MATLAB, 5th Edition free download ebook

  MATLAB® An Introduction

with Applications

  MATLAB® An Introduction

with Applications

Fifth Edition Amos Gilat Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering The Ohio State University

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  Joyce Poh Associate Production Manager: Cover Image: Amos Gilat.

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  Preface

  MATLAB® is a very popular language for technical computing used by stu­ dents, engineers, and scientists in universities, research institutes, and industries all over the world. The software is popular because it is powerful and easy to use. For university freshmen in it can be thought of as the next tool to use after the graphic calculator in high school.

  This book was written following several years of teaching the software to freshmen in an introductory engineering course. The objective was to write a book that teaches the software in a friendly, non-intimidating fashion. Therefore, the book is written in simple and direct language. In many places bullets, rather than lengthy text, are used to list facts and details that are related to a specific topic.

  The book includes numerous sample problems in mathematics, science, and engi­ neering that are similar to problems encountered by new users ofMATLAB.

  This fifth edition of the book is updated to MATLAB Release 2013b. In addition, the end of chapter problems have been revised. In Chapters 1 through 8 close to 80% of the problems are new or different than in previous editions.

  I would like to thank several of my colleagues at The Ohio State University. Professor Richard Freuler for his comments, and Dr. Mike Parke for reviewing sections of the book and suggested modifications. I also appreciate the involve­ ment and support of Professors Robert Gustafson, John Demel and Dr. John Mer­ rill from the Engineering Education Innovation Center at The Ohio State University. Special thanks go to Professor Mike Lichtensteiger (OSU), and my daughter Tal Gilat (Marquette University), who carefully reviewed the first edi­ tion of the book and provided valuable comments and criticisms. Professor Brian Harper (OSU) has made a significant contribution to the new end of chapter prob­ lems in the present edition.

  I would like to express my appreciation to all those who have reviewed ear­ lier editions of the text at its various stages of development, including Betty Barr, University of Houston; Andrei G. Chakhovskoi, University of California, Davis;

  Roger King, University of Toledo; Richard K wor, University of Colorado at Colo­ rado Springs; Larry Lagerstrom, University of California, Davis; Yueh-Jaw Lin, University of Akron; H. David Sheets, Canisius College; Geb Thomas, University oflowa; Brian Vick, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jay Weit­ zen, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; and Jane Patterson Fife, The Ohio State University. In addition, I would like to acknowledge Daniel Sayre and Joyce Poh, all from John Wiley & Sons, who supported the production of the Fifth edition. v vi Preface

I hope that the book will be useful and will help the users of MATLAB to

  enjoy the software. Amos Gilat Columbus, Ohio

  2013

  November, gilat.l @osu.edu

  To my parents Schoschana and Haim Gelbwacks Contents Preface v Introduction 1

Chapter 1 Starting with MATLAB 5

  1.1 STARTING MATLAB, MATLAB WINDOWS

  5

  1.2 WORKING IN WINDOW

  9

  THE CO MMAND

  1.3 ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS WITH SCALARS

  11

  1.3.1 Order of Precedence

  11

  1.3.2 Using MATLAB as a Calculator

  12

  1.4 DISPLAY FORMATS

  12

  1.5 ELEMENTARY MATH BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS

  14

  1.6 DEFINING SCALAR VARIABLES

  16

  1.6.1 The Assignment Operator

  16

  1.6.2 Rules About Variable Names

  18

  1.6.3 Predefined Variables and Keywords

  19

  1.7 USEFUL COMMANDS FOR MANAGING VARIABLES

  19

  1.8 SCRIPT FILES

  20

  1.8.1 Notes About Script Files

  

20

  1.8.2 Creating and Saving a Script File

  21

  1.8.3 Running (Executing) a Script File

  22

  1.8.4 Current Folder

  22

  1.9 EXAMPLES OF MATLAB APPLICATIONS

  24

  1.10 PROBLEMS

  27 Chapter 2 Creating Arrays 35

  2.1 CREATING A ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

  VECTOR

  ( )

  35

  2.2 CREATING A TwO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY ATRIX

  (M )

  39

  2.2.1 The zeros, ones and, eye Commands

  40

  2.3 NOTES ABOUT VARIABLES IN MATLAB

  41

  2.4 TRANSPOSE OPERATOR

  THE

  

