Alienation and violence in william golding`s lord of the flies and j.d. salinger`s the catcher in the rye - USD Repository

ALIENATION AND VIOLENCE

  IN WILLIAM GOLDING’S LORD OF THE FLIES AND J. D. SALINGER’S THE CATCHER IN THE RYE

  AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

VIDA LESTARI MAMUAYA

  Student Number: 014214064

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2007

ALIENATION AND VIOLENCE

  IN WILLIAM GOLDING’S LORD OF THE FLIES AND J. D. SALINGER’S THE CATCHER IN THE RYE

  AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

VIDA LESTARI MAMUAYA

  Student Number: 014214064

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

  “Life is so beautiful ” feel, touch, and enjoy it

  

This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to

My beloved Mother and Father

My Grandma

  

My Aunty

….all children in the world



  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  I thank and praise to Allah SWT, for love and life, for always remaining me to be a strong person to face any kind of the difficulties and for all the beautiful experiences in my life.

  My best gratitude goes to my beloved mother and father who always give me love, affection, support, and prayers, to my naughty niece, Amanda, and my naughty nephew, Dio, for always making me busy with his and her cries, to my brother, Yossi, for the computer, printer and motorcycle. I also thank to my grandma and my aunty for the support and prayers. Special thanks to Pendi for giving support, help and patience during my undergraduate thesis writing.

  I would like to thank my advisor, Novita Dewi, Dr., M.S, M.A. (Hons)., who gave her precious time and thought to read and correct my thesis. Her suggestions, her idea and her advice have made my step in the right tract. I also thank my co-advisor, Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji S.S., M.Hum., for his correction and advice to complete my thesis.

  I would like to thank all my friends in Teater Seriboe Djendela for the incredible experiences. I will never forget the anger, the stressfulness, the sadness, the happiness, the satisfaction and the romance in every performance we have made. I would like also thank my friends in English Letters Sanata Dharma University, Reni Amit (for the innocence), Mei (for the charming and spirit) and Widhi (for the intelligence). Thanks to mas Drajat in USD library for the support.

  Thanks also to mbak Ninik for the administration.

  ABSTRACT

  VIDA LESTARI MAMUAYA (2007). Alienation and Violence in William

Golding’s Lord of the Flies and J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye.

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

  This thesis discusses William Golding’s Lord of the Flies and J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. Both contain the theme of alienation and violence. In Lord of the Flies, all characters are a group of school boys aged 6 up to 12. They are isolated in an empty island. Thus they become alienated with the world outside and their alienation leads to violence. While in The Catcher in the

  

Rye, the main character, Holden Caulfield, is described as an unhappy person. He

  feels lonely in his life because he is an alienated person. His alienation makes him unable to control himself as to commit violence.

  This thesis is meant to answer the problems of alienation and violence of the characters in both novels. This thesis has two purposes. The first is to depict the qualities of alienation and the relation with violence in both novels. The second is to find out the causes that influence the alienation in the characters in both novels.

  The writer uses library research and internet research method in the analysis. Theories of character and characterization are applied to answer the first and second problems. Theories of alienation and violence are applied to answer the first problem. Theories of family and society are applied to answer problem number two. The psychological approach is used in analyzing the character’s psychological tendency to alienation and violence.

  The result of this study shows that the portrait of alienation and violence in both novels are different. In Lord of the Flies, the children become alienated all of a sudden because of the war. The children who are isolated in one empty island should face bitter experiences as alienated persons. Their qualities as alienated persons are isolation, being out of touch with the self, being out of touch with any other person, powerless, experiencing identity crisis, being neurotic, and undergo guilty feeling. While in The Catcher in the Rye, the alienation in Holden’s character is because he experiences mental disorder. Holden tells the entire story in the novel from mental hospital. Further, he has the qualities as an alienated person namely being out of touch with any other people, experiencing identity crisis, being neurotic, undergo guilty feeling, goalless feeling, empty, flat, and devoid feeling, and estrangement from God. Nevertheless, the children in both novels have the same factor that influences their alienation and violence. The careless of the member of the family and the treatment of the society become the prominent factors in influencing the development of the children’s alienation and violence. It makes all characters have a distance with their family and society. They cannot make a good interpersonal relationship with others. Besides, their alienation leads them to do both physical and verbal violence to release their

  

ABSTRAK

  VIDA LESTARI MAMUAYA (2007). Alienation and Violence in William

Golding’s Lord of the Flies and J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye.

Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Tesis ini membahas karya William Golding yang berjudul Lord of the

  

Flies dan J. D. Salinger yang berjudul The Catcher in the Rye. Kedua novel

  tersebut memuat tema yang sama yaitu alienasi dan kekerasan. Pada novel Lord

  

of the Flies, semua karakternya adalah sekelompok anak sekolah berusia 6 sampai

  12 tahun. Mereka terisolasi di suatu pulau kosong. Oleh sebab itu mereka teralienasi dari lingkungan di luar pulau dan keteralienasian mereka menyebabkan mereka melakukan kekerasan. Sementara itu, pada novel The Catcher in the Rye, tokoh utamanya, Holden Caulfield digambarkan sebagai orang yang tidak bahagia. Dia merasa kesepian dalam hidupnya dikarenakan dia adalah orang yang teralienasi. Alienasi pada tokoh utama ini menyebabkan dia tidak bisa mengontrol dirinya sehingga dia melakukan kekerasan.

  Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menjawab permasalahan alienasi dan kekerasan pada karakter pada kedua novel. Tesis ini mempunyai dua tujuan. Pertama adalah untuk menggambarkan kualitas keteralienasian dan hubungannya dengan kekerasan pada kedua novel. Kedua adalah untuk mengetahui penyebab yang mempengaruhi alienasi pada tokoh-tokoh pada kedua novel tersebut.

  Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode studi pustaka dan internet. Teori tokoh dan penokohan di terapkan untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama dan kedua. Teori alienasi dan kekerasan diterapkan untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama. Teori tentang keluarga dan masyarakat diterapkan untuk menjawab permasalahan yang kedua. Pendekatan psikologi digunakan dalam menganalisis aspek psikologi yang bersangkutan dengan alienasi dan kekerasan pada tokoh-tokoh dalam novel.

  Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa gambaran alienasi dan kekerasan pada kedua novel tersebut berbeda. Pada Lord of the Flies anak-anak memperoleh alienasi dan melakukan kekerasan secara tidak disengaja dikarenakan adanya perang. Mereka yang terisolasi di sebuah pulau kosong harus menghadapi pengalaman pahit sebagai orang yang teralienasi. Kualitas mereka sebagai orang yang teralienasi adalah terisolasi, tidak mengenal diri sendiri, tidak dapat bergaul dengan orang lain, tidak berdaya, krisis identitas, menderita gangguan emosi dan selalu mempunyai perasaan bersalah. Sedangkan pada The Catcher in the Rye, alienasi digambarkan pada sakit jiwa yang diderita oleh Holden. Holden menceritakan semua cerita dalam novel dari rumah sakit jiwa. Lebih lanjut, dia mempunyai kualitas sebagai orang yang teralienasi yaitu tidak dapat bergaul dengan orang lain, krisis identitas, menderita gangguan emosi, selalu mempunyai perasaan bersalah, tidak mempunyai tujuan hidup, mempunyai perasaan kosong, datar dan hampa serta jauh dari tuhan. Meskipun demikian, anak-anak pada kedua kekerasan pada mereka. Ketidakpedulian anggota keluarga dan perlakuan masyarakat menjadi faktor yang penting yang mempengaruhi perkembangan alienasi dan kekerasan pada anak-anak. Hal tersebut membuat semua tokoh dalam novel mempunyai jarak dengan keluarga dan masyarakat. Mereka tidak dapat menjalin hubungan secara personal dengan orang lain. Selain itu, alienasi yang mereka derita mengarahkan mereka untuk melakukan kekerasan secara fisik maupun lisan untuk membebaskan rasa keteralienasian mereka.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of Study In many countries in the world, the young always have problems in their facet

