Melaksanakan Penelitian Mandiri Dimuat di Jurnal HEPI
Ttr j
i
K E M E N T E R IA N P E N D ID IK A N D A N K E B U D A Y A A N
U N IV E R S IT A S N E G E R I Y O G Y A K A R T A
LEM B A G A
P E N E L IT IA N
DAN
P E N G A B D IA N
K EPA D A
M A S Y A R A K A T
FRM/LEMLIT-PROG/17-02
04 NOV.2008
S U R A T
H A S IL
P E N IL A IA N
K E T E R A N G A N
L A P O R A N
P E N E L IT IA N
N o m o r:7 6 /U N 3 4 .2 1 /P L .S K /2 0 1 3
L e m b a g a P e n e lit ia n d a n P e n g a b d ia n k e p a d a M a s y a r a k a t U n iv e r s it a s N e g e r i Y o g y a k a r t a
m e n e r a n g k a n b a h w a p e n e lit ia n y a n g b e r ju d u l:
K O N S T R U K K IN E R J A K E P A L A S E K O L A H D A S A R D I D A E R A H IS T IM E W A
YOGYAKARTA
D e n g a n s u s u n a n p e r s o n a lia :
N a m a P e n e lit i
1
D r. S a m s u l H a d i, M . P d . , M T
Sebagai
K e tu a
T e la h d ip e r ik s a o le h :
D u a o r a n g B a d a n P e r t im b a n g a n P e n e lit ia n d a n d iv a lid a s i o le h K e t u a L e m b a g a P e n e lit ia n
d a n P e n g a b d ia n k e p a d a M a s y a r a k a t U n iv e r s it a s N e g e r i Y o g y a k a r t a .
H a s il p e n ila ia n :
A M A T B A IK
B A IK
c.
KURANG
D e m ik ia n s u r a t k e t e r a n g a n in i d ib u a t u n t u k d a p a t d ip e r g u n a k a n s e b a g a im a n a m e s t in y a .
^ ^ P fc g y a k a rta , 6 M e i 2 0 1 3
K E M E N T E R IA N P E N D ID IK A N
DAN KEBUDAYAAN
U N IV E R S IT A S N E G E R I Y O G Y A K A R T A
D P T
P E R P U S T A K A A N
Alamat: Karangmalang Yogyakarta. Telp. 0274-548520.,0274-586168 Pes. 226, 227.
e-mail: libranKawiv.ac.id
S U R A T
Website: httD'jZlibrarv.unv.ac.id
K E T E R A N G A N
N o .: 5 0 /U N 3 4 .3 1 /P L /2 0 1 3
K e p a la
U PT
P e rp u s ta k a a n
U n iv e rs ita s
N eg eri
Y o g y a k a r ta ,
m en e ra n g k a n
bahw a
p e n e l i t i a n y a n g b e r ju d u l :
“ K o n s t r u k K i n e i j a K e p a l a S e k o la h D a s a r d i D a e r a h I s t i m e w a Y o g y a k a r t a ”
D en g an p e rs o n a lia :
1.
J a b a ta n
N am a
N o.
K e tu a
D r . S a m s u l H a d i, M .P d ., M .T .
T e la h d i t e r i m a p a d a ta n g g a l 8 M e i 2 0 1 3 s e b a n y a k 1 ( s a tu ) e k s e m p la r , b e r d a s a r k a n S u r a t
K e te r a n g a n
dari
K eua
L em baga
P e n e litia n
dan
P e n g a b d ia n
kepada
M asy arak at
U n i v e r s i t a s N e g e r i Y o g y a k a r ta d e n g a n n o m o r : 7 6 /U N 3 4 .2 1 /P L .S K /2 0 1 3 . D a l a m b u k u
i n v e n ta r is P e r p u s ta k a a n t e r c a t a t n o m o r : 1 3 4 6 1 0 0 0 5 0 .
D e m ik ia n s u r a t k e t e r a n g a n in i d i b u a t u n t u k d a p a t d i p e r g u n a k a n s e b a g a i m a n a m e s tin y a .
L A P O R A N
K O N S T R U K
K IN E R JA
D I D A E R A H
P E N E L IT IA N
K E P A L A
S E K O L A H
D A S A R
IS T IM E W A Y O G Y A K A R T A
D r . S a m s u l H a d i, M .P d ., M .T .
N IP 1 9 6 0 0 5 2 9 198403 1 003
B ia y a M a n d i r i
F A K U L T A S T E K N IK
U N IV E R S IT A S N E G E R I Y O G Y A K A R T A
2008
i
K O N S T R U K K IN E R J A K E P A L A S E K O L A H D A S A R
D I D A E R A H IS T IM E W A Y O G Y A K A R T A
S a m su l H a d i
(sa m su l_ h d @ u n y.a c.id )
A b s tra k
P e n e l i t i a n in i b e r tu ju a n u n t u k m e n g e ta h u i m o d e l k o n s tr u k
k i n e r ja k e p a la
s e k o la h m e n u r u t g u r u , k e p a l a s e k o la h , d a n p e r b e d a a n k e d u a n y a . H a s il p e n e litia n
in i d ih a r a p k a n d a p a t m e m b e r i s u m b a n g a n te r h a d a p p e n g u k u r a n k i n e r ja k e p a la
s e k o la h d i m a s a y a n g a k a n d a ta n g .
P e n e l i t i a n in i m e r u p a k a n p e n e litia n exp o st fa c to d e n g a n p o p u la s i g u r u d a n
k e p a la s e k o la h d a s a r d i D a e r a h I s tim e w a Y o g y a k a r ta . S a m p e l s e b a n y a k 1 2 3 9 g u r u
d a n 2 0 8 k e p a l a s e k o la h d a s a r d ip ilih s e c a r a a c a k . D a t a g u r u d a n k e p a l a s e k o la h
d i k u m p u lk a n d e n g a n a n g k e t m e n g g u n a k a n s k a la L i k e r t y a n g s u d a h d iv a l id a s i
m e la lu i u ji c o b a in s tr u m e n . D a t a y a n g d ip e r o le h d ia n a li s i s d e n g a n S eco n d -O rd er
C o n firm a to ry F a c to rA n a lysis (S eco n d -O rd er C F A ) s e c a r a t e r p is a h d a n d iv a l id a s i
s ila n g d e n g a n m u lti-sa m p le C F A . P e n g u jia n k e c o c o k a n m o d e l d i la k u k a n
m e n g g u n a k a n % S a to r r a - B e n tle r d e n g a n t a r a f s ig n if ik a n s i 5 % , C o m p a ra tive
G o o d n ess o f F it In d ex ( C F I ) , d a n R o o t M ea n S q u a re E rro r A p p ro xim a tio n
(R M S A E ).
H a s il p e n e litia n m e n u n j u k k a n h a l - h a l s e b a g a i b e r ik u t. 1) M o d e l k o n s tr u k
k i n e r ja
k e p a la
s e k o la h
b e rd a sark a n
d a ta
g u ru
co cok
dengan
m odel
yang
d i h ip o te s is k a n , y a it u p u n y a d im e n s i k e p e m im p in a n , m a n a je m e n , d a n k e p r ib a d ia n .
K e p e m i m p i n a n m e m p u n y a i e m p a t in d ik a to r , y a itu : a ) p e n g a m b ila n k e p u tu s a n , b )
k e te r b u k a a n
ata u
d e m o k r a s i,
c)
p o la
hubungan
ata sa n
- baw ahan,
dan
d)
p e n g e m b a n g a n m a s y a r a k a t b e la ja r . M a n a j e m e n j u g a m e m p u n y a i e m p a t in d ik a to r ,
y a itu : a ) p e n g e lo la a n p e m b e la ja r a n , b ) p e n g e lo la a n k e te n a g a a n , c ) p e n g e lo la a n
f a s ilita s , d a n d ) p e n g e l o l a a n k e u a n g a n . K e p r i b a d i a n m e m p u n y a i t u j u h in d ik a t o r .
I n d ik a to r te r s e b u t a d a la h : a ) k e d is ip lin a n , b ) e to s k e r ja , c ) k e r ja s a m a , d ) in is ia t if ,
e ) t a n g g u n g j a w a b , f ) k e ju ju r a n , d a n g ) m o tiv a s i b e r p r e s ta s i . 2 ) M o d e l k o n s tr u k
k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h b e r d a s a r k a n d a ta k e p a l a s e k o la h t i d a k c o c o k d e n g a n m o d e l
y a n g d ih ip o te s i s k a n , n a m u n s e m u a k o e f is ie n j a l u r d a r i d im e n s i t e r h a d a p v a r ia b e l
k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h d a n m u a ta n f a k t o r d a r i i n d i k a t o r te r h a d a p d im e n s i c u k u p
tin g g i, b e r n il a i p o s itif , d a n s ig n if ik a n . 3 ) H a s il v a lid a s i s ila n g m o d e l k o n s tr u k
k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h d e n g a n d a ta g u r u d a n d a t a k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n u n j u k k a n
t i d a k a d a n y a p e r b e d a a n m o d e l.
K a t a k u n c i: k in e rja kep a la sekolah, m o d e l ko nstru k, p e rsa m a a n p en g u ku ra n ,
p e rsa m a a n struktural.
ii
K A TA P EN G A N TA R
P u ji
syukur
m e li m p a h k a n
dengan
la n c a r .
p e n u lis
rah m at dan
P e n e litia n
p a n ja tk a n
ke
k a r u n ia N y a ,
in i
b e r t u ju a n
h a d ira t
s e h in g g a
u n tu k
A ll a h
S .W .T .
p e n e li ti a n
in i
m engungkapkan
yang
dapat
te la h
s e le sa i
d im e n s i
dan
i n d i k a t o r k in e r ja k e p a l a S e k o la h D a s a r , s e m o g a h a s il p e n e litia n in i d a p a t m e m b e r i
su m b an g a n
pada pengem bangan
in s t r u m e n
p e n ila ia n
k in e r ja
k e p a la
s e k o la h .
P e n i l a i a n k i n e r ja t e r s e b u t d a p a t m e m ja d i d a s a r p e m b in a a n k e p a l a s e k o la h d a n
S e k o la h D a s a r p a d a u m u m n y a , k a re n a p e n d id ik a n d a s a r m e m e g a n g p e ra n y a n g
s a n g a t p e n ti n g d a la m p e n y ia p a n g e n e r a s i y a n g a k a n d a ta n g .
P e n e l i t i a n in i d a p a t p e n u lis s e le s a ik a n j u g a b e r k a t b a n t u a n d a r i b a n y a k
p ih a k . O le h k a r e n a itu , p a d a k e s e m p a ta n in i p e n u l i s m e n y a m p a ik a n r a s a te r im a
k a s ih s e d a la m - d a la m n y a k e p a d a p ih a k - p ih a k y a n g te l a h m e m b e r ik a n b a n tu a n
k e p a d a p e n u l is ; b a i k b e r u p a w a k tu , te n a g a , d a n p ik ir a n ; y a n g s a n g a t b e r m a n f a a t
u n t u k m e n y e l e s a i k a n d i s e r ta s i in i. M e r e k a a d a la h y a n g te r h o r m a t :
1.
B a p a k /I b u K e p a l a d a n G u r u S e k o l a h D a s a r y a n g t e l a h b e r s e d i a m e n g i s i
in s tr u m e n p e n e litia n in i
2.
R e k a n - r e k a n d o s e n d i J u r u s a n P e n d i d i k a n T e k n ik E l e k t r o F a k u l t a s T e k n ik
U n iv e r s i t a s N e g e r i Y o g y a k a r t a y a n g d a p a t m e m a h a m i k e s ib u k a n p e n e l iti
s e la m a m e l a k s a n a k a n p e n e l i t i a n in i
3.
M a h a s i s w a J u r u s a n P e n d i d i k a n T e k n ik E l e k t r o y a n g t e l a h d e n g a n p e n u h
s e m a n g a t m e m b a n t u p e n e l iti m e n g u m p u lk a n d a ta p e n e litia n in i.
S e m o g a a m a l k e b a ik a n y a n g t e l a h d is a m p a ik a n k e p a d a p e n e liti m e n d a p a t i m b a la n
y a n g s e p a n ta s n y a d a r i A lla h S .W .T .
P e n e liti
sudah
b e ru sa h a
s e b a ik - b a ik n y a
m e n y e le s a ik a n
p e n e litia n
in i,
n a m u n m e n y a d a r i t i d a k a d a k a r y a m a n u s i a y a n g s e m p u r n a , k a r e n a it u p e n e liti
m e n g h a r a p k a n m a s u k a n d a r i p a r a p e m b a c a la p o r a n p e n e litia n in i d e m i p e r b a ik a n
d i m a s a m e n d a ta n g , S e m o g a la p o r a n p e n e litia n in i d a p a t m e m b e r i m a n f a a t b a g i
s ia p a s a ja y a n g m e m b a c a n y a . A m in .
Y o g y a k a r ta , F e b r u a r i 2 0 0 8
SA M SU L H A D I
iii
D A F T A R IS I
A b s t r a k ....................................................................................................................... ii
K A T A P E N G A N T A R ............................................................................................. iii
D A F T A R T A B E L .................................................................................................... v i
D A F T A R G A M B A R ............................................................................................. v ii
D A F T A R L A M P I R A N ......................................................................................... v iii
B A B I _ P E N D A H U L U A N . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 1
A.
L a ta r B e la k a n g M a s a l a h .................................................................................... 1
B.
I d e n t if ik a s i M a s a l a h .......................................................................................... 3
C.
P e m b a ta s a n M a s a l a h ......................................................................................... 4
D.
P e r u m u s a n M a s a la h ......................................................................................... 4
E.
T u ju a n P e n e l i t i a n ............................................................................................... 5
F.
M a n f a a t P e n e litia n ........................................................................................... 5
G.
D e f in is i O p e r a s io n a l ........................................................................................ 6
B A B I I K A J I A N P U S T A K A . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 7
A.
K in e r ja K e p a la S e k o l a h .................................................................................... 7
B.
F a k to r - F a k to r y a n g M e m p e n g a r u h i K in e r ja K e p a l a S e k o la h ...................... 10
C.
K a j i a n H a s il P e n e l i t i a n y a n g R e l e v a n ............................................................ 11
D.
K e r a n g k a B e r p i k i r ........................................................................................... 12
E.
H i p o t e s i s P e n e l i t i a n ......................................................................................... 13
B A B I I I M E T O D E P E N E L I T I A N . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . 1 5
A.
P e n d e k a t a n P e n e l i t i a n ...................................................................................... 15
B.
