M01864
THE DETERMINANT FACTORS INFLUENCING METACOGNITIVE
ASPECT OF THE ICT-BASED DISTANCE LEARNING
GRADUATES
Slameto
Satya Wacana Christian University Salatiga
slameto_uksw@yahoo.com
Abstract
This study was aimed at describing the quality of metacognitive BEPIT students based on the alumni
assessment. In addition, the study tried to find determinant factors of the program participants’ metacognition,
and what variables can be included for effective treatments in order to improve the quality of the program. The
problems in this study were 1) What is the success rate of Satya Wacana Christian University’s ICT-based Open
and Distance Learning (ODL) program in encouraging and supporting students’ metacognition?, 2) What are the
supporting factors that determine the development of metacognition? Factors in this research were limited to 1)
enrichment, 2) a catalyst for change in education, 3) preparation of future life in society ICT, 4) economic
development of the country, 5) gaps between campus lectures and off-campus lectures, and 6) curriculum.
Knowing the quality of metacognitive development of the ICT-based ODL program will be very useful for
managers as feedback in continuing such a program. Theoretically speaking, this study has found a determinant
model for the development of program metacognition, in such a way that a program policy or its practice can be
implemented to improve the quality of lectures in an effective way.
This study was conducted on the basis of the assessment of the alumni who had attended BEPIT. The
source of data came from 33graduate alumni of BEPIT, Satya Wacana Christian University (SWCU). Data were
collected through a self-rating scale consisting of 40 items that have been proven valid and reliable. Data
analysis was descriptive and used the regression analysis aided by SPSS for windows version 20.
The performance of the BEPIT ICT-based program in developing the student's metacognition is
44.90% at the high level and 4.50% at the very high level. There are two determinants for the success of the
BEPIT performance: 1) the narrowing down of the gap between on-campus and off-campus lectures as a result
of the ICT access, and 2) the readiness of the student’s life in entering the future ICT-based society. Both factors
contributed as much as 48.90% influence. Other variables are 1) enrichment, 2) catalyst for educational change,
3) economic development of the country, and 4) curriculum, which is supported by data but does not affect the
performance and success of conducting the BEPIT- ODL in the attempts to support and encourage the
metacogninitive development. Therefore, the development of distance learning should be focused on the
lecturer. Promoting lecturer is a more critical factor in order to teach more professionally, to become a
curriculum developer, and a builder of teaching-learning process. It is suggested that future research and
intervention programme be aimed at helping improve achievement among university students while taking into
account the importance of metacognitive and other factors.
Keywords: ICT-based BEPIT-ODL Program, Metacognition, Preparation for Future Life, Reducing the Gap
Introduction
The classes of the Bachelor of Education
Program for the In-service Teachers (BEPIT) that
were conducted through Open/Distance Learning
(O/DL) is deemed feasible to produce an undergraduate education equivalent to regular on-campus
graduate programs. BEPIT is an acceleration
program to increase primary school teacher’s
academic qualification to S-1 level. In Indonesia
since 2009, as many as 55 universities have
executed the program, using an open/distance
learning system, known as ICT-based BEPIT
(Kepmendiknas, 2011). To determine and to
measure the feasibility and the success of the
program, monitoring and evaluation activities have
been carried out in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013.
One of the results of the monitoring and evaluation
is that there was no significant increase in the
number of participants. Therefore, it is reasonable
if one has a doubt about the recognition of this
program in its effort to upgrade the teachers’
academic qualification [1].
ICT-based BEPIT provides education
program that is specifically offered to permanent
teachers in positions that do not have a Bachelor’s
degree. The program allows teachers to have a
greater opportunity to comply with the duties and
responsibilities [2]. In addition, the program is
expected to fulfil the requirement of such a teacher
education system that is efficient, effective, and
accountable as well as offering wider access to
educational services without sacrificing the quality.
The completion of the ICT-based BEPIT is
regulated and defined by the organizing university
in accordance with the academic rules/guidelines in
effect. Students who have completed this program
are entitled to be a holder of Bachelor's degree and
diplomas issued by the university.
SWCU has started organizing the ICTbased BEPIT since 2009. This improvement
program in the academic qualifications of the
primary school teachers through Primary Teacher
Educational Program uses open/distance education
system. Even if the monitoring and evaluation ever
conducted by the Ministry of Education, there are
still certain parties who doubted this program; so
far have not done studies that specifically explore
the various factors associated with the success of
the program that can only be achieved through
quality lectures. Thus, it is necessary to make a
study of this kind.
The ICT-based learning intends to
upgrade efficiency and access to knowledge and
skills. This way, it will produce information for the
inclusive community to enhance democracy, to
increase social participation, to annihilate obstacles
to modernization, and to empower citizens who are
left behind in the process of development. Its
success will depend on the acceptance of ICT by
the citizens.
The main factors which can influence the
extent to which ICT my create transparent culture
include 1) access to ICT, 2) trust, 3) empowerment,
4) social capital, and 5) the acceptance of
transparent bureaucracy. Metacognition refers to
knowledge about cognitive processes, and active
monitoring and regulation which results in the
discussion of this process in achieving an aim or
an objective. There are two dimensions of
metacognition:
'self-assessment'
and
'selfmanagement'. Self-management cognition refers to
'metacognition in action' or, individual ability to
make a plan and to apply an accurate strategy to do
monitoring, to arrange and to discuss a problem in
their performance. The important characteristic of
the metacognitive approach is that the objective or
a particular outcome is not imposed on the learners,
rather the learners are encouraged to identify,
articulate and pursue personal and relevant
objective, including a study on things related to
skills, attitude, values and understanding,
integration and school leadership.
Metacognition is a term introduced by
Flavell in 1976 which creates a lot of debates in his
definition. The result is that metacognition is not
always the same in a variety of research in the area
of psychology, and it cannot be applied in only one
area of psychology. However, the meaning of
metacognition as explained by researchers in
psychology generally gives emphasis on one’s
thinking awareness about his or her own thinking
process [3]. Wellman [4]
contends that
metacognition is a form of cognition, the second
order or higher in the process of thinking which
involves active control on cognitive process. It can
be defined as thinking about thinking or, one’s
cognition on cognition. Metacognition is a form of
cognition, or a process of immunization, which
includes a higher level of thinking, involving
control on cognitive activity. Metacognition is an
awareness on our own cognition, i.e., how our
cognition works and how to control. This kind of
ability is very important especially for the efficient
use of our cognition in solving a problem.
Further, Flavell [5] states that metacognition
is knowledge and regulation on one’s cognitive
activity in his or her learning process. Meanwhile,
Moore [6] says that metacognition refers to one’s
understanding in his or her knowledge, so that a
deeper understanding about his or her knowledge
will reflect his or her effective use or a clear
explanation about the knowledge in question. It
means that cognition knowledge is one’s awareness
of what one really knows and cognition regulation
is how one arrange his or her cognitive activity in
an effective way. Therefore, cognition knowledge
contains declarative, procedural, and conditional
knowledge, while cognition regulation includes
planning activity, prediction, monitoring, testing,
revision, checking, and evaluation.
Metacognition [7] principally is a learning
ability, i.e., how learning should be done including
consideration for the following activities: 1)
developing a plan for learning activity, 2)
identifying strengths and weaknesses in learning
activity, 3) setting up a learning program for
concepts, skills, and new ideas, 4) identifying and
using every day experiences as learning resources,
5) utilizing modern technology as learning
resources, 6) leading and participating in group
discussions and problem solving, 7) learning and
benefitting from certain people’s experiences who
have been successful in a particular area, and 8)
understanding supporting factors for successful
learning. One’s success in learning is affected by
his or her metacognitive ability.