  of growing-up. They often face difficulties in adjusting to the environment. The difficulties arise because the young are expected to be mature but in fact they do not have the basic knowledge of how to be mature in the growing-up world, the world that is very strange and full of pretense and hypocrisy. The young are blind and unable to see the complexity of the adult world. They need to see the good picture of the adult world to assist them to face the reality, but when they see that the picture of the real world are not appropriate with their picture about the ideal life, the young will get pain and disappointment. To avoid or fight against the pain and disappointment, they often create their own ideal world based on their ideal interpretation from the poor adult world. Thus, they are alienated from the adult world.

  A person who is alienated will have schizoid personality that according to Rollo May in Love and Will means of out of touch; avoiding close relationships;

  

the inability to feel (1969:16). With that schizoid personality condition, the

  alienated person usually is not happy with his or her life. It is because, according to Fromm in The Sane Society, in their life he/she will not to be able to accomplish the love, the ability to face reality, the ability to discover one self, and

  2 make somebody unable to accept the reality that happens around him/her. Further, one does not believe anybody and does not want to belong to the parents, peers, adult and society because in one’s opinion they are corrupt people. Indeed, one will find other alternatives to get the feeling of acceptance, belongingness and significance to fulfill his/her basic needs of life, for example by joining in a gang or drugs community.

  The writer has mentioned above that an alienated person usually feels unhappy. It can be said that the result of alienation seems always negative. One result that may appear in the alienated person is violence. Rollo May in Coleman’s Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life states that alienation will lead a man to a sequence of identity, confusion, apathy, powerless, and eventually violence (1972:165). Sager added in Coleman’s book, that alienation has close relation with violence such as the relation of crime and mental disorder (1972:165). The alienated person will do violence to achieve his happiness that cannot be obtained as long as he is an alienated person. Violence is something like a tool to release his feeling of frustration toward anything that makes him alienated. Based on that argument, the writer in this thesis is trying to make a link between alienation and violence especially that experienced the young.

  In this thesis, the writer is going to make a comparative analysis regarding alienation and violence in the novel of William Golding Lord of the Flies and J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. Both novels have children as the main characters, so that the writer can analyze deeper about these characters. The other

  3 children. The first novel is William Golding’s Lord of the Flies. This novel is written in 1954 and it is Golding’s first greatest and famous novel. Golding's experience as a member of the Royal Navy during WW II informs many aspects of his novels. His experience in the battle influences his view of humanity and evils, such as in Lord of the Flies which is full of conflict between good and bad side of human beings. The second is the novel of J. D. Salinger entitled

  

The Catcher in the Rye. This novel is the first novel published in the United States

  in 1951. This novel is his first work that is noticed by the critics and the general public in the literary field. After that, this novel becomes popular and is now studied by students in America and all countries in the world. According to American Library Association:

  The novel remains controversial to this day; it was the 13th most frequently challenged book of the 1990s. Despite this censorship, or perhaps because of it, it has become one of the most famous literary works of the 20th century, and a common part of high-school curricula across the United States and

   .

  The writer is interested at both novels because, firstly, they are famous novels. Secondly is because both novels are the psychological novels that carry the theme of alienation and violence in their character development.

  Alienation happens in any moment depending on the people and environment where someone lives. There are some factors contributing to alienation phenomenon. The main factor that can influence the character of alienation in children is the family. Undoubtedly that parent always wants to treat their children as best as possible in order to make them have a good life in the future. In the

  4 children. This argument is strengthened by some psychologists such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Atkinson who agree that the character of personality, attitude, and behavior of the parents may be expected to influence the personality, attitude, and behavior of the children. Atkinson in Introduction to Psychology says that children are like the mirror of the parents. The parents will influence children from the beginning years even though the children may not resemble their parents, the children are influenced by them (1983:387-388). Instead of the parents, according to Coleman in Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life, the sibling models and emotionally supportive relationships may have highly beneficial effects upon development and may even go far toward compensating for other family deficiencies (1972:157).

