Directory listing of http: uap.unnes.ac.id ebook linux ebook Linux Bookshelf v.1.0 BookShelf

Linux Manual Pages

Linux Manual Pages
Last updated on May 9, 1999.
NOTE: These are the man pages written by the Linux Documentation Project. Man pages for
applications are not yet included here.
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Section 1

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Section 2

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Section 3

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Section 4

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Section 5

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Section 6

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Section 7

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Section 8

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Section 9

I

Linux Man Pages Section 1

Linux Man Pages Section 1
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chgrp.1

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chmod.1

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chown.1

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cp.1

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dd.1

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df.1

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diff.1

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dircolors.1

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du.1

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install.1

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intro.1

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ln.1

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ls.1

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mkdir.1

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mkfifo.1

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mknod.1

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mv.1

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rm.1

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rmdir.1

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touch.1

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/ [14/09/1999 09:41:04]

NAME
chgrp - change group ownership of files

SYNOPSIS
chgrp [options] group file...
POSIX options:

[-R]

GNU options (shortest form):
[--]

[-cfvR]

[--help]

[--version]

DESCRIPTION
chgrp changes the group ownership of each given file to
group, which can be either a group name or a numeric group
ID.

POSIX OPTIONS
-R

Recursively change the group ownership of directories
and their contents. (And continue even when errors are
encountered.)

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/chgrp.1.html (1 of 4) [14/09/1999 09:41:06]

GNU OPTIONS
-c, --changes
Verbosely describe the action for each file whose group
actually changes.
-f, --silent, --quiet
Do not print error messages
cannot be changed.

about

files

whose

group

-h, --no-dereference
Act on symbolic links themselves instead of what they
point to. Only available if the lchown system call is
provided.

-v, --verbose
Verbosely describe the action or non-action
every file.
-R, --recursive
Recursively change the group ownership
and their contents.

of

taken

for

directories

GNU STANDARD OPTIONS
--help
Print a usage message on standard output and exit
cessfully.

suc-

--version
Print version information on standard output, then exit
successfully.
--

Terminate option list.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/chgrp.1.html (2 of 4) [14/09/1999 09:41:06]

ENVIRONMENT
The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE
the usual meaning.

and

LC_MESSAGES

have

CONFORMING TO
POSIX 1003.2 only requires the
options may not be portable.

-R

option.

Use

of

other

NOTES
This page describes chgrp as found in the fileutils-3.16
package; other versions may differ slightly. Mail corrections and additions to aeb@cwi.nl, aw@mail1.bet1.puv.fi and
ragnar@lightside.ddns.org.
Report bugs in the program to
fileutils-bugs@gnu.ai.mit.edu.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/chgrp.1.html (3 of 4) [14/09/1999 09:41:06]

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/chgrp.1.html (4 of 4) [14/09/1999 09:41:06]

NAME
chmod - change access permissions of files

SYNOPSIS
chmod [options] mode file...
POSIX options:

[-R]

GNU options (shortest form):
[--]

[-cfvR]

[--help]

[--version]

DESCRIPTION
chmod changes the permissions of each given file according
to mode, which can be either a symbolic representation of
changes to make, or an octal number representing the bit
pattern for the new permissions.
The format of a symbolic mode change argument is
`[ugoa...][[+-=][rwxXstugo...]...][,...]'.
Such an argument is a list of symbolic mode change commands,
separated by commas.
Each symbolic mode change command
starts with zero or more of the letters `ugoa'; these control which users' access to the file will be changed: the
user who owns it (u), other users in the file's group (g),
other users not in the file's group (o), or all users (a).
Thus, `a' is here equivalent to `ugo'. If none of these are
given, the effect is as if `a' were given, but bits that are
set in the umask are not affected.
The operator `+' causes the permissions selected to be added
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/chmod.1.html (1 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:09]

to the existing permissions of each file; `-' causes them to
be removed; and `=' causes them to be the only permissions
that the file has.
The letters `rwxXstugo' select the new permissions for the
affected users: read (r), write (w), execute (or access for
directories) (x), execute only if the file is a directory or
already has execute permission for some user (X), set user
or group ID on execution (s), sticky bit (t), the permissions that the user who owns the file currently has for it
(u), the permissions that other users in the file's group
have for it (g), and the permissions that other users not in
the file's group have for it (o). (Thus, `chmod g-s file'
removes the set-group-ID (sgid) bit, `chmod ug+s file' sets
both the suid and sgid bits, while `chmod o+s file' does
nothing.)
The `sticky bit' is not described by POSIX.
The name
derives from the original meaning: keep program text on
swap device. These days, when set for a directory, it means
that only the owner of the file and the owner of that
directory may remove the file from that directory. (This is
commonly used on directories like /tmp that have general
write permission.)
A numeric mode is from one to four octal digits (0-7),
derived by adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1. Any
omitted digits are assumed to be leading zeros.
The first
digit selects the set user ID (4) and set group ID (2) and
save text image (1) attributes. The second digit selects
permissions for the user who owns the file: read (4), write
(2), and execute (1); the third selects permissions for
other users in the file's group, with the same values; and
the fourth for other users not in the file's group, with the
same values.
chmod never changes the permissions of symbolic links, since
the chmod system call cannot change their permissions. This
is not a problem since the permissions of symbolic links are
never used. However, for each symbolic link listed on the
command line, chmod changes the permissions of the pointedto file. In contrast, chmod ignores symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/chmod.1.html (2 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:09]

POSIX OPTIONS
-R

Recursively change permissions of directories and their
contents.

