SAP Implementation Unleashed Ebook free dowwnload
George W. Anderson Charles D. Nilson, Jr. Tim Rhodes
SAP
Implementation
U N L E A S H E DA Business and Technical Roadmap to Deploying SAP
800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA SAP Implementation Unleashed: A Business and Technical Roadmap to Deploying SAP
Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
ISBN-10: 0-672-33004-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Anderson, George W.
SAP implementation unleashed : a business and technical roadmap to deploying SAP / George W. Anderson, Charles D. Nilson, Jr., Tim Rhodes. p. cm. Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-672-33004-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. SAP ERP. 2. Integrated software 3. Business—Data processing. I. Nilson, Charles D. II. Rhodes, Tim. III. Title. QA76.76.I57.A65 2009 004'.36—dc22
2009013560 Printed in the United States of America First Printing May 2009
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Editor-in-Chief Mark Taub Acquisitions Editor Trina MacDonald Development Editor Michael Thurston Managing Editor Patrick Kanouse Project Editor Tonya Simpson Copy Editor Bill McManus Indexer Ken Johnson Proofreader Paula Lowell Technical Editor AJ Whalen Publishing Coordinator Olivia Basegio Designer Gary Adair Compositor Jake McFarland
ISBN-13: 978-0-672-33004-9
Contents at a Glance
Introduction....................................................................................................1
Part I: Setting the Stage
1 What It Means to Implement SAP................................................................13
2 SAP Projects: Characteristics and Themes ....................................................29
3 Business Vision..............................................................................................57
4 ERP Solution Vision ......................................................................................69
5 Financial Impact: Total Cost of Ownership .................................................93
6 Managing Knowledge and the Knowledge Repository ..............................121
Part II: Getting Started
7 Project Management Checkpoint 1: Groundwork.....................................133
8 Building the SAP Project Management Office............................................153
9 SAP Project Management............................................................................169
10 No Implementation Is an Island: Partners Required .................................185
11 Building the SAP Project Team ...................................................................205
12 Staffing World-Class SAP Project Leadership .............................................227
13 Staffing the SAP Business Teams.................................................................257
14 Staffing the SAP Technical Support Organization......................................269
15 High Availability Considerations and Solutions ........................................291
16 Disaster Recovery Considerations and Solutions .......................................317
17 Availability and Recoverability: Organizational Factors ............................341
18 Introduction to SAP Platform Sizing ..........................................................363
19 Conducting the SAP Platform Sizing Process .............................................385
20 Training SAP Staff .......................................................................................407
21 Developing the SAP Data Center................................................................433
Part III: SAP Realization/Functional Development
22 Project Management Checkpoint 2: Revisiting Key Artifacts . ..................467
23 Preparing for SAP Component Installations . ............................................479
24 Installing SAP NetWeaver Components . ...................................................509
25 Installing SAP Business Suite Components . ..............................................527
26 Functional Development ............................................................................545
27 Functional Configuration Change Control. ..............................................565
28 Functional, Integration, and Regression Testing. ......................................577
29 Advanced Concepts: Unlocking SAP with SOA and Web Services ............595
Part IV: Planning for Go-Live
30 Project Management Checkpoint 3: Project Team Retention....................611
31 SAP Infrastructure Operational Considerations .........................................625
32 SAP Infrastructure and Platform Testing ....................................................641
33 SAP Load and Stress Testing........................................................................657
34 Technical Change Control..........................................................................687
35 SAP Systems and Operations Management. ..............................................717
36 Preparing for SAP Go-Live ..........................................................................745
Part V: Appendixes A Case Study Answers ....................................................................................775 B SAP Acronyms .................................................................................795 Index .