41

ARRAY ADDRESSING

  2.5

  42

  2.5.1 Vector

  42

  2.5.2 M a trix

43 USING A COLON : IN ADDRESSING ARRAYS

  2.6

  44

  2.7 ADDING ELEMENTS TO EXISTING VARIABLES

  46

  2.8 DELETING ELEMENTS

  48

  2.9 BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS FOR HANDLING ARRAYS

  49

  2.10 STRINGS AND STRINGS AS VARIABLES

  53

  2.11 PROBLEMS

  55 Chapter 3 Mathematical Operations with Arrays 63

  3.1 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

  

64

  3.2 ARRAYMULTIPLICATION

  65

  3.3 ARRAY DIVISION

  68 vii

  3.4 ELEMENT-BY-ELEMENT OPERATIONS

  143

  Chapter 5 Two-Dimensional Plots 133

  5.1 THE plot

  COMMAND

  134

  5.1.1 Plot of Given Data 138

  5.1.2 Plot of a Function 139

  5.2 THE fplot

  COMMAND

  140

  5.3 PLOTTING MULTIPLE GRAPHS IN THE SAME PLOT 141

  5.3.1 Using the plot Command 141

  5.3.2 Using the hold on and hold off Commands 142

  5.3.3 Using the line

  Command

  5.4 FORMATTING A PLOT 144

  PROBLEMS

  5.9 POLAR PLOTS 156

  5.13 EXAMPLES OF MATLAB APPLICATIONS 160

  159

  PLOTS TOOLSTRIP

  5.12 PLOTTING USING THE

  5.11 MULTIPLE FIGURE WINDOWS 157

  5.10 PuTTING MULTIPLE PLOTS ON THE SAME PAGE 157

  5.8 HISTOGRAMS 153

  5.4.1 Formatting a Plot Using Commands 144

  5.7 PLOTS WITH SPECIAL GRAPHICS 152

  ERROR BARS 150

  5.6 PLOTS WITH

  LOGARITHMIC AxES 149

  5.5 PLOTS WITH

  5.4.2 Formatting a Plot Using the Plot Editor 148

  123

  4.6 EXAMPLES OF MATLAB APPLICATIONS 118 4. 7

  72

  97

  3.5 USING ARRAYS IN MATLAB BUILT-IN MATH FUNCTIONS

  75

  3.6 BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS FOR ANALYZING ARRAYS

  75

  3.7 GENERATION OF RANDOM NUMBERS

  77

  3.8 EXAMPLES OF MATLAB APPLICATIONS

  80

  3.9 PROBLEMS

  86 Chapter 4 Using Script Files and Managing Data 95

  4.1 THE

  MATLAB WORKSPACE AND THE WORKSPACE WINDOW

  96

  4.2 INPUT TO A SCRIPT FILE

  4.3 OUTPUT COMMANDS 100

  4.5.2 Using the Import Wizard 116

  Command

  4.5.1 Commands for Importing and Exporting Data 114

  4.5 IMPORTING AND EXPORTING DATA 114

  112

  Command

  4.4.2 The load

  111

  4.4.1 The save

  4.3.1 The disp

  4.4 THE save AND load COMMANDS 111

  103

  Command

  4.3.2 The fprintf

  101

  Command

  5.14 PROBLEMS 165

Chapter 6 Programming in MATLAB 175

  6.1 RELATIONAL AND LOGICAL OPERATORS 176

  6.2 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

  