GNU OPTIONS
-c, --changes
Verbosely describe the action for each file whose
missions actually changes.
-f, --silent, --quiet
Do not print error messages about files
sions cannot bechanged.

whose

-v, --verbose
Verbosely describe the action or non-action
every file.

per-

permis-

taken

for

-R, --recursive
Recursively change permissions of directories and their
contents.

GNU STANDARD OPTIONS
--help
Print a usage message on standard output and exit
cessfully.

suc-

--version
Print version information on standard output, then exit
successfully.
--

Terminate option list.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/chmod.1.html (3 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:09]

ENVIRONMENT
The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE
the usual meaning.

and

LC_MESSAGES

have

CONFORMING TO
POSIX 1003.2 only requires the -R option. Use of other
options may not be portable. This standard does not describe
the 't' permission bit. This standard does not specify
whether chmod must preserve consistency by clearing or
refusing to set the suid and sgid bits, e.g., when all execute bits are cleared, or whether chmod honors the `s' bit
at all.

NONSTANDARD MODES
Above we described the use of the `t' bit on directories.
Various systems attach special meanings to otherwise meaningless combinations of mode bits.
In particular, Linux,
following System V (see System V Interface Definition (SVID)
Version 3), lets the sgid bit for files without group execute permission mark the file for mandatory locking. For
more
details,
see
the
file
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/mandatory.txt.

NOTES
This page describes chmod as found in the fileutils-3.16
package; other versions may differ slightly. Mail corrections and additions to aeb@cwi.nl, aw@mail1.bet1.puv.fi and
ragnar@lightside.ddns.org.
Report bugs in the program to
fileutils-bugs@gnu.ai.mit.edu.
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/chmod.1.html (4 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:09]

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/chmod.1.html (5 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:09]

NAME
chown - change file owner and group

SYNOPSIS
chown [options] user[:group
POSIX options:

[-R]

GNU options (shortest form):
[--]

[-cfhvR] [--help]

[--version]

DESCRIPTION
chown changes the user and/or group ownership of each given
file as specified by the first non-option argument as follows: if only a user name (or numeric user ID) is given,
that user is made the owner of each given file, and the
files' group is not changed. If the user name is followed
by a colon and a group name (or numeric group ID), with no
spaces between them, the group ownership of the files is
changed as well.

GNU DETAILS
The GNU version allows a dot instead of a colon (following
BSD). [This was not allowed by POSIX since a dot is a valid
character in a user name.] If a colon or dot but no group
name follows the user name, that user is made the owner of
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/chown.1.html (1 of 4) [14/09/1999 09:41:12]

the files and the group of the files is changed to that
user's login group.
If the colon or dot and group are
given, but the user name is omitted, only the group of the
files is changed; in this case, chown performs the same
function as chgrp.

POSIX OPTIONS
-R

Recursively change ownership of directories
contents.

and

their

GNU OPTIONS
-c, --changes
Verbosely describe the action for each file whose
ership actually changes.

own-

-f, --silent, --quiet
Do not print error messages about files whose ownership
cannot be changed.
-h, --no-dereference
Act on symbolic links themselves instead of what they
point to. Only available if the lchown system call is
provided.
-v, --verbose
Verbosely describe the action (or non-action) taken for
every file.
-R, --recursive
Recursively change ownership of directories
contents.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/chown.1.html (2 of 4) [14/09/1999 09:41:12]

and

their

GNU STANDARD OPTIONS
--help
Print a usage message on standard output and exit
cessfully.

suc-

--version
Print version information on standard output, then exit
successfully.
--

Terminate option list.

ENVIRONMENT
The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE
the usual meaning.

and

LC_MESSAGES

have

CONFORMING TO
POSIX 1003.2 does not allow use of
between user name and group name.

the

dot

as

separator

NOTES
This page describes chown as found in the fileutils-3.16
package; other versions may differ slightly. Mail corrections and additions to aeb@cwi.nl and aw@mail1.bet1.puv.fi
and ragnar@lightside.ddns.org . Report bugs in the program
to fileutils-bugs@gnu.ai.mit.edu.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/chown.1.html (3 of 4) [14/09/1999 09:41:12]

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/chown.1.html (4 of 4) [14/09/1999 09:41:12]

NAME
cp - copy files and directories

SYNOPSIS
cp [options] file path
cp [options] file... directory
POSIX options:

[-fipRr]

GNU options (shortest form): [-abdfilprsuvxPR] [-S SUFFIX]
[-V
{numbered,existing,simple}] [--sparse=WHEN] [--help]
[--version] [--]

DESCRIPTION
cp copies files (or, optionally, directories).
You can
either copy one file to a given destination, or copy arbitrarily many files to a destination directory.
If the last argument names an existing directory, cp copies
each source file into that directory (retaining the same
name). Otherwise, if only two files are given, it copies
the first onto the second. It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and more than two non-option arguments are given.
(Thus, `cp -r /a /b' will copy /a to /b/a and /a/x to /b/a/x
in case /b exists already, but it will copy /a to /b and
/a/x to /b/x if there was no /b beforehand.)
The modes of the files and directories created will be the
same as those of the original files, ANDed by 0777, and
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/cp.1.html (1 of 7) [14/09/1999 09:41:16]

modified by the user's umask (unless the -p option was
specified).
(But during the recursive copy of directories,
newly created directories will temporarily get their final
mode ORed with S_IRWXU (0700), so as to allow the process to
read, write and search the newly created directory.)
Nothing is done when copying a file to itself (except possibly producing an error message). When copying to a different existing file, it is opened using
`open(path,
O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC)'.
When copying to a new file it is
created using `open(path, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, mode)'.
If
this fails, the file existed, and the -f option was given,
cp tries to delete (unlink) the existing file, and if this
succeeds proceeds as for a new file.