An important characteristic of the metacognitive approach is that, rather than specific
objectives or outcomes being imposed on learners,
participants are encouraged to identify, articulate
and pursue personally relevant goals, including
those related to skills, attitudes, confidence, values
and understandings, integration and school
leadership [8].
Research on metacognition becomes very
important as seen in Saemah Rahman and John
Arul Phillips’ research outcome [9] which shows
that metacognitive awareness had a direct, positive
relationship with academic achievement while
performance goal orientation had a direct but
negative relationship with academic achievement.
The results also showed that self-efficacy and
learning goal orientation were indirectly related to
academic
achievement
via
metacognitive
awareness.
Metacognition enables teachers to make a
reflection on the process of teaching, both at
individual and group levels (for example, in a
conference and joint product in electronic/on-line
self assessment). By stimulating teachers and
students to think about teaching-learning process,
ICT may make some aspects of the teacher’s
pedagogy more accurate and efficient.
RP. Alkadrie and A. Mirza [9] conducted
a research on factors which influence level of
metacognition in a problem solving and found that
there is relative similarity in each score, namely
internal factors, i.e., student’s memory in the
subject being mastered and student’s learning
strategy being applied) and external factors
(availability of learning
facilities at home,
opportunity for expressing ideas or thoughts from
parents in children’s study hours, parents’ attention
to children’s study hours, and student’s
participation in school organizations).
In the learning system perspective,
metacognitive development as an output is
influenced by the following process factors: 1) to
what extent the ICT-based long distance classes are
able to develop not only a remedial program for
failing students, but also an enrichment for passing
students, 2) the role of ICT as a change catalisator
in education, 3) the role of ICT in developing the
future of the students in the ICT community, 4)
how the ICT-based classes support and encourage
the country’s economic development, 5) how the
gap between on-campus classes and off-campus
classes with access to ICT can be reduced, 6) the
possibility of ICT for teachers to show any
opportunity and implication in teaching-learning
activities within the context curriculum: planning,
executing, and evaluating.
This study aimed to describe the quality of
student metacognitive BEPIT program based on an
assessment of the alumni; In addition this study
tries to find the determinants of metacognitive
students participating in the program, is there any
among the six variables mentioned above can be
identified so that effective treatments can be done
in order to improve the quality and results of the
program in the future.
E-Learning is a learning resource both
formal and informal, which is done by electronic
media, such as Internet, Intranet, CDROM, video
tape, DVD, TV, Handphone, and PDA. Cisco [10]
explains that the roles of E-learning are: 1) to
deliver on-line information, communication,
education, training. 2) to provide a set of
equipment which can enrich conventional learning
values in order to answer challenges in the
development of globalization, 3) E-learning will
not replace conventional learning model in the
classroom, but enhance the learning model by
enrichment and development of educational
technology, and 4) the variation of students’
capacity on the basis of content and method of
presentation. The development of ICT has enriched
learning resources and media in a variety of forms,
such as text books, modules, OHP transparancy,
Power Point, pictures/photos, animation, films/
videos, television programs, radio transmission,
hypertexts, Webpages, computer-based learning
programs, and application softwares to support
learning. With this development, a professional
teacher must have the ability to select, develop and
make use of the variety learning media by utilizing
the marvel of the ICT. The advance of ICT has also
enabled utilization of many varieties of media at
one time in a form of learning multimedia. The use
of interactive multimedia which have audio-visual
components to deliver learning materials can
attract students’ attention to learn [11]. Interactive
multimedia can also give opportunity to students to
perform semi-experiments and exploration to
enhance learning experiences in a way more than
just listening to the teacher’s explanation [Var.
X1].
If the learning process is supported by
technological competence without special teacher’s
need, the learner or the learning content refers to
the push education. If the learning process is not
supported by technology but is directed to teacher’s
request or needs, the learner or the learning
material refers to the pull education. The
technological concept of push and pull education is
related with two famous positions of technology
and education, that is, a belief which considers
technology as a change catalisator in education in
one hand, and another belief that technology must
follow educational needs in the other hand.
During the last decade, such an approach
has been dominant in many countries in relation to
the introduction of information technology in
education [12]. The consequence is that many
schools have made investment in IT infrastructures
and learning materials. They added their traditional
learning materials and methods with IT without
changing their educational practices. Furthermore,
many countries have established national or
regional portals which offer contents for teaching
and learning. It is assumed that the provision of
resources rich in digital information will increase
transfer of knowledge. Easy access to a large
number of educational contents is viewed as a
possibility for schools to apply new pedagogical
methods in their teaching and learning processes.
The availability of information technology is
expected to uplift its uses and transformation of
learning at schools. With technological support,
digital contents can provide easy discovery, access,
manipulation, mixing and spreading information
[Var. X2].
An important finding in Zainal Arifin’s
study [13] was that the principal, teachers, and
community at large put emphasis on the importance
of using ICT in education as a preparation for
future life in the 21st century. The 21st century skills
include literacy in the digital era (functional
literacy, visual
literacy,
scientific
literacy,
technological literacy, information literacy, cultural
literacy, global awareness), inventive thinking,
high level thinking and logic, effective
communication, and high productivity. It is further
stated that the perception of the principals,
teachers, and community on the use of the ICT is
very positive. There is a lot of the ICT to be used as
learning resources an teachers have frequently
made use of it in teaching. Eventually, it is also
recommended that ICT be used in learning in
congruent with the school vision and mission,
inasmuch as the traditional teaching-learning
orientation remain to be considered important and
dominant. Some uses of ICT in teaching-learning
process are, among others, presentation,
demonstration, and virtual classes. By using ICT,
we can develop creativity and eventually prepare
ourselves to compete with global world which
require us to immerse in the technology [14] [Var.
X3].
A Microsoft Corporation (2007) report on
its ICT initiatives in Africa acknowledged that
technology alone does not drive development but
enables it. In the report, while noting that 300
million Africans live on less than $1 per day, it is
asserted that ICTs offer special opportunities to
stimulate growth and increase innovation in every
local setting, thereby enabling individuals and
institutions to interact more productively with the
global economy and the wider world. But to realize
their potential, technologies must be part of a mix
of productive changes and supporting capabilities.
Resources must be matched by resourcefulness –
combined with other initiatives by local leaders,
educators and entrepreneurs to achieve individual
and institutional objectives. “ICT4Development” is
therefore an effort to distinguish the most
constructive opportunities to apply technologies for
growth and poverty reduction. According to Sara
Hennessy and Brown Onguko [15] used plans on
the relevant vision for Rwanda mission strategies
which in the case of ICT the third is to improve the
human resource development capacity of Rwanda
to meet the changing demands of the economy.
Slameto’s finding [16] shows that the performance
of Satya Wacana Christian University’s ICT-based
ITEP supports and encourages the country's
economy at the high and very high level [Var. X4].
The ICT-based learning is a learning
system which enables carryover of learning
materials to students with the use of internet media,
intranet or other computer network media [17]. The
learning process which uses or utilizes ICT as a
tool which is available anytime and anywhere
needed, in a way that it can overcome problems of
space and time. Viewed from learning
effectiveness, e-Learning is an interesting thing and
can motivate students to make a try so that the
number of participants may be increased. ELearning which is designed in an interesting
instruction and equipped with multimedia-based
materials can motivate comprehension of the
learning content. As for time flexibility, e-Learning
makes students adapt their study time so as to
access learning materials whenever they want.