T e m p a t d a n W a k t u P e n e l i t i a n ......................................................................... 15
C.
P o p u la s i d a n S a m p e l...................................................................................... 15
D.
I n s tr u m e n P e n e litia n ...................................................................................... 16
E.
V a l id it a s d a n R e lia b ilita s I n s t r u m e n P e n e l i t i a n .............................................. 17
F.
M e to d e A n a l is is D a t a ..................................................................................... 2 0
B A B I V H A S I L P E N E L I T I A N D A N P E M B A H A S A N . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . 2 1
A.
H a s il P e n e l i t i a n ................................................................................................ 21
1. D e s k r i p s i D a t a ................................................................................................. 21
iv
B.
2.
P e r s i a p a n A n a li s is D a t a ............................................................................. 2 2
3.
P e n g u jia n H i p o t e s i s ................................................................................... 2 8
P e m b a h a s a n ................................................................................................... 3 7
B A B V S I M P U L A N D A N S A R A N . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 4 1
A.
S im p u la n ......................................................................................................... 41
B.
S a r a n ............................................................................................................... 41
D A F T A R P U S T A K A . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . 4 3
L a m p i r a n ............................................................................................................... 4 7
v
D A FTA R TA B EL
1. S D d i D a e r a h I s t i m e w a Y o g y a k a r t a ................................................................ 16
2. K is i- k is i I n s tr u m e n K i n e r j a K e p a l a S e k o l a h .................................................. 17
3. R a n g k u m a n H a s il A n a li s is D a t a U j i c o b a I n s t r u m e n ...................................... 19
4. D is tr ib u s i K a te g o r i K i n e r j a K e p a l a S e k o la h d a r i D a t a G u r u ........................ 2 2
5. D is tr ib u s i K a te g o r i K i n e r j a K e p a l a S e k o la h d a r i D a t a K e p a l a S e k o l a h ...... 2 2
6. H a s il D e t e k s i P e n c i l a n M u lt i v a r i a t D a t a G u r u ............................................... 23
7. H a s il U ji N o r m a lit a s D a ta G u r u ...................................................................... 2 4
8. H a s il D e te k s i P e n c ila n M u lt iv a r ia t D a ta K e p a la S e k o l a h ............................. 2 6
9. H a s il U ji N o r m a l it a s D a t a K e p a l a S e k o l a h .................................................... 2 7
vi
D A FTA R G A M B A R
1. H i p o t e s i s M o d e l K o n s t r u k K i n e r j a K e p a l a S e k o l a h ...................................... 13
2. P e n g u jia n H i p o t e s i s d e n g a n D a t a G u r u ( D a l a m S k o r B a k u ) ........................ 2 9
3. P e n g u ji a n H i p o t e s i s d e n g a n D a t a K e p a l a S e k o la h ( D a la m S k o r B a k u ) ...... 3 2
v ii
D A F T A R L A M P IR A N
1. I n s tr u m e n u n t u k G u r u ( S e b e lu m U ji C o b a ) ................................................... 4 7
2. I n s tr u m e n u n t u k K e p a l a S e k o l a h ( S e b e lu m U ji C o b a ) .................................. 53
3. H a s il U ji C o b a I n s t r u m e n u n tu k G u r u ............................................................ 58
4. H a s il U ji C o b a I n s t r u m e n u n tu k K e p a la S e k o l a h .......................................... 61
5. I n s tr u m e n u n t u k G u r u ( S e te la h D i p e r b a i k i ) ................................................... 6 4
6. I n s tr u m e n u n t u k K e p a l a S e k o la h ( S e te la h D i p e r b a i k i ) .................................. 6 9
7. S in ta k s S P S S u n t u k A n a lis is D e s k r i p t i f . ......................................................... 73
8 S in t a k s S P S S D e t e k s i O u tlie r d e n g a n M a h a l a n o b i s ....................................... 7 4
9. H a s il U ji N o r m a l it a s D a t a G u r u ....................................................................... 75
10. H a s il U ji H o m o s k e d a s t i s i t a s D a t a G u r u d e n g a n P a r tia l R e g ressio n P lo t .. 7 7
11. S c a tter P lo t A n ta r a D im e n s i d a n I n d ik a to r d a r i D a t a G u r u .......................... 7 9
12. U j i M u lt i k o l i n e a r i t a s D a t a G u r u ......................................................................81
13. H a s il U ji N o r m a l it a s D a t a
K e p a l a S e k o l a h ................................................... 8 2
14. H a s il U ji H o m o s k e d a s t i s i t a s D a t a K e p a l a S e k o l a h d e n g a n P a r tia l
R e g re ssio n P lo t ................................................................................................. 8 4
15. S c a tter P lo t A n ta r a D im e n s i d a n I n d ik a to r d a r i D a t a K e p a l a S e k o l a h ...... 8 6
16. U j i M u lt i k o l i n e a r i t a s D a t a K e p a l a S e k o l a h ................................................... 88
17. U j i H i p o te s is d e n g a n D a t a G u r u ..................................................................... 8 9
18. U ji H ip o te s i s d e n g a n D a ta K e p a la S e k o la h ................................................... 9 2
19. U ji H ip o te s i s M u lt i- S a m p le d e n g a n D a ta G u r u d a n K e p a la S e k o l a h ........ 95
v iii
BAB I
PEN D A H U LU A N
A.
L a t a r B e la k a n g M a s a la h
Tam paknya
k u a lita s
p e n d id ik a n
di
I n d o n e s ia
sudah
b e ra n g su r-a n g su r
m e n in g k a t . B e r b a g a i p r e s ta s i b e r t a r a f i n te r n a s io n a l te l a h d ir a ih o l e h s is w a - s is w a
I n d o n e s ia .
P r e s ta s i t e r s e b u t a n ta r a l a i n j u a r a
um um
O lim p ia d e F i s i k a
A s ia
k e e m p a t y a n g d ia d a k a n d i T h a il a n d p a d a ta n g g a l 2 0 s a m p a i d e n g a n 2 9 A p r il 2 0 0 3
d a n p e r in g k a t e n a m b e s a r d u n ia O lim p ia d e F i s i k a I n te r n a s io n a l k e t i g a p u lu h
e m p a t y a n g b e r l a n g s u n g d i T a ip e i, T a iw a n , ta n g g a l 2 s a m p a i d e n g a n 11 A g u s tu s
2 0 0 3 . T a h u n 2 0 0 3 , s is w a I n d o n e s i a m a s u k p e r i n g k a t k e t i g a b e la s d u n i a s e r ta
m asu k b ab ak
p e rd e la p a n
f in a l
d a la m
K e ju a ra a n
D e b a t a n ta r-S is w a
S e k o la h
M e n e n g a h T in g k a t D u n i a ( G u n a r y a d i, 2 0 0 4 : 7).
P r e s t a s i la in y a n g d ic a p a i s is w a - s is w a I n d o n e s i a a d a la h 2 8 m e d a l i e m a s
d a la m b e r b a g a i a ja n g k o m p e tis i i n te r n a s io n a l d i b i d a n g s a in s , m a te m a ti k a , s e n i
d a n o la h r a g a . D i a n ta r a s is w a te r s e b u t, t e r d a p a t s e o r a n g s is w a y a n g b e r h a s il
m e r a ih p r e d ik a t The A b so lu te W inner d a la m O lim p ia d e F i s i k a I n te r n a s io n a l 2 0 0 6
d i S in g a p u r a . K e b e r h a s i l a n in i te l a h m e m a ta h k a n d o m in a s i p e l a j a r - p e l a j a r C h in a ,
d a n m e n y is ih k a n p e s a i n g - p e s a i n g n y a d a r i A m e r i k a S e r ik a t, J e r m a n d a n A u s tr a lia .
S e m e n ta r a s e o r a n g s is w a a s a l P a p u a b e r h a s il m e m e n a n g k a n The F ir s t S tep to
N o b e l P rize d i b i d a n g k i m i a ( P r e s id e n R I , 2 0 0 6 : 2 4 ) .
N a m u n d e m ik ia n p r e s ta s i te r s e b u t t i d a k m e w a k ili k o n d is i p e n d id ik a n di
I n d o n e s ia p a d a u m u m n y a . I n d o n e s ia m e r u p a k a n n e g a r a k e p u la u a n t e r b e s a r di
d u n ia . P u l a u y a n g a d a m e m b e n t a n g d i a n ta r a b e n u a A u s t r a l i a d a n A s ia . I n d o n e s ia
m e r u p a k a n n e g a r a k e e m p a t y a n g b e r p e n d u d u k t e r b a n y a k d i d u n ia s e te la h C in a ,
I n d ia , d a n A m e r i k a S e r ik a t. S e m u a itu , d it a m b a h k r is is e k o n o m i y a n g te r ja d i p a d a
ta h u n
1999
k e h id u p a n .
b e rd a m p a k
Di
b id a n g
pada
m u n c u ln y a
p e n d id ik a n ,
p e rm a s a la h a n
p e rm a s a la h a n
yang
di
b e rb a g a i
ad a
sam pai
b id a n g
s a a t in i
m e li p u t i: ( 1 ) p e m e r a ta a n d a n p e r lu a s a n a k s e s p e n d id ik a n , ( 2 ) m u tu , r e l e v a n s i, d a n
d a y a s a in g k e lu a r a n p e n d id ik a n , d a n ( 3 ) t a t a k e lo la , a k u n ta b ilita s , d a n c itr a p u b lik
1
p e n g e lo la a n
p e n d id ik a n
( D ir e k to r a t
P e n e litia n
dan
P e n g a b d ia n
kepada
M a s y a r a k a t, 2 0 0 6 : 1).
P e m e r a ta a n d a n p e r l u a s a n a k s e s p e n d id ik a n te r k a i t d e n g a n d a y a t a m p u n g
s a tu a n p e n d id ik a n s e r ta p e m b e r ia n k e s e m p a ta n y a n g s a m a b a g i s e m u a p e s e r t a
d id ik
d a ri b e rb a g a i
g o lo n g a n
m a sy a ra k a t y a n g
b erb ed a
b a ik
sec ara
s o s ia l,
e k o n o m i, g e n d e r , lo k a s i t e m p a t tin g g a l d a n t i n g k a t k e m a m p u a n i n te le k tu a l s e r ta
k o n d is i f is ik . M u tu , r e le v a n s i, d a n d a y a s a in g k e lu a r a n p e n d id ik a n t e r k a i t d e n g a n
kecakapan
a k a d e m ik
dan
n o n -a k a d e m ik
yang
m e m u n g k in k a n
lu l u s a n
dap at
p r o a k t i f te r h a d a p p e r u b a h a n m a s y a r a k a t d a la m b e r b a g a i b i d a n g b a i k d i t in g k a t
lo k a l ,
n a s io n a l
m aupun
g lo b a l .
T a ta
k e lo la ,
a k u n ta b il it a s ,
dan
c i tr a
p u b li k
p e n g e lo la a n p e n d id ik a n a n ta r a la in t e r k a i t d e n g a n s is te m p e n g e n d a l i a n in te r n a l
d a n e k s te r n a l , k a p a s it a s d a n k o m p e te n s i a p a r a t d a n p e n g e l o l a p e n d id ik a n , k e ta a ta n
p a d a p e r a tu r a n p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n , r e g u la s i p e n g e l o l a a n p e n d id ik a n , p e n c itr a a n
p u b lik ,
dan
p e m a n f a a ta n
s is te m
in f o r m a s i
m a n a je m e n
s e c a ra
te r in te g r a s i
( D e p d ik n a s , 2 0 0 6 : 6 5 - 6 8 ).
B e rb a g a i u p a y a y a n g te rk a it d e n g a n
p e m e r a ta a n
d a n p e rlu a s a n
akses
p e n d id ik a n t e l a h d i la k u k a n p e m e r in ta h . U n t u k m e m e n u h i k e b u tu h a n p e n d id ik a n
m a s y a r a k a t, p e n d ir ia n s e k o la h b a r u d a n p e n a m b a h a n d a y a ta m p u n g s e k o la h y a n g
s u d a h a d a t e l a h d ila k u k a n . P e n i n g k a t k a n m u tu , r e le v a n s i, d a n d a y a s a in g k e lu a r a n
p e n d id ik a n
te la h
d ila k u k a n
m e la lu i
re k ru tm e n
dan
p e n a ta r a n
g u ru ,
s e r ta
p e n g a d a a n b u k u p a k e t, p e r a la ta n la b o r a to r i u m , d a n j u g a p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n d a n
p e r a n g k a t p e n d u k u n g p e l a k s a n a a n n y a . P e r b a i k a n t a t a k e lo la , a k u n ta b il it a s , d a n
c i tr a p u b l i k p e n g e lo la a n p e n d id ik a n m e r u p a k a n u s a h a b e r a t y a n g h a r u s d ila k u k a n
p e m e r in ta h k a r e n a m e lib a tk a n s e m u a p ih a k , b a i k in te r n a l m a u p u n e k s te r n a l, m u la i
d a r i t i n g k a t p u s a t s a m p a i t i n g k a t s a tu a n p e n d id ik a n .
D i t i n g k a t s a tu a n p e n d id ik a n , k e p a l a s e k o la h m e m p u n y a i p e r a n s tr a te g is
d a la m
u s a h a u n tu k
m e m p e r b a ik i t a t a
k e lo la ,
a k u n ta b ilita s ,
dan
c i tr a p u b li k
p e n g e lo la a n p e n d id ik a n . H a l in i d is e b a b k a n k a r e n a k e p a l a s e k o la h m e r u p a k a n
p e n g e l o l a t e r d e p a n y a n g m e m u t u s k a n d a p a t t i d a k n y a s e tia p k o m p o n e n p e n d id ik a n
d i s e k o la h b e r p r o s e s d a n b e r in te r a k s i s e c a r a p o s i t i f d a la m s is te m b e l a j a r m e n g a ja r
( A lh a d z a ,
2 0 0 3 ).
D engan
d e m ik ia n
p e m b in a a n
2
k e p a la
s e k o la h
m eru p ak an
a l t e r n a t i f y a n g t i d a k b i s a d ita w a r j i k a p e m e r in ta h in g in m e n in g k a tk a n t a t a k e lo la ,
a k u n ta b ili ta s , d a n c i tr a p u b l i k p e n g e lo la a n p e n d i d i k a n .