184

  6.2.1 The if-end Structure 184

  6.2.2 The if-else-end Structure 186

  6.2.3 The if-elseif-else-end Structure 187

  6.3 THE switch-case STATEMENT 189

  6.4 LOOPS 192

  6.4.1 Loops

  for-end 192

  6.4.2 while-end Loops 197

  6.5 NESTED LOOPS AND NESTED CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS 200

  6.6 AND COMMANDS

  THE break continue 202

  6.7 EXAMPLES OF MATLAB APPLICATIONS 203

  6.8 PROBLEMS 211

7 Chapter User-Defined Functions and Function Files 221

  7.1 CREATING A FUNCTION FILE 222

  7.2 STRUCTURE OF A FUNCTION FILE

  223

  7.2.1 Function Definition Line 224

  7.2.2 Input and Output Arguments 224

  7.2.3 The H1 Line and Help Text Lines

  226

  7.2.4 Function Body 226

  7.3 LOCAL AND GLOBAL VARIABLES 226

  7.4 SAVING A FUNCTION FILE

  227

  7.5 USING A USER-DEFINED FUNCTION 228

  7.6 EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS 229

  7.7 COMPARISON BETWEEN SCRIPT FILES AND FUNCTION FILES

  231

  7.8 ANONYMOUS FUNCTIONS 231

  7.9 FUNCTION FUNCTIONS 234 7.9 .1 Using Function Handles for Passing a Function into a Function

  Function 235

  7.9.2 Using a Function Name for Passing a Function into a Function Function

  238

  7.10 SUBFUNCTIONS 240

  7.11 NESTED FUNCTIONS 242

  7.12 EXAMPLES OF MATLAB APPLICATIONS

  245

  7.13 PROBLEMS 248

Chapter 8 Polynomials, Curve Fitting, and Interpolation 261

  8.1 POLYNOMIALS 261

  8.1.1 Value of a Polynomial 262

  8.1.2 Roots of a Polynomial

  263

  8.1.3 Addition, Multiplication, and Division of Polynomials

  264

  8.1.4 Derivatives ofPolynomials 266

  8.2 CURVE FITTING

  267

  8.2.1 Curve Fitting with Polynomials; The Function

  pol yf it 267

  8.2.2 Curve Fitting with Functions Other than Polynomials 271

  Contents 8.3 274

  INTERPOLATION

  8.4 278

  THE BASIC FITTING INTERFACE XAMP

  8.5 E LES OF MATLAB APPLICATIONS 281 8.6 286

  PROBLEMS

  9.1 SOLVING AN EQUATION WITH ONE VARIABLE 295

  9.2 298

  FINDING A MINIMUM OR A MAXIMUM OF A FUNCTION

  9.3 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION 300 9.4 303

  ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS XAMP

  9.5 E LES OF MATLAB APPLICATIONS 307

  9.6 PROBLEMS 313

  10.1 LINE PLOTS 323 10.2 324

  MESH AND SURFACE PLOTS

  10.3 331

  PLOTS WITH SPECIAL GRAPHICS

  10.4 THE view 333 XAMP COMMAND 10.5 336

  E LES OF MATLAB APPLICATIONS

  10.6 PROBLEMS 341

  11.1 348

  SYMBOLIC OBJECTS AND SYMBOLIC EXPRESSIONS

  11.1.1 Creating Symbolic Objects 348 11.1.2 350

  Creating Symbolic Expressions

11.1.3 The fmdsym Command and the Default Symbolic

  Variable 353

  11.2 354

  CHANGING THE FORM OF AN EXISTING SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION

  11.2.1 collect, expand, factor 354

  The and Commands

  11.2.2 simplify 356

  The and simple Commands

  11.2.3 The pretty Command 357 11.3 358

  SOLVING ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

  11.4 DIFFERENTIATION 363

  11.5 INTEGRATION 365

  11.6 366

  SOLVING AN ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

  11.7 PLOTTING SYMBOLIC EXPRESSIONS 369

  11.8 372

  NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS WITH SYMBOLIC EXPRESSIONS XAMP

  11.9 376

  E LES OF MATLAB APPLICATIONS

  11.10 PROBLEMS 384 Appendix: Summary of Characters, Commands, and Functions 393 Answers to Selected Problems www.wiley.com/college/gilat

  Index 401

  Introduction

  MATLAB is a powerful language for technical computing. The name MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory, because its basic data element is a matrix (array). MATLAB can be used for math computations, modeling and simulations, data analysis and processing, visualization and graphics, and algorithm development.

  MATLAB is widely used in universities and colleges in introductory and advanced courses in mathematics, science, and especially engineering. In industry the software is used in research, development, and design. The standard

  MATLAB program has tools (functions) that can be used to solve common problems. In addition, MATLAB has optional toolboxes that are collections of specialized programs designed to solve specific types of problems. Examples include toolboxes for signal processing, symbolic calculations, and control systems.

  Until recently, most of the users of MATLAB have been people with amm previous knowledge of progr ing languages such as FORTRAN and C who switched to MATLAB as the software became popular. Consequently, the majority of the literature that has been written about MATLAB assumes that the reader has knowledge of computer programming. Books about MATLAB often address advanced topics or applications that are specialized to a particular field.