Concerning space flexibility, e-Learning learners
can access materials wherever they can so long as
their computer is connected with the internet
network. The same is for speed of learning, eLearning can be adjusted with each student’s pace
of learning. This way, the system is able to reduce
the gap between on-campus and off-campus
learning via access to ICT [Var. X5]
UNESCO [16] has identified 4 (four) stages
in the education system which adopts ICT, namely
1) emerging stage, 2) applying stage, 3) infusing
stage, and 4) transforming stage. The infusing
stage is integrating curriculum with the ICT.
Universities and schools have developed computerbased instruction in labs, in classes, and in
administrative work. Educators can explore things
through new understanding, in which ICT makes a
change in professional productivity (facilitating
learning). To sum up, the advantages for teachers
are (i) opening an opportunity to develop ICTbased teaching materials which are interesting,
innovative, stimulating student’s curiosity, (ii)
helping to arrange lesson plans and providing
comprehensive and the most recent multimedia
resources, (iii) helping teachers to monitor
student’s learning progress, (iv) facilitating
teachers to make reports and to communicate with
parents, (iv) helping teachers to make assessment
of learning outcome on the basis of authentic
assessment. The use of ICT in the learning process
is an integration of ICT and learning system.
UNESCO [16] has claimed that
curriculum
integration is a form of utilization of ICT ability to
give an added value to the process of learning. ICT
enables teachers to understand opportunity and
implication for teaching-learning in the context of
curriculum, i.e., planning, performing, evaluating,
and following up. Recently the use of ICT in
education can be done through a variety of modes
which is known as Open Education and Distance
Education [Var. X6].
The problems of this research are 1) How
successful is the SWCU’s ICT-based Open/
Distance Learning in supporting and motivating
student’s metacognitive development? 2) What
supporting factors determine the metacognitive
development? The factors in this research are
limited into 1) enrichment, 2) educational change
catalisator, 3) future life preparation of citizens in
the ICT community, 4) country’s economic
development, 5) gap between campus lectures and
off-campus lectures, and 6) curriculum. Knowing
the quality of students’ metacognitive development
in the ICT-based O/DL program and at the same
time finding he supporting factors are very useful
for a program manajer as a feedback in continuing
such a program. Theoretically speaking, this study
has found a particular determining model for the
ICT-based metacognitive program so that further
research and policy making and practice can be
done to increase the quality of effective teaching
by taking into account metacognition and its
determinants.
RESEARCH METHODS
This study was conducted on the basis of
the BEPIT alumni assessment. The data sources are
52 BEPIT graduates as SWCU alumni from Batang
Distric, 2015. Data were collected through a selfrating scale consisting of 30 items that have been
proven valid and reliable; Score validity is 0.192 to
0.502, with a reliability index by Cronbach's Alpha
= 0.721. Data analysis used descriptive analysis
and stepwise multiple regression models with SPSS
for windows version 20.
collected for dependent variable is the
results as follows.
RESEARCH OUTCOME
After a descriptive analysis of data
Table 1 Results of a descriptive analysis of dependent variables studied
F
%
Cumulative %
Low
6
27,3
27,3
Average
6
27,3
54,5
High
9
40,9
95,5
Very High
1
4,5
100,0
Total
22
100,0
Based on the outcome of the descriptive analisis as
shown in Table 1 above, it is apparent that 27, 3%
if the respondents have developed their own
metacognition at low and medium levels. 40,9% of
the respondents have developed metacognition at a
high level and only 4,5% are at a very high level.
Thus, most of ICT-based BEPIT graduates have
mastered their metacognition at the medium and
high levels, leaving only less than one third who
developed at a low level.
Table 2 Results of a descriptive analysis of all variables studied
Mean
Median
Std.
Deviation
Min.
Max.
X1 Enrichment
2,8636
3,00
0,35125
2,00
3,00
X2 Catalyst educational change
2,8182
3,00
0,79501
0,00
4,00
X3 Preparation of future life
2,6364
3,00
0,65795
2,00
4,00
X4 The economic development of the country
2,7727
3,00
0,61193
2,00
4,00
X5 Reducing the gap: on, of-campus
2,6818
3,00
0,56790
2,00
4,00
X6 Curriculum
2,6818
3,00
0,71623
0,00
3,00
Y Metacognitive
2,6136
2,50
0,46115
2,00
3,50
Variable
Based on the analysis presented in Table
2 above, it turns average value (mean) variables:
Y (metacognitive), larger than the figure the
median, this means that the spread of this variable
has a tendency toward higher; While the average
value of variables: X1 (Enrichment lectures
according the curriculum), X2 (Catalyst
educational change), X3 (Preparation of future life
in society ICT), and X4 (Support and promote the
economic development of the country)
X5(Reducing the gap between college-campus
and off-campus with access to ICT), X6 (the
curriculum) is less than the median, this means
deployment of each variable in question has a
tendency towards lower. Furthermore, to
determine the metacognitivegraduated Bachelor
Degree conducted a descriptive analysis of the
results are at the level of moderate and high
(68.20%).There was 27,30% at the low level.
After testing for normality and
homoginity met, then performed stepwise
multiple regression analysis models the effect of 6
variable X to the the metacognitive (Y), the result
is obtained as the following table 3.
Table 3: Model Summary
Model
R
1
0,599a
2
b
0,359
Adjusted R
Square
0,327
Std. Error of
the Estimate
0,37831
0,538
0,489
0,32967
R Square
0,733
a. Predictors: (Constant), X5 Reducing the gap: on, of-campus
b. Predictors: (Constant), X5 Reducing the gap, X3 Preparation of
future life
(Enrichment lectures according the curriculum), X2
(Catalyst educational change),X4 (Support and
promote the economic development of the
country), and X6 (curriculum) supported the data
does not affect the Y (metacognitive).
Based on the results of the analysis as presented in
Table 3 above, obtained a summary of that X7
(Reducing the gap: on, of-campus) be the
determinant of the metacognitive (Y) of 32,70%
(Model 1), which when followed by the X3
(Preparation for future life), its effect on the Y
(metacognitive) amounted to 48.90% (model 2).
This means that only less than 51,20% are
influenced by the other variables that are not
observed in this model. Other variables, namely: X1
Furthermore, to determine significance of
the findings of the above three models, the results
of the ANOVA analysis can be examined in the
Table 4 below.
Tabel 4: ANOVAc
Model
1
2
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Regression
1,603
1
1,603
11,204
0,003a
Residual
2,862
20
0,143
Total
Regression
4,466
2,401
21
2
1,200
11,045
0,001b
Residual
2,065
19
0,109
Total
4,466
21
a. Predictors: (Constant), X5 Reducing the gap: on, of-campus
b. Predictors: (Constant), X5Reducing the gap, X3 Preparation of future life
c. Dependent Variable: Metaconitif
Based on the results of stepwise multiple regression
analysis models as presented in Table 4 above, F =
11,204 was obtained with the significance level of
0.003 (Model 1), F = 11,045 with a significance
level of 0.001 (model 2). This means that the two
variables in Model 1 (X5 = Reducing the gap: on,
of-campus), and Model 2 (X5 = Reducing the gap,
and X3 = Preparation of future life), become
determinants of the student’s metacognitive of the
ICT-based with data support to meet the level of
significance.