P e m b in a a n k e p a l a s e k o la h t i d a k a k a n m e n g e n a i s a s a r a n t a n p a a d a n y a
p e n ila ia n
k in e r ja
yang
S ia n tu r i, 2 0 0 2 : 3 -
d a p a t d i p e r ta n g g u n g ja w a b k a n
( M if ta h ,
2001:
21
dan
4 ). H a l in i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a a s p e k - a s p e k k i n e r ja k e p a la
s e k o la h y a n g d ia n g g a p k u r a n g d a n p e r lu d i p e r b a i k i t i d a k d ik e t a h u i s e c a r a te p a t.
P e n i l a i a n k i n e r ja b e r a r ti m e m b a n d i n g k a n a n ta r a s ta n d a r y a n g t e l a h d ite ta p k a n
d e n g a n k i n e r ja s e b e n a r n y a d a r i s e s e o r a n g ( S ia n tu r i, 2 0 0 2 : 7). K i n e r j a s e n d ir i
d a p a t d ia r ti k a n s e b a g a i g a m b a r a n m e n g e n a i t i n g k a t p e n c a p a ia n p e l a k s a n a a n s u a tu
k e g ia ta n d a la m
m e w u ju d k a n t u j u a n
o r g a n is a s i.
A g a r p e n il a in k i n e r ja k e p a la
s e k o la h d a p a t d ip e r ta n g g u n g ja w a b k a n , m a k a i n s tr u m e n y a n g d i g u n a k a n h a r u s
d is u s u n b e r d a s a r k a n
k o n s tr u k y a n g b e n a r .
K o n s tru k
d a p a t d ia r ti k a n
sebagai
k o n s e p a ta u k a r a k t e r i s t i k y a n g d ij a d ik a n d a s a r u n t u k m e n y u s u n s u a tu in s tr u m e n
(A m e ric a n
E d u c a tio n a l
R e sea rc h
A sso c ia tio n ,
A m e ric a n
P sych o lo g ic a l
A sso cia tio n , & N a tio n a l C o u n cil on M e a su re m e n t in E d u ca tio n , 1 9 9 9 : 1 7 3 ).
B.
Id e n tifik a s i M a s a la h
K i n e r j a k e p a l a s e k o la h m e r u p a k a n v a r ia b e l y a n g t i d a k d a p a t la n g s u n g
d i u k u r (u n o b serva b le a ta u latent). K i n e r j a k e p a l a s e k o la h h a n y a d a p a t d i u k u r
m e la lu i
in d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r n y a
yang
b e rs ifa t
o b serva b le
a ta u
m a n ife st .
I n d ik a to r i n d i k a t o r t e r s e b u t d a p a t d ik e lo m p o k k a n d a la m b e b e r a p a d im e n s i. A d a
b a n y a k p e n d a p a t m e n g e n a i in d i k a t o r d a n d im e n s i k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h ( K u n c e l,
H e z le tt,
dan
O nes, 2004:
1 5 0 ; P o r o p a t, 2 0 0 4 :
2 ; R e i o J r .,
1997:
27;
s e r ta
D i r e k t o r a t P e n d i d i k a n T a m a n K a n a k - k a n a k d a n S e k o l a h D a s a r D i t j e n D ik d a s m e n
D e p d ik n a s , 2 0 0 3 : 31 - 3 7 ).
K i n e r j a k e p a la s e k o la h te r s e b u t b i s a m e m ilik i b e b e r a p a i n d i k a t o r d a n
d im e n s i. B a n y a k n y a i n d i k a t o r d a n d im e n s i k i n e r ja k e p a la s e k o la h d a p a t d i ja d ik a n
m a s a la h p e n e litia n y a n g c u k u p m e n a r ik . M a s a l a h p e n e l i t i a n te r s e b u t a n ta r a la in
a p a k a h p e n i l a i a n k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h
s e la m a in i s u d a h d il a k u k a n
dengan
b e n a r ? B a g a im a n a k a h k o n s tr u k k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h y a n g d ig u n a k a n d a la m
m e n y u s u n i n s tr u m e n te r s e b u t? V a r ia b e l a p a s a ja k a h y a n g m e m p e n g a r u h i k in e r ja
3
k e p a la s e k o la h ?
V a r ia b e l a p a k a h y a n g p a lin g
d o m in a n m e n y u m b a n g k in e r ja
k e p a la s e k o la h ?
J e n ja n g p e n d id ik a n d a n s ta tu s s e k o la h j u g a b i s a m e n i m b u l k a n m a s a la h .
B a g a im a n a k a h k i n e r ja k e p a l a S e k o l a h D a s a r ( S D ) ? B a g a im a n a k a h k i n e r ja k e p a la
S e k o la h
M enengah
P e rta m a
(S M P )?
B a g a im a n a k a h
k i n e r ja
k e p a la
S e k o la h
M e n e n g a h A ta s ( S M A ) ? B a g a im a n a k a h k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h a ta u m a d r a s a h
yang
s e ta r a
s e k o la h
a ta u
dengan
s e k o la h - s e k o la h
m a d ra sa h
n e g e r i?
te r s e b u t?
B a g a im a n a k a h
B a g a im a n a k a h
k i n e r ja
k i n e r ja
k e p a la
k e p a la
s e k o la h
a ta u
m a d r a s a h s w a s ta ? A d a k a h p e r b e d a a n k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h a ta u m a d r a s a h n e g e r i
d e n g a n k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h a ta u m a d r a s a h s w a s ta ? S e m u a ta d i m e r u p a k a n
s e k e d a r c o n to h m a s a la h k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h y a n g d a p a t d ite liti.
C.
P e m b a ta s a n M a s a la h
T id a k s e m u a p e r m a s a l a h a n y a n g t e r k a i t d e n g a n k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h
a k a n d ite liti. P e n e l i t i a n in i h a n y a d if o k u s k a n p a d a m o d e l k o n s tr u k k in e r ja k e p a la
s e k o la h .
M odel
p en g u k u ran ,
k o n s tr u k ,
m e ru p a k a n
ju g a
p o la
d is e b u t
yang
seb agai
m odel
m en g g a m b a rk a n
fa k to r
hubungan
a ta u
m odel
a n ta r a
s u a tu
v a r ia b e l y a n g b e r s i f a t la te n t d e n g a n i n d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r n y a y a n g b e r s i f a t m a nifest.
(Y u , 2 0 0 2 : 5 -
11 d a n H a ir , d k k ., 1 9 9 8 : 5 8 1 ) . S u a tu m o d e l d a p a t d in y a ta k a n
d e n g a n k a l im a t , g a m b a r , a ta u p e r s a m a a n m a te m a t ik a .
A la s a n p e m b a ta s a n m a s a la h s e p e r ti d i a ta s a d a la h :
1) m o d e l k o n s tr u k
k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h s a n g a t d ip e r lu k a n u n t u k m e n g e m b a n g k a n a l a t u k u r k in e r ja
k e p a la s e k o la h y a n g v a l i d d a n r e lia b e l, 2 ) S D m e r u p a k a n s a la h s a tu b e n t u k
p e n d id ik a n d a s a r y a n g m e la n d a s i j e n j a n g p e n d i d i k a n y a n g b e r a d a d i a ta s n y a , y a i tu
p e n d id ik a n m e n e n g a h ( U U N o . 2 0 ta h u n 2 0 0 3 p a s a l 1 7 ), d a n 3 ) p e n d id ik a n d a s a r
m e m a in k a n
p e ran a n
k e s e m p a ta n
h id u p
yang
sangat
se se o ra n g
p e n ti n g
( G ib b s o n s ,
d a la m
2002:
1).
p e m b in a a n
D engan
g en erasi
d e m ik ia n
dan
m aka
p e n e litia n in i c u k u p p e n tin g d a n b e r m a n f a a t u n t u k d ila k u k a n .
D.
P e ru m u s a n M a s a la h
S e b a g a im a n a t e l a h d ije la s k a n , p e n e litia n in i h a n y a a k a n d i f o k u s k a n p a d a
k o n s tr u k k in e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h d a n v a r ia b e l la in y a n g m e m p e n g a r u h i k in e r ja
4
k e p a la
s e k o la h
s e r t a m o d e l k i n e r ja k e p a l a
s e k o la h . D e n g a n
d e m ik ia n
m aka
m a s a la h p e n e litia n y a n g a d a d a p a t d ir u m u s k a n s e b a g a i b e r ik u t:
1.
B a g a im a n a k a h m o d e l k o n s tr u k k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n u r u t g u r u ?
2.
B a g a im a n a k a h
m odel
k o n s tr u k
k i n e r ja
k e p a la
s e k o la h
m e n u ru t
k e p a la
s e k o la h ?
3.
A d a k a h p e r b e d a a n m o d e l k o n s tr u k k in e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n u r u t g u r u d a n
k e p a l a s e k o la h ?
E.
T u ju a n P e n e litia n
S e s u a i d e n g a n r u m u s a n m a s a la h y a n g a d a , t u j u a n p e n e li tia n in i a d a l a h
u n tu k m e n g u n g k a p :
1.
M o d e l k o n s tr u k k in e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n u r u t g u r u
2.
M o d e l k o n s tr u k k in e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n u r u t k e p a l a s e k o la h
3.
P e r b e d a a n m o d e l k o n s tr u k k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n u r u t g u r u d a n k e p a la
s e k o la h .
F.
M a n f a a t P e n e litia n
P e n e l i t i a n in i m e m ilik i m a n f a a t p r a k tis , te o r it is , d a n m e t o d o lo g is . S e c a r a
p r a k t is ,
te m u a n
te n ta n g
m odel
k o n s tr u k
d im a n f a a tk a n u n t u k m e n g e m b a n g k a n
te r b u k ti
sec ara
m e m p e r o le h
e m p i r is .
d a ta
yang
P e n ila ia n
v a lid .
k i n e r ja
i n s tr u m e n
dengan
k e p a la
s e k o la h
dap at
d e n g a n k is i- k is i y a n g
sudah
in s tru m e n
B e rd a sa rk a n
d a ta
yang
p e n ila ia n
d e m ik ia n
akan
te rs e b u t
dap at
p e m b in a a n k e p a l a s e k o la h y a n g t e p a t s a s a r a n . H a s il p e m b in a a n k e p a l a s e k o la h
y a n g d e m ik ia n a k a n m e n in g k a t k a n k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h d a n a k h ir n y a b e r m u a r a
pada
p e n in g k a ta n
m u tu
lu lu s a n
dan
p e n in g k a ta n
k u a li ta s
p e n d id ik a n
pada
um um nya.
S e c a r a te o r e tis , p e n e litia n in i d a p a t m e m b e r i s u m b a n g a n p e n g e ta h u a n
t e n t a n g m o d e l s tr u k t u r a l k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h . M o d e l te r s e b u t b i s a te r d ir i d a ri
b e b e r a p a d im e n s i d a n i n d i k a t o r y a n g s e c a r a e m p ir is m e n e n tu k a n k i n e r ja k e p a la
s e k o la h . S u m b a n g a n p e n g e ta h u a n te r s e b u t d a p a t d ija d ik a n r u ju k a n b a g i p e n e l iti
l a in
di m a sa
m e n d a ta n g .
S e c a r a m e to d o lo g is ,
p e n e litia n
in i
d ap at m em beri
s u m b a n g a n t e n t a n g b a g a i m a n a m e n g u ji m o d e l s tr u k t u r a l k in e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h .
5
M e to d e p e n g u ji a n m o d e l s tr u k tu r a l d a n m o d e l k o n s tr u k y a n g d ig u n a k a n d a la m
p e n e litia n in i d ih a r a p k a n d a p a t g u n a k a n u l a n g a ta u d ip e r b a ik i p a d a p e n e litia n
y a n g la in .
G . D e f in is i O p e r a s io n a l
M o d e l k o n s tr u k k i n e r ja k e p a la s e k o la h a d a la h p o l a y a n g m e n g g a m b a r k a n
h u b u n g a n a n ta r a v a r ia b e l k in e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h d a n d i m e n s i - d i m e n s i n y a y a n g
t i d a k d a p a t d i u k u r s e c a r a la n g s u n g (la ten t) d e n g a n in d i k a t o r d a r i d im e n s i t e r s e b u t
y a n g d a p a t d i u k u r s e c a r a la n g s u n g (m an ifest). D a la m p e n e litia n in i p e n g u k u r a n
in d i k a t o r d il a k u k a n m e n g g u n a k a n b u t i r - b u t i r p e r ta n y a a n / p e r n y a t a a n y a n g d ib u a t
m e n g g u n a k a n s k a la L ik e r t,
6
BAB II
K A J IA N P U S T A K A
A.
K i n e r j a K e p a la S e k o la h
R e i o ( 1 9 9 7 : 2 7 ) m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a k i n e r ja a d a la h p e r il a k u a ta u k e g ia ta n
y a n g r e le v a n d e n g a n t u j u a n o r g a n i s a s i. P e n d a p a t la in t e n t a n g k i n e r ja d is a m p a ik a n
o l e h I s m in in g s ih ( 2 0 0 3 : 4 4 ) y a n g m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a k i n e r ja m e r u p a k a n p e r ila k u
k e r ja
se se o ra n g
g u n a m e n c a p a i tu ju a n .
P e r il a k u
k e r ja y a n g
m e n e n tu k a n h a s il k e r j a d i p e n g a r u h i o le h d u a f a k to r , y a itu :
p a d a g il ir a n n y a
a ) f a k t o r d a la m
in d iv id u , s e p e r ti k e t e r a m p i la n d a n u s a h a , d a n b ) f a k to r d i l u a r in d iv id u , s e p e r ti
k e a d a a n e k o n o m i, d a n k e b ij a k a n p e m e r in ta h . B e r d a s a r k a n p e n d a p a t te r s e b u t ,
m aka
dapat
d i s i m p u lk a n
bahw a
k in e r ja
m e ru p a k a n
p e r ila k u
a ta u
t in d a k a n
s e s e o r a n g a ta u o r g a n is a s i u n t u k m e n c a p a i t u j u a n y a n g t e l a h d ite t a p k a n . K i n e r j a
s e s e o r a n g a ta u o r g a n is a s i d ip e n g a r u h i o le h f a k t o r y a n g a d a d i d a la m d i l u a r d iri
s e s e o r a n g a ta u o r g a n is a s i.
C a m p b e l l ( 1 9 9 8 : 7 0 8 — 7 1 0 ) m e n y a ta k a n b a h w a k i n e r ja d a p a t d in ila i d a ri
d e la p a n k o m p o n e n y a n g t e r k a i t d e n g a n p e n y e le s a ia n s u a tu tu g a s . K o m p o n e n
t e r s e b u t a d a la h k e m a m p u a n m e n ja la n k a n t u g a s p o k o k , m e n j a l a n k a n t u g a s d i lu a r
tu g a s p o k o k , b e r k o m u n ik a s i s e c a r a t e r tu lis d a n lis a n , m e la k u k a n s u p e r v is i a ta u
m e m im p in , d a n m a n a je m e n a ta u a d m in is tr a s i. K o m p o n e n l a i n n y a a d a la h k e m a u a n
b e r u s a h a , d is ip lin , s e r ta d a p a t m e n d u k u n g k in e r ja t e m a n d a n k e l o m p o k .