  It is obvious that family takes part in children character development. The other factor stated by Medinnus in Children and Adolescence Psychology that instead of familial, societal is the only primary group to which a child belongs. Society has a great significance in shaping a child’s belief and behaviors. (1969:400). Society, indeed, is the larger system of family. Like family, society will treat the young in order to make them well behave as a member of society. So that, society has the rules that should be obeyed by everybody who belongs to the society including the young. The young who violate the rules will get the sanction from society. Meanwhile, the young who are still in the age of finding his self- esteem will confront all the rules that have been made. In the young view, the rules will hamper their way to find their self-identity. Unconsciously, children’s

  5 face stress, frustration, anxiety and guilt. These conditions lead the young to get big problem of mental illness such as alienation and violence; some of them may face the worse such as killing and suicide.

  Alienation and violence are thus of psychological phenomenon. Since the writer analyzes literary work in this thesis, it is better to know a brief about the relation between psychology and literary work. Coleman in his book Abnormal

  

Psychology and Modern Life describes the function of literature in psychology

  science: Literature cannot provide either the theoretical or practical basis for understanding and treating specific cases of abnormal behavior, but it does complement psychology in giving a different kind of understanding of such behavior. Literature yields valuable information, for example, about the concept of personality dynamics, about mental disorders prevalent during a particular historical period, and about the inner experiences of the author as well (1972:7). In line with Coleman, Kalish in his book The Psychology of Human Behavior says that literature also “hold the mirror up to man.” A good novelist can communicate the feelings of his fictional characters and make them seem more life-like than the real people whose behavior the psychologist attempts to describe (1973:8). Nevertheless, character development in the novel cannot be the basic knowledge to describe the condition of the real human being in the real life. They are absolutely different. The function of the character in the novel is to interpret the character of the real life, but it does not give the real condition in reality.

  Freud, a famous psychologist, quoted Warren’s Theory of Literature as saying that an artist writes his/her work based on his/her phantasy-life to fulfill

  6 imagination in his/her phantasy-life. He makes his/her imagination become real in his/her work. Further, even the work of the artist is so real, but it is only the reality of imagination. Meanwhile, an artist can use psychology to tight their sense of reality and sharpen their powers of observation toward the real human being (Warren, 1956:93). Psychology, indeed, cannot solve the problem in the literary work, but it can be a good reflection and a good critic to the readers about the human life condition and the possibility problem that may arise in the real life. The value that exists in the work may open our mind and hopefully will enrich our quality of life. To make it clear, Kalish summarizes that writers can use the understanding provided by psychologists to enrich their stories, and psychologists can gain in their understanding of human behavior by drawing from the deep sensitivity of good authors (1973:8).

  From the explanations above, the writer sees that the children are very easy to be the victim of the adult treatment. The treatment of the adult can make the good or bad result depending on the factor that influencing their development. Indeed that literary works can be the good teacher to understand the children’s behavior including the behavior of alienation and violence. Therefore, by analyzing both novels of William Golding’s Lord of the Flies and J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in

  

the Rye in alienation and violence term, the writer is trying to make a portrayal of

  the possible condition of alienation and violence in children’s world. The writer is going to compare both novels to see the depiction of alienation and violence in the different way. Since both novels contain the same theme of alienation and

  7 Moreover, the relationship of the children with the adult in their family and society is not always having a good result for their personality development. They often gain mental illness precisely from the people who love, care and secure them and even the people who are trying to make them happy. The family and society ought to make them healthy and happily physically and psychologically.

  B. Problem Formulation

  The writer formulates two research questions as follows:

  1. What are the qualities of being alienated related to violence depicted in the characters of William Golding’s Lord of the Flies and J. D. Salinger’s

  The Catcher in the Rye?

  2. What are the causes of alienation in the characters of both novels?

  C. Objective of the Study

  In this thesis, the writer will focus on the alienation and violence of the characters in the novel of William Golding Lord of the Flies and J. D. Salinger’s

  

The Catcher in the Rye. Both novels have the same theme of alienation and

  violence in their characters, but the writer sees that the authors portrait alienation and violence in the different way. Besides, the theory of alienation and violence and the theory of familial and societal will also be used in the analysis as the institution that has close relationship in children’s world as the factors that may be expected to influence the children in their character development. The writer will

  8 analysis by finding out the causes of alienation and violence of the characters in both novels.