To build influential equation model of the 2
variables, i.e., (X5 = Reducing the gap: on, ofcampus), and (X5 = Reducing the gap, and X3
=Preparation
of
future
life)towards
the
metacognitive of the ICT-based BEPIT (Y),
observation on the Beta Coefficient (B) - both
standard and non-standard -was performed. The
result can be found by utilizing the results of such
analysis in Table 5 below.
Tabel 5: Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t
Sig.
3,287
0,004
0,599
3,347
1,321
0,003
0,202
0,127
0,575
3,678
0,002
0,110
0,423
2,709
0,014
B
Std. Error
1 (Constant)
1,309
0,398
X5Reducing the gap
2 (Constant)
0,487
0,580
0,145
0,439
X5Reducing the gap
0,467
X3Preparation of future life
0,297
Beta
a. Dependent Variable: Metaconitif
Based on the results of the analysis presented
above, it turns out that the success of the ICT
based ITEP in encouraging/supporting the
metacognitive (Y) is not affected by X1
(Enrichment lectures according the curriculum),
X2 (Catalyst educational change), X4 (Support and
promote the economic development of the
country), and X6 (curriculum), but is determined
by the variation of ICT-based in: (X5) Reducing
the gap, and X3)Preparation of future life.
DISCUSSION
The success of the ICT based BEPIT in
encouraging/supporting the metacognitive is
determined by the variation of ICT-based
inreducing the gap between college-campus and
off-campus with access to ICT, and preparation of
future life.
ICT has made the class-room transaction
more interesting. It has extended the teaching
learningprocess beyond the boundaries of
classroom. Students are now able to use laptop
computers andwireless networks anywhere. A
computer allows high speed information exchanges
tooccur with individuals within the institution as
well as around the world. ICT can improve the
quality of higher education by promoting
experimentations,
researches
andinnovations,
adopting the new strategies in the teaching –
learning process and integrating the new
information with the best practices. Recently ICT
has becomesignificant tool in the field of
education. ICT stimulates the learners to acquire
quality researchthrough team work, time
management,
analytical
thinking,
global
consciousness, basic communication, problem
solving and guided instruction [18]. ICT has also
played a vital role in providing distance education
very effectively. IT provides online delivery of
courses, online assessment and online design
courses to large number of students at atime. The
ICT–based system like digital libraries; online
courses, audio and video conferencingcontribute
significantly to the area of E- Learning and have
opened a new era in the area of ELearning.
According to Flavell [5], 'Metacognition'
refers to knowledge concerning one's own
cognitive processes, and the active monitoring and
consequent regulation of these processes in the
pursuit of goals or objectives [8]. There are two
dimensions of metacognition: 'self-appraisal' and
'self-management'.
Self-appraisal
refers
to
reflections about one's knowledge state and
abilities, including what you know, how you think,
and when and why to apply knowledge and
strategies. Cognitive self-management refers to
'metacognitions in action', or the ability of the
individual to plan and implement appropriate
strategies and to monitor, adjust and 'trouble shoot'
their performance. Though infrastructure support is
imperative, school technology leadership is a
stronger predictor of teachers’ use of computer
technology in teaching [19]. These factors were
ICT resources, ICT teaching, ICT leadership,
general teaching and general school leadership.
Yuen, Law & Chan [20] conducted a case study of
18 schools in Hong Kong. They found that in
catalytic integration model schools, the school
principal is the key change agent, exhibiting
visionary leadership, staff development and
involvement while in cultural innovation model
schools, multiple leadership is exhibited where the
school principal is not necessarily involved in ICT
leadership, teachers are free to implement new
ideas in supportive and enhancing culture. Also
studies have shown that various levels of leadership
such as principal, administrative leadership and
technology leadership influence successful use of
ICT in schools [19]. This aspect of leadership will
help the principal to share tasks with subordinates
while focusing on the adoption and integration of
technology in the school.
Application of ICT in education and
teaching learning process has changed the
traditional system of learning to modern ICT based
learning. Teaching- learning process is not now
limited within the boundaries of classroom. ICTbased learning is reducing the gap between collegecampus and off-campus.
The development of the information
society and the widespread dissemination of
Information and CommunicationTechnology (ICT)
give rise to new opportunities for learning and
acquiring new digital skills and competences that
are necessary for employment, education and
training, self-development and participation in
society. As our societies become more knowledgebased, what people need to learn and know also
changes. There is growing awareness in the world
that there is a need for a new vision of ICT and
learning that takes into account the shifts and
trends that are transforming the way people work,
learn, train, make sense of their world and have fun
in a digitalised, networked and knowledge-based
society [20]. Chwee Beng Lee, Timothy Teo,
Ching Sing Chai, Doris Choy, Ashley Tan and
Jimmy Seah [21] from Nanyang Technological
University stated ICT as technology continues to
influence many aspects of our social and work
lives, it is important that school experiences equip
students the skills and knowledge that will
enablethem to develop into effective independent,
creative, and lifelong learners to cope with the
influx of changes.
to foster self-paced, self-assessed and self-directed
through the application of ICT.
Based on the result of the descriptive
analysis, there are 27,3% respondents have
developed their respective metacognition at low
and medium levels. 40,9% respondents mastered
their metacognition at a high level, ad only 4,5% at
a very high level. Consequently, most of the ICTbased BEPIT graduates have developed metacognition at medium and high levels and only less
than one third developed at a low level.
The determining metacognitive factors of
the ICT-based BEPIT graduates are their role in
reducing the gap between on-campus and offcampus classes, which contributes 32,70% (Model
1). For the preparation of future life, its effect on
the metacognition is 48.90% (Model 2). Other
variables, namely X1 (Enrichment lectures based on
the curriculum), X2 (Catalyst educational change),
X4 (Support and promote the economic
development of the country), and X6 (curriculum)
supports the data but does not affect the
metacognition. Therefore, the development of the
distance learning should be focused on the
teachers; promoting teachers is a more critical
factor and their teaching should be professionally
based, i.e., to become curriculum developers and
actors of teaching-learning process. It is suggested
that future research and intervention program
should be aimed at helping teachers and students
improve their achievement while taking into
account the importance of metacognition and its
determinats factors.
CLOSURE
ICTs are making major’s difference in the
teaching approaches and the ways students are
learning. ICT–enhanced learning environment
facilitates
active,
collaborative,
creative,
integrative, and evaluative learning as an advantage
over the traditional method. ICT introduced
innovative pedagogies into the classroom, creating
network among educational institution, improving
overall standard of education by reducing the gap
between the quality of education inurban area and
rural area, initiation of smart school with objectives
[2] Direktorat Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan
Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi
Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional, 2011.
Pedoman Program Academic Recharging.
Jakarta: Ditjen Dikti.
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[3] Gredler, M.E., 2011, Learning and Instruction:
Teori dan Aplikasi, Kencana, Jakarta.
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metacognition. In D. L. Forrest-Pressley, G.
E. MacKinnon, and T. G. Waller,
Metacognition, Cognition, and Human
Performance, volume 1, Theoretical
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yang MempengaruhiLevel Metakognisi
Dalam Pemecahan Masalah Pertidaksamaan
Kuadrat di SMA. Jurnal Pendidikan dan
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Communication and Technology Dalam
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[14] http://mstris.blogspot.co.id/
[15] Sara Hennessy and Brown Onguko, 2010.
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and learning in East African schools: a
review of the literature
https://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/centres/archive/c
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0.pdf
[16] Slameto, 2015. The Determinants of the
ICT- based O/DL Programto Encourage
and Support the Country's Economy.