R e i o ( 1 9 9 7 :2 7 ) m e n y a ta k a n b a h w a k i n e r ja m e m p u n y a i d u a d im e n s i, y a i tu
k i n e r ja t u g a s
a ta u t e k n i s ( ta s k /te c h n ic a lp e r f o r m a n c e ) d a n k i n e r ja k o n te k s t u a l
{ c o n t e x tu a lp e r f o r m a n c e ) . K i n e r j a t u g a s m e r u p a k a n k i n e r ja y a n g t e r k a i t d e n g a n
p e r b a ik a n d a n p e la y a n a n tu g a s p o k o k o r g a n is a s i, m i s a l n y a m e n g a j a r d i S e k o la h
D a s a r . K i n e r j a k o n te k s tu a l a ta u d is e b u t j u g a k i n e r ja in te r p e r s o n a l m e r u p a k a n
f u n g s i in te r p e r s o n a l s e s e o r a n g u n t u k m e n d u k u n g t u g a s p o k o k o r g a n is a s i d a la m
li n g k u n g a n s o s ia l y a n g l e b i h lu a s .
M e n u r u t P o r o p a t ( 2 0 0 4 : 3 ), d im e n s i k in e r ja y a n g d ik e m u k a k a n o l e h R e io
m eru p ak an
p e n y e d e rh a n a a n
d ari
apa
yang
d ik e m u k a k a n
o le h
C a m p b e ll .
K o m p o n e n k e m a m p u a n m e n ja la n k a n t u g a s p o k o k , m e n ja la n k a n t u g a s d i lu a r
7
tu g a s
pokok,
a d m in is tr a s i
b e r k o m u n ik a s i
d ari
s e c a r a t e r tu l i s
C a m p b e ll
te r k a i t
dan
dengan
lis a n ,
dan
k i n e r ja tu g a s ,
m a n a je m e n
sed an g
a ta u
kom ponen
k e m a u a n b e r u s a h a , k e d is ip lin a n , d u k u n g a n t e r h a d a p k in e r ja t e m a n d a n k e lo m p o k ,
d a n k e m a m p u a n s u p e r v i s i a ta u m e m i m p i n t e r k a i t d e n g a n k i n e r ja k o n te k s tu a l .
M e n u r u t M c C o o k ( 2 0 0 2 :1 — 2 ), k i n e r ja t u g a s d a p a t d i s e b u t s e b a g a i k i n e r ja p e r a n
(in-role p e rfo rm a n c e ), s e d a n g k a n k i n e r ja k o n te k s tu a l b i s a d is a m a k a n d e n g a n
p e r ila k u b e r o r g a n is a s i a ta u O rg a n iza tio n a l C itizen sh ip B e h a v io rs d is in g k a t O C B s.
D im e n s i
k in e r ja
te rs e b u t
te n t u n y a j u g a
b e r la k u
bagi
k i n e r ja
k e p a la
s e k o la h . K i n e r j a k e p a l a s e k o la h d a p a t d in ila i d a r i k i n e r ja t u g a s a ta u k i n e r ja te k n is
y a n g d i ta n d a i d e n g a n k e m a m p u a n m e n ja la n k a n t u g a s p o k o k , m e n j a l a n k a n tu g a s
d i l u a r t u g a s p o k o k , b e r k o m u n ik a s i
s e c a r a tu l i s
d a n lis a n , d a n k e m a m p u a n
m a n a j e r ia l a ta u a d m in is tr a s i. S e l a in it u k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h d a p a t d in ila i d a ri
k i n e r ja k o n te k s tu a l a ta u k i n e r ja in te r p e r s o n a l y a n g m e n c a k u p k e m a u a n b e r u s a h a ,
k e d is i p lin a n , d u k u n g a n te r h a d a p k i n e r ja t e m a n d a n k e lo m p o k , s e r ta k e m a m p u a n
s u p e r v is i a ta u m e m im p i n .
D i I n d o n e s ia , D i r e k t o r a t P e n d id ik a n T a m a n K a n a k - k a n a k d a n S e k o la h
D a s a r D itje n
D ik d a s m e n
p e n il a ia n
k i n e r ja
m encakup
tig a
k e p a la
hal
D e p d ik n a s
s e k o la h
seb agai
(2 0 0 3 :
d a sa r.
b e r ik u t:
2 5 ) te l a h
Pedom an
a)
m e n e ta p k a n
p e n ila ia n
k e p e m im p in a n ,
k i n e r ja
dengan
ped om an
te r s e b u t
in d ik a to r
p e n g a m b il a n k e p u tu s a n , k e te r b u k a a n a ta u d e m o k r a s i, p o l a h u b u n g a n a ta s a n b a w a h a n , d a n p e n g e m b a n g a n m a s y a r a k a t b e l a j a r ; b ) m a n a je m e n , d e n g a n in d i k a t o r
p e n g e lo la a n
p e m b e la ja r a n ,
k e p r ib a d ia n ,
dengan
k e te n a g a a n ,
in d ik a to r
f a s i lita s ,
k e d is ip lin a n ,
e to s
dan
k e r ja ,
keuangan;
k e r ja s a m a ,
s e r ta
c)
in is ia tif ,
t a n g g u n g j a w a b , k e ju ju r a n , d a n m o tiv a s i b e r p r e s ta s i . K i n e r j a k e p a l a s e k o la h d a p a t
d in ila i b e r d a s a r k a n p e d o m a n in i.
M e n u ru t P e ra tu ra n
M e n te r i
P e n d id ik a n
N o m o r 13 ta h u n 2 0 0 7 ( P e r m e n D i k n a s N o .
K e p a la
S e k o la h /M a d r a s a h ,
u n tu k
m e n ja d i
N a s io n a l
R e p u b lik
I n d o n e s ia
13 t a h u n 2 0 0 7 ) te n t a n g S ta n d a r
k e p a la
s e k o la h
se se o ra n g
harus
m e m ilik i k u a li f i k a s i u m u m , k u a lif i k a s i k h u s u s , d a n k o m p e te n s i y a n g m e m a d a i.
K u a lif ik a s i u m u m b e r is i r a m b u - r a m b u t e n t a n g k u a li f i k a s i p e n d id ik a n m in im a l,
u s ia m a k s im a l, p e n g a la m a n m e n g a j a r m in im a l , d a n p a n g k a t m in im a l u n t u k d a p a t
8
m e n ja d i k e p a la s e k o la h . K u a lif ik a s i k h u s u s b e r is i r a m b u - r a m b u y a n g m e n u n t u t
k e p a la s e k o la h h a r u s b e r s t a t u s s e b a g a i g u r u , m e m ilik i s e r tif ik a t p e n d id ik , d a n
s e r t if ik a t k e p a l a s e k o la h .
T e n ta n g k o m p e te n s i y a n g h a r u s d im ilik i k e p a l a s e k o la h , P e r m e n D ik n a s
N o . 13 t a h u n 2 0 0 7 te n t a n g S ta n d a r K e p a l a S e k o la h /M a d r a s a h m e n y e b u t k a n a d a
l im a d im e n s i, y a itu k e p r ib a d ia n , m a n a j e r ia l, k e w ir a u s a h a a n , s u p e r v is i, d a n s o s ia l.
D im e n s i k e p r ib a d ia n m e lip u ti: b e r a k h l a k m u lia , m e n g e m b a n g k a n b u d a y a d a n
tr a d is i
a k h la k
m u l ia ,
m e n ja d i
te la d a n
a k h la k
m u lia
bagi
k o m u n ita s
di
s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h ; m e m ilik i in te g r i ta s d a n k e in g in a n m e n g e m b a n g a n d iri, te r b u k a
d a la m m e la k s a n a k a n tu g a s , d a p a t m e n g e n d a l i k a n d iri d a la m m e n g h a d a p i m a s a la h ,
d a n m e m ilik i b a k a t d a n m i n a t j a b a t a n s e b a g a i p e m im p in p e n d id ik a n .
D im e n s i m a n a j e r ia l k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n c a k u p : m e n y u s u n p e r e n c a n a a n ,
m engem bangkan
o r g a n is a s i,
m e m im p in ,
m e n g e lo la
p e n g e m b a n g a n , d a n m e n c i p t a k a n b u d a y a d a n ik lim
p e ru b a h a n
dan
s e k o la h / m a d r a s a h y a n g
k o n d u s i f d a n i n o v a t i f b a g i p e m b e l a j a r a n p e s e r t a d id ik . S e l a in it u j u g a m e n g e lo la
g u r u d a n s ta f , s a r a n a d a n p r a s a r a n a , h u b u n g a n s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h d a n m a s y a r a k a t,
p e s e r t a d id ik , p e n g e m b a n g a n k u r ik u lu m
d a n k e g ia ta n p e m b e la ja r a n , k e u a n g a n
s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h , k e ta ta u s a h a a n s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h , u n i t l a y a n a n k h u s u s s e k o la h /
m a d r a s a h , d a n s is te m in f o r m a s i s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h . K e p a l a s e k o la h j u g a h a r u s
dapat
m e m a n f a a tk a n
k e m a ju a n
te k n o lo g i
in f o r m a s i
bagi
p e n in g k a ta n
pem
b e la ja r a n d a n m a n a j e m e n s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h , m e l a k u k a n m o n it o r i n g , e v a lu a s i, d a n
p e la p o r a n p e la k s a n a a n p r o g r a m
k e g ia ta n
s e k o la h / m a d r a s a h d e n g a n p r o s e d u r
y a n g te p a t, s e r ta m e r e n c a n a k a n t i n d a k la n j u tn y a .
D im e n s i k e w ir a u s a h a a n
y a n g h a ru s
d im ilik i k e p a l a
s e k o la h m e lip u t i:
m e n c ip ta k a n in o v a s i y a n g b e r g u n a b a g i p e n g e m b a n g a n s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h , b e k e r j a
k e r a s u n t u k m e n c a p a i k e b e r h a s i l a n s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h , m e m ilik i m o tiv a s i y a n g
k u a t u n t u k s u k s e s d a la m
m e n c a ri
s o lu s i
te rb a ik
m e la k s a n a k a n tu g a s , p a n ta n g m e n y e r a h d a n
d a la m
m enghadapi
k e n d a la
yang
s e la lu
d ih a d a p i
s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h , d a n m e m ilik i n a l u r i k e w i r a u s a h a a n d a la m m e n g e l o l a k e g ia ta n
p r o d u k s i / j a s a s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h s e b a g a i s u m b e r b e l a j a r p e s e r t a d id ik .
9
D im e n s i
m e re n c a n a k a n
s u p e r v is i
p ro g ra m
yang
h a ru s
su p e rv is i
d im ilik i
a k a d e m ik
k e p a la
d a la m
s e k o la h
ran g k a
m e lip u t i:
p e n in g k a ta n
p r o f e s io n a lis m e g u r u , m e l a k s a n a k a n s u p e r v i s i a k a d e m i k te r h a d a p g u r u d e n g a n
m e n g g u n a k a n p e n d e k a t a n d a n t e k n i k s u p e r v is i y a n g te p a t , s e r ta m e n in d a k la n ju ti
h a s il
s u p e r v is i
a k a d e m ik
te r h a d a p
g u ru
d a la m
ra n g k a
p e n in g k a ta n
p ro fe s i
o n a li s m e g u r u . D im e n s i s o s ia l k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n c a k u p : b e k e r j a s a m a d e n g a n
p i h a k la in u n t u k k e p e n tin g a n s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h , b e r p a r tis ip a s i d a la m k e g ia ta n
s o s ia l
k e m a s y a r a k a ta n ,
dan
m e m ilik i
kepekaan
s o s ia l
te r h a d a p
o ra n g
a ta u
k e l o m p o k la in .
B.
F a k t o r - F a k t o r y a n g M e m p e n g a r u h i K i n e r j a K e p a la S e k o la h
K i n e r j a s e s e o r a n g , t e r m a s u k k e p a l a s e k o la h , d a la m m e n ja la n k a n t u g a s n y a
d ip e n g a r u h i b a n y a k f a k to r . T r ill ( 2 0 0 1 :1 ) m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a k i n e r ja d i p e n g a r u h i
o l e h e m p a t f a k to r . P e r ta m a , f a k to r p e r s o n a l , m e n c a k u p k e t e r a m p i la n in d i v id u ,
k o m p e te n s i ,
m o tiv a s i
dan
k o m itm e n .
K edua,
fa k to r
k e p e m im p in a n ,
b e ru p a
d o r o n g a n , b im b in g a n , d u k u n g a n d a r i a ta s a n . K e tig a , f a k to r s is te m , b e r u p a s is te m
k e r ja d a n f a s il it a s y a n g d ib e r ik a n o l e h o r g a n is a s i. K e e m p a t, f a k to r k o n te k s t u a l
( s itu a s io n a l ) ,
b eru p a
te k a n a n
dan
p e ru b a h a n
in te r n a l
dan
e k s te r n a l
te m p a t
s e s e o r a n g b e k e r ja .
K i e r s t e a d ( 1 9 9 8 : 1 - 2 ) m e n y a ta k a n b a h w a k i n e r ja s e s e o r a n g d ip e n g a r u h i
o l e h f a k to r k e p r ib a d ia n y a n g d is e b u t s e b a g a i f a k to r l i m a b e s a r (th e b ig fiv e
fa c to r s ). K e l i m a f a k t o r te r s e b u t a d a la h k e t e r b u k a a n ( extro versio n ), k e te litia n
(co n scien tio u sn ess), k e s ta b il a n e m o s i (em o tio n a l sta b ility), k e m a m p u a n m e n e r i m a
p e n d a p a t (a g reea b len ess), d a n k e te r b u k a a n te r h a d a p p e n g a l a m a n b a r u (o p en n ess
to exp erien ce ).