  In the first problem, the writer is to identify the theme of alienation and violence in the characters of William Golding’s Lord of the Flies and J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. The depiction of the theme of alienation and violence in both novels will be described by analyzing the qualities of alienation and the relation with violence in the characters. The advantage of identifying the theme of alienation and violence is to find out the differences of alienation and violence in both novels. The depiction theme of alienation and violence will be useful to support the analysis on the problem formulation number two.

  The second problem formulation is to find out the way of alienation and violence appears in children and adolescence in both novels. The writer will analyze the possible factors causing alienation and violence.

D. Definition of Terms

  1. Alienation According to Coleman in his book Abnormal Psychology and Modern

  

Life, alienation is a lack of authentic relationship with others, a confused sense of

  self-identity, inability to find satisfying values and meaning, and a belief that one is powerless to do anything that will have any significance or effect (1972: 165).

  9

  2. Violence Wilson in Abnormal Psychology: Integrating Perspectives says that violence is the act of physical aggression such as slapping, pushing, shoving, and kicking that result in physical injury requiring medical attention (1996:545). Violence is not only limited to physical abuse, but also includes verbal and psychological abuse ().

  3. Character According to M. H Abram in his book A Glossary of Literature Terms, characters are persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as seeing endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed a what they say-the dialogue and what they do-the action (1981:20).

  4. Family Lerner & Spanier quoted in Noller and Fitzpatrick’s Communicatioin in

  

Family Relationships says family as the social unit which accepts responsibility

  for the socialization and nurturance of children (1993:5). Sociologists quoted in

  

Social Experience: An Introduction to Sociology have traditionally viewed the

  family as a social group whose members are related by ancestry, marriage, or adoption and who live together, cooperate economically, and care for the young

  10 (Zanden, 1988:337). The family in this definition is categorized as extended family which has the member of father, mother, children and or relatives.

  5. Society Machiver and Page in Society: An Introductory Analysis states that society is a system of usages and procedures, of authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions, of controls of human behavior and of liberties (1950:5).

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies This chapter provides overviews on critics and comments on William Golding’s Lord of the Flies and Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye. The first

  comment comes from Hodson in his book, William Golding: Writers and Critics who says that William Golding’s Lord of the Flies and Salinger’s The Catcher in

  the Rye are novels that give a picture of youth and society in opposite way:

  There is also an element of the modish in it but more generally what is at stake is the opposition between the pictures of youth and society that these two works give – Salinger’s with his Holden Caulfield, innocent until corrupted by society which is phony through and through, and Golding’s with his boys potentially evil at the outset. (1969:33). According to Hodson, Lord of the Flies has the sense of the potential evil and potential good in man, suggested basically by the image of child as potential adult

  (1969:38). Making people understand their own humanity, which Golding sees as the basic quality in a writer, can be narrowed down to mean making people become self-aware and honest with themselves about the condition they find themselves in, and the kind of life they lead (1969:19).

  The story in Lord of the Files obliquely makes the reader automatically apply the story to adult life (Hodson, 1969:34). The story has the image of child as potential adult. Margaret Waters in “Two Fabulists: Golding and Camus” said that

  

Lord of the Flies was much about the adult world than about boys. She considers ironic references throughout to the world of adults (Melbourne Critical Review, vol.4, 1961).

  Besides, F. E. Kearns places The Catcher in the Rye in the tradition of the innate goodness of man until corrupted by society and Lord of the Flies in the tradition of the insuperable depravity of human nature which makes all human effort at justice or order futile (qt. “Salinger and Golding: Conflict on the Campus”, America, 26 January 1963).

  Lord of the Flies is influenced by the author’s childhood experiences that

  brings the shadow of darkness and contaminate his happiness. Moreover, Gerald says that Golding's novels are often termed fables or myths. They are laden with symbols, usually of a spiritual or religious nature, so heavy in significance that they can be interpreted on many different levels ().