Makalah Seminar ICTTE FKIP UNS, 5-6
November 2015
[16] UNESCO. 2004. Schoolnettoolkit. Bangkok:
UNESCO Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau
for Education.
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[19] Anderson & Dexter, 2005. School technology
leadership: An empirical investigation of
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[20] Yuen, H.K., Law, N., & Wong, K. 2003. ICT
implementation and school leadership: Case
studies of ICT integration in teaching &
learning, Journal of Educational
Administration, vol. 41, no. 2, 158-170.
[21] Yves Punie, 2007. Learning Spaces: an ICTenabled model of future learning in the
Knowledge-based Society. European Journal
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[22] Chwee Beng Lee, Timothy Teo, Ching Sing
Chai, Doris Choy, Ashley Tan and Jimmy
Seah. 2007. Closing the Gap: Pre-Service
Teachers' Perceptions of an ICT Based,
Student Centred Learning Curriculum.
Journal compilation © 2007 Blackwell
Publishing Ltd., 9600 Garsington Road,
Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street,
Malden, MA 02148, USA.
ASPECT OF THE ICT-BASED DISTANCE LEARNING
GRADUATES
Slameto
Satya Wacana Christian University Salatiga
slameto_uksw@yahoo.com
Abstract
This study was aimed at describing the quality of metacognitive BEPIT students based on the alumni
assessment. In addition, the study tried to find determinant factors of the program participants’ metacognition,
and what variables can be included for effective treatments in order to improve the quality of the program. The
problems in this study were 1) What is the success rate of Satya Wacana Christian University’s ICT-based Open
and Distance Learning (ODL) program in encouraging and supporting students’ metacognition?, 2) What are the
supporting factors that determine the development of metacognition? Factors in this research were limited to 1)
enrichment, 2) a catalyst for change in education, 3) preparation of future life in society ICT, 4) economic
development of the country, 5) gaps between campus lectures and off-campus lectures, and 6) curriculum.
Knowing the quality of metacognitive development of the ICT-based ODL program will be very useful for
managers as feedback in continuing such a program. Theoretically speaking, this study has found a determinant
model for the development of program metacognition, in such a way that a program policy or its practice can be
implemented to improve the quality of lectures in an effective way.
This study was conducted on the basis of the assessment of the alumni who had attended BEPIT. The
source of data came from 33graduate alumni of BEPIT, Satya Wacana Christian University (SWCU). Data were
collected through a self-rating scale consisting of 40 items that have been proven valid and reliable. Data
analysis was descriptive and used the regression analysis aided by SPSS for windows version 20.
The performance of the BEPIT ICT-based program in developing the student's metacognition is
44.90% at the high level and 4.50% at the very high level. There are two determinants for the success of the
BEPIT performance: 1) the narrowing down of the gap between on-campus and off-campus lectures as a result
of the ICT access, and 2) the readiness of the student’s life in entering the future ICT-based society. Both factors
contributed as much as 48.90% influence. Other variables are 1) enrichment, 2) catalyst for educational change,
3) economic development of the country, and 4) curriculum, which is supported by data but does not affect the
performance and success of conducting the BEPIT- ODL in the attempts to support and encourage the
metacogninitive development. Therefore, the development of distance learning should be focused on the
lecturer. Promoting lecturer is a more critical factor in order to teach more professionally, to become a
curriculum developer, and a builder of teaching-learning process. It is suggested that future research and
intervention programme be aimed at helping improve achievement among university students while taking into
account the importance of metacognitive and other factors.
Keywords: ICT-based BEPIT-ODL Program, Metacognition, Preparation for Future Life, Reducing the Gap
Introduction
The classes of the Bachelor of Education
Program for the In-service Teachers (BEPIT) that
were conducted through Open/Distance Learning
(O/DL) is deemed feasible to produce an undergraduate education equivalent to regular on-campus
graduate programs. BEPIT is an acceleration
program to increase primary school teacher’s
academic qualification to S-1 level. In Indonesia
since 2009, as many as 55 universities have
executed the program, using an open/distance
learning system, known as ICT-based BEPIT
(Kepmendiknas, 2011). To determine and to
measure the feasibility and the success of the
program, monitoring and evaluation activities have
been carried out in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013.
One of the results of the monitoring and evaluation
is that there was no significant increase in the
number of participants. Therefore, it is reasonable
if one has a doubt about the recognition of this
program in its effort to upgrade the teachers’
academic qualification [1].
ICT-based BEPIT provides education
program that is specifically offered to permanent
teachers in positions that do not have a Bachelor’s
degree. The program allows teachers to have a
greater opportunity to comply with the duties and
responsibilities [2]. In addition, the program is
expected to fulfil the requirement of such a teacher
education system that is efficient, effective, and
accountable as well as offering wider access to
educational services without sacrificing the quality.
The completion of the ICT-based BEPIT is
regulated and defined by the organizing university
in accordance with the academic rules/guidelines in
effect. Students who have completed this program
are entitled to be a holder of Bachelor's degree and
diplomas issued by the university.
SWCU has started organizing the ICTbased BEPIT since 2009. This improvement
program in the academic qualifications of the
primary school teachers through Primary Teacher
Educational Program uses open/distance education
system. Even if the monitoring and evaluation ever
conducted by the Ministry of Education, there are
still certain parties who doubted this program; so
far have not done studies that specifically explore
the various factors associated with the success of
the program that can only be achieved through
quality lectures. Thus, it is necessary to make a
study of this kind.
The ICT-based learning intends to
upgrade efficiency and access to knowledge and
skills. This way, it will produce information for the
inclusive community to enhance democracy, to
increase social participation, to annihilate obstacles
to modernization, and to empower citizens who are
left behind in the process of development. Its
success will depend on the acceptance of ICT by
the citizens.
The main factors which can influence the
extent to which ICT my create transparent culture
include 1) access to ICT, 2) trust, 3) empowerment,
4) social capital, and 5) the acceptance of
transparent bureaucracy. Metacognition refers to
knowledge about cognitive processes, and active
monitoring and regulation which results in the
discussion of this process in achieving an aim or
an objective. There are two dimensions of
metacognition:
'self-assessment'
and
'selfmanagement'. Self-management cognition refers to
'metacognition in action' or, individual ability to
make a plan and to apply an accurate strategy to do
monitoring, to arrange and to discuss a problem in
their performance. The important characteristic of
the metacognitive approach is that the objective or
a particular outcome is not imposed on the learners,
rather the learners are encouraged to identify,
articulate and pursue personal and relevant
objective, including a study on things related to
skills, attitude, values and understanding,
integration and school leadership.
Metacognition is a term introduced by
Flavell in 1976 which creates a lot of debates in his
definition. The result is that metacognition is not
always the same in a variety of research in the area
of psychology, and it cannot be applied in only one
area of psychology. However, the meaning of
metacognition as explained by researchers in
psychology generally gives emphasis on one’s
thinking awareness about his or her own thinking
process [3]. Wellman [4]
contends that
metacognition is a form of cognition, the second
order or higher in the process of thinking which
involves active control on cognitive process. It can
be defined as thinking about thinking or, one’s
cognition on cognition. Metacognition is a form of
cognition, or a process of immunization, which
includes a higher level of thinking, involving
control on cognitive activity. Metacognition is an
awareness on our own cognition, i.e., how our
cognition works and how to control. This kind of
ability is very important especially for the efficient
use of our cognition in solving a problem.