.....................................................................................................................821
Table of Contents
The Changing Business and IT Landscape..........................................14 One-Stop SAP Shopping . ....................................................................14 An Unbiased View . .............................................................................15
Our Take on “Best Practices” ...............................................................17 Common Practices. .............................................................................17 The Four Priorities of an SAP Implementation ...................................17
A History Lesson ..................................................................................19 SAP Business Suite Components: The Big Picture ..............................20 How to Speak SAP: Terms and Terminology .......................................21 SAP NetWeaver: Enabling Business Solutions .....................................22 SAP Component Naming Conventions ..............................................23
Business Roadmap ...............................................................................23 Technology Roadmap ..........................................................................24 Project Management Roadmap ...........................................................25
Application Integration .......................................................................33 Improved Operational Reporting ........................................................33 Improved Strategic Reporting..............................................................34 Flexible Business Process Support .......................................................34
SAP Implementation Unleashed
Promoting Buy-in Throughout the Company ....................................37 Determining Realistic Service Levels. .................................................37 Estimating ROI Early in the Game. ....................................................38 The Importance of a Methodology . ...................................................39 Pinning Down the Initial Implementation Budget ............................41 Establishing the General Structure and Roles of the Steering
Committee.........................................................................................42 Pushing Business Unit Buy-in .............................................................44 Identifying Major Milestones ..............................................................45
SAP Enterprise Architecture Framework..............................................47 SAP NetWeaver Platform . ...................................................................47
The SAP System Landscape .................................................................49 Giving Attention to Change Control..................................................51 Establishing the SAP Support Organization........................................52
Key Business Drivers ............................................................................60 Must Haves and More..........................................................................60
Lewin’s Unfreeze/Refreeze Change Model ..........................................61 Burke-Litwin Organization Change and Performance Model ............62 Orlikowski and Hofman’s Improvisational Change Model for ERP ...63
Access Strategy .....................................................................................65 Capacity or Applications On Demand Strategy..................................65 Data Services Strategy ..........................................................................66 Information Technology Location Strategy ........................................66
Contents
SAP System Landscape Requirements .................................................74 Business Application Tenets . ..............................................................75
Simplifying Your SAP System Landscape ............................................78 High Availability and the SAP System Landscape ..............................79 Disaster Recovery Considerations . .....................................................80 Addressing Training Requirements . ...................................................80 The Performance-Driven System Landscape . .....................................81 Driving Scalability into Your System Landscape . ..............................82 The TCO-Driven System Landscape. ..................................................84 Infrastructure Security Considerations. ..............................................85 Manageability Considerations. ...........................................................85 The System Landscape and Accessibility . ..........................................86
Prerequisites of IT Outsourcing ...........................................................87 Potential Benefits of Outsourcing SAP Infrastructure.........................88 Shortcomings of Outsourcing in the Real World................................89 Analyzing Outsourcing Versus Doing It Yourself................................90 Hosting Providers for SAP....................................................................91
The Impact of High Availability Requirements ..................................97 Disaster Recovery Requirements That Drive TCO ..............................98 Performance Requirements and TCO. ..............................................101 How Scalability Impacts Total Cost. .................................................102 Other SAP Solution Vision Drivers. ..................................................103
Standardization and Total Cost of Ownership .................................104 Server Considerations . ......................................................................105 Disk Subsystem Hardware Dimensions . ...........................................106 Operating System TCO . ....................................................................107 Relational Database TCO. .................................................................108 SAP Application Layer Costs . ...........................................................109 Upgrading the Technology Stack . ....................................................112 Other SAP Technology Stack TCO Considerations ...........................112
SAP Implementation Unleashed
Attracting and Retaining Support Staff .............................................114 Maintenance Costs . ..........................................................................115 Financing Options . ...........................................................................115 Operations and Systems Management Costs ....................................116 TCO Risk Factors. ..............................................................................117
Planning/Project Management Knowledge.......................................123 Staffing Knowledge. ..........................................................................123 Business Vision, Requirements, and Functionality Knowledge........123 Solution Vision and Application/Business Scenario Knowledge ......124 SAP System Landscape Knowledge. ..................................................124 Installation and Configuration Knowledge . ....................................124
Using SAP KM and the SAP Knowledge Warehouse .........................125 Using SAP Content Server for Enterprise Knowledge