POSIX OPTIONS
POSIX recognizes four options and a half:
-f

Remove existing destination
above.)

files

-i

Prompt whether to overwrite existing regular destination files. (Write a question on stderr, and read the
answer from stdin.
Only copy upon an affirmative
answer.)

-p

Preserve the original files' owner, group, permissions
(including the setuid and setgid bits), time of last
modification and time of last access. In case duplication of owner or group fails, the setuid and setgid
bits are cleared. (Note that afterwards source and
copy may well have different times of last access,
since the copy operation is an access to the source
file.)

-R

Copy directories recursively, and do the right thing
when objects other than ordinary files or directories
are encountered. (Thus, the copy of a FIFO or special
file is a FIFO or special file.)

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/cp.1.html (2 of 7) [14/09/1999 09:41:16]

if

required.

(See

-r

Copy directories recursively, and do something unspecified with objects other than ordinary files or directories. (Thus, it is allowed, in fact encouraged, to
have the -r option a synonym for -R. However, silly
behaviour, like that of the present GNU version of cp
(see below) is not forbidden.)

GNU DETAILS
Generally, files are written just as they
exceptions, see the --sparse option below.

are

read.

For

By default, `cp' does not copy directories (see -r below).
cp generally refuses to copy a file onto itself, with the
following exception: if --force --backup is specified with
source and dest identical, and referring to a regular file,
cp will make a backup file, either regular or numbered, as
specified in the usual ways. This is useful when you simply
want to make a backup of an existing file before changing
it.

GNU OPTIONS
-a, --archive
Preserve as much as possible of the structure and
attributes of the original files in the copy (but do
not preserve directory structure). Equivalent to -dpR.
-d, --no-dereference
Copy symbolic links as symbolic links rather than copying the files that they point to, and preserve hard
links between source files in the copies.
-f, --force
Remove existing destination files.
-i, --interactive

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/cp.1.html (3 of 7) [14/09/1999 09:41:16]

Prompt whether to overwrite existing
tion files.

regular

destina-

-l, --link
Make hard links instead of copies of non-directories.
-p, --preserve
Preserve the original files' owner, group, permissions,
and timestamps.
-P, --parents
Form the name of each destination file by appending to
the target directory a slash and the specified name of
the source file. The last argument given to cp must be
the name of an existing directory. For example, the
command:
cp --parents a/b/c existing_dir
copies the file `a/b/c' to `existing_dir/a/b/c', creating any missing intermediate directories.
-r

Copy directories
recursively,
copying
any
nondirectories and non-symbolic links (that is, FIFOs and
special files) as if they were regular files.
This
means trying to read the data in each source file and
writing it to the destination. Thus, with this option,
`cp' may well hang indefinitely reading a FIFO or
/dev/tty. (This is a bug. It means that you have to
avoid -r and use -R if you don't know what is in the
tree you are copying. Opening an unknown device file,
say a scanner, has unknown effects on the hardware.)

-R, --recursive
Copy
directories
recursively,
directories (see -r just above).

preserving

non-

--sparse=WHEN
A `sparse file' contains `holes' - sequences of zero
bytes that do not occupy any physical disk blocks; the
`read' system call reads these as zeroes.
This can
both save considerable disk space and increase speed,
since many binary files contain lots of consecutive
zero bytes.
By default, `cp' detects holes in input
source files via a crude heuristic and makes the
corresponding output file sparse as well.
The WHEN value can be one of the following:
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/cp.1.html (4 of 7) [14/09/1999 09:41:16]

auto The default behavior: the output file is sparse if
the input file is sparse.
always
Always make the output file sparse. This is useful when the input file resides on a filesystem
that does not support sparse files, but the output
file is on a filesystem that does.
never
Never make the output file sparse. If you find an
application for this option, let us know.
-s, --symbolic-link
Make symbolic links instead of
copies
of
nondirectories.
All source file names must be absolute
(starting with `/') unless the destination files are in
the current directory. This option merely results in
an error message on systems that do not support symbolic links.
-u, --update
Do not copy a nondirectory that has an existing destination with the same or newer modification time.
-v, --verbose
Print the name of each file before copying it.
-x, --one-file-system
Skip subdirectories that are on different
from the one that the copy started on.

filesystems

GNU BACKUP OPTIONS
The GNU versions of programs like cp, mv, ln, install and
patch will make a backup of files about to be overwritten,
changed or destroyed if that is desired. That backup files
are desired is indicated by the -b option. How they should
be named is specified by the -V option. In case the name of
the backup file is given by the name of the file extended by
a suffix, this suffix is specified by the -S option.
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/cp.1.html (5 of 7) [14/09/1999 09:41:16]

-b, --backup
Make backups of files that are about to be
or removed.

overwritten

-S SUFFIX, --suffix=SUFFIX
Append SUFFIX to each backup file made. If this option
is not specified, the value of the SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX
environment
variable
is
used.
And
if
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX is not set, the default is `~'.
-V METHOD, --version-control=METHOD
Specify how backup files are named. The METHOD argument
can be `numbered' (or `t'), `existing' (or `nil'), or
`never' (or `simple').
If this
option
is
not
specified, the value of the VERSION_CONTROL environment
variable is used. And if VERSION_CONTROL is not set,
the default backup type is `existing'.
This option corresponds
to
the
Emacs
variable
`version-control'.
The valid METHODs are (unique
abbreviations are accepted):
t, numbered
Always make numbered backups.
nil, existing
Make numbered backups of files that
them, simple backups of the others.

already

have

--help
Print a usage message on standard output and exit
cessfully.

suc-

never, simple
Always make simple backups.