Further, Flavell [5] states that metacognition
is knowledge and regulation on one’s cognitive
activity in his or her learning process. Meanwhile,
Moore [6] says that metacognition refers to one’s
understanding in his or her knowledge, so that a
deeper understanding about his or her knowledge
will reflect his or her effective use or a clear
explanation about the knowledge in question. It
means that cognition knowledge is one’s awareness
of what one really knows and cognition regulation
is how one arrange his or her cognitive activity in
an effective way. Therefore, cognition knowledge
contains declarative, procedural, and conditional
knowledge, while cognition regulation includes
planning activity, prediction, monitoring, testing,
revision, checking, and evaluation.
Metacognition [7] principally is a learning
ability, i.e., how learning should be done including
consideration for the following activities: 1)
developing a plan for learning activity, 2)
identifying strengths and weaknesses in learning
activity, 3) setting up a learning program for
concepts, skills, and new ideas, 4) identifying and
using every day experiences as learning resources,
5) utilizing modern technology as learning
resources, 6) leading and participating in group
discussions and problem solving, 7) learning and
benefitting from certain people’s experiences who
have been successful in a particular area, and 8)
understanding supporting factors for successful
learning. One’s success in learning is affected by
his or her metacognitive ability.
An important characteristic of the metacognitive approach is that, rather than specific
objectives or outcomes being imposed on learners,
participants are encouraged to identify, articulate
and pursue personally relevant goals, including
those related to skills, attitudes, confidence, values
and understandings, integration and school
leadership [8].
Research on metacognition becomes very
important as seen in Saemah Rahman and John
Arul Phillips’ research outcome [9] which shows
that metacognitive awareness had a direct, positive
relationship with academic achievement while
performance goal orientation had a direct but
negative relationship with academic achievement.
The results also showed that self-efficacy and
learning goal orientation were indirectly related to
academic
achievement
via
metacognitive
awareness.
Metacognition enables teachers to make a
reflection on the process of teaching, both at
individual and group levels (for example, in a
conference and joint product in electronic/on-line
self assessment). By stimulating teachers and
students to think about teaching-learning process,
ICT may make some aspects of the teacher’s
pedagogy more accurate and efficient.
RP. Alkadrie and A. Mirza [9] conducted
a research on factors which influence level of
metacognition in a problem solving and found that
there is relative similarity in each score, namely
internal factors, i.e., student’s memory in the
subject being mastered and student’s learning
strategy being applied) and external factors
(availability of learning
facilities at home,
opportunity for expressing ideas or thoughts from
parents in children’s study hours, parents’ attention
to children’s study hours, and student’s
participation in school organizations).
In the learning system perspective,
metacognitive development as an output is
influenced by the following process factors: 1) to
what extent the ICT-based long distance classes are
able to develop not only a remedial program for
failing students, but also an enrichment for passing
students, 2) the role of ICT as a change catalisator
in education, 3) the role of ICT in developing the
future of the students in the ICT community, 4)
how the ICT-based classes support and encourage
the country’s economic development, 5) how the
gap between on-campus classes and off-campus
classes with access to ICT can be reduced, 6) the
possibility of ICT for teachers to show any
opportunity and implication in teaching-learning
activities within the context curriculum: planning,
executing, and evaluating.
This study aimed to describe the quality of
student metacognitive BEPIT program based on an
assessment of the alumni; In addition this study
tries to find the determinants of metacognitive
students participating in the program, is there any
among the six variables mentioned above can be
identified so that effective treatments can be done
in order to improve the quality and results of the
program in the future.
E-Learning is a learning resource both
formal and informal, which is done by electronic
media, such as Internet, Intranet, CDROM, video
tape, DVD, TV, Handphone, and PDA. Cisco [10]
explains that the roles of E-learning are: 1) to
deliver on-line information, communication,
education, training. 2) to provide a set of
equipment which can enrich conventional learning
values in order to answer challenges in the
development of globalization, 3) E-learning will
not replace conventional learning model in the
classroom, but enhance the learning model by
enrichment and development of educational
technology, and 4) the variation of students’
capacity on the basis of content and method of
presentation. The development of ICT has enriched
learning resources and media in a variety of forms,
such as text books, modules, OHP transparancy,
Power Point, pictures/photos, animation, films/
videos, television programs, radio transmission,
hypertexts, Webpages, computer-based learning
programs, and application softwares to support
learning. With this development, a professional
teacher must have the ability to select, develop and
make use of the variety learning media by utilizing
the marvel of the ICT. The advance of ICT has also
enabled utilization of many varieties of media at
one time in a form of learning multimedia. The use
of interactive multimedia which have audio-visual
components to deliver learning materials can
attract students’ attention to learn [11]. Interactive
multimedia can also give opportunity to students to
perform semi-experiments and exploration to
enhance learning experiences in a way more than
just listening to the teacher’s explanation [Var.
X1].
If the learning process is supported by
technological competence without special teacher’s
need, the learner or the learning content refers to
the push education. If the learning process is not
supported by technology but is directed to teacher’s
request or needs, the learner or the learning
material refers to the pull education. The
technological concept of push and pull education is
related with two famous positions of technology
and education, that is, a belief which considers
technology as a change catalisator in education in
one hand, and another belief that technology must
follow educational needs in the other hand.
During the last decade, such an approach
has been dominant in many countries in relation to
the introduction of information technology in
education [12]. The consequence is that many
schools have made investment in IT infrastructures
and learning materials. They added their traditional
learning materials and methods with IT without
changing their educational practices. Furthermore,
many countries have established national or
regional portals which offer contents for teaching
and learning. It is assumed that the provision of
resources rich in digital information will increase
transfer of knowledge. Easy access to a large
number of educational contents is viewed as a
possibility for schools to apply new pedagogical
methods in their teaching and learning processes.
The availability of information technology is
expected to uplift its uses and transformation of
learning at schools. With technological support,
digital contents can provide easy discovery, access,
manipulation, mixing and spreading information
[Var. X2].
An important finding in Zainal Arifin’s
study [13] was that the principal, teachers, and
community at large put emphasis on the importance
of using ICT in education as a preparation for
future life in the 21st century. The 21st century skills
include literacy in the digital era (functional
literacy, visual
literacy,
scientific
literacy,
technological literacy, information literacy, cultural
literacy, global awareness), inventive thinking,
high level thinking and logic, effective
communication, and high productivity. It is further
stated that the perception of the principals,
teachers, and community on the use of the ICT is
very positive. There is a lot of the ICT to be used as
learning resources an teachers have frequently
made use of it in teaching. Eventually, it is also
recommended that ICT be used in learning in
congruent with the school vision and mission,
inasmuch as the traditional teaching-learning
orientation remain to be considered important and
dominant. Some uses of ICT in teaching-learning
process are, among others, presentation,
demonstration, and virtual classes. By using ICT,
we can develop creativity and eventually prepare
ourselves to compete with global world which
require us to immerse in the technology [14] [Var.
X3].
A Microsoft Corporation (2007) report on
its ICT initiatives in Africa acknowledged that
technology alone does not drive development but
enables it. In the report, while noting that 300
million Africans live on less than $1 per day, it is
asserted that ICTs offer special opportunities to
stimulate growth and increase innovation in every
local setting, thereby enabling individuals and
institutions to interact more productively with the
global economy and the wider world. But to realize
their potential, technologies must be part of a mix
of productive changes and supporting capabilities.