  Today, however, MATLAB is being introduced to college students as the first (and often the only) computer program they will learn. For these students there is a need for a book that teaches MATLAB assuming no prior experience in computer programming.

  The of This Book MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications is intended for students who are

  using MATLAB for the first time and have little or no experience in computer programming. It can be used as a textbook in freshmen engineering courses or in workshops where MATLAB is being taught. The book can also serve as a reference in more advanced science and engineering courses where MATLAB is used as a tool for solving problems. It also can be used for self-study ofMATLAB

  In

  by students and practicing engineers. addition, the book can be a supplement or a secondary book in courses where MATLAB is used but the instructor does not have the time to cover it extensively.

  Covered

  MATLAB is a huge program, and therefore it is impossible to cover all of it in one book. This book focuses primarily on the foundations of MATLAB. The

  1

  2 Introduction assumption is that once these foundations are well understood, the student will be able to learn advanced topics easily by using the information in the Help menu.

  The order in which the topics are presented in this book was chosen carefully, based on several years of experience in teaching MATLAB in an introductory engineering course. The topics are presented in an order that allows the student to follow the book chapter after chapter. Every topic is presented completely in one place and then used in the following chapters.

  The first chapter describes the basic structure and features of MATLAB and how to use the program for simple arithmetic operations with scalars as with a calculator. Script files are introduced at the end of the chapter. They allow the student to write, save, and execute simple MATLAB programs. The next two chapters are devoted to the topic of arrays. MATLAB's basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This concept, which makes MATLAB a very powerful program, can be a little difficult to grasp for students who have only limited knowledge of and experience with linear algebra and vector analysis. The concept of arrays is introduced gradually and then explained in extensive detail.

  Chapter 2 describes how to create arrays, and Chapter 3 covers mathematical operations with arrays. Following the basics, more advanced topics that are related to script files and input and output of data are presented in Chapter 4. This is followed by amm coverage of two-dimensional plotting in Chapter 5. Progr ing with MATLAB is introduced in Chapter 6. This includes flow control with conditional statements and loops. User-defmed functions, anonymous functions, and function functions are covered next in Chapter 7. The coverage of function files (user-defmed functions) is intentionally separated from the subject of script files. This has proven to be easier to understand by students who are not familiar with similar concepts from other computer programs.

  The next three chapters cover more advanced topics. Chapter 8 describes how MATLAB can be used for carrying out calculations with polynomials, and how to use MATLAB for curve fitting and interpolation. Chapter 9 covers applications of MATLAB in numerical analysis. It includes solving nonlinear equations, finding minimum or a maximum of a function, numerical integration, and solution of first-order ordinary differential equations. Chapter 10 describes how to produce three-dimensional plots, an extension of the chapter on two­ dimensional plots. Chapter 11 covers in great detail how to use MATLAB in symbolic operations. The Framework of a In every chapter the topics are introduced gradually in an order that makes the concepts easy to understand. The use of MATLAB is demonstrated extensively within the text and by examples. Some of the longer examples in Chapters 1-3 are titled as tutorials. Every use of MATLAB is printed with a different font and with a gray background. Additional explanations appear in boxed text with a white background. The idea is that the reader will execute these demonstrations and Introduction 3 tutorials in order to gain experience in using MATLAB. In addition, every chapter includes formal sample problems that are examples of applications of MATLAB for solving problems in math, science, and engineering. Each example includes a problem statement and a detailed solution. Some sample problems are presented in the middle of the chapter. All of the chapters (except Chapter 2) have a section at the end with several sample problems of applications. It should be pointed out that problems with MATLAB can be solved in many different ways. The solutions

  to

  of the sample problems are written such that they are easy follow. This means that in many cases the problem can be solved by writing a shorter, or sometimes "trickier," program. The students are encouraged to try to write their own solu­ tions and compare the end results. At the end of each chapter there is a set of homework problems. They include general problems from math and science and problems from different disciplines of engineering.

  Calculations MATLAB is essentially a software for numerical calculations. Symbolic math operations, however, can be executed if the Symbolic Math toolbox is installed.