Management....................................................................................126 Using Third-Party KM Software Applications ...................................126 Using Popular Collaboration Tools ...................................................127 Using Other Legacy KM Approaches ................................................127
Project Management Key Themes .....................................................134 Project Management Process Groups ................................................136 Project Environment . .......................................................................137 Interpersonal Skills and Business Management Expertise ................139
Choosing the Project Initiator or Sponsor........................................140 Developing a Project Charter ............................................................140
Contents Developing a Preliminary Scope Statement......................................141 Developing a Preliminary Project Budget . .......................................142
Developing the Project Management Plan .......................................143 Addressing Scope Definition and Documentation ...........................144 Creating the Project Schedule . .........................................................144 Establishing Project Standards . ........................................................144 Validating the Project Budget. ..........................................................145 Creating a Communications Plan. ...................................................145 Creating the Training Plan . ..............................................................145 Creating the Data Migration Plan. ...................................................145 Creating the RICEF Plan. ..................................................................145
Managing Deliverables ......................................................................146 Reviewing Requested Changes ..........................................................146 Implementing Change Requests .......................................................147 Performing Corrective and Preventative Actions .............................147 Updating the Risk Management Plan ...............................................147 Gathering Work Performance Information.......................................147 Issue Management Systems ...............................................................147
Scope Verification and Scope Control ..............................................149 Schedule and Cost Control . .............................................................149 Quality Management. .......................................................................149 Performance Reporting. ....................................................................150 Stakeholder Management. ................................................................150 Communication . ..............................................................................150 Change Management and Control . .................................................151
Creating the PMO..............................................................................154 Program Management Elements .......................................................155
Establishing a PMO Organizational Structure ..................................158 SAP PMO Project Portfolio Projects. .................................................161
SAP Implementation Unleashed Developing a PMO Charter ...............................................................161 Measuring PMO Effectiveness ...........................................................161
PMO Roles..........................................................................................162 Assembling the PMO Team ...............................................................163 Linking the PMO to the Organization..............................................163
Program Management Tools..............................................................164 Program Management Templates and Accelerators ..........................165 SAP Solution Manager . .....................................................................165
Managing Scope.................................................................................171 Managing Business Expectations ......................................................171
Project Preparation Phase ..................................................................172 Business Blueprint Phase ...................................................................176 Realization Phase . .............................................................................178 Final Preparation Phase . ...................................................................180 Go-Live and Support Phase ...............................................................181 Mapping SAP Project Phases to PMI Process Groups........................181
SAP Business and Application Partners .............................................186 SAP Technical Partners . ....................................................................188 SAP Project Management Partners . ..................................................188 Finding the Right Partner. ................................................................188 Other Partners and Vendors . ............................................................190
Developing a Request for Information .............................................191 An Alternative to the RFI: Iterative Sizing ........................................192
Contents
Quality of Deliverables ......................................................................196 Delivery Timeline . ............................................................................196 Naming Conventions ........................................................................197 Documentation Requirements and Standards ..................................197 The Kickoff Meeting ..........................................................................197
Training Your Own Staff: Intellectual Capital Versus
Inexperience ....................................................................................199 Hiring Consultants: Quality Versus Budget ......................................200 Consultants Versus Internal Resources in the Real World................201
Adopting a Change Model ................................................................207 Addressing Project Team Design and Structural Evolution ..............208 Facing Virtually Managed Project Team Challenges.........................209 Enabling ERP Effectiveness Through Process Orientation................210 Maximizing ERP Effectiveness in the Wake of Change ....................210 Maximizing Effectiveness by Managing Cultural Change ...............211
Project Team Leadership Implications . ............................................212 The Communication Plan: Networking for Success and Survival....212 Improving Organizational Decision Making Through Knowledge ..214
The Role of the PMO .........................................................................215 The Program Manager Role . .............................................................215 Project Executive Champion .............................................................216 Building the Project Board . ..............................................................216 Building the Customer Board............................................................217 The Breadth and Depth of the Business Team..................................217 The SAP Technical Support Organization .........................................218
