with soil pH can be used as an indicator of fertility and degradation of soil chemistry, because it can reflect the availability of nutrients in the soil and cause poisoning micro elements and heavy metals for cultivated plants. In addition to greatly affect the availability of inorganic nutrients, low pH also affects the activity of soil microorganisms to decompose organic matter soil. pH value on all soil samples dry land in Medan no classified into critical threshold as defined in the PP. No. 150 of 2000 on Criteria Raw Biomass Production Damage To Soil with a pH ranging between <4.5 and> 8.5. Some factors that may affect the value of soil acidity in both the area of Medan them by base saturation, colloidal properties of soil, and the kinds of cations are adsorbed on soil colloids. As described earlier that DHL relatively high ground in soils existing with high salt solubility allows the pH value of the soil also be high due to the high solubility of the salt.

  Number of Soil Microbes

  Microbes (microorganisms) soil plays an important role in the dynamics of reactions in the soil and in support of the availability of nutrients and organic matter recycling. The main role of the microbes are as decomposers of organic matter and leaching of nutrients from the mineral soil. Thus, the presence of microorganisms in the soil become an important indicator of the quality of the soil. the amount of soil microbes in the dry land Medan no one is under the critical threshold, even much higher than the critical threshold limits as defined in the PP. Number: 150 2000 Raw Damage Criteria neighbor Land For Biomass Production of <102 cfu / g soil. The same thing happens on the ground wetland in the city of Medan. Although no one goes into the categories below a critical threshold, but there is a tendency that the lands are polluted by domestic waste or industrial waste, both on dry land and in wetlands, has a number of microbes that is smaller than the ground or slightly polluted.

  Soil Erosion

  The computation of soil erosion in dry land Medan using USLE get that value the highest erosion only 29.066 tons / ha / year and the value that can be tolerated erosion (erosion is allowed) ranged from 8.688 to 19.345 tonnes / ha / year. Thus the rate of erosion on dry land in the city of Medan is low to moderate.

  The level of danger is low to moderate erosion can occur due to landscape the area of Medan generally flat to gently sloping land with a kind of sub-groups and the order land DystropeptInceptisol. This is in line with the critical level of soil maps issued by BP- DAS WampuSeiUlar which shows that the land area of Medan potential a critical area of 21219.35 hectares (74.99% of the total land area of Medan); rather critical 7,071 acres

  

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  (24.99%), and critical only 5.15ha (0.02%). Regions with a very wide critical potential in Medan, though at this point not yet critical, but if managed in the wrong way and did follow the soil and water conservation, especially land use that does not comply with the conditions and ability to land the potential area this critical time will turn into critical areas.

  Some things need to be done in maintaining the soil and land in the city of Medan in order not degraded or being critical is the way to use the land according to their ability and spatial established, multiply the tree stands, both in areas specifically designated for it, such as parks and forests the city, as well as in residential areas and along the river-banks, as well as pollution control domestic waste and industrial waste. In the coastal land (department tidal) retained important mangrove forests that sea water intrusion into inland regions can be prevented.

  CONCLUSION S Commented [S12]: This is just a summary of the study and not a conclusion. It also did not show the relationship of these soil properties in relation to climate change.

  Soil properties in Medan that whoare not / do not fall within enter into the critical threshold ( according to the PP. No. 150 of 2000 ) isinclude the depth of the soil solum ( on dry land ) , the depth of the shallow ground water ( wetlands ) , the percentage of sand fraction ( on dry land and wetlands ) , soil porosity ( on dry land ) , and the number of microbes ( on dry land and wetlands ).

  The rate of erosion on dry land in the city of Medan City wa i s low to moderate

  erosion range from(i.e., 1.86 to 29.06 tonnes / ha / year ) such , so that only the critical area covers of 5.15 hectares ( 0.02 % ) ; , while that has not (potential ) kritia critical consists of reach 21219.35 hectares ( 74.99 % ) ; and the somewhat critical area comprises of 7,071 hectares ( 24.99 % ) of the total land area of Medan ) .

  Commented [SD13]: Reference must include ONLY the REFERENCES references cited in the content. If these references were really used, then clarify each reference in the cited sentences in the content.

  Alexander, M.1977. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. John Wiley & Sons. New York. Commented [SD14]: There is no citation of this reference in the

  content of the full paper?

  Allison, F.E. 1973. Soil Organic Matter and Its Role in Crop Production. Elsevier

  Commented [SD15]: There is no citation of this reference in the Sci.Publ.Co. New York. content of the full paper?

  Arsyad, S. 1979. Soil Conservation (Konservasi Tanah). Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor.