  The Symbolic Math toolbox is included in the student version of the software and can be added to the standard program. Software and Hardware

  The MATLAB program, like most other software, is continually being developed and new versions are released frequently. This book covers MATLAB Version 8.2.0.701, Release 2013b. It should be emphasized, however, that the book covers the basics of MATLAB, which do not change much from version to version. The book covers the use of MATLAB on computers that use the Windows operating system. Everything is essentially the same when MATLAB is used on other machines. The user is referred to the documentation of MATLAB for details on using MATLAB on other operating systems. It is assumed that the software is installed on the computer, and the user has basic knowledge of operating the computer.

  The Order of in the Book It is probably impossible to write a textbook where all the subjects are presented in an order that is suitable for everyone. The order of topics in this book is such that the fundamentals ofMATLAB are covered first (arrays and array operations), and, as mentioned before, every topic is covered completely in one location, which makes the book easy to use as a reference. The order of the topics in this fifth edition is the same as in the previous edition. Programming is introduced

  amm

  before user-defmed functions. This allows using progr ing in user-defmed functions. Also, applications ofMATLAB in numerical analysis follow Chapter 8 which covers polynomials, curve fitting, and interpolation.

  Chapterl Starting with MATLAB

  This chapter begins by describing the characteristics and purpose of the different windows in MATLAB. Next, the Command Window is introduced in detail. The chapter shows how to use MATLAB for arithmetic operations with scalars in much to the way that a calculator is used. This includes the use of elementary math functions with scalars. The chapter then shows how to define scalar vari­ ables (the assigmnent operator) and how to use these variables in arithmetic calcu­ lations. The last section in the chapter introduces script files. It shows how to write, save, and execute simple MATLAB programs.

1.1 STARTING MATLAB, MATLAB WINDOWS

  It is assumed that the software is installed on the computer, and that the user can start the program. Once the program starts, the MATLAB desktop window opens with the default layout, Figure 1-1. The layout has a Toolstrip at the top, the Cur­ rent Folder Toolbar below it, and four windows underneath. At the top of the

  Toolstrip there are three tabs: HOME, PLOTS, and APPS. Clicking on the tabs changes the icons in the Toolstrip. Commonly, MATLAB is used with the HOME tab selected. The associated icons are used for executing various commands, as explained later in this chapter. The PLOTS tab can be used to create plots, as explained in Chapter

  5 (Section 5.12), and the APPS tab can be used for opening additional applications and Toolboxes of MATLAB. The default layout

  The default layout (Figure 1-1) consists of the following four windows that are displayed under the Toolstrip: the Command Window (larger window at the cen­ ter), the Current Folder Window (on the left) and the Workspace and Command History windows (on the right). A list of several MATLAB windows and their purposes is given in Table 1-1.

  Four of the windows-the Command Window, the Figure Window, the Editor Window, and the Help Window-are used extensively throughout the book and

  5

  , R20Bb 1: with MATLAB

  ..;. MATl.AB .. Starch Documentation <ow"'"'" An11lyze cooe Clsw:tdlWI'll»ws (]> @Preferences

  

III

db a;, Open Vlll'l!ltlole ,.. • + Script 011111 W!llb{wlce ClearWortspllr:e '9' " Cle.!lrCo!Tinllnds ,... r«rw New Open hiport s.r.ve Laywt D [J'] - Name ..,. • C: � gilat1

(ommandWindow ® Worlupace

• • U�m � Document� MATLAB. £ir.RunandTrne �tPath Name .a. Value

  CommandHistory · ·ls-- 10/2/2013 3:01 PM -- @ Figure 1-1: The default view ofMATLAB desktop.

  are briefly described on the following pages. More detailed descriptions are included in the chapters where they are used. The Command History Window, Current Folder Window, and the Workspace Window are described in Sections and respectively.

  1.2, 1.8.4, 4.1, Command Window: The Command Window is MATLAB 's main window and

  opens when MATLAB is started. It is convenient to have the Command Window as the only visible window. This can be done either by closing all the other win­ dows, or by selecting Command Window Only in the menu that opens when the icon on the Toolstrip is selected. To close a window, click on the pull­

  Layout

  down menu at the top right-hand side of the window and then select Close. Work­ ing in the Command Window is described in detail in Section

  1.2. Table 1-1: MATLAB windows Window Purpose

  Command Window Main window, enters variables, runs programs. Figure Window Contains output from graphic commands. Editor Window Creates and debugs script and function files. Help Window Provides help information. Command History Window Logs commands entered in the Command Window.