Resources must be matched by resourcefulness –
combined with other initiatives by local leaders,
educators and entrepreneurs to achieve individual
and institutional objectives. “ICT4Development” is
therefore an effort to distinguish the most
constructive opportunities to apply technologies for
growth and poverty reduction. According to Sara
Hennessy and Brown Onguko [15] used plans on
the relevant vision for Rwanda mission strategies
which in the case of ICT the third is to improve the
human resource development capacity of Rwanda
to meet the changing demands of the economy.
Slameto’s finding [16] shows that the performance
of Satya Wacana Christian University’s ICT-based
ITEP supports and encourages the country's
economy at the high and very high level [Var. X4].
The ICT-based learning is a learning
system which enables carryover of learning
materials to students with the use of internet media,
intranet or other computer network media [17]. The
learning process which uses or utilizes ICT as a
tool which is available anytime and anywhere
needed, in a way that it can overcome problems of
space and time. Viewed from learning
effectiveness, e-Learning is an interesting thing and
can motivate students to make a try so that the
number of participants may be increased. ELearning which is designed in an interesting
instruction and equipped with multimedia-based
materials can motivate comprehension of the
learning content. As for time flexibility, e-Learning
makes students adapt their study time so as to
access learning materials whenever they want.
Concerning space flexibility, e-Learning learners
can access materials wherever they can so long as
their computer is connected with the internet
network. The same is for speed of learning, eLearning can be adjusted with each student’s pace
of learning. This way, the system is able to reduce
the gap between on-campus and off-campus
learning via access to ICT [Var. X5]
UNESCO [16] has identified 4 (four) stages
in the education system which adopts ICT, namely
1) emerging stage, 2) applying stage, 3) infusing
stage, and 4) transforming stage. The infusing
stage is integrating curriculum with the ICT.
Universities and schools have developed computerbased instruction in labs, in classes, and in
administrative work. Educators can explore things
through new understanding, in which ICT makes a
change in professional productivity (facilitating
learning). To sum up, the advantages for teachers
are (i) opening an opportunity to develop ICTbased teaching materials which are interesting,
innovative, stimulating student’s curiosity, (ii)
helping to arrange lesson plans and providing
comprehensive and the most recent multimedia
resources, (iii) helping teachers to monitor
student’s learning progress, (iv) facilitating
teachers to make reports and to communicate with
parents, (iv) helping teachers to make assessment
of learning outcome on the basis of authentic
assessment. The use of ICT in the learning process
is an integration of ICT and learning system.
UNESCO [16] has claimed that
curriculum
integration is a form of utilization of ICT ability to
give an added value to the process of learning. ICT
enables teachers to understand opportunity and
implication for teaching-learning in the context of
curriculum, i.e., planning, performing, evaluating,
and following up. Recently the use of ICT in
education can be done through a variety of modes
which is known as Open Education and Distance
Education [Var. X6].
The problems of this research are 1) How
successful is the SWCU’s ICT-based Open/
Distance Learning in supporting and motivating
student’s metacognitive development? 2) What
supporting factors determine the metacognitive
development? The factors in this research are
limited into 1) enrichment, 2) educational change
catalisator, 3) future life preparation of citizens in
the ICT community, 4) country’s economic
development, 5) gap between campus lectures and
off-campus lectures, and 6) curriculum. Knowing
the quality of students’ metacognitive development
in the ICT-based O/DL program and at the same
time finding he supporting factors are very useful
for a program manajer as a feedback in continuing
such a program. Theoretically speaking, this study
has found a particular determining model for the
ICT-based metacognitive program so that further
research and policy making and practice can be
done to increase the quality of effective teaching
by taking into account metacognition and its
determinants.
RESEARCH METHODS
This study was conducted on the basis of
the BEPIT alumni assessment. The data sources are
52 BEPIT graduates as SWCU alumni from Batang
Distric, 2015. Data were collected through a selfrating scale consisting of 30 items that have been
proven valid and reliable; Score validity is 0.192 to
0.502, with a reliability index by Cronbach's Alpha
= 0.721. Data analysis used descriptive analysis
and stepwise multiple regression models with SPSS
for windows version 20.
collected for dependent variable is the
results as follows.
RESEARCH OUTCOME
After a descriptive analysis of data
Table 1 Results of a descriptive analysis of dependent variables studied
F
%
Cumulative %
Low
6
27,3
27,3
Average
6
27,3
54,5
High
9
40,9
95,5
Very High
1
4,5
100,0
Total
22
100,0
Based on the outcome of the descriptive analisis as
shown in Table 1 above, it is apparent that 27, 3%
if the respondents have developed their own
metacognition at low and medium levels. 40,9% of
the respondents have developed metacognition at a
high level and only 4,5% are at a very high level.
Thus, most of ICT-based BEPIT graduates have
mastered their metacognition at the medium and
high levels, leaving only less than one third who
developed at a low level.
Table 2 Results of a descriptive analysis of all variables studied
Mean
Median
Std.
Deviation
Min.
Max.
X1 Enrichment
2,8636
3,00
0,35125
2,00
3,00
X2 Catalyst educational change
2,8182
3,00
0,79501
0,00
4,00
X3 Preparation of future life
2,6364
3,00
0,65795
2,00
4,00
X4 The economic development of the country
2,7727
3,00
0,61193
2,00
4,00
X5 Reducing the gap: on, of-campus
2,6818
3,00
0,56790
2,00
4,00
X6 Curriculum
2,6818
3,00
0,71623
0,00
3,00
Y Metacognitive
2,6136
2,50
0,46115
2,00
3,50
Variable
Based on the analysis presented in Table
2 above, it turns average value (mean) variables:
Y (metacognitive), larger than the figure the
median, this means that the spread of this variable
has a tendency toward higher; While the average
value of variables: X1 (Enrichment lectures
according the curriculum), X2 (Catalyst
educational change), X3 (Preparation of future life
in society ICT), and X4 (Support and promote the
economic development of the country)
X5(Reducing the gap between college-campus
and off-campus with access to ICT), X6 (the
curriculum) is less than the median, this means
deployment of each variable in question has a
tendency towards lower. Furthermore, to
determine the metacognitivegraduated Bachelor
Degree conducted a descriptive analysis of the
results are at the level of moderate and high
(68.20%).There was 27,30% at the low level.
After testing for normality and
homoginity met, then performed stepwise
multiple regression analysis models the effect of 6
variable X to the the metacognitive (Y), the result
is obtained as the following table 3.
Table 3: Model Summary
Model
R
1
0,599a
2
b
0,359
Adjusted R
Square
0,327
Std. Error of
the Estimate
0,37831
0,538
0,489
0,32967
R Square
0,733
a. Predictors: (Constant), X5 Reducing the gap: on, of-campus
b. Predictors: (Constant), X5 Reducing the gap, X3 Preparation of
future life
(Enrichment lectures according the curriculum), X2
(Catalyst educational change),X4 (Support and
promote the economic development of the
country), and X6 (curriculum) supported the data
does not affect the Y (metacognitive).
Based on the results of the analysis as presented in
Table 3 above, obtained a summary of that X7
(Reducing the gap: on, of-campus) be the
determinant of the metacognitive (Y) of 32,70%
(Model 1), which when followed by the X3
(Preparation for future life), its effect on the Y
(metacognitive) amounted to 48.90% (model 2).
This means that only less than 51,20% are
influenced by the other variables that are not
observed in this model. Other variables, namely: X1
Furthermore, to determine significance of
the findings of the above three models, the results
of the ANOVA analysis can be examined in the
Table 4 below.