  Commented [SD16]: There is no citation of this reference in the content of the full paper?

  Djaenuddin, dkk. 1994. Kesesuaian Lahan untuk Tanaman Pertanian dan Tanaman

  Kehutanan (Land Suitability for Crop Agriculture and Forestry Plant). Technical Commented [SD17]: There is no citation of this reference in the Reports 7 version 1.0 Centre for Soil and Agroclimate Research. Bogor. content of the full paper?

  Fletcher, J.R., dan R.G. Gibb. 1990. Pedoman Survai Lahan untuk Perencanaan Konservasi Tanah di Indonesia. Guidelines for Land Survey for Soil Conservation planning in Indonesia. Indonesia-New Zealand Land Resource Mapping Project.

  Commented [SD18]: There is no citation of this reference in the Department of Forestry. Jakarta. content of the full paper?

  Djaenuddin, et al. 1994. Land Suitability for Crop Agriculture and Forestry Plant. Technical

  Commented [SD19]: There is no citation of this reference in the Reports 7 version 1.0 Centre for Soil and Agroclimate Research. Bogor. content of the full paper? This reference is just the English version of the Djaenuddin in the

  Foth, H.D. 1984. Fundamentals of Soil Science. (Translation). GadjahMada University first paragraph of this page? Press. Yogyakarta.

  Land Degradation Evaluation as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Medan City North Sumatra Indonesia

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2 International Conference on Tropical Biology “Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions ”, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-INDONESIA, 12-13 OCTOBER 2015

  Commented [SD20]: There is no citation of this reference in the Hardjowigeno, S. 2007. Ilmu Tanah (Soil Science). Akapress.Jakarta. content of the full paper?

  Hardjowigeno, S., dan S. Sukmana. 1995. Menentukan Tingkat Bahaya Erosi (Determining Erosion Hazard Level). Centre For SoilandAgroclimate Research. Bogor. Iswati, A. 2006. Evaluasi degradasi tanah dan perubahan kesesuaian lahan pada kebun kelapa sawit (Studi kasus di kebun plasma kelapa sawit Pir-Trans. PTP MitraOgan

  Sumatera Selatan Evaluation of soil degradation and changes in land suitability in oil palm plantations (A case study on oil palm smallholdings Pir-Trans. PTP MitraOgan South Sumatra. J. Soil Tropical. 12 (1): 69-76. Commented [SD21]: There is no citation of this reference in the

  content of the full paper?

  Lal, R.1985. Soil erosion and its relation to productivity in tropical soil. Dalam: El-Swaify,

  Commented [SD22]: There is no citation of this reference in the S.A., W.C.Moldenhauer, danL.Andrew (eds). Soil Erosion and Conservation. content of the full paper? Commented [SD23]: There is no citation of this reference in the Lindsay, W.L. 1979. Chemical equilibria in soils. John Wiley & Sons. New York. content of the full paper?

  Peraturan Pemerintah RI. No. 150 Tahun 2000 Tentang Pengendalian Kerusakan Tanah Untuk Produksi Biomassa. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2000 Nomor 267 (Government Regulation. No. 150 2000 About on the Soil Degradation Control For Biomass Production). State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2000 Number 267.

  Sanchez, P.A. 1976. Properties and management of soils in the tropics. John Wiley & Sons.

  New York.

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  Sarief, H.E.S. 1989. Fisika-Kimia Tanah Pertanian. Pustaka Buana. Bandung. Commented [SD25]: There is no citation of this reference in the

  content of the full paper?

  Tan, K.H. 1995. Principle of Soil Chemistry. Marcel Dekker. New York. Commented [SD26]: There is no citation of this reference in the

  content of the full paper?

  Wischmeier,W.H., dan D.D.Smith. 1978. Predicting Rainfall Erosion Loss. A Guide to

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  Land Degradation Evaluation as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Medan City North Sumatra Indonesia

  2 nd

   International Conference on Tropical Biology Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions

  SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-Indonesia, 12-13 October 2015

Review Result Sheet

  Registration Information Registration No.

  2ICTB-OR-0017 Presentation type Oral Title Land Degradation Evaluation as An Effort to Climate Change Mitigation in Medan City North Sumatra Indonesia Sub-theme Ecological Restoration, Biodiversity, and Climate Change Topic The role of restoration in mitigating and adapting to climate change

  Review Result and Decision Presentation type Poster

Title Land Degradation Evaluation as an Effort to Climate Change Mitigation

in Medan City North Sumatra Indonesia Sub-theme

  1. Approaches, Techniques and Innovations in Ecological Restoration Topic 1c. Restoration in an urban context

  Reviewers’ comments Reviewer 1 Generally is good, full paper must reflect the abstract content.