SAP Implementation Unleashed
Authoritarian Leadership...................................................................229 Servant Leadership.............................................................................231 Transactional Leadership ...................................................................232 Contingency Leadership....................................................................233 Transformational Leadership.............................................................234
Modeling Ethical Leadership.............................................................236 Managing Diversity and Cultural Differences ..................................237
Leadership and Motivation ...............................................................238 Leadership and Character. ................................................................238
Leadership Plans: Vision and Mission...............................................240 Building an Effective Personal Leadership Plan................................241 Implementing a Personal Leadership Plan .......................................242
Questionnaire ...........................................................................................243
Background Data on SapIT................................................................244 Hiring and Transitioning PM1 ..........................................................245 Introducing PM2. ..............................................................................246 How Culture and Diversity Impacted SapIT .....................................247 Leadership Development Failures .....................................................247 Transformational Strengths and Weaknesses....................................248 Transactional and Laissez-Faire Strengths and Weaknesses..............249 Strengths and Weaknesses Relative to Outcome Factors ..................250 Modeling Transformational Leadership Within SapIT .....................250 Assisting SapIT in Achieving Its Business Goals and Objectives ......251 Conflict Resolution and Other Organizational Considerations .......252 Additional Strengths and Vulnerabilities ..........................................253 SapIT Outcome and Summary ..........................................................253
Contents
Find Your Visionaries.........................................................................258 Find Your Talent . ..............................................................................258
Executive Level ..................................................................................259 Management Level ............................................................................259 Subject Matter Experts.......................................................................260
Integrating for Success.......................................................................262 Organizing for Decision Making .......................................................263 Maintaining Balance. ........................................................................264
Obtaining Top-Down Buy-In.............................................................264 Providing Clear Job Definitions . ......................................................265 Communicating Regularly with the Business Team .........................265 Establishing Work Time Expectations...............................................265 Reviewing Business Team Realities....................................................266
Senior SAP Basis Specialist .................................................................271 Operating System Specialist for SAP .................................................272 SAP Front-End Deployment Specialist ..............................................272 SAP Data Specialist . ..........................................................................273
Best Practices for the Rapid Deployment Approach .........................275 Steps of the Rapid Deployment Approach. ......................................277 Key Interview Techniques and Approaches . ....................................282
Internal Transfers...............................................................................286 External Consultants and Contractors..............................................286 External Employee New Hires ...........................................................288 The New Hire’s First Week.................................................................289
SAP Implementation Unleashed
Availability, Reliability, and Fault Tolerance .....................................294 Causes of Downtime. ........................................................................295 Similarities Between HA and DR .......................................................296 Differences Between HA and DR .......................................................297 Determining HA Requirements—The “Nines of Availability”..........298
Power Considerations........................................................................300 Network Infrastructure . ....................................................................301 Rack Infrastructure in the Real World...............................................303 The Ultimate SPOF—The SAP Data Center.......................................304
Maximizing HA Through Backup and Recovery Systems.................306 Increasing HA Through Clustering . .................................................306
Standby Database and Log Replication Solutions ............................308 Oracle Standby Database . .................................................................308 Oracle Advanced Replication . ..........................................................309 Oracle Real Application Clusters . .....................................................309 Oracle Failsafe with Microsoft Windows Cluster Services ................310 Oracle Streams . .................................................................................310 Microsoft SQL Server Clustering . .....................................................310 Microsoft SQL Server Replication. ....................................................311
Clustering SAP Components in General...........................................312 SAP Enqueue Replication Server. ......................................................313 Specific SAP Components’ SPOFs. ....................................................313 Functional and Application-Layer SPOFs. ........................................315
Dual Data Centers and Virtualization...............................................323 Traditional DR Hosting Facilities and Other Approaches.................324
Contents
SPOFs Beyond the SAP Technology Stack .........................................327 The Disaster Recovery Crash Kit .......................................................328
Support and Project Teams................................................................345 Communication Strategy . ................................................................346 Career Development and Training....................................................347 Staffing and Shared Services..............................................................348 People SPOFs: Lessons Learned .........................................................349