  Further comments and critics are about The Catcher in the Rye. Eric Lomazoff’s comment about Salinger's portrayal of Holden which includes incidents of depression, nervous breakdown, impulsive spending, sexual exploration, vulgarity, and other erratic behaviour, have all attributed to the controversial nature of the novel (http://www.levity.com/conduroy/salinger1.htm).

  While Davis in Contemporary Literary Criticism gives comment that Salinger in The Catcher in the Rye has skills in mockery of verbal speech. The structure of the novel personifies Holden's unstable state of mind. Other comment from Davis is about the portrayal of Holden Caulfield's melodramatic struggle to survive in preparatory school. He point out to the fact that Holden has flunked out of three Pennsylvania prep schools, as a symbol of the fact that Holden is not truly ready for adulthood (1989:318).

  One of the most intriguing points from Kegel in Incommunicability in

  

Salinger's 'The Catcher in the Rye' in Holden's character, related to his prolonged

  inability to communicate, is Holden's intention to become a deaf-mute. So repulsed is he by the phoniness around him that he wishes not to communicate with anyone, and in a passage filled with personal insight he contemplates a retreat within himself. Caulfield is in search of the Word. His problem is one of communication: as a teenager, he simply cannot get through to the adult world which surrounds him; as a sensitive teenager, he cannot get through others of his own age (1963:54-55).

  Since the critics and comments about Lord of the Flies and The Catcher in

  

the Rye do not mention about alienation, the writer of this thesis is going to make

  an analysis of alienation and compare their alienation in both novels. She will also see the impact of alienation trough violence. Next, the causes that influence the alienation and violence phenomenon in the characters in both novels will also be discussed in the thesis.

  B. Review of Related Theories The theories which will be applied in the analysis are the theories of character and characterization, alienation, violence, familial and societal influence.

1. Character and Characterization

  Character has the important role in play or drama because character will carry out the action and will make the story life to the reader. According to Bain in his book The Norton Introduction to Literature, defines that character is a person who acts, appears, or is referred to in a work (1973:604). Besides, Abrams in his book

  

A Glossary of Literary Terms states that characters are the person presented in a

  dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional that are expressed their dialogue and their action (1993:23).

  Meanwhile, Forster in his book Aspect of the Novel states that the actors in a story are, or pretend to be, human beings (1974:30). He assumes that the character in a book is real when the novelist knows many of facts, even of the kind we call obvious, may be hidden. From the characters in the novel the reader may get a reality that he/she never gets in his daily life.

  Further is about the theories of characterization. Blair and Gerber in Better

  

Reading to Literature states that characterization is a technique used by the writer

to make the qualities of the character known (1948:52). While Richard M.

  Eastman in A Guide to the Novel describes that in depiction characters a novelist is expected to show people as they are (1965:17).

  M. J. Murphy in his book Understanding Unseen (1972:173) states nine ways in which an author attempts to create the characterization of the characters to make the characters are more understandable to the readers.

  a. Personal description

  The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes in detail. The author has the skillful choice to make the character in details of the skin-color, the hair, the clothes, the face, or the eyes to help the readers know the character as well.

  b. Character as seen by another

  The author describes one character through another character’s eyes and opinion to get the image of one character. The reader is given the impressions of shape, cleanliness, firmness, smoothness and color of the character from another.

  c. Speech

  The author can give us an insight into the character trough what the character says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward on opinion, he is giving us a clue to his character.

  d. Past life

  The author gives the clue by letting the reader learns about a person’s past life. It can be done by the direct comment through the conversation of the characters or through the medium of another person.

  e. Conversation of others

  The author gives the clue to person’s character through the conversation of other people and the things they say about him. The way they are talk to the other

  f. Reaction

  The author gives us a clue to a person’s character by letting us to know how that person reacts to various situations and events. Each situation and event gives its own way to direct the person’s character,

  g. Direct comment

  The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly. The author gives the direct comment to give clue for the reader about that character of person.

  h. Thoughts

  The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. The author tells about the different of the people in thinking. In this way, the author is able to create something of the character way of thinking that we cannot do in real life.

i. Mannerism

  The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies, which may also tell us something about his character. The person’s mannerism is something that cannot easily to forget, it is about something special manner of the character.