GNU STANDARD OPTIONS

--version
Print version information on standard output, then exit
successfully.
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/cp.1.html (6 of 7) [14/09/1999 09:41:16]

--

Terminate option list.

ENVIRONMENT
The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE,
LC_CTYPE
and
LC_MESSAGES have the usual meaning. For the GNU version, the
variables SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX and VERSION_CONTROL control
backup file naming, as described above.

CONFORMING TO
POSIX 1003.2

NOTES
This page describes cp as found in the fileutils-3.16 package; other versions may differ slightly. Mail corrections
and additions to aeb@cwi.nl and aw@mail1.bet1.puv.fi and
ragnar@lightside.ddns.org .
Report bugs in the program to
fileutils-bugs@gnu.ai.mit.edu.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/cp.1.html (7 of 7) [14/09/1999 09:41:16]

NAME
dd - convert and copy a file

SYNOPSIS
dd [--help] [--version] [if=file] [of=file] [ibs=bytes]
[obs=bytes]
[bs=bytes]
[cbs=bytes]
[skip=blocks]
[seek=blocks] [count=blocks] [conv={ascii, ebcdic,
ibm,
block, unblock, lcase, ucase, swab, noerror, notrunc, sync}]

DESCRIPTION
dd copies a file (from standard input to standard output, by
default) using specific input and output blocksizes, while
optionally performing conversions on it.
It reads the input one block at a time, using the specified
input block size (the default is 512 bytes).
If the
bs=bytes option was given, and no conversion other than
sync, noerror, or notrunc was specified, it writes the
amount of data read (which could be smaller than what was
requested) in a separate output block. This output block has
precisely the same length as was read unless the sync
conversion was specified, in which case the data is padded
with NULs (or spaces, see below).
Otherwise, the input, read one block at a time, is processed
and the resulting output is collected and written in blocks
of the specified output block size. The final output block
may be shorter.
The numeric-valued options below (bytes and blocks) can be
followed by a multiplier: `k'=1024, `b'=512, `w'=2, `c'=1
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/dd.1.html (1 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:19]

(`w' and `c' are GNU extensions; `w' should never be used it means 2 in System V and 4 in 4.2BSD). Two or more of
such numeric expressions can be multiplied by putting `x' in
between.

OPTIONS
if=file
Read from file instead of standard input.
of=file
Write to file instead of standard output.
Unless
conv=notrunc is given, dd truncates file to zero bytes
(or the size specified with seek=).
ibs=bytes
Read bytes bytes at a time. The default is 512.
obs=bytes
Write bytes bytes at a time. The default is 512.
bs=bytes
Both read and write bytes bytes at a time. This overrides ibs and obs. (And setting bs is not equivalent
with setting both ibs and obs to this same value, at
least when no conversion other than sync, noerror and
notrunc is specified, since it stipulates that each
input block shall be copied to the output as a single
block without aggregating short blocks.)
cbs=bytes
Specify the
unblock.

conversion

block

size

skip=blocks
Skip blocks ibs-byte blocks in the
copying.

for

block

and

input

file

before

seek=blocks
Skip blocks obs-byte blocks in the output
copying.

file

before

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count=blocks
Copy blocks ibs-byte blocks from the input
instead of everything until the end of the file.

file,

conv=CONVERSION[,CONVERSION]...
Convert the file as specified by the
CONVERSION
argument(s). (No spaces around any comma(s).)
Conversions:
ascii
Convert EBCDIC to ASCII.
ebcdic
Convert ASCII to EBCDIC.
ibm

Convert ASCII to alternate EBCDIC.

block
For each line in the input, output cbs bytes,
replacing the input newline with a space and padding with spaces as necessary.
unblock
Replace trailing spaces in
block with a newline.

each

cbs-sized

input

lcase
Change uppercase letters to lowercase.
ucase
Change lowercase letters to uppercase.
swab Swap every pair of
others, works when
- the last byte is
nothing to swap it

input bytes.
GNU dd, unlike
an odd number of bytes are read
simply copied (since there is
with).

noerror
Continue after read errors.
notrunc
Do not truncate the output file.
sync Pad every input block to size of ibs with trailing
zero bytes.
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GNU STANDARD OPTIONS
--help
Print a usage message on standard output and exit
cessfully.

suc-

--version
Print version information on standard output, then exit
successfully.
--

Terminate option list.

ENVIRONMENT
The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE
the usual meaning.

and

LC_MESSAGES

have

CONFORMING TO
POSIX 1003.2

NOTES
This page describes dd as found in the fileutils-3.16 package; other versions may differ slightly. Mail corrections
and additions to aeb@cwi.nl and aw@mail1.bet1.puv.fi and
ragnar@lightside.ddns.org .
Report bugs in the program to
fileutils-bugs@gnu.ai.mit.edu.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/dd.1.html (4 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:19]

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/dd.1.html (5 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:19]

NAME
df - report filesystem disk space usage

SYNOPSIS
df [options] [file...]
POSIX options:

[-kP]

GNU options (shortest form):
[-ahikmPv] [-t fstype] [-x
fstype] [--print-type] [--no-sync] [--sync] [--help] [--version] [--]

DESCRIPTION
df reports the amount of disk space used
filesystems.

and

available

on

With no arguments, df reports the space used and available
on all currently mounted filesystems (of all types). Otherwise, df reports on the filesystem containing each argument
file.