1.1 MATLAB Windows

  7 Table 1-1: MATLAB windows Window Purpose

  Workspace Window Provides information about the variables that are stored. Current Folder Window Shows the files in the current folder.

  Figure Window: The Figure Window opens automatically when graphics com­

  mands are executed, and contains graphs created by these commands. An example of a Figure Window is shown in Figure 1-2. A more detailed description of this window is given in Chapter 5.

  IJ Figur� file ,Edit Yiew Insert Iools. Q.esktop Window Help 1 Plot the function y� of 1 4cos(x)

  30

  20

  10

  • 10
  • 20
  • 30
  • 40 Figure 1-2: Example of a Figure Window.

  Editor Window: The Editor Window is used for writing and editing programs.

  This window is opened by clicking on the New Script icon in the Toolstrip, or by clicking on the New icon and then selecting Script from the menu that opens. An example of an Editor Window is shown in Figure 1-3. More details on the Editor Window are given in Section 1.8.2, where it is used for writing script files, and in Chapter 7, where it is used to write function files.

  Help Window: The Help Window contains help information. This window can

  be opened from the Help icon in the Toolstrip of the Command Window or the toolbar of any MATLAB window. The Help Window is interactive and can be used to obtain information on any feature ofMATLAB. Figure 1-4 shows an open Help Window.

  When MATLAB is started for the first time, the screen looks like that shown in Figure 1-1. For most beginners it is probably more convenient to close all the

  8 r- 1: with MATLAB

  !3 Editor- Unt:itledJ* EDrTOR PUBLISH Find Files VIEW Run Section Pr i n t Advance a EDIT NAVIGATE Breakpoints Ru n Run and Run and Advancea-�; b--9; c--17.5; DIS=sqrt (b"2-4iira'"'c); � a�x�2 + b�x +c = 0 Example of script file. This program calculates the roots of a quadratic equation: I (2"'"a) x1�(-b-dis)/(2'a) �(-b+di3) Figure 1-3: Example of an Editor Window.

  �' Help Docurnerrtalion Cer.ler Contents Search Documentation > Getting Started wilh MA Tl.AB > Language F undamen t als > Mathematics Functions Examples Re l ease Notes MATLAB

GeHing Started Examples Release No1es

> Sy Jta,;, r opera!OJs, data types, array irKfexing aOO m.:mipul.alioo

Language Fundamentals

> Advanced Software Development > GUI Building > Data and File Management tr.:msforrns, -arKI other mathematics > De5ktop Environmenl Two- alllf three-dimensiooal plol.s, dala exploration and visualiz.alion > Programm i ng Scripls and Functions > Grapllics > Mathematics > UneM alg e bra . basic st a ti stics , differentiation aOO integrals, Fourier Graphics > > Programming Scripts and Functions

Data and File Management

Program Iiies, control now, edltir�g , debugging techniques, images, printing, arK! graphics objects > Advanced Software Development > Application development usillQ GUIDE alld callbac:ks GUI Building Data import and exp<Ht, wo rt.space , li!€5 and folders file:/1/C:/Proqram F11es/MATLAB/R2013b/help/matlab/relea<e-note<.html

J ava"' , CIC+t- , . N ET and other la�uage:s

Objecl-orienled program mi n g ; code performance; unit testing; mterfaces to Figure 1-4: The Help Window.

  1.2 in the Command Window

  windows except the Command Window. The closed windows can be reopened by selecting them from the layout icon in the Toolstrip. The windows shown in Fig­ ure can be displayed by clicking on the icon and selecting in

  1-1 layout Default

  the menu that opens. The various windows in Figure are docked to the desk­

  1-1

  top. A window can be undocked (become a separate, independent window) by dragging it out. An independent window can be redocked by clicking on the pull­ down menu at the top right-hand side of the window and then selecting Dock.

1.2 WORKING IN THE COMMAND WINDOW

  The Command Window is MATLAB's main window and can be used for execut­ ing commands, opening other windows, running programs written by the user, and managing the software. example of the Command Window, with several sim­

  An ple commands that will be explained later in this chapter, is shown in Figure 1-5 . ..JJ. MA.TlAB R2013b HOME PLOTS APPS

  • Scr'p: WorKspace Add-OM

  New New Open ]= CofTllare rnport Save Layout Se!Path rn � .. C: � Users � gil.rtl Doc:uments MATLAB om ,. �

  • >> 2"" (1+3}

  To type a command the cursor is placed next to the command prompt ( >> ).