Knowledge Management Process and People SPOFs ........................352 Change/Release Management Process and People SPOFs.................353 Systems Management Processes and People SPOFs ..........................354 Capacity Planning Process and People SPOFs. .................................355 Load Testing Process and People SPOFs . ..........................................356 High Availability Failover/Failback Processes and People SPOFs . ...357 Backup/Recovery Processes and People SPOFs. ................................358 Server and SAN Build/Deployment Processes and People SPOFs .....359
Users...................................................................................................366 Introduction to SAPS .........................................................................367 Tiers....................................................................................................368 Scale-Up and Scale-Out Configurations ............................................369 High Availability, Reliability, and Fault Tolerance............................370 Heterogeneous Configurations..........................................................371
SAP Implementation Unleashed
SAP QuickSizer ...................................................................................372 Limitations of the QuickSizer Approach...........................................373 The Questionnaire .............................................................................374
Using SAPS Values .............................................................................376 CPU, Memory, Disk I/O, and Networking Performance...................377 Operating Systems . ...........................................................................377 Database Versions . ............................................................................378 Fostering Apples-to-Apples Sizings....................................................378
New Instance Sizing ..........................................................................381 Post-Go-Live Resizing . ......................................................................381 Predictive Modeling for Precision Sizing ..........................................382
Management, SAP Architecture, and Functional Needs ...................387 Third-Party Software . ........................................................................388 Database and SAP Basis Administration . .........................................388 Data Center and Systems Administration. .......................................389 Help Desk Factors . ............................................................................390 Team Factors and Representation. ....................................................390
Sending Out Requests for Proposal ...................................................391 The Vendor Questionnaire . ..............................................................391 Presizing Conference Call. ................................................................392 The Vendor-Driven Sizing Approach ................................................393
Conducting a Detailed Sizing Review ...............................................396 Verifying SAP Support for Architected Solutions..............................396 Verifying the Risk of the Proposed Solution.....................................397 Verifying SAP Production References ................................................397 Revising Total Cost of Ownership Numbers .....................................398 Selecting Core SAP Technology Stack Partners .................................398 Evaluating Specialized Technology Stack Vendors ...........................399
Contents
Day One: Setting the Big Picture.......................................................400 Day Two: Building a Timeline. .........................................................401 Day Three: Assigning Resources . ......................................................403
Who Needs Training? ........................................................................408 Timing Is Everything .........................................................................411
Leveraging the Technical Sandbox....................................................413 Using the Development and Business Sandbox Systems .................414 Wringing All the Value Out of a Training System ............................415 Training to Support Your Unique SAP Technology Stack .................415
Formal Classes and Courseware ........................................................417 Onsite Training Workshops...............................................................419 Creating and Delivering Custom Training Curriculum....................420 SAP Knowledge Warehouse ...............................................................421 Using SAP NetWeaver for Enterprise Knowledge Management .......422 Other Computer-Based and Online Training ...................................423 SAP TechEd and Similar Venues ........................................................423 Creating “Cookbooks” from Product Documentation and User
Manuals ...........................................................................................424
Functional and Development Consultants.......................................427 SAP Technical Consultants . ..............................................................427 Other SAP Infrastructure Roles. ........................................................428 SAP Operations/Help Desk . ..............................................................429 Additional SAP Support Specialists . .................................................429 Certification Programs. .....................................................................429
Power Requirements ..........................................................................438 Cooling and Other Environmental Controls....................................442
SAP Implementation Unleashed
Rack Layout and Design Considerations . ........................................443 Optimizing Rack Real Estate. ............................................................445 Rack Mounting and Related Best Practices . .....................................446 Cabling and Cable Management. .....................................................447
Firewalls, Ports, and Other Network Concerns. ...............................449 Network Fault Tolerance. ..................................................................450
Optimum SAP Server Configuration Best Practices . ........................452 SAP Server Configurations in the Real World. .................................455 Blades . ...............................................................................................455
Special Considerations for Storage Area Networks . .........................456 SAP/SAN Best Practices and Observations.........................................457 Leveraging Storage Virtualization . ...................................................458 Options in the Virtual Array . ...........................................................459
Testing the System in the Technical Sandbox . ................................460 Managing the Development System . ...............................................461
Staffing the SAP Help Desk................................................................473 Addressing Real-World Call Fluctuations. ........................................474 Training the SAP Help Desk ..............................................................474 Preparing the SAP Help Desk ............................................................475 Managing End-User Perceptions .......................................................476