K e t e r b u k a a n d ita n d a i d e n g a n k e m a m p u a n s o s ia l, s u k a b e r te m a n , te g a s ,
s u k a b ic a r a , a m b is iu s , e n e r jik , d a n s e je n is n y a . K e t e l i t i a n d it a n d a i d e n g a n h a tih a ti,
t a n g g u n g j a w a b , t e r e n c a n a , te k u n , b e
i
K E M E N T E R IA N P E N D ID IK A N D A N K E B U D A Y A A N
U N IV E R S IT A S N E G E R I Y O G Y A K A R T A
LEM B A G A
P E N E L IT IA N
DAN
P E N G A B D IA N
K EPA D A
M A S Y A R A K A T
FRM/LEMLIT-PROG/17-02
04 NOV.2008
S U R A T
H A S IL
P E N IL A IA N
K E T E R A N G A N
L A P O R A N
P E N E L IT IA N
N o m o r:7 6 /U N 3 4 .2 1 /P L .S K /2 0 1 3
L e m b a g a P e n e lit ia n d a n P e n g a b d ia n k e p a d a M a s y a r a k a t U n iv e r s it a s N e g e r i Y o g y a k a r t a
m e n e r a n g k a n b a h w a p e n e lit ia n y a n g b e r ju d u l:
K O N S T R U K K IN E R J A K E P A L A S E K O L A H D A S A R D I D A E R A H IS T IM E W A
YOGYAKARTA
D e n g a n s u s u n a n p e r s o n a lia :
N a m a P e n e lit i
1
D r. S a m s u l H a d i, M . P d . , M T
Sebagai
K e tu a
T e la h d ip e r ik s a o le h :
D u a o r a n g B a d a n P e r t im b a n g a n P e n e lit ia n d a n d iv a lid a s i o le h K e t u a L e m b a g a P e n e lit ia n
d a n P e n g a b d ia n k e p a d a M a s y a r a k a t U n iv e r s it a s N e g e r i Y o g y a k a r t a .
H a s il p e n ila ia n :
A M A T B A IK
B A IK
c.
KURANG
D e m ik ia n s u r a t k e t e r a n g a n in i d ib u a t u n t u k d a p a t d ip e r g u n a k a n s e b a g a im a n a m e s t in y a .
^ ^ P fc g y a k a rta , 6 M e i 2 0 1 3
K E M E N T E R IA N P E N D ID IK A N
DAN KEBUDAYAAN
U N IV E R S IT A S N E G E R I Y O G Y A K A R T A
D P T
P E R P U S T A K A A N
Alamat: Karangmalang Yogyakarta. Telp. 0274-548520.,0274-586168 Pes. 226, 227.
e-mail: libranKawiv.ac.id
S U R A T
Website: httD'jZlibrarv.unv.ac.id
K E T E R A N G A N
N o .: 5 0 /U N 3 4 .3 1 /P L /2 0 1 3
K e p a la
U PT
P e rp u s ta k a a n
U n iv e rs ita s
N eg eri
Y o g y a k a r ta ,
m en e ra n g k a n
bahw a
p e n e l i t i a n y a n g b e r ju d u l :
“ K o n s t r u k K i n e i j a K e p a l a S e k o la h D a s a r d i D a e r a h I s t i m e w a Y o g y a k a r t a ”
D en g an p e rs o n a lia :
1.
J a b a ta n
N am a
N o.
K e tu a
D r . S a m s u l H a d i, M .P d ., M .T .
T e la h d i t e r i m a p a d a ta n g g a l 8 M e i 2 0 1 3 s e b a n y a k 1 ( s a tu ) e k s e m p la r , b e r d a s a r k a n S u r a t
K e te r a n g a n
dari
K eua
L em baga
P e n e litia n
dan
P e n g a b d ia n
kepada
M asy arak at
U n i v e r s i t a s N e g e r i Y o g y a k a r ta d e n g a n n o m o r : 7 6 /U N 3 4 .2 1 /P L .S K /2 0 1 3 . D a l a m b u k u
i n v e n ta r is P e r p u s ta k a a n t e r c a t a t n o m o r : 1 3 4 6 1 0 0 0 5 0 .
D e m ik ia n s u r a t k e t e r a n g a n in i d i b u a t u n t u k d a p a t d i p e r g u n a k a n s e b a g a i m a n a m e s tin y a .
L A P O R A N
K O N S T R U K
K IN E R JA
D I D A E R A H
P E N E L IT IA N
K E P A L A
S E K O L A H
D A S A R
IS T IM E W A Y O G Y A K A R T A
D r . S a m s u l H a d i, M .P d ., M .T .
N IP 1 9 6 0 0 5 2 9 198403 1 003
B ia y a M a n d i r i
F A K U L T A S T E K N IK
U N IV E R S IT A S N E G E R I Y O G Y A K A R T A
2008
i
K O N S T R U K K IN E R J A K E P A L A S E K O L A H D A S A R
D I D A E R A H IS T IM E W A Y O G Y A K A R T A
S a m su l H a d i
(sa m su l_ h d @ u n y.a c.id )
A b s tra k
P e n e l i t i a n in i b e r tu ju a n u n t u k m e n g e ta h u i m o d e l k o n s tr u k
k i n e r ja k e p a la
s e k o la h m e n u r u t g u r u , k e p a l a s e k o la h , d a n p e r b e d a a n k e d u a n y a . H a s il p e n e litia n
in i d ih a r a p k a n d a p a t m e m b e r i s u m b a n g a n te r h a d a p p e n g u k u r a n k i n e r ja k e p a la
s e k o la h d i m a s a y a n g a k a n d a ta n g .
P e n e l i t i a n in i m e r u p a k a n p e n e litia n exp o st fa c to d e n g a n p o p u la s i g u r u d a n
k e p a la s e k o la h d a s a r d i D a e r a h I s tim e w a Y o g y a k a r ta . S a m p e l s e b a n y a k 1 2 3 9 g u r u
d a n 2 0 8 k e p a l a s e k o la h d a s a r d ip ilih s e c a r a a c a k . D a t a g u r u d a n k e p a l a s e k o la h
d i k u m p u lk a n d e n g a n a n g k e t m e n g g u n a k a n s k a la L i k e r t y a n g s u d a h d iv a l id a s i
m e la lu i u ji c o b a in s tr u m e n . D a t a y a n g d ip e r o le h d ia n a li s i s d e n g a n S eco n d -O rd er
C o n firm a to ry F a c to rA n a lysis (S eco n d -O rd er C F A ) s e c a r a t e r p is a h d a n d iv a l id a s i
s ila n g d e n g a n m u lti-sa m p le C F A . P e n g u jia n k e c o c o k a n m o d e l d i la k u k a n
m e n g g u n a k a n % S a to r r a - B e n tle r d e n g a n t a r a f s ig n if ik a n s i 5 % , C o m p a ra tive
G o o d n ess o f F it In d ex ( C F I ) , d a n R o o t M ea n S q u a re E rro r A p p ro xim a tio n
(R M S A E ).
H a s il p e n e litia n m e n u n j u k k a n h a l - h a l s e b a g a i b e r ik u t. 1) M o d e l k o n s tr u k
k i n e r ja
k e p a la
s e k o la h
b e rd a sark a n
d a ta
g u ru
co cok
dengan
m odel
yang
d i h ip o te s is k a n , y a it u p u n y a d im e n s i k e p e m im p in a n , m a n a je m e n , d a n k e p r ib a d ia n .
K e p e m i m p i n a n m e m p u n y a i e m p a t in d ik a to r , y a itu : a ) p e n g a m b ila n k e p u tu s a n , b )
k e te r b u k a a n
ata u
d e m o k r a s i,
c)
p o la
hubungan
ata sa n
- baw ahan,
dan
d)
p e n g e m b a n g a n m a s y a r a k a t b e la ja r . M a n a j e m e n j u g a m e m p u n y a i e m p a t in d ik a to r ,
y a itu : a ) p e n g e lo la a n p e m b e la ja r a n , b ) p e n g e lo la a n k e te n a g a a n , c ) p e n g e lo la a n
f a s ilita s , d a n d ) p e n g e l o l a a n k e u a n g a n . K e p r i b a d i a n m e m p u n y a i t u j u h in d ik a t o r .
I n d ik a to r te r s e b u t a d a la h : a ) k e d is ip lin a n , b ) e to s k e r ja , c ) k e r ja s a m a , d ) in is ia t if ,
e ) t a n g g u n g j a w a b , f ) k e ju ju r a n , d a n g ) m o tiv a s i b e r p r e s ta s i . 2 ) M o d e l k o n s tr u k
k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h b e r d a s a r k a n d a ta k e p a l a s e k o la h t i d a k c o c o k d e n g a n m o d e l
y a n g d ih ip o te s i s k a n , n a m u n s e m u a k o e f is ie n j a l u r d a r i d im e n s i t e r h a d a p v a r ia b e l
k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h d a n m u a ta n f a k t o r d a r i i n d i k a t o r te r h a d a p d im e n s i c u k u p
tin g g i, b e r n il a i p o s itif , d a n s ig n if ik a n . 3 ) H a s il v a lid a s i s ila n g m o d e l k o n s tr u k
k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h d e n g a n d a ta g u r u d a n d a t a k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n u n j u k k a n
t i d a k a d a n y a p e r b e d a a n m o d e l.
K a t a k u n c i: k in e rja kep a la sekolah, m o d e l ko nstru k, p e rsa m a a n p en g u ku ra n ,
p e rsa m a a n struktural.
ii
K A TA P EN G A N TA R
P u ji
syukur
m e li m p a h k a n
dengan
la n c a r .
p e n u lis
rah m at dan
P e n e litia n
p a n ja tk a n
ke
k a r u n ia N y a ,
in i
b e r t u ju a n
h a d ira t
s e h in g g a
u n tu k
A ll a h
S .W .T .
p e n e li ti a n
in i
m engungkapkan
yang
dapat
te la h
s e le sa i
d im e n s i
dan
i n d i k a t o r k in e r ja k e p a l a S e k o la h D a s a r , s e m o g a h a s il p e n e litia n in i d a p a t m e m b e r i
su m b an g a n
pada pengem bangan
in s t r u m e n
p e n ila ia n
k in e r ja
k e p a la
s e k o la h .
P e n i l a i a n k i n e r ja t e r s e b u t d a p a t m e m ja d i d a s a r p e m b in a a n k e p a l a s e k o la h d a n
S e k o la h D a s a r p a d a u m u m n y a , k a re n a p e n d id ik a n d a s a r m e m e g a n g p e ra n y a n g
s a n g a t p e n ti n g d a la m p e n y ia p a n g e n e r a s i y a n g a k a n d a ta n g .
P e n e l i t i a n in i d a p a t p e n u lis s e le s a ik a n j u g a b e r k a t b a n t u a n d a r i b a n y a k
p ih a k . O le h k a r e n a itu , p a d a k e s e m p a ta n in i p e n u l i s m e n y a m p a ik a n r a s a te r im a
k a s ih s e d a la m - d a la m n y a k e p a d a p ih a k - p ih a k y a n g te l a h m e m b e r ik a n b a n tu a n
k e p a d a p e n u l is ; b a i k b e r u p a w a k tu , te n a g a , d a n p ik ir a n ; y a n g s a n g a t b e r m a n f a a t
u n t u k m e n y e l e s a i k a n d i s e r ta s i in i. M e r e k a a d a la h y a n g te r h o r m a t :
1.
B a p a k /I b u K e p a l a d a n G u r u S e k o l a h D a s a r y a n g t e l a h b e r s e d i a m e n g i s i
in s tr u m e n p e n e litia n in i
2.
R e k a n - r e k a n d o s e n d i J u r u s a n P e n d i d i k a n T e k n ik E l e k t r o F a k u l t a s T e k n ik
U n iv e r s i t a s N e g e r i Y o g y a k a r t a y a n g d a p a t m e m a h a m i k e s ib u k a n p e n e l iti
s e la m a m e l a k s a n a k a n p e n e l i t i a n in i
3.
M a h a s i s w a J u r u s a n P e n d i d i k a n T e k n ik E l e k t r o y a n g t e l a h d e n g a n p e n u h
s e m a n g a t m e m b a n t u p e n e l iti m e n g u m p u lk a n d a ta p e n e litia n in i.
S e m o g a a m a l k e b a ik a n y a n g t e l a h d is a m p a ik a n k e p a d a p e n e liti m e n d a p a t i m b a la n
y a n g s e p a n ta s n y a d a r i A lla h S .W .T .
P e n e liti
sudah
b e ru sa h a
s e b a ik - b a ik n y a
m e n y e le s a ik a n
p e n e litia n
in i,
n a m u n m e n y a d a r i t i d a k a d a k a r y a m a n u s i a y a n g s e m p u r n a , k a r e n a it u p e n e liti
m e n g h a r a p k a n m a s u k a n d a r i p a r a p e m b a c a la p o r a n p e n e litia n in i d e m i p e r b a ik a n
d i m a s a m e n d a ta n g , S e m o g a la p o r a n p e n e litia n in i d a p a t m e m b e r i m a n f a a t b a g i
s ia p a s a ja y a n g m e m b a c a n y a . A m in .
Y o g y a k a r ta , F e b r u a r i 2 0 0 8
SA M SU L H A D I
iii
D A F T A R IS I
A b s t r a k ....................................................................................................................... ii
K A T A P E N G A N T A R ............................................................................................. iii
D A F T A R T A B E L .................................................................................................... v i
D A F T A R G A M B A R ............................................................................................. v ii
D A F T A R L A M P I R A N ......................................................................................... v iii
B A B I _ P E N D A H U L U A N . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 1
A.
L a ta r B e la k a n g M a s a l a h .................................................................................... 1
B.
I d e n t if ik a s i M a s a l a h .......................................................................................... 3
C.
P e m b a ta s a n M a s a l a h ......................................................................................... 4
D.
P e r u m u s a n M a s a la h ......................................................................................... 4
E.
T u ju a n P e n e l i t i a n ............................................................................................... 5
F.
M a n f a a t P e n e litia n ........................................................................................... 5
G.
D e f in is i O p e r a s io n a l ........................................................................................ 6
B A B I I K A J I A N P U S T A K A . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 7
A.
K in e r ja K e p a la S e k o l a h .................................................................................... 7
B.
F a k to r - F a k to r y a n g M e m p e n g a r u h i K in e r ja K e p a l a S e k o la h ...................... 10
C.
K a j i a n H a s il P e n e l i t i a n y a n g R e l e v a n ............................................................ 11
D.
K e r a n g k a B e r p i k i r ........................................................................................... 12
E.
H i p o t e s i s P e n e l i t i a n ......................................................................................... 13
B A B I I I M E T O D E P E N E L I T I A N . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . 1 5
A.
P e n d e k a t a n P e n e l i t i a n ...................................................................................... 15
B.
T e m p a t d a n W a k t u P e n e l i t i a n ......................................................................... 15
C.