Tabel 4: ANOVAc
Model
1
2
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Regression
1,603
1
1,603
11,204
0,003a
Residual
2,862
20
0,143
Total
Regression
4,466
2,401
21
2
1,200
11,045
0,001b
Residual
2,065
19
0,109
Total
4,466
21
a. Predictors: (Constant), X5 Reducing the gap: on, of-campus
b. Predictors: (Constant), X5Reducing the gap, X3 Preparation of future life
c. Dependent Variable: Metaconitif
Based on the results of stepwise multiple regression
analysis models as presented in Table 4 above, F =
11,204 was obtained with the significance level of
0.003 (Model 1), F = 11,045 with a significance
level of 0.001 (model 2). This means that the two
variables in Model 1 (X5 = Reducing the gap: on,
of-campus), and Model 2 (X5 = Reducing the gap,
and X3 = Preparation of future life), become
determinants of the student’s metacognitive of the
ICT-based with data support to meet the level of
significance.
To build influential equation model of the 2
variables, i.e., (X5 = Reducing the gap: on, ofcampus), and (X5 = Reducing the gap, and X3
=Preparation
of
future
life)towards
the
metacognitive of the ICT-based BEPIT (Y),
observation on the Beta Coefficient (B) - both
standard and non-standard -was performed. The
result can be found by utilizing the results of such
analysis in Table 5 below.
Tabel 5: Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t
Sig.
3,287
0,004
0,599
3,347
1,321
0,003
0,202
0,127
0,575
3,678
0,002
0,110
0,423
2,709
0,014
B
Std. Error
1 (Constant)
1,309
0,398
X5Reducing the gap
2 (Constant)
0,487
0,580
0,145
0,439
X5Reducing the gap
0,467
X3Preparation of future life
0,297
Beta
a. Dependent Variable: Metaconitif
Based on the results of the analysis presented
above, it turns out that the success of the ICT
based ITEP in encouraging/supporting the
metacognitive (Y) is not affected by X1
(Enrichment lectures according the curriculum),
X2 (Catalyst educational change), X4 (Support and
promote the economic development of the
country), and X6 (curriculum), but is determined
by the variation of ICT-based in: (X5) Reducing
the gap, and X3)Preparation of future life.
DISCUSSION
The success of the ICT based BEPIT in
encouraging/supporting the metacognitive is
determined by the variation of ICT-based
inreducing the gap between college-campus and
off-campus with access to ICT, and preparation of
future life.
ICT has made the class-room transaction
more interesting. It has extended the teaching
learningprocess beyond the boundaries of
classroom. Students are now able to use laptop
computers andwireless networks anywhere. A
computer allows high speed information exchanges
tooccur with individuals within the institution as
well as around the world. ICT can improve the
quality of higher education by promoting
experimentations,
researches
andinnovations,
adopting the new strategies in the teaching –
learning process and integrating the new
information with the best practices. Recently ICT
has becomesignificant tool in the field of
education. ICT stimulates the learners to acquire
quality researchthrough team work, time
management,
analytical
thinking,
global
consciousness, basic communication, problem
solving and guided instruction [18]. ICT has also
played a vital role in providing distance education
very effectively. IT provides online delivery of
courses, online assessment and online design
courses to large number of students at atime. The
ICT–based system like digital libraries; online
courses, audio and video conferencingcontribute
significantly to the area of E- Learning and have
opened a new era in the area of ELearning.
According to Flavell [5], 'Metacognition'
refers to knowledge concerning one's own
cognitive processes, and the active monitoring and
consequent regulation of these processes in the
pursuit of goals or objectives [8]. There are two
dimensions of metacognition: 'self-appraisal' and
'self-management'.
Self-appraisal
refers
to
reflections about one's knowledge state and
abilities, including what you know, how you think,
and when and why to apply knowledge and
strategies. Cognitive self-management refers to
'metacognitions in action', or the ability of the
individual to plan and implement appropriate
strategies and to monitor, adjust and 'trouble shoot'
their performance. Though infrastructure support is
imperative, school technology leadership is a
stronger predictor of teachers’ use of computer
technology in teaching [19]. These factors were
ICT resources, ICT teaching, ICT leadership,
general teaching and general school leadership.
Yuen, Law & Chan [20] conducted a case study of
18 schools in Hong Kong. They found that in
catalytic integration model schools, the school
principal is the key change agent, exhibiting
visionary leadership, staff development and
involvement while in cultural innovation model
schools, multiple leadership is exhibited where the
school principal is not necessarily involved in ICT
leadership, teachers are free to implement new
ideas in supportive and enhancing culture. Also
studies have shown that various levels of leadership
such as principal, administrative leadership and
technology leadership influence successful use of
ICT in schools [19]. This aspect of leadership will
help the principal to share tasks with subordinates
while focusing on the adoption and integration of
technology in the school.
Application of ICT in education and
teaching learning process has changed the
traditional system of learning to modern ICT based
learning. Teaching- learning process is not now
limited within the boundaries of classroom. ICTbased learning is reducing the gap between collegecampus and off-campus.
The development of the information
society and the widespread dissemination of
Information and CommunicationTechnology (ICT)
give rise to new opportunities for learning and
acquiring new digital skills and competences that
are necessary for employment, education and
training, self-development and participation in
society. As our societies become more knowledgebased, what people need to learn and know also
changes. There is growing awareness in the world
that there is a need for a new vision of ICT and
learning that takes into account the shifts and
trends that are transforming the way people work,
learn, train, make sense of their world and have fun
in a digitalised, networked and knowledge-based
society [20]. Chwee Beng Lee, Timothy Teo,
Ching Sing Chai, Doris Choy, Ashley Tan and
Jimmy Seah [21] from Nanyang Technological
University stated ICT as technology continues to
influence many aspects of our social and work
lives, it is important that school experiences equip
students the skills and knowledge that will
enablethem to develop into effective independent,
creative, and lifelong learners to cope with the
influx of changes.
to foster self-paced, self-assessed and self-directed
through the application of ICT.
Based on the result of the descriptive
analysis, there are 27,3% respondents have
developed their respective metacognition at low
and medium levels. 40,9% respondents mastered
their metacognition at a high level, ad only 4,5% at
a very high level. Consequently, most of the ICTbased BEPIT graduates have developed metacognition at medium and high levels and only less
than one third developed at a low level.
The determining metacognitive factors of
the ICT-based BEPIT graduates are their role in
reducing the gap between on-campus and offcampus classes, which contributes 32,70% (Model
1). For the preparation of future life, its effect on
the metacognition is 48.90% (Model 2). Other
variables, namely X1 (Enrichment lectures based on
the curriculum), X2 (Catalyst educational change),
X4 (Support and promote the economic
development of the country), and X6 (curriculum)
supports the data but does not affect the
metacognition. Therefore, the development of the
distance learning should be focused on the
teachers; promoting teachers is a more critical
factor and their teaching should be professionally
based, i.e., to become curriculum developers and
actors of teaching-learning process. It is suggested
that future research and intervention program
should be aimed at helping teachers and students
improve their achievement while taking into
account the importance of metacognition and its
determinats factors.
CLOSURE
ICTs are making major’s difference in the
teaching approaches and the ways students are
learning. ICT–enhanced learning environment
facilitates
active,
collaborative,
creative,
integrative, and evaluative learning as an advantage
over the traditional method. ICT introduced
innovative pedagogies into the classroom, creating
network among educational institution, improving
overall standard of education by reducing the gap
between the quality of education inurban area and
rural area, initiation of smart school with objectives
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Publishing Ltd., 9600 Garsington Road,
Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street,
Malden, MA 02148, USA.