Employing Standard Activity Assessment Processes .........................476 Leveraging Lessons Learned . ............................................................477
Contents
Developing a Master Plan with SAP’s Master Guides .......................481 Installation Guides and SAP Notes....................................................483 Planning for System Variants . ..........................................................484 Considering Heterogeneous Landscapes . .........................................485 Standalone Engines . .........................................................................486 Unicode or Non-Unicode . ................................................................486
The Network Planning Process..........................................................487 Storage Area Network Planning . ......................................................488 Windows File System Preparation .....................................................490 Linux with HP Serviceguard Preparation ..........................................490 Network File System Preparation . ....................................................491 Choosing a Server Naming Convention ...........................................493
Operating System: 32-Bit or 64-Bit? ..................................................494 System Drive . ....................................................................................495 Windows OS Configuration Guidelines............................................496 Creating OS Users and Groups. ........................................................498
Microsoft SQL Server .........................................................................500 Oracle Database . ...............................................................................501
SAP Solution Manager Key ................................................................502 Java Runtime Environment. .............................................................502
Checklist for Windows ......................................................................504 Checklist for Solution Manager on Linux ........................................505
Running SAPinst ................................................................................506 Navigating SAPinst . ..........................................................................506
Application Platform .........................................................................510 Installable Software Units..................................................................512 Open Integration Platform ................................................................512
SAP Implementation Unleashed
Accessing the Application Server ABAP ............................................522 Accessing the Application Server Java. .............................................523 Accessing NetWeaver Portal (Usage Type EPC and EP) ....................523 Setting Environment Variable CPIC_MAX_CONV ...........................523 Performing Post-Installation Steps for Usage Type PI.......................523 Performing Post-Installation Steps for Usage Type EP......................524 Running the Configuration Wizard (AS Java, BI Java, and PI).........524 Establishing SAP Printing . ................................................................524
SAP SRM Deployment Options and Installation ..............................529 SAP CRM Software Components. .....................................................529 SAP SCM Software Components . .....................................................530
SAP Product Lifecycle Management..................................................531 cProject Suite . ...................................................................................531 Standalone Engine Options. .............................................................532
Common SAP ERP Modules ..............................................................546 Other SAP ERP Modules . ..................................................................547
SAP Configuration .............................................................................553 SAP Customization ............................................................................554
Change Control Management Tools .................................................566 Electronic Signature Tools . ...............................................................567 SAP Enhancement Tools . ..................................................................567 Document Management Tools . ........................................................568 Issue Management—SAP Notes and the Knowledge Repository ......568 SAP GoingLive Check Tool. ..............................................................568
General Scripting and Testing Tools..................................................569 WinShuttle . .......................................................................................569
The SAP Change Control Manager’s Role .........................................572 SAP Application Layer—Transport Strategies and More ...................573
Timing Business Process Testing........................................................581 The Critical Nature of Functional Testing ........................................582 The Real Value in Integration Testing...............................................583 The Impact of Regression Testing .....................................................584 Functional Versus Stress Testing and Recovery Testing ....................585
Third-Party Tools and Other Resources.............................................586 SAP eCATT Differentiators. ...............................................................587 Additional People Considerations. ...................................................588 Process Overview, Constraints, and Issues........................................589 Other Areas of Impact . .....................................................................590
Contents
Using the Test Workbench ................................................................591 Tracking Data During Test Execution ...............................................591 Post-Execution Tasks. ........................................................................592 Compressing the Testing Phase in the Real World ...........................592 Using Testing to Support SLAs in the Real World ............................593 The Weakest Link: Having Too Few Resources .................................593
Opportunities and Benefits of SOA ...................................................597 Challenges for SOA Realization. .......................................................598
Application Server and .NET CLR .....................................................600 Enterprise Service Bus . ......................................................................600 Service Registry and Repository . ......................................................600
Application Connectivity Using BAPI and a Web Service ................601 Process Integration Using SAP NetWeaver . ......................................601 SAP eSOA, ESR, and the ESC . ...........................................................603
SOA COE Prescription for Success.....................................................604 Details of the SOA COE Roadmap ....................................................605