  Figure 1-5: The Command Window.

  Notes for working in the Command Window:

  • To type a command, the cursor must be placed next to the command prompt ( >> ). Once a command is typed and the Enter key is pressed, the command is executed. However, only the last co mman d is executed. Everything executed previously (that might be still displayed) is unchanged.

  Several commands can be typed in the same line. This is done by typing a co mma between the co mman ds. When the key is pressed, the co mman ds are exe­

  Enter cuted in order from left to right.

  is not possible to go back to a previous line that is displayed in the Co mman d

  It Window, make a correction, and then re-execute the command.

  10 1: with MATLAB

  • A previously typed command can be recalled to the command prompt with the up­ arrow key ( t ). When the command is displayed at the co mman d prompt, it can

  ( .t)

  be modified if needed and then executed. The down-arrow key can be used to move down the list of previously typed commands. If a co mman d is too long to fit in one line, it can be continued to the next line by typing three periods ... (called an ellipsis) and pressing the Enter key. The con­ tinuation of the co mman d is then typed in the new line. The command can con­ tinue line after line up to a total of 4,096 characters.

  The semicolon ( ; ):

  When a command is typed in the Command Window and the Enter key is pressed, the command is executed. Any output that the command generates is dis­ played in the Command Window. If a semicolon ( ; ) is typed at the end of a com­ mand, the output of the command is not displayed. Typing a semicolon is useful when the result is obvious or known, or when the output is very large.

  If several commands are typed in the same line, the output from any of the commands will not be displayed if a semicolon instead of a comma is typed between the commands.

  Typing%:

  When the symbol% (percent) is typed at the beginning of a line, the line is desig­

  Enter

  nated as a comment. This means that when the key is pressed the line is not executed. The% character followed by text (comment) can also be typed after a command (in the same line). This has no effect on the execution of the command.

  Usually there is no need for comments in the Command Window. Comments, however, are frequently used in a program to add descriptions or to explain the program (see Chapters 4 and 6).

  The c l c command: The clc command (type clc and press Enter) clears the Command Window.

  After typing in the Command Window for a while, the display may become very long. Once the clc command is executed, a clear window is displayed. The com­ mand does not change anything that was done before. For example, if some vari­

  1.6), ables were defined previously (see Section they still exist and can be used.

  The up-arrow key can also be used to recall commands that were typed before.

  The Command History Window:

  The Command History Window lists the commands that have been entered in the Command Window. This includes commands from previous sessions. A com­ mand in the Command History Window can be used again in the Command Win­ dow. By double-clicking on the command, the command is reentered in the Command Window and executed. It is also possible to drag the command to the Command Window, make changes if needed, and then execute it. The list in the Command History Window can be cleared by selecting the lines to be deleted and

1.3 Arithmetic with Scalars

  11

  then right-clicking the mouse and selecting Delete Selection. The whole history can be deleted by right-clicking the mouse and selecting choose Clear Command

  History in the menu that opens.

1.3 ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS WITH SCALARS

  In this chapter we discuss only arithmetic operations with scalars, which are num­ bers. As will be explained later in the chapter, numbers can be used in arithmetic calculations directly (as with a calculator) or they can be assigned to variables, which can subsequently be used in calculations. The symbols of arithmetic opera­ tions are:

  • Addition 5+3

  Subtraction 5-3

  • Multiplication 5*3 Right division

  I 5/3

  Left division \ 5\3=3/5

  A

  Exponentiation

  5 A 3 (means 53= 125)

  It should be pointed out here that all the symbols except the left division are the same as in most calculators. For scalars, the left division is the inverse of the right division. The left division, however, is mostly used for operations with arrays, which are discussed in Chapter

  3.

1.3.1 Order of Precedence

  MATLAB executes the calculations according to the order of precedence dis­ played below. This order is the same as used in most calculators.

  Precedence Mathematical

  First Parentheses. For nested parentheses, the innermost are executed ftrst. Second Exponentiation.

  Third Multiplication, division (equal precedence). Fourth Addition and subtraction.