2. Alienation The writer found some theories on alienation that will be used in this thesis.

  Since the writer sees the alienation from psychological perspective, the theories of alienation from psychological science are fruitful to support the theory of alienation. These theories will depict the description of the qualities that adhere to the alienated person.

  Gold in Kalish’s The Psychology of Human Behavior gives the three interrelated meanings for alienation; there are isolation, feeling of powerlessness and identity crisis (1973:45). In other words, Kalish depicted an alienated person as a person who does not feel to belong to one community or who feels that one cannot relate to a group (1973:44-45). In line with Kalish, Maslow in Personality

  

Theories describes about the belongingness and love need of the individual

  toward the group. In his view, the encounter groups are motivated by this unsatisfied hunger for contact, for intimacy, for belongingness and by the need to overcome the widespread feelings of alienation, aloneness, and loneliness (1981:371). Man who does not belong to the group or community can be categorized as a person who has the feeling of alienation, aloneness, and loneliness. Furthermore, Erich Fromm in The Sane Society states that in the interpersonal relationship of alienated person, friendships are not the basis of individual liking or attraction (1955:160). Fromm further explains that an alienated person is not being able to make a personal relationship. The relation that one makes is only in the surface. The relation is motivated by egotistical

  In the alienation world, one is not only estranged toward other people but also toward the self. Fromm states that an alienated person is out of touch with oneself as he is out of touch with any other person (1955:120). Kalish in The Psychology

  

of Human Behavior describes that an alienated person may lack the kinds of

  motivation that normal social relationship lead to, they feel goalless and uncertain of themselves. They are not be able to turn to other and they may turn increasingly inward (1973:45). Man experiences oneself not as a man with love, fear, convictions, doubts, but as that abstraction, alienated from one real nature, which fulfills a certain function in the social system. The sense of one own values always depends on factors extraneous to oneself (Fromm, 1955:142).

  Other theory of alienation comes from Karen Horney and Erich Fromm in

  

Adolescence and Youth, which state that alienation may also take the form of a

  sense of estrangement from what is vaguely felt to be one’s real self. As a result of unfortunate developmental experience or the demands of society, the individual may feel that somehow he does is empty, flat, and devoid of meaning. Such feelings characterize some instances of adolescent depression (1977:554).

  Further, Sullivan in Child and Adolescent Psychology takes the fact that the alienated person lacks a feeling of selfhood and experiences oneself in terms of a response to the expectation of others, as part of human nature (1969:193). While Kierkegaard, Tillich, and Sartre in Adolescence and Youth emphasizes the alienation as the painful estrangement of the individual from God, from other people, or from oneself (1977:553). One does not experience oneself as an active on powers outside of oneself, unto whom he has projected his living substance (Fromm, 1955:124). One must lose almost all sense of self, of oneself as a unique and induplicable entity (Fromm, 1955:143).

  An alienated person feels so much guilty in one life. Man has the feeling of guilty for being oneself, and for not being oneself, for being alive and for being automaton, for being a person and for being a thing (Fromm, 1955:205). The guilty feeling increase unhappiness and suffering in one’s life. One will estranged from oneself and from other people that make one cannot face the reality of life (Fromm, 1955: 202).

  Another description is that alienation is a kind of mental illness which unconsciously appears from our mind. Neurotic person can be said as an alienated person because one has completely lost oneself as the center of one own experience as one lost the sense of self (Fromm, 1955:124). The action of an alienated person is under illusion which is separated from oneself and work behind his/her back. Man becomes strange to oneself like others are strange to him/her. One will experience the other and oneself not as he/she really is, but distorted by the unconscious forces which operate in him/her.