P o p u la s i d a n S a m p e l...................................................................................... 15
D.
I n s tr u m e n P e n e litia n ...................................................................................... 16
E.
V a l id it a s d a n R e lia b ilita s I n s t r u m e n P e n e l i t i a n .............................................. 17
F.
M e to d e A n a l is is D a t a ..................................................................................... 2 0
B A B I V H A S I L P E N E L I T I A N D A N P E M B A H A S A N . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . 2 1
A.
H a s il P e n e l i t i a n ................................................................................................ 21
1. D e s k r i p s i D a t a ................................................................................................. 21
iv
B.
2.
P e r s i a p a n A n a li s is D a t a ............................................................................. 2 2
3.
P e n g u jia n H i p o t e s i s ................................................................................... 2 8
P e m b a h a s a n ................................................................................................... 3 7
B A B V S I M P U L A N D A N S A R A N . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 4 1
A.
S im p u la n ......................................................................................................... 41
B.
S a r a n ............................................................................................................... 41
D A F T A R P U S T A K A . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . 4 3
L a m p i r a n ............................................................................................................... 4 7
v
D A FTA R TA B EL
1. S D d i D a e r a h I s t i m e w a Y o g y a k a r t a ................................................................ 16
2. K is i- k is i I n s tr u m e n K i n e r j a K e p a l a S e k o l a h .................................................. 17
3. R a n g k u m a n H a s il A n a li s is D a t a U j i c o b a I n s t r u m e n ...................................... 19
4. D is tr ib u s i K a te g o r i K i n e r j a K e p a l a S e k o la h d a r i D a t a G u r u ........................ 2 2
5. D is tr ib u s i K a te g o r i K i n e r j a K e p a l a S e k o la h d a r i D a t a K e p a l a S e k o l a h ...... 2 2
6. H a s il D e t e k s i P e n c i l a n M u lt i v a r i a t D a t a G u r u ............................................... 23
7. H a s il U ji N o r m a lit a s D a ta G u r u ...................................................................... 2 4
8. H a s il D e te k s i P e n c ila n M u lt iv a r ia t D a ta K e p a la S e k o l a h ............................. 2 6
9. H a s il U ji N o r m a l it a s D a t a K e p a l a S e k o l a h .................................................... 2 7
vi
D A FTA R G A M B A R
1. H i p o t e s i s M o d e l K o n s t r u k K i n e r j a K e p a l a S e k o l a h ...................................... 13
2. P e n g u jia n H i p o t e s i s d e n g a n D a t a G u r u ( D a l a m S k o r B a k u ) ........................ 2 9
3. P e n g u ji a n H i p o t e s i s d e n g a n D a t a K e p a l a S e k o la h ( D a la m S k o r B a k u ) ...... 3 2
v ii
D A F T A R L A M P IR A N
1. I n s tr u m e n u n t u k G u r u ( S e b e lu m U ji C o b a ) ................................................... 4 7
2. I n s tr u m e n u n t u k K e p a l a S e k o l a h ( S e b e lu m U ji C o b a ) .................................. 53
3. H a s il U ji C o b a I n s t r u m e n u n tu k G u r u ............................................................ 58
4. H a s il U ji C o b a I n s t r u m e n u n tu k K e p a la S e k o l a h .......................................... 61
5. I n s tr u m e n u n t u k G u r u ( S e te la h D i p e r b a i k i ) ................................................... 6 4
6. I n s tr u m e n u n t u k K e p a l a S e k o la h ( S e te la h D i p e r b a i k i ) .................................. 6 9
7. S in ta k s S P S S u n t u k A n a lis is D e s k r i p t i f . ......................................................... 73
8 S in t a k s S P S S D e t e k s i O u tlie r d e n g a n M a h a l a n o b i s ....................................... 7 4
9. H a s il U ji N o r m a l it a s D a t a G u r u ....................................................................... 75
10. H a s il U ji H o m o s k e d a s t i s i t a s D a t a G u r u d e n g a n P a r tia l R e g ressio n P lo t .. 7 7
11. S c a tter P lo t A n ta r a D im e n s i d a n I n d ik a to r d a r i D a t a G u r u .......................... 7 9
12. U j i M u lt i k o l i n e a r i t a s D a t a G u r u ......................................................................81
13. H a s il U ji N o r m a l it a s D a t a
K e p a l a S e k o l a h ................................................... 8 2
14. H a s il U ji H o m o s k e d a s t i s i t a s D a t a K e p a l a S e k o l a h d e n g a n P a r tia l
R e g re ssio n P lo t ................................................................................................. 8 4
15. S c a tter P lo t A n ta r a D im e n s i d a n I n d ik a to r d a r i D a t a K e p a l a S e k o l a h ...... 8 6
16. U j i M u lt i k o l i n e a r i t a s D a t a K e p a l a S e k o l a h ................................................... 88
17. U j i H i p o te s is d e n g a n D a t a G u r u ..................................................................... 8 9
18. U ji H ip o te s i s d e n g a n D a ta K e p a la S e k o la h ................................................... 9 2
19. U ji H ip o te s i s M u lt i- S a m p le d e n g a n D a ta G u r u d a n K e p a la S e k o l a h ........ 95
v iii
BAB I
PEN D A H U LU A N
A.
L a t a r B e la k a n g M a s a la h
Tam paknya
k u a lita s
p e n d id ik a n
di
I n d o n e s ia
sudah
b e ra n g su r-a n g su r
m e n in g k a t . B e r b a g a i p r e s ta s i b e r t a r a f i n te r n a s io n a l te l a h d ir a ih o l e h s is w a - s is w a
I n d o n e s ia .
P r e s ta s i t e r s e b u t a n ta r a l a i n j u a r a
um um
O lim p ia d e F i s i k a
A s ia
k e e m p a t y a n g d ia d a k a n d i T h a il a n d p a d a ta n g g a l 2 0 s a m p a i d e n g a n 2 9 A p r il 2 0 0 3
d a n p e r in g k a t e n a m b e s a r d u n ia O lim p ia d e F i s i k a I n te r n a s io n a l k e t i g a p u lu h
e m p a t y a n g b e r l a n g s u n g d i T a ip e i, T a iw a n , ta n g g a l 2 s a m p a i d e n g a n 11 A g u s tu s
2 0 0 3 . T a h u n 2 0 0 3 , s is w a I n d o n e s i a m a s u k p e r i n g k a t k e t i g a b e la s d u n i a s e r ta
m asu k b ab ak
p e rd e la p a n
f in a l
d a la m
K e ju a ra a n
D e b a t a n ta r-S is w a
S e k o la h
M e n e n g a h T in g k a t D u n i a ( G u n a r y a d i, 2 0 0 4 : 7).
P r e s t a s i la in y a n g d ic a p a i s is w a - s is w a I n d o n e s i a a d a la h 2 8 m e d a l i e m a s
d a la m b e r b a g a i a ja n g k o m p e tis i i n te r n a s io n a l d i b i d a n g s a in s , m a te m a ti k a , s e n i
d a n o la h r a g a . D i a n ta r a s is w a te r s e b u t, t e r d a p a t s e o r a n g s is w a y a n g b e r h a s il
m e r a ih p r e d ik a t The A b so lu te W inner d a la m O lim p ia d e F i s i k a I n te r n a s io n a l 2 0 0 6
d i S in g a p u r a . K e b e r h a s i l a n in i te l a h m e m a ta h k a n d o m in a s i p e l a j a r - p e l a j a r C h in a ,
d a n m e n y is ih k a n p e s a i n g - p e s a i n g n y a d a r i A m e r i k a S e r ik a t, J e r m a n d a n A u s tr a lia .
S e m e n ta r a s e o r a n g s is w a a s a l P a p u a b e r h a s il m e m e n a n g k a n The F ir s t S tep to
N o b e l P rize d i b i d a n g k i m i a ( P r e s id e n R I , 2 0 0 6 : 2 4 ) .
N a m u n d e m ik ia n p r e s ta s i te r s e b u t t i d a k m e w a k ili k o n d is i p e n d id ik a n di
I n d o n e s ia p a d a u m u m n y a . I n d o n e s ia m e r u p a k a n n e g a r a k e p u la u a n t e r b e s a r di
d u n ia . P u l a u y a n g a d a m e m b e n t a n g d i a n ta r a b e n u a A u s t r a l i a d a n A s ia . I n d o n e s ia
m e r u p a k a n n e g a r a k e e m p a t y a n g b e r p e n d u d u k t e r b a n y a k d i d u n ia s e te la h C in a ,
I n d ia , d a n A m e r i k a S e r ik a t. S e m u a itu , d it a m b a h k r is is e k o n o m i y a n g te r ja d i p a d a
ta h u n
1999
k e h id u p a n .
b e rd a m p a k
Di
b id a n g
pada
m u n c u ln y a
p e n d id ik a n ,
p e rm a s a la h a n
p e rm a s a la h a n
yang
di
b e rb a g a i
ad a
sam pai
b id a n g
s a a t in i
m e li p u t i: ( 1 ) p e m e r a ta a n d a n p e r lu a s a n a k s e s p e n d id ik a n , ( 2 ) m u tu , r e l e v a n s i, d a n
d a y a s a in g k e lu a r a n p e n d id ik a n , d a n ( 3 ) t a t a k e lo la , a k u n ta b ilita s , d a n c itr a p u b lik
1
p e n g e lo la a n
p e n d id ik a n
( D ir e k to r a t
P e n e litia n
dan
P e n g a b d ia n
kepada
M a s y a r a k a t, 2 0 0 6 : 1).
P e m e r a ta a n d a n p e r l u a s a n a k s e s p e n d id ik a n te r k a i t d e n g a n d a y a t a m p u n g
s a tu a n p e n d id ik a n s e r ta p e m b e r ia n k e s e m p a ta n y a n g s a m a b a g i s e m u a p e s e r t a
d id ik
d a ri b e rb a g a i
g o lo n g a n
m a sy a ra k a t y a n g
b erb ed a
b a ik
sec ara
s o s ia l,
e k o n o m i, g e n d e r , lo k a s i t e m p a t tin g g a l d a n t i n g k a t k e m a m p u a n i n te le k tu a l s e r ta
k o n d is i f is ik . M u tu , r e le v a n s i, d a n d a y a s a in g k e lu a r a n p e n d id ik a n t e r k a i t d e n g a n
kecakapan
a k a d e m ik
dan
n o n -a k a d e m ik
yang
m e m u n g k in k a n
lu l u s a n
dap at
p r o a k t i f te r h a d a p p e r u b a h a n m a s y a r a k a t d a la m b e r b a g a i b i d a n g b a i k d i t in g k a t
lo k a l ,
n a s io n a l
m aupun
g lo b a l .
T a ta
k e lo la ,
a k u n ta b il it a s ,
dan
c i tr a
p u b li k
p e n g e lo la a n p e n d id ik a n a n ta r a la in t e r k a i t d e n g a n s is te m p e n g e n d a l i a n in te r n a l
d a n e k s te r n a l , k a p a s it a s d a n k o m p e te n s i a p a r a t d a n p e n g e l o l a p e n d id ik a n , k e ta a ta n
p a d a p e r a tu r a n p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n , r e g u la s i p e n g e l o l a a n p e n d id ik a n , p e n c itr a a n
p u b lik ,
dan
p e m a n f a a ta n
s is te m
in f o r m a s i
m a n a je m e n
s e c a ra
te r in te g r a s i
( D e p d ik n a s , 2 0 0 6 : 6 5 - 6 8 ).
B e rb a g a i u p a y a y a n g te rk a it d e n g a n
p e m e r a ta a n
d a n p e rlu a s a n
akses
p e n d id ik a n t e l a h d i la k u k a n p e m e r in ta h . U n t u k m e m e n u h i k e b u tu h a n p e n d id ik a n
m a s y a r a k a t, p e n d ir ia n s e k o la h b a r u d a n p e n a m b a h a n d a y a ta m p u n g s e k o la h y a n g
s u d a h a d a t e l a h d ila k u k a n . P e n i n g k a t k a n m u tu , r e le v a n s i, d a n d a y a s a in g k e lu a r a n
p e n d id ik a n
te la h
d ila k u k a n
m e la lu i
re k ru tm e n
dan
p e n a ta r a n
g u ru ,
s e r ta
p e n g a d a a n b u k u p a k e t, p e r a la ta n la b o r a to r i u m , d a n j u g a p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n d a n
p e r a n g k a t p e n d u k u n g p e l a k s a n a a n n y a . P e r b a i k a n t a t a k e lo la , a k u n ta b il it a s , d a n
c i tr a p u b l i k p e n g e lo la a n p e n d id ik a n m e r u p a k a n u s a h a b e r a t y a n g h a r u s d ila k u k a n
p e m e r in ta h k a r e n a m e lib a tk a n s e m u a p ih a k , b a i k in te r n a l m a u p u n e k s te r n a l, m u la i
d a r i t i n g k a t p u s a t s a m p a i t i n g k a t s a tu a n p e n d id ik a n .
D i t i n g k a t s a tu a n p e n d id ik a n , k e p a l a s e k o la h m e m p u n y a i p e r a n s tr a te g is
d a la m
u s a h a u n tu k
m e m p e r b a ik i t a t a
k e lo la ,
a k u n ta b ilita s ,
dan
c i tr a p u b li k
p e n g e lo la a n p e n d id ik a n . H a l in i d is e b a b k a n k a r e n a k e p a l a s e k o la h m e r u p a k a n
p e n g e l o l a t e r d e p a n y a n g m e m u t u s k a n d a p a t t i d a k n y a s e tia p k o m p o n e n p e n d id ik a n
d i s e k o la h b e r p r o s e s d a n b e r in te r a k s i s e c a r a p o s i t i f d a la m s is te m b e l a j a r m e n g a ja r
( A lh a d z a ,
2 0 0 3 ).
D engan
d e m ik ia n
p e m b in a a n
2
k e p a la
s e k o la h
m eru p ak an
a l t e r n a t i f y a n g t i d a k b i s a d ita w a r j i k a p e m e r in ta h in g in m e n in g k a tk a n t a t a k e lo la ,
a k u n ta b ili ta s , d a n c i tr a p u b l i k p e n g e lo la a n p e n d i d i k a n .
P e m b in a a n k e p a l a s e k o la h t i d a k a k a n m e n g e n a i s a s a r a n t a n p a a d a n y a
p e n ila ia n
k in e r ja
yang
S ia n tu r i, 2 0 0 2 : 3 -
d a p a t d i p e r ta n g g u n g ja w a b k a n
( M if ta h ,
2001:
21
dan
4 ). H a l in i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a a s p e k - a s p e k k i n e r ja k e p a la
s e k o la h y a n g d ia n g g a p k u r a n g d a n p e r lu d i p e r b a i k i t i d a k d ik e t a h u i s e c a r a te p a t.