POSIX DETAILS
The output is in 512-byte units
units when the -k option is
undefined, unless the -P option
regular file, a directory or a

by default, but in 1024-byte
given. The output format is
is given. If file is not a
FIFO, the result is unspeci-

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/df.1.html (1 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:21]

fied.

GNU DETAILS
The output is in 1024-byte units (when no units are specified
by
options),
unless
the
environment variable
POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case POSIX is followed.
If an argument file is a disk device file containing a
mounted filesystem, df shows the space available on that
filesystem rather than on the filesystem containing the device node.

POSIX OPTIONS
-k

Use 1024-byte units instead
units.

of

the

default

512-byte

-P

Output in six columns, with heading `Filesystem Nblocks Used Available Capacity Mounted on' (with N=512,
but N=1024 when the -k option is given).

GNU OPTIONS
-a, --all
Include in the listing filesystems that have a size of
0 blocks, which are omitted by default. Such filesystems are typically special-purpose pseudo-filesystems,
such as automounter entries. Also, filesystems of type
"ignore" or "auto", supported by some operating systems, are only included if this option is specified.
-h, --human-readable
Append a size letter such as M for
size.
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/df.1.html (2 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:21]

megabytes

to

each

-i, --inodes
List inode usage information instead of block usage.
An inode (short for index node) is contains information
about a file such as its owner, permissions, timestamps, and location on the disk.
-k, --kilobytes
Print sizes in 1024-byte blocks.
-m, --megabytes
Print sizes
blocks.

in

megabyte

(that's

1,048,576

bytes)

--no-sync
Do not invoke the sync system call before getting any
usage data. This may make df run significantly faster,
but on some systems (notably SunOS) the results may be
slightly out of date. This is the default.
-P, --portability
Use the POSIX output format. This is like the default
format except that the information about each filesystem is always printed on exactly one line; a mount device is never put on a line by itself. This means that
if the mount device name is more than 20 characters
long (e.g., for some network mounts), the columns are
misaligned.
--sync
Invoke the sync system call before getting any usage
data.
On some systems (notably SunOS), doing this
yields more up to date results, but in general this
option makes df much slower, especially when there are
many or very busy filesystems.
-t fstype, --type=fstype
Limit the listing to filesystems of type fstype. Multiple filesystem types can be specified by giving multiple -t options. By default, nothing is omitted.
-T, --print-type
Print each filesystem's type.
The types given are
those reported by the system (and are found in a
system-dependent
way,
for
example
by
reading
/etc/mtab). See also mount(8).
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/df.1.html (3 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:21]

-x fstype, --exclude-type=fstype
Limit the listing to filesystems not of type fstype.
Multiple filesystem types can be eliminated by giving
multiple -x options. By default, no filesystem types
are omitted.
-v

Ignored; for compatibility with System
df.

V

versions

of

GNU STANDARD OPTIONS
--help
Print a usage message on standard output and exit
cessfully.

suc-

--version
Print version information on standard output, then exit
successfully.
--

Terminate option list.

ENVIRONMENT
The variable POSIXLY_CORRECT determines the choice of unit.
If it is not set, and the variable BLOCKSIZE has a value
starting with `HUMAN', then behaviour is as for the -h
option, unless overridden by -k or -m options. The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the usual
meaning.

CONFORMING TO
POSIX 1003.2

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/df.1.html (4 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:21]

SEE ALSO
mount(8)

NOTES
This page describes df as found in the fileutils-3.16 package; other versions may differ slightly. Mail corrections
and additions to aeb@cwi.nl and aw@mail1.bet1.puv.fi and
ragnar@lightside.ddns.org .
Report bugs in the program to
fileutils-bugs@gnu.ai.mit.edu.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/df.1.html (5 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:21]

NAME
diff - find differences between two files

SYNOPSIS
diff [options] from-file to-file

DESCRIPTION
In the simplest case, diff compares the contents of the two
files from-file and to-file. A file name of - stands for
text read from the standard input. As a special case, diff
- - compares a copy of standard input to itself.
If from-file is a directory and to-file is not, diff compares the file in from-file whose file name is that of tofile, and vice versa. The non-directory file must not be -.
If both from-file and to-file are directories, diff compares
corresponding files in both directories, in alphabetical
order; this comparison is not recursive unless the -r or
--recursive option is given. diff never compares the actual
contents of a directory as if it were a file. The file that
is fully specified may not be standard input, because standard input is nameless and the notion of ``file with the
same name'' does not apply.
diff options begin with -, so normally from-file and to-file
may not begin with -. However, -- as an argument by itself
treats the remaining arguments as file names even if they
begin with -.
Options
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/diff.1.html (1 of 8) [14/09/1999 09:41:27]

Below is a summary of all of the options that GNU diff
accepts.
Most options have two equivalent names, one of
which is a single letter preceded by -, and the other of
which is a long name preceded by --. Multiple single letter
options (unless they take an argument) can be combined into
a single command line word: -ac is equivalent to -a -c.
Long named options can be abbreviated to any unique prefix
of their name. Brackets ([ and ]) indicate that an option
takes an optional argument.
-lines
Show lines (an integer) lines of context. This option
does not specify an output format by itself; it has no
effect unless it is combined with -c or -u.
This
option is obsolete. For proper operation, patch typically needs at least two lines of context.
-a

Treat all files as text and compare them
even if they do not seem to be text.