  In addition, Fromm states that in the alienated world, life is being denied; need to control, creativeness, curiosity, and independent thought are being baulked, and the result, the inevitable result, is flight or fight, apathy or destructiveness, psychic regression (1955:125).

3. Violence

  In alienation, the action of the alienated person is unconsciously done. One has the potentiality to do violence to release the feeling of alienation. There are some theories that will support the theory of violence.

  James V. McConnell in Understanding Human Behavior states that someone who does violence mostly one who is confused about life and one who has parents that had not taught the person much about self-control and getting along with others (1983:97). This kind of person is like a person who gets feeling of alienation. Bordiga strengthens this argument by saying that violence is one thing that can be appeared to follow the development of the alienation character ().

  Guy R. Lefrancois in his book Of Children states that violence is simply an extreme form of aggressiveness (1980:363). Further, Kalish in The Psychology of

  

Human Behavior says that violence occurs only when it is aroused by

  environmental conditions, usually through anger and frustration, although other forms of stress may be involved. The individual’s ability to cope effectively with stress is also related to his ability to deal with the motivation to become violent (1973:162). Moreover, Kalish describes that violent behavior appears to result from the dynamic interaction between human physiology, the individual’s background and general environment, and the arousal properties of the specifics situation.

  Gray in On Understanding Violence Philosophically added that the self-realization and deprivation of freedom is nearly bound to be violent (1970:29). In line with Gray, Azrin’s theory also states that “psychological pain” or frustration can be lead to violence as readily as can electric shock (1983:100).

  According to Scott, the most important in influencing violence is societal factors (1983:97). He believes that people will not do away with violence and aggression until they create societies that promote peace, stability, and positive interpersonal relationships particularly among disadvantaged young people in all cultures. Types of violence:

  1. Physical violence Amadeo Bordiga describes that the physical violence is the violence that use the muscular strength On the other way, Wolfgang in

  Kalish’ book describes that violence is used as physical injury to persons and damage or destruction of property (1973:162). Lefrancois added that violence implies physical action or movement and possible or actual harm to people or objects (1980:363). Physical violence exist in the individual who might want to elude such impositions must engage in a hand-to-hand combat with the other people individually or collectivity.

  2. Verbal Violence Bordiga says that violence is not only about brutal physical, such as physical restrain, beating, and killing, but also in the actions of individual coercing such as

  Futher, Gray in his book On Understanding Violence Philosophically says that in the condition of suffering and unhappiness, one uses language as a weapon, analogous to pistols and bombs, without concern either for its flexibility or beauty (1970:18). Plato in Gray’s book held that “to use words wrongly is not a fault in itself; it also corrupts the soul.” (1970:18). Gray adds that language in their mouths becomes a succession of slogans in the original meaning of slogan as a battlecry or warcry.

  In essence, language can be used as a tool to make verbal violence. The use of language as a violent act appears from suffering and unhappy person who uses it to release the feeling of alienation in an alienated person. Verbal violence will hurt other people not physically but psychically.

  4. Familial and Societal Influence Familial and society are the greatest factors which influence the phenomenon of alienation and violence in children and adolescence. Since the children and adolescence associate in the family and society, the atmosphere of family and society affect the quality in children’s behavior. J. W. Vander Zanden in The

  

Social Experience says that both family and peer group are important anchors in

  children and adolescence’s life (1988:292). Ruth Nanda Anshen in The Family describes the function of family in the child development: The family, in its essential meaning, must be considered as an example for imitation, constituting a fundamental category in human life and thought. It is the essence of ethics and morality; it is implicit in education. The concept of the Good is transmitted through the family and is derived from the indigenous

  Meddinus in Child and Adolescent Psychology added that the most significant aspect of the home is the warmth of the relationship between parents and child (1969:356).

  While Watson in Psychology of the Child says that parents are the personality patters that persist are set by the way in which parents characteristically restrict, comfort, admonish, instruct, and express acceptance and warmth (1973:230). He added that although the peer group begins to have some effect on children’s attitudes during the middle years, the fact that they are still dependent on their parents means that the latter are still the major influence in their capacities: as sources of love, as authority figure, as sources of values and as models.