P e n i l a i a n k i n e r ja b e r a r ti m e m b a n d i n g k a n a n ta r a s ta n d a r y a n g t e l a h d ite ta p k a n
d e n g a n k i n e r ja s e b e n a r n y a d a r i s e s e o r a n g ( S ia n tu r i, 2 0 0 2 : 7). K i n e r j a s e n d ir i
d a p a t d ia r ti k a n s e b a g a i g a m b a r a n m e n g e n a i t i n g k a t p e n c a p a ia n p e l a k s a n a a n s u a tu
k e g ia ta n d a la m
m e w u ju d k a n t u j u a n
o r g a n is a s i.
A g a r p e n il a in k i n e r ja k e p a la
s e k o la h d a p a t d ip e r ta n g g u n g ja w a b k a n , m a k a i n s tr u m e n y a n g d i g u n a k a n h a r u s
d is u s u n b e r d a s a r k a n
k o n s tr u k y a n g b e n a r .
K o n s tru k
d a p a t d ia r ti k a n
sebagai
k o n s e p a ta u k a r a k t e r i s t i k y a n g d ij a d ik a n d a s a r u n t u k m e n y u s u n s u a tu in s tr u m e n
(A m e ric a n
E d u c a tio n a l
R e sea rc h
A sso c ia tio n ,
A m e ric a n
P sych o lo g ic a l
A sso cia tio n , & N a tio n a l C o u n cil on M e a su re m e n t in E d u ca tio n , 1 9 9 9 : 1 7 3 ).
B.
Id e n tifik a s i M a s a la h
K i n e r j a k e p a l a s e k o la h m e r u p a k a n v a r ia b e l y a n g t i d a k d a p a t la n g s u n g
d i u k u r (u n o b serva b le a ta u latent). K i n e r j a k e p a l a s e k o la h h a n y a d a p a t d i u k u r
m e la lu i
in d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r n y a
yang
b e rs ifa t
o b serva b le
a ta u
m a n ife st .
I n d ik a to r i n d i k a t o r t e r s e b u t d a p a t d ik e lo m p o k k a n d a la m b e b e r a p a d im e n s i. A d a
b a n y a k p e n d a p a t m e n g e n a i in d i k a t o r d a n d im e n s i k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h ( K u n c e l,
H e z le tt,
dan
O nes, 2004:
1 5 0 ; P o r o p a t, 2 0 0 4 :
2 ; R e i o J r .,
1997:
27;
s e r ta
D i r e k t o r a t P e n d i d i k a n T a m a n K a n a k - k a n a k d a n S e k o l a h D a s a r D i t j e n D ik d a s m e n
D e p d ik n a s , 2 0 0 3 : 31 - 3 7 ).
K i n e r j a k e p a la s e k o la h te r s e b u t b i s a m e m ilik i b e b e r a p a i n d i k a t o r d a n
d im e n s i. B a n y a k n y a i n d i k a t o r d a n d im e n s i k i n e r ja k e p a la s e k o la h d a p a t d i ja d ik a n
m a s a la h p e n e litia n y a n g c u k u p m e n a r ik . M a s a l a h p e n e l i t i a n te r s e b u t a n ta r a la in
a p a k a h p e n i l a i a n k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h
s e la m a in i s u d a h d il a k u k a n
dengan
b e n a r ? B a g a im a n a k a h k o n s tr u k k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h y a n g d ig u n a k a n d a la m
m e n y u s u n i n s tr u m e n te r s e b u t? V a r ia b e l a p a s a ja k a h y a n g m e m p e n g a r u h i k in e r ja
3
k e p a la s e k o la h ?
V a r ia b e l a p a k a h y a n g p a lin g
d o m in a n m e n y u m b a n g k in e r ja
k e p a la s e k o la h ?
J e n ja n g p e n d id ik a n d a n s ta tu s s e k o la h j u g a b i s a m e n i m b u l k a n m a s a la h .
B a g a im a n a k a h k i n e r ja k e p a l a S e k o l a h D a s a r ( S D ) ? B a g a im a n a k a h k i n e r ja k e p a la
S e k o la h
M enengah
P e rta m a
(S M P )?
B a g a im a n a k a h
k i n e r ja
k e p a la
S e k o la h
M e n e n g a h A ta s ( S M A ) ? B a g a im a n a k a h k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h a ta u m a d r a s a h
yang
s e ta r a
s e k o la h
a ta u
dengan
s e k o la h - s e k o la h
m a d ra sa h
n e g e r i?
te r s e b u t?
B a g a im a n a k a h
B a g a im a n a k a h
k i n e r ja
k i n e r ja
k e p a la
k e p a la
s e k o la h
a ta u
m a d r a s a h s w a s ta ? A d a k a h p e r b e d a a n k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h a ta u m a d r a s a h n e g e r i
d e n g a n k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h a ta u m a d r a s a h s w a s ta ? S e m u a ta d i m e r u p a k a n
s e k e d a r c o n to h m a s a la h k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h y a n g d a p a t d ite liti.
C.
P e m b a ta s a n M a s a la h
T id a k s e m u a p e r m a s a l a h a n y a n g t e r k a i t d e n g a n k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h
a k a n d ite liti. P e n e l i t i a n in i h a n y a d if o k u s k a n p a d a m o d e l k o n s tr u k k in e r ja k e p a la
s e k o la h .
M odel
p en g u k u ran ,
k o n s tr u k ,
m e ru p a k a n
ju g a
p o la
d is e b u t
yang
seb agai
m odel
m en g g a m b a rk a n
fa k to r
hubungan
a ta u
m odel
a n ta r a
s u a tu
v a r ia b e l y a n g b e r s i f a t la te n t d e n g a n i n d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r n y a y a n g b e r s i f a t m a nifest.
(Y u , 2 0 0 2 : 5 -
11 d a n H a ir , d k k ., 1 9 9 8 : 5 8 1 ) . S u a tu m o d e l d a p a t d in y a ta k a n
d e n g a n k a l im a t , g a m b a r , a ta u p e r s a m a a n m a te m a t ik a .
A la s a n p e m b a ta s a n m a s a la h s e p e r ti d i a ta s a d a la h :
1) m o d e l k o n s tr u k
k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h s a n g a t d ip e r lu k a n u n t u k m e n g e m b a n g k a n a l a t u k u r k in e r ja
k e p a la s e k o la h y a n g v a l i d d a n r e lia b e l, 2 ) S D m e r u p a k a n s a la h s a tu b e n t u k
p e n d id ik a n d a s a r y a n g m e la n d a s i j e n j a n g p e n d i d i k a n y a n g b e r a d a d i a ta s n y a , y a i tu
p e n d id ik a n m e n e n g a h ( U U N o . 2 0 ta h u n 2 0 0 3 p a s a l 1 7 ), d a n 3 ) p e n d id ik a n d a s a r
m e m a in k a n
p e ran a n
k e s e m p a ta n
h id u p
yang
sangat
se se o ra n g
p e n ti n g
( G ib b s o n s ,
d a la m
2002:
1).
p e m b in a a n
D engan
g en erasi
d e m ik ia n
dan
m aka
p e n e litia n in i c u k u p p e n tin g d a n b e r m a n f a a t u n t u k d ila k u k a n .
D.
P e ru m u s a n M a s a la h
S e b a g a im a n a t e l a h d ije la s k a n , p e n e litia n in i h a n y a a k a n d i f o k u s k a n p a d a
k o n s tr u k k in e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h d a n v a r ia b e l la in y a n g m e m p e n g a r u h i k in e r ja
4
k e p a la
s e k o la h
s e r t a m o d e l k i n e r ja k e p a l a
s e k o la h . D e n g a n
d e m ik ia n
m aka
m a s a la h p e n e litia n y a n g a d a d a p a t d ir u m u s k a n s e b a g a i b e r ik u t:
1.
B a g a im a n a k a h m o d e l k o n s tr u k k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n u r u t g u r u ?
2.
B a g a im a n a k a h
m odel
k o n s tr u k
k i n e r ja
k e p a la
s e k o la h
m e n u ru t
k e p a la
s e k o la h ?
3.
A d a k a h p e r b e d a a n m o d e l k o n s tr u k k in e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n u r u t g u r u d a n
k e p a l a s e k o la h ?
E.
T u ju a n P e n e litia n
S e s u a i d e n g a n r u m u s a n m a s a la h y a n g a d a , t u j u a n p e n e li tia n in i a d a l a h
u n tu k m e n g u n g k a p :
1.
M o d e l k o n s tr u k k in e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n u r u t g u r u
2.
M o d e l k o n s tr u k k in e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n u r u t k e p a l a s e k o la h
3.
P e r b e d a a n m o d e l k o n s tr u k k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n u r u t g u r u d a n k e p a la
s e k o la h .
F.
M a n f a a t P e n e litia n
P e n e l i t i a n in i m e m ilik i m a n f a a t p r a k tis , te o r it is , d a n m e t o d o lo g is . S e c a r a
p r a k t is ,
te m u a n
te n ta n g
m odel
k o n s tr u k
d im a n f a a tk a n u n t u k m e n g e m b a n g k a n
te r b u k ti
sec ara
m e m p e r o le h
e m p i r is .
d a ta
yang
P e n ila ia n
v a lid .
k i n e r ja
i n s tr u m e n
dengan
k e p a la
s e k o la h
dap at
d e n g a n k is i- k is i y a n g
sudah
in s tru m e n
B e rd a sa rk a n
d a ta
yang
p e n ila ia n
d e m ik ia n
akan
te rs e b u t
dap at
p e m b in a a n k e p a l a s e k o la h y a n g t e p a t s a s a r a n . H a s il p e m b in a a n k e p a l a s e k o la h
y a n g d e m ik ia n a k a n m e n in g k a t k a n k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h d a n a k h ir n y a b e r m u a r a
pada
p e n in g k a ta n
m u tu
lu lu s a n
dan
p e n in g k a ta n
k u a li ta s
p e n d id ik a n
pada
um um nya.
S e c a r a te o r e tis , p e n e litia n in i d a p a t m e m b e r i s u m b a n g a n p e n g e ta h u a n
t e n t a n g m o d e l s tr u k t u r a l k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h . M o d e l te r s e b u t b i s a te r d ir i d a ri
b e b e r a p a d im e n s i d a n i n d i k a t o r y a n g s e c a r a e m p ir is m e n e n tu k a n k i n e r ja k e p a la
s e k o la h . S u m b a n g a n p e n g e ta h u a n te r s e b u t d a p a t d ija d ik a n r u ju k a n b a g i p e n e l iti
l a in
di m a sa
m e n d a ta n g .
S e c a r a m e to d o lo g is ,
p e n e litia n
in i
d ap at m em beri
s u m b a n g a n t e n t a n g b a g a i m a n a m e n g u ji m o d e l s tr u k t u r a l k in e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h .
5
M e to d e p e n g u ji a n m o d e l s tr u k tu r a l d a n m o d e l k o n s tr u k y a n g d ig u n a k a n d a la m
p e n e litia n in i d ih a r a p k a n d a p a t g u n a k a n u l a n g a ta u d ip e r b a ik i p a d a p e n e litia n
y a n g la in .
G . D e f in is i O p e r a s io n a l
M o d e l k o n s tr u k k i n e r ja k e p a la s e k o la h a d a la h p o l a y a n g m e n g g a m b a r k a n
h u b u n g a n a n ta r a v a r ia b e l k in e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h d a n d i m e n s i - d i m e n s i n y a y a n g
t i d a k d a p a t d i u k u r s e c a r a la n g s u n g (la ten t) d e n g a n in d i k a t o r d a r i d im e n s i t e r s e b u t
y a n g d a p a t d i u k u r s e c a r a la n g s u n g (m an ifest). D a la m p e n e litia n in i p e n g u k u r a n
in d i k a t o r d il a k u k a n m e n g g u n a k a n b u t i r - b u t i r p e r ta n y a a n / p e r n y a t a a n y a n g d ib u a t
m e n g g u n a k a n s k a la L ik e r t,
6
BAB II
K A J IA N P U S T A K A
A.
K i n e r j a K e p a la S e k o la h
R e i o ( 1 9 9 7 : 2 7 ) m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a k i n e r ja a d a la h p e r il a k u a ta u k e g ia ta n
y a n g r e le v a n d e n g a n t u j u a n o r g a n i s a s i. P e n d a p a t la in t e n t a n g k i n e r ja d is a m p a ik a n
o l e h I s m in in g s ih ( 2 0 0 3 : 4 4 ) y a n g m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a k i n e r ja m e r u p a k a n p e r ila k u
k e r ja
se se o ra n g
g u n a m e n c a p a i tu ju a n .
P e r il a k u
k e r ja y a n g
m e n e n tu k a n h a s il k e r j a d i p e n g a r u h i o le h d u a f a k to r , y a itu :
p a d a g il ir a n n y a
a ) f a k t o r d a la m
in d iv id u , s e p e r ti k e t e r a m p i la n d a n u s a h a , d a n b ) f a k to r d i l u a r in d iv id u , s e p e r ti
k e a d a a n e k o n o m i, d a n k e b ij a k a n p e m e r in ta h . B e r d a s a r k a n p e n d a p a t te r s e b u t ,
m aka
dapat
d i s i m p u lk a n
bahw a
k in e r ja
m e ru p a k a n
p e r ila k u
a ta u
t in d a k a n
s e s e o r a n g a ta u o r g a n is a s i u n t u k m e n c a p a i t u j u a n y a n g t e l a h d ite t a p k a n . K i n e r j a
s e s e o r a n g a ta u o r g a n is a s i d ip e n g a r u h i o le h f a k t o r y a n g a d a d i d a la m d i l u a r d iri
s e s e o r a n g a ta u o r g a n is a s i.
C a m p b e l l ( 1 9 9 8 : 7 0 8 — 7 1 0 ) m e n y a ta k a n b a h w a k i n e r ja d a p a t d in ila i d a ri
d e la p a n k o m p o n e n y a n g t e r k a i t d e n g a n p e n y e le s a ia n s u a tu tu g a s . K o m p o n e n
t e r s e b u t a d a la h k e m a m p u a n m e n ja la n k a n t u g a s p o k o k , m e n j a l a n k a n t u g a s d i lu a r
tu g a s p o k o k , b e r k o m u n ik a s i s e c a r a t e r tu lis d a n lis a n , m e la k u k a n s u p e r v is i a ta u
m e m im p in , d a n m a n a je m e n a ta u a d m in is tr a s i. K o m p o n e n l a i n n y a a d a la h k e m a u a n
b e r u s a h a , d is ip lin , s e r ta d a p a t m e n d u k u n g k in e r ja t e m a n d a n k e l o m p o k .