-b
-B

Ignore changes in amount of white space.
Ignore changes that just insert or delete blank lines.

--brief
Report only whether the files differ, not
of the differences.
-c

line-by-line,

the

details

Use the context output format.

-C lines
--context[=lines]
Use the context output format, showing lines (an
integer) lines of context, or three if lines is not
given. For proper operation, patch typically needs at
least two lines of context.
--changed-group-format=format
Use format to output a line group containing differing
lines from both files in if-then-else format.
-d

Change the algorithm to perhaps find a smaller set of
changes.
This makes diff slower (sometimes much
slower).

-D name
Make merged if-then-else format output, conditional
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/diff.1.html (2 of 8) [14/09/1999 09:41:27]

on

the preprocessor macro name.
-e
--ed Make output that is a valid ed script.
--exclude=pattern
When comparing directories, ignore files and
tories whose basenames match pattern.

subdirec-

--exclude-from=file
When comparing directories, ignore files and subdirectories whose basenames match any pattern contained in
file.
--expand-tabs
Expand tabs to spaces in the output, to
alignment of tabs in the input files.
-f

preserve

the

Make output that looks vaguely like an ed script
has changes in the order they appear in the file.

but

-F regexp
In context and unified format, for each hunk of differences, show some of the last preceding line that
matches regexp.
--forward-ed
Make output that looks vaguely like an ed script
has changes in the order they appear in the file.

but

-h

This option currently has no effect; it is present
Unix compatibility.

for

-H

Use heuristics to speed handling of large
have numerous scattered small changes.

files

that

--horizon-lines=lines
Do not discard the last lines lines of the common prefix and the first lines lines of the common suffix.
-i

Ignore changes in case; consider upper- and
letters equivalent.

-I regexp
Ignore changes that just insert or
match regexp.
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/diff.1.html (3 of 8) [14/09/1999 09:41:27]

delete

lower-case

lines

that

--ifdef=name
Make merged if-then-else format output, conditional
the preprocessor macro name.

on

--ignore-all-space
Ignore white space when comparing lines.
--ignore-blank-lines
Ignore changes that just insert or delete blank lines.
--ignore-case
Ignore changes in case; consider upper- and
to be the same.
--ignore-matching-lines=regexp
Ignore changes that just insert or
match regexp.

delete

lower-case

lines

that

--ignore-space-change
Ignore changes in amount of white space.
--initial-tab
Output a tab rather than a space before the text of a
line in normal or context format. This causes the
alignment of tabs in the line to look normal.
-l

Pass the output through pr to paginate it.

-L label
--label=label
Use label instead of the file name in the context
mat and unified format headers.
--left-column
Print only the left column of two common lines in
by side format.
--line-format=format
Use format to output all input
format.

lines

in

for-

side

in-then-else

--minimal
Change the algorithm to perhaps find a smaller set of
changes.
This makes diff slower (sometimes much
slower).
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/diff.1.html (4 of 8) [14/09/1999 09:41:27]

-n

Output RCS-format diffs; like -f except that each
mand specifies the number of lines affected.

com-

-N
--new-file
In directory comparison, if a file is found in only one
directory, treat it as present but empty in the other
directory.
--new-group-format=format
Use format to output a group of lines taken
the second file in if-then-else format.

from

--new-line-format=format
Use format to output a line taken from just the
file in if-then-else format.

just

second

--old-group-format=format
Use format to output a group of lines taken
the first file in if-then-else format.

from

--old-line-format=format
Use format to output a line taken from just
file in if-then-else format.

the

just

first

-p

Show which C function each change is in.

-P

When comparing directories, if a file appears only in
the second directory of the two, treat it as present
but empty in the other.

--paginate
Pass the output through pr to paginate it.
-q

Report only whether the files differ, not
of the differences.

the

-r

When comparing directories,
subdirectories found.

compare

recursively

details

any

--rcs
Output RCS-format diffs; like -f except that each
mand specifies the number of lines affected.
--recursive
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/diff.1.html (5 of 8) [14/09/1999 09:41:27]

com-

When comparing directories,
subdirectories found.

recursively

compare

any

--report-identical-files
-s
Report when two files are the same.
-S file
When comparing directories, start with the file
This is used for resuming an aborted comparison.

file.

--sdiff-merge-assist
Print extra information to help sdiff. sdiff uses this
option when it runs diff. This option is not intended
for users to use directly.
--show-c-function
Show which C function each change is in.
--show-function-line=regexp
In context and unified format, for each hunk of differences, show some of the last preceding line that
matches regexp.
--side-by-side
Use the side by side output format.
--speed-large-files
Use heuristics to speed handling of large
have numerous scattered small changes.

files

--starting-file=file
When comparing directories, start with the file
This is used for resuming an aborted comparison.

that

file.

--suppress-common-lines
Do not print common lines in side by side format.
-t

Expand tabs to spaces in the output, to
alignment of tabs in the input files.

-T

Output a tab rather than a space before the text of a
line in normal or context format. This causes the
alignment of tabs in the line to look normal.