  

Reviewer 2 This abstract explained the necessary information of the research, but

not yet showing the relation with the topic selected. The full paper need to include a more detail explanation on the method used (e.g. criteria to select the sample purposively, etc.), result and discussion related with the topic selected, a more concrete conclusion (e.g. characteristics, causes, efforts, implication for each point sample) and implication.

  Congratulation! Should this decision acceptable to you, kindly confirm by July 15, 2015 to: secretariat@biotrop.org (with cc to ellynk.damayanti@gmail.com), by mentioning the following: (1) I agree/not agree with the decision and confirm/not confirm to submit a full paper by August 8, 2015 and present the paper as per the decision.

  

(2) I would like to make a payment by August 8, 2015 for (please choose the appropriate

one/s): One/two full papers (including one presenter) Participation of co- author/s (….. person/s) Proceeding

  We are looking forward to having you in the Conference.

  nd

2 International Conference on Tropical Biology

  Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-Indonesia, 12-13 October 2015

  Notes Sub-themes Topics

  1. Approaches, Techniques and 1a. Restoration in parks and protected areas Innovations in Ecological 1b. Restoration in Agro-ecological and silvicultural Restoration systems

  1c. Restoration in an urban context 1d. Restoration in mined areas 1e. Community and Landscape Scale Restoration

  

2. Socio-economic, Cultural and 2a. Traditional ecological knowledge and community-

Ethical Dimensions of Ecological based restoration Restoration 2b. Monitoring and adaptive management

  

3. Ecological Restoration, 3a. Threatened and endangered species, populations

Biodiversity, and Climate Change and habitats 3b. Invasive species management 3c. The role of restoration in mitigating and adapting to climate change

  4. Ecological restoration policies and 4a. Planning and decision-making frameworks on other legal frameworks ecological restoration 4b. Effectivity & efficiency of policies and legal frameworks on ecological restoration 4c. Science and policy interactions in determining ecological restoration options

  nd

2 International Conference on Tropical Biology

  Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-Indonesia, 12-13 October 2015

  Guidelines for Poster Preparation Size of the poster  Each poster must be prepared as standing x-banner 60 x 160 cm, portrait style, and brought on the day of the Seminar.

  

 Posters which are not an x-standing banner as the prescribed-size will not be allowed to

be displayed.  Poster must contain information on the following: poster title, names of authors, institution and e-mail address of each author, introduction, method, result & discussion, conclusion, reference, acknowledgment (if necessary).

  

 Poster must also show the Registration number of the poster, the Conference name and

Theme, Conference Organizer (SEAMEO BIOTROP), and place and date of conference (SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-Indonesia, 12-13 October 2015).

 The Organizing Committee will only provide space for standing banner, therefore the

poster presenters must bring their own standing banner frames/legs.

  nd

2 International Conference on Tropical Biology

  Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-Indonesia, 12-13 October 2015

  Reference: 084/ICTB/VII/2015 July 6, 2015 Dear Dr. Rahmawaty,

nd

  

Thank you for your abstract submission to the 2 International Conference on Tropical Biology:

“Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions”. nd

  

I am pleased to inform you that the 2 International Conference on Tropical Biology Scientific

Committee has accepted your abstract (2ICTB-OR-0017 ) entitled “Land degradation evaluation

as an effort to climate change mitigation in Medan City North Sumatra Indonesia ” for Poster presentation in the technical session of 1c. Restoration in an urban context.

Please prepare your full paper based on the guidelines for full paper preparation and submission,

which you will find at and use the

attached full paper template. Please refer to the attached Review Result Sheet for the comments

from reviewers for the improvement of your full paper and submit the Confirmation as

requested. In order to submit your full paper, you will need to login to your account, using your

username and password. The full paper must be submitted no later than August 8, 2015 at

23:59 GMT+7.

  

If you submitted multiple abstracts, you will receive review result announcement for each

abstract and you need to submit the full papers too. Your submission is considered valid when

registration fee is paid no later than August 8, 2015 at 23:59 GMT+7. One registration fee is

only valid for two full papers with the same first author.

  

Delegates requiring official letter of invitation from the Conference Organizing Committee to

support their visa application may request this after the registration fee payment is verified. Should you need assistance or more detail information, please contact: bio-ictb@biotrop.org

Once again, congratulation on the acceptance of your abstract for the Conference and I am

looking forward to meeting you in Bogor during the Conference.

  Yours sincerely,