  In an expression that has several operations, higher-precedence operations are executed before lower-precedence operations. If two or more operations have the same precedence, the expression is executed from left to right. As illustrated in the next section, parentheses can be used to change the order of calculations.

  12

  1.3.2 Using MATLAB as a Calculator

  The simplest way to use MATLAB is as a calculator. This is done in the Com­ mand Window by typing a mathematical expression and pressing the Enter key. = MATLAB calculates the expression and responds by displaying followed

  ans

  by the numerical result of the expression in the next line. This is demonstrated in Tutorial 1-1.

  Tutorial1-1: Using MATLAB as a calculator .

  » 7+8/2 = Type and press Enter. ans 8/2 is executed first.

  11 » Type and press Enter.

  (7+8)/2 = ans 7+8 is executed first.

  7.5000 >>

  4+5/3+2 = ans 5/3 is executed first.

  7.6667 »

  5 ... 3/2 = ans 5A3 is executed first, /2 is executed next.

  62.5000 >>

  27 ... (1/3)+32 ... 0.2 = 1/3 is executed frrst, 27A(1/3) and 32A0.2 are ans executed next, and is executed last.

  • 5

  >> 27 ... 1/3+32 ... 0.2

  27A1 and 32A0.2 are executed frrst, /3 is exe­

  ans cuted next, and + is executed last.

  11

  • • • •

  » 0. 7854-(0. 7854) ... 3/ (1*2*3) +0. 785 ... 5/ (1*2*3*4*5)

  • (0.785) ... 7/(1*2*3*4*5*6*7)

  Type three periods ... (and press to continue the expression on the next line.

  ans 0.7071

  The last expression is the first four

  >>

  terms of the Taylor series for sin(1t/4).

  1.4 DISPLAY FORMATS The user can control the format in which MATLAB displays output on the screen.

  In Tutorial 1-1, the output format is fixed-point with four decimal digits (called short), which is the default format for numerical values. The format can be

1.4 Formats

  4 » 290/7

  13

  format loose Adds empty lines (opposite of compact ) .

  information displayed on the screen.

  41.43 format compact Eliminates empty lines to allow more lines with

  290/7 floating point. ans = 41.4285714285714 format bank Two decimal digits. » 290/7 ans =

  Best of 15-digit fixed or »

  290/7 floating point. ans = 41.429 format long g

  Best of 5-digit fixed or »

  4.142857142857143e+001 format short g

  decimal digits. ans =

  4.1429e+001 format long e Scientific notation with 15 » 290/7

  decimal digits. ans =

  changed with the format command. Once the format command is entered, all the output that follows is displayed in the specified format. Several of the avail­ able formats are listed and described in Table 1-2.

  MATLAB has several other formats for displaying numbers. Details of these formats can be obtained by typing

  Otherwise display format long e.

  0.001 :5: number :5: 100 41.428571428571431

  digits for: ans =

  290/7

  Fixed-point with 15 decimal »

  format long

  Otherwise display format short e.

  0.001 :5: number :5: 1000 41.4286

  digits for: ans =

  Table 1-2: Display formats Command Description Example format short Fixed-point with

4 decimal

» 290/7

  in the Command Window. The format in which numbers are displayed does not affect how MATLAB computes and saves numbers.

  help format

  format short e Scientific notation with

  14 1: with MATLAB

1.5 ELEMENTARY MATH BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS

  In addition to basic arithmetic operations, expressions in MATLAB can include functions. MATLAB has a very large library of built-in functions. A function has a name and an argument in parentheses. For example, the function that calculates the square root of a number is sqrt (x). Its name is sqrt, and the argument is

  x. When the function is used, the argument can be a number, a variable that has

  been assigned a numerical value (explained in Section 1.6), or a computable expression that can be made up of numbers and/or variables. Functions can also be included in arguments, as well as in expressions. Tutorial1-2 shows examples

  sqrt (x)

  of using the function when MATLAB is used as a calculator with sca­ lars. >> Tutorial1-2: Using the sqrt built-in function.

  sqrt(64) = Argument is a number. >> ans sqrt(50+14*3) = Argument is an expression. ans >> 9.5917 sqrt(54+9*sqrt(100)) = Argument includes a function. ans >>

  12 (15+600/4)/sqrt(121)