--text
Treat all files as text and compare them
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/diff.1.html (6 of 8) [14/09/1999 09:41:27]

preserve

the

line-by-line,

even if they do not appear to be text.
-u

Use the unified output format.

--unchanged-group-format=format
Use format to output a group of common lines taken from
both files in if-then-else format.
--unchanged-line-format=format
Use format to output a line common
if-then-else format.

to

both

files

in

--unidirectional-new-file
When comparing directories, if a file appears only in
the second directory of the two, treat it as present
but empty in the other.
-U lines
--unified[=lines]
Use the unified output format, showing lines (an
integer) lines of context, or three if lines is not
given. For proper operation, patch typically needs at
least two lines of context.
-v
--version
Output the version number of diff.
-w

Ignore white space when comparing lines.

-W columns
--width=columns
Use an output width of columns in side by side format.
-x pattern
When comparing directories, ignore files and
tories whose basenames match pattern.

subdirec-

-X file
When comparing directories, ignore files and subdirectories whose basenames match any pattern contained in
file.
-y

Use the side by side output format.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/diff.1.html (7 of 8) [14/09/1999 09:41:27]

SEE ALSO
cmp(1), comm(1), diff3(1), ed(1), patch(1), pr(1), sdiff(1).

DIAGNOSTICS
An exit status of 0 means no differences were found, 1 means
some differences were found, and 2 means trouble.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/diff.1.html (8 of 8) [14/09/1999 09:41:27]

NAME
dircolors - color setup for `ls'

SYNOPSIS
dircolors [-b]
[--sh]
[--bourne-shell]
[-c]
[--csh]
[--c-shell] [-p] [--print-database] [--help] [--version]
[FILE]

DESCRIPTION
dircolors outputs a sequence of shell commands to define the
desired color output from ls (and dir, etc.). Typical
usage:
eval `dircolors [OPTION]... [FILE]`
If FILE is specified, dircolors reads it to determine which
colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the
format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'.
The output is a shell command to set the LS_COLORS environment variable.
You can specify the shell syntax to use on
the command line, or dircolors will guess it from the value
of the SHELL environment variable.
After execution of this command, `ls --color' (which one
might alias to ls) will list files in the desired colors.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/dircolors.1.html (1 of 4) [14/09/1999 09:41:29]

OPTIONS
-b, --sh, --bourne-shell
Output Bourne shell commands. This is the default if
the SHELL environment variable is set and does not end
with csh or tcsh.
-c, --csh, --c-shell
Output C shell commands.
ends with csh or tcsh.

This is the default if

SHELL

-p, --print-database
Print the (compiled-in) default color configuration
database.
This output is itself a valid configuration
file, and is fairly descriptive of the possibilities.

GNU STANDARD OPTIONS
--help
Print a usage message on standard output and exit
cessfully.

suc-

--version
Print version information on standard output, then exit
successfully.
--

Terminate option list.

ENVIRONMENT
The variables SHELL and TERM are used to find the proper
form of the shell command.
The variables LANG, LC_ALL,
LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the usual meaning. The variable LS_COLORS is used to transfer information to ls.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/dircolors.1.html (2 of 4) [14/09/1999 09:41:29]

CONFORMING TO
Coloured output for ls(1) is a GNU extension.

SEE ALSO
ls(1)

NOTES
This page describes dircolors as found in the fileutils-3.16
package; other versions may differ slightly. Mail corrections and additions to aeb@cwi.nl and aw@mail1.bet1.puv.fi
and ragnar@lightside.ddns.org . Report bugs in the program
to fileutils-bugs@gnu.ai.mit.edu.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/dircolors.1.html (3 of 4) [14/09/1999 09:41:29]

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/dircolors.1.html (4 of 4) [14/09/1999 09:41:29]

NAME
du - estimate file space usage

SYNOPSIS
du [options] [file...]
POSIX options:

[-askx]

GNU options (shortest
[--version] [--]

form):

[-abchklmsxDLS]

[--help]

DESCRIPTION
du reports the amount of disk space used by the specified
files, and by each directory in the hierarchies rooted at
the specified files. Here `disk space used' means space
used for the entire file hierarchy below the specified file.
With no arguments, du reports the disk space for the current
directory.

POSIX DETAILS
The output is in 512-byte units by default, but in 1024-byte
units when the -k option is given.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/du.1.html (1 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:31]

GNU DETAILS
The output is in 1024-byte units (when no units are specified
by
options),
unless
the
environment variable
POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case POSIX is followed.

POSIX OPTIONS
-a

Show counts for all files encountered, not just
tories.

-k

Use 1024-byte units instead
units.

-s

Only output space usage for the actual arguments given,
not for their subdirectories.

-x

Only count space on the same
given.

of

the

device

default

as

the

direc-

512-byte

argument

GNU OPTIONS
-a, --all
Show counts for all files, not just directories.
-b, --bytes
Print sizes in bytes, instead of kilobytes.
-c, --total
Print a grand total of all arguments after all arguments have been processed. This can be used to find
out the total disk usage of a given set of files or
directories.
-D, --dereference-args
Dereference symbolic links that are command line arguments.
Does not affect other symbolic links. This is
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/du.1.html (2 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:31]

helpful for finding out the disk usage of directories,
such as /usr/tmp, which are often symbolic links.
-h, --human-readable
Append a size letter, such as M for megabytes, to
size.

each

-k, --kilobytes
Print sizes in kilobytes.
-l, --count-links
Count the size of all files, even if they have appeared
already (as a hard link).
-L, --dereference
Dereference symbolic links (show the disk space used by
the file or directory that the link points to instead
of the space used by the link).
-m, --megabytes
Print sizes in megabyte (that 1,048,576 bytes) blocks.
-s, --summarize
Display only a total for each argument.
-S, --separate-dirs
Report the size of each directory separately,
including the sizes of subdirectories.

not

-x, --one-file-system
Skip directories that are on different filesystems from
the one that the argument being processed is on.