R e i o ( 1 9 9 7 :2 7 ) m e n y a ta k a n b a h w a k i n e r ja m e m p u n y a i d u a d im e n s i, y a i tu
k i n e r ja t u g a s
a ta u t e k n i s ( ta s k /te c h n ic a lp e r f o r m a n c e ) d a n k i n e r ja k o n te k s t u a l
{ c o n t e x tu a lp e r f o r m a n c e ) . K i n e r j a t u g a s m e r u p a k a n k i n e r ja y a n g t e r k a i t d e n g a n
p e r b a ik a n d a n p e la y a n a n tu g a s p o k o k o r g a n is a s i, m i s a l n y a m e n g a j a r d i S e k o la h
D a s a r . K i n e r j a k o n te k s tu a l a ta u d is e b u t j u g a k i n e r ja in te r p e r s o n a l m e r u p a k a n
f u n g s i in te r p e r s o n a l s e s e o r a n g u n t u k m e n d u k u n g t u g a s p o k o k o r g a n is a s i d a la m
li n g k u n g a n s o s ia l y a n g l e b i h lu a s .
M e n u r u t P o r o p a t ( 2 0 0 4 : 3 ), d im e n s i k in e r ja y a n g d ik e m u k a k a n o l e h R e io
m eru p ak an
p e n y e d e rh a n a a n
d ari
apa
yang
d ik e m u k a k a n
o le h
C a m p b e ll .
K o m p o n e n k e m a m p u a n m e n ja la n k a n t u g a s p o k o k , m e n ja la n k a n t u g a s d i lu a r
7
tu g a s
pokok,
a d m in is tr a s i
b e r k o m u n ik a s i
d ari
s e c a r a t e r tu l i s
C a m p b e ll
te r k a i t
dan
dengan
lis a n ,
dan
k i n e r ja tu g a s ,
m a n a je m e n
sed an g
a ta u
kom ponen
k e m a u a n b e r u s a h a , k e d is ip lin a n , d u k u n g a n t e r h a d a p k in e r ja t e m a n d a n k e lo m p o k ,
d a n k e m a m p u a n s u p e r v i s i a ta u m e m i m p i n t e r k a i t d e n g a n k i n e r ja k o n te k s tu a l .
M e n u r u t M c C o o k ( 2 0 0 2 :1 — 2 ), k i n e r ja t u g a s d a p a t d i s e b u t s e b a g a i k i n e r ja p e r a n
(in-role p e rfo rm a n c e ), s e d a n g k a n k i n e r ja k o n te k s tu a l b i s a d is a m a k a n d e n g a n
p e r ila k u b e r o r g a n is a s i a ta u O rg a n iza tio n a l C itizen sh ip B e h a v io rs d is in g k a t O C B s.
D im e n s i
k in e r ja
te rs e b u t
te n t u n y a j u g a
b e r la k u
bagi
k i n e r ja
k e p a la
s e k o la h . K i n e r j a k e p a l a s e k o la h d a p a t d in ila i d a r i k i n e r ja t u g a s a ta u k i n e r ja te k n is
y a n g d i ta n d a i d e n g a n k e m a m p u a n m e n ja la n k a n t u g a s p o k o k , m e n j a l a n k a n tu g a s
d i l u a r t u g a s p o k o k , b e r k o m u n ik a s i
s e c a r a tu l i s
d a n lis a n , d a n k e m a m p u a n
m a n a j e r ia l a ta u a d m in is tr a s i. S e l a in it u k i n e r ja k e p a l a s e k o la h d a p a t d in ila i d a ri
k i n e r ja k o n te k s tu a l a ta u k i n e r ja in te r p e r s o n a l y a n g m e n c a k u p k e m a u a n b e r u s a h a ,
k e d is i p lin a n , d u k u n g a n te r h a d a p k i n e r ja t e m a n d a n k e lo m p o k , s e r ta k e m a m p u a n
s u p e r v is i a ta u m e m im p i n .
D i I n d o n e s ia , D i r e k t o r a t P e n d id ik a n T a m a n K a n a k - k a n a k d a n S e k o la h
D a s a r D itje n
D ik d a s m e n
p e n il a ia n
k i n e r ja
m encakup
tig a
k e p a la
hal
D e p d ik n a s
s e k o la h
seb agai
(2 0 0 3 :
d a sa r.
b e r ik u t:
2 5 ) te l a h
Pedom an
a)
m e n e ta p k a n
p e n ila ia n
k e p e m im p in a n ,
k i n e r ja
dengan
ped om an
te r s e b u t
in d ik a to r
p e n g a m b il a n k e p u tu s a n , k e te r b u k a a n a ta u d e m o k r a s i, p o l a h u b u n g a n a ta s a n b a w a h a n , d a n p e n g e m b a n g a n m a s y a r a k a t b e l a j a r ; b ) m a n a je m e n , d e n g a n in d i k a t o r
p e n g e lo la a n
p e m b e la ja r a n ,
k e p r ib a d ia n ,
dengan
k e te n a g a a n ,
in d ik a to r
f a s i lita s ,
k e d is ip lin a n ,
e to s
dan
k e r ja ,
keuangan;
k e r ja s a m a ,
s e r ta
c)
in is ia tif ,
t a n g g u n g j a w a b , k e ju ju r a n , d a n m o tiv a s i b e r p r e s ta s i . K i n e r j a k e p a l a s e k o la h d a p a t
d in ila i b e r d a s a r k a n p e d o m a n in i.
M e n u ru t P e ra tu ra n
M e n te r i
P e n d id ik a n
N o m o r 13 ta h u n 2 0 0 7 ( P e r m e n D i k n a s N o .
K e p a la
S e k o la h /M a d r a s a h ,
u n tu k
m e n ja d i
N a s io n a l
R e p u b lik
I n d o n e s ia
13 t a h u n 2 0 0 7 ) te n t a n g S ta n d a r
k e p a la
s e k o la h
se se o ra n g
harus
m e m ilik i k u a li f i k a s i u m u m , k u a lif i k a s i k h u s u s , d a n k o m p e te n s i y a n g m e m a d a i.
K u a lif ik a s i u m u m b e r is i r a m b u - r a m b u t e n t a n g k u a li f i k a s i p e n d id ik a n m in im a l,
u s ia m a k s im a l, p e n g a la m a n m e n g a j a r m in im a l , d a n p a n g k a t m in im a l u n t u k d a p a t
8
m e n ja d i k e p a la s e k o la h . K u a lif ik a s i k h u s u s b e r is i r a m b u - r a m b u y a n g m e n u n t u t
k e p a la s e k o la h h a r u s b e r s t a t u s s e b a g a i g u r u , m e m ilik i s e r tif ik a t p e n d id ik , d a n
s e r t if ik a t k e p a l a s e k o la h .
T e n ta n g k o m p e te n s i y a n g h a r u s d im ilik i k e p a l a s e k o la h , P e r m e n D ik n a s
N o . 13 t a h u n 2 0 0 7 te n t a n g S ta n d a r K e p a l a S e k o la h /M a d r a s a h m e n y e b u t k a n a d a
l im a d im e n s i, y a itu k e p r ib a d ia n , m a n a j e r ia l, k e w ir a u s a h a a n , s u p e r v is i, d a n s o s ia l.
D im e n s i k e p r ib a d ia n m e lip u ti: b e r a k h l a k m u lia , m e n g e m b a n g k a n b u d a y a d a n
tr a d is i
a k h la k
m u l ia ,
m e n ja d i
te la d a n
a k h la k
m u lia
bagi
k o m u n ita s
di
s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h ; m e m ilik i in te g r i ta s d a n k e in g in a n m e n g e m b a n g a n d iri, te r b u k a
d a la m m e la k s a n a k a n tu g a s , d a p a t m e n g e n d a l i k a n d iri d a la m m e n g h a d a p i m a s a la h ,
d a n m e m ilik i b a k a t d a n m i n a t j a b a t a n s e b a g a i p e m im p in p e n d id ik a n .
D im e n s i m a n a j e r ia l k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n c a k u p : m e n y u s u n p e r e n c a n a a n ,
m engem bangkan
o r g a n is a s i,
m e m im p in ,
m e n g e lo la
p e n g e m b a n g a n , d a n m e n c i p t a k a n b u d a y a d a n ik lim
p e ru b a h a n
dan
s e k o la h / m a d r a s a h y a n g
k o n d u s i f d a n i n o v a t i f b a g i p e m b e l a j a r a n p e s e r t a d id ik . S e l a in it u j u g a m e n g e lo la
g u r u d a n s ta f , s a r a n a d a n p r a s a r a n a , h u b u n g a n s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h d a n m a s y a r a k a t,
p e s e r t a d id ik , p e n g e m b a n g a n k u r ik u lu m
d a n k e g ia ta n p e m b e la ja r a n , k e u a n g a n
s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h , k e ta ta u s a h a a n s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h , u n i t l a y a n a n k h u s u s s e k o la h /
m a d r a s a h , d a n s is te m in f o r m a s i s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h . K e p a l a s e k o la h j u g a h a r u s
dapat
m e m a n f a a tk a n
k e m a ju a n
te k n o lo g i
in f o r m a s i
bagi
p e n in g k a ta n
pem
b e la ja r a n d a n m a n a j e m e n s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h , m e l a k u k a n m o n it o r i n g , e v a lu a s i, d a n
p e la p o r a n p e la k s a n a a n p r o g r a m
k e g ia ta n
s e k o la h / m a d r a s a h d e n g a n p r o s e d u r
y a n g te p a t, s e r ta m e r e n c a n a k a n t i n d a k la n j u tn y a .
D im e n s i k e w ir a u s a h a a n
y a n g h a ru s
d im ilik i k e p a l a
s e k o la h m e lip u t i:
m e n c ip ta k a n in o v a s i y a n g b e r g u n a b a g i p e n g e m b a n g a n s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h , b e k e r j a
k e r a s u n t u k m e n c a p a i k e b e r h a s i l a n s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h , m e m ilik i m o tiv a s i y a n g
k u a t u n t u k s u k s e s d a la m
m e n c a ri
s o lu s i
te rb a ik
m e la k s a n a k a n tu g a s , p a n ta n g m e n y e r a h d a n
d a la m
m enghadapi
k e n d a la
yang
s e la lu
d ih a d a p i
s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h , d a n m e m ilik i n a l u r i k e w i r a u s a h a a n d a la m m e n g e l o l a k e g ia ta n
p r o d u k s i / j a s a s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h s e b a g a i s u m b e r b e l a j a r p e s e r t a d id ik .
9
D im e n s i
m e re n c a n a k a n
s u p e r v is i
p ro g ra m
yang
h a ru s
su p e rv is i
d im ilik i
a k a d e m ik
k e p a la
d a la m
s e k o la h
ran g k a
m e lip u t i:
p e n in g k a ta n
p r o f e s io n a lis m e g u r u , m e l a k s a n a k a n s u p e r v i s i a k a d e m i k te r h a d a p g u r u d e n g a n
m e n g g u n a k a n p e n d e k a t a n d a n t e k n i k s u p e r v is i y a n g te p a t , s e r ta m e n in d a k la n ju ti
h a s il
s u p e r v is i
a k a d e m ik
te r h a d a p
g u ru
d a la m
ra n g k a
p e n in g k a ta n
p ro fe s i
o n a li s m e g u r u . D im e n s i s o s ia l k e p a l a s e k o la h m e n c a k u p : b e k e r j a s a m a d e n g a n
p i h a k la in u n t u k k e p e n tin g a n s e k o la h /m a d r a s a h , b e r p a r tis ip a s i d a la m k e g ia ta n
s o s ia l
k e m a s y a r a k a ta n ,
dan
m e m ilik i
kepekaan
s o s ia l
te r h a d a p
o ra n g
a ta u
k e l o m p o k la in .
B.
F a k t o r - F a k t o r y a n g M e m p e n g a r u h i K i n e r j a K e p a la S e k o la h
K i n e r j a s e s e o r a n g , t e r m a s u k k e p a l a s e k o la h , d a la m m e n ja la n k a n t u g a s n y a
d ip e n g a r u h i b a n y a k f a k to r . T r ill ( 2 0 0 1 :1 ) m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a k i n e r ja d i p e n g a r u h i
o l e h e m p a t f a k to r . P e r ta m a , f a k to r p e r s o n a l , m e n c a k u p k e t e r a m p i la n in d i v id u ,
k o m p e te n s i ,
m o tiv a s i
dan
k o m itm e n .
K edua,
fa k to r
k e p e m im p in a n ,
b e ru p a
d o r o n g a n , b im b in g a n , d u k u n g a n d a r i a ta s a n . K e tig a , f a k to r s is te m , b e r u p a s is te m
k e r ja d a n f a s il it a s y a n g d ib e r ik a n o l e h o r g a n is a s i. K e e m p a t, f a k to r k o n te k s t u a l
( s itu a s io n a l ) ,
b eru p a
te k a n a n
dan
p e ru b a h a n
in te r n a l
dan
e k s te r n a l
te m p a t
s e s e o r a n g b e k e r ja .
K i e r s t e a d ( 1 9 9 8 : 1 - 2 ) m e n y a ta k a n b a h w a k i n e r ja s e s e o r a n g d ip e n g a r u h i
o l e h f a k to r k e p r ib a d ia n y a n g d is e b u t s e b a g a i f a k to r l i m a b e s a r (th e b ig fiv e
fa c to r s ). K e l i m a f a k t o r te r s e b u t a d a la h k e t e r b u k a a n ( extro versio n ), k e te litia n
(co n scien tio u sn ess), k e s ta b il a n e m o s i (em o tio n a l sta b ility), k e m a m p u a n m e n e r i m a
p e n d a p a t (a g reea b len ess), d a n k e te r b u k a a n te r h a d a p p e n g a l a m a n b a r u (o p en n ess
to exp erien ce ).
K e t e r b u k a a n d ita n d a i d e n g a n k e m a m p u a n s o s ia l, s u k a b e r te m a n , te g a s ,
s u k a b ic a r a , a m b is iu s , e n e r jik , d a n s e je n is n y a . K e t e l i t i a n d it a n d a i d e n g a n h a tih a ti,
t a n g g u n g j a w a b , t e r e n c a n a , te k u n , b e