GNU STANDARD OPTIONS
--help
Print a usage message on standard output and exit
cessfully.

suc-

--version
Print version information on standard output, then exit
successfully.
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/du.1.html (3 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:31]

--

Terminate option list.

BUGS
On BSD systems, du reports sizes that are half the correct
values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-UX systems.
On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are twice the
correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects the
HP-UX du program.

ENVIRONMENT
The variable POSIXLY_CORRECT determines the choice of unit.
If it is not set, and the variable BLOCKSIZE has a value
starting with `HUMAN', then behaviour is as for the -h
option, unless overridden by -k or -m options. The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the usual
meaning.

CONFORMING TO
POSIX 1003.2

NOTES
This page describes du as found in the fileutils-3.16 package; other versions may differ slightly. Mail corrections
and additions to aeb@cwi.nl and aw@mail1.bet1.puv.fi and
ragnar@lightside.ddns.org .
Report bugs in the program to
http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/du.1.html (4 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:31]

fileutils-bugs@gnu.ai.mit.edu.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/du.1.html (5 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:31]

NAME
install - copy files and set attributes

SYNOPSIS
install [options] [-s] [--strip] source dest
install [options] [-s] [--strip] source... directory
install [options] [-d,--directory] directory...
Options (shortest form):
[-b] [-c] [-g group] [-m mode] [-o owner] [-S SUFFIX]
{numbered,existing,simple}] [--help] [--version] [--]

[-V

DESCRIPTION
install copies files while setting their
and, if possible, their owner and group.

permission

modes

In the first of these invocation forms, the source file is
copied to the dest target file. In the second, each of the
source files are copied to the destination directory.
In
the last, each directory (and any missing parent directories) is created.
install is similar to cp, but allows you to control the
attributes of destination files. It is typically used in
Makefiles to copy programs into their destination directories. It refuses to copy files onto themselves.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/install.1.html (1 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:34]

OPTIONS
-c

Ignored; for compatibility with old
install.

Unix

versions

of

-d, --directory
Create each given directory and any missing parent
directories, setting the owner, group and mode as given
on the command line or to the defaults. It also gives
any parent directories it creates those attributes.
(This is different from the SunOS 4.x install, which
gives directories that it creates the default attributes.)
-g group, --group=group
Set the group ownership of installed files or directories to group. The default is the process's current
group. group may be either a group name or a numeric
group id.
-m mode, --mode=mode
Set the permissions for the installed file or directory
to mode, which can be either an octal number, or a symbolic mode as in chmod, with 0 as the point of departure. The default mode is 0755 - read, write, and execute for the owner, and read and execute for group and
other.
-o owner, --owner=owner
If install has appropriate privileges (is run as root),
set the ownership of installed files or directories to
owner. The default is `root'. owner may be either a
user name or a numeric user ID.
-s, --strip
Strip the symbol tables from installed
ables.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/install.1.html (2 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:34]

binary

execut-

GNU BACKUP OPTIONS
The GNU versions of programs like cp, mv, ln, install and
patch will make a backup of files about to be overwritten,
changed or destroyed if that is desired. That backup files
are desired is indicated by the -b option. How they should
be named is specified by the -V option. In case the name of
the backup file is given by the name of the file extended by
a suffix, this suffix is specified by the -S option.
-b, --backup
Make backups of files that are about to be
or removed.

overwritten

-S SUFFIX, --suffix=SUFFIX
Append SUFFIX to each backup file made. If this option
is not specified, the value of the SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX
environment
variable
is
used.
And
if
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX is not set, the default is `~'.
-V METHOD, --version-control=METHOD
Specify how backup files are named. The METHOD argument
can be `numbered' (or `t'), `existing' (or `nil'), or
`never' (or `simple'). If this option is not specified, the value of the VERSION_CONTROL environment
variable is used. And if VERSION_CONTROL is not set,
the default backup type is `existing'.
This option corresponds
to
the
Emacs
variable
`version-control'.
The valid METHODs are (unique
abbreviations are accepted):
t, numbered
Always make numbered backups.
nil, existing
Make numbered backups of files that
them, simple backups of the others.
never, simple
Always make simple backups.

http://linuxsavvy.com/resources/linux/man/man1/install.1.html (3 of 5) [14/09/1999 09:41:34]

already

have

GNU STANDARD OPTIONS
--help
Print a usage message on standard output and exit
cessfully.

suc-

--version
Print version information on standard output, then exit
successfully.
--

Terminate option list.

ENVIRONMENT
The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have
the usual meaning. For the GNU version, the variables
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX and VERSION_CONTROL control backup file
naming, as described above.

CONFORMING TO
BSD 4.2 (which had the -c, -m, -o, -g and -s options).

NOTES
This page describes install as found in the fileutils-3.16
package; other versions may differ slightly. Mail corrections and additions to aeb@cwi.nl and aw@mail1.bet1.puv.fi
and ragnar@lightside.ddns.org . Repo