The Road to World War I (2)
The Road to World War I
WWI
Causes of WWI
Militarism - policy of building up a strong military to prepare
for war
Alliances –
agreements between nations to provide aid and
protect on another
Nationalism –
extreme pride in one’s country
Imperialism –
when one country takes over another country
economically and politically.
Assassination – of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Militarism
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
Alliances
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Alliances
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Nationalism
•
•
•
•
At the settlement of the Congress of Vienna in 1815,
the principle of nationalism was ignored in favor of
preserving the peace.
Germany and Italy were left as divided states, but
strong nationalist movements and revolutions led to
the unification of Italy in 1861 and that of Germany
in 1871. Another result was that France lost AlsaceLorraine to Germany, and regaining it was a major
goal of the French.
Nationalism posed a problem for Austria-Hungary
and the Balkans, areas comprised of many
conflicting national groups.
The ardent Pan Slavism of Serbia and Russia's
willingness to support its Slavic brother conflicted
with Austria-Hungary's Pan-Germanism.
Imperialism
Great Britain, Germany and France
needed foreign markets after the increase
in manufacturing caused by the Industrial
Revolution.
•
These countries competed for economic
expansion in Africa. Although Britain and
France resolved their differences in Africa,
several crises foreshadowing the war
involved the clash of Germany against
Britain and France in North Africa.
•
In the Middle East, the crumbling Ottoman
Empire was alluring to Austria-Hungary, the
Balkans and Russia.
•
Assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and
Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo,
Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914.
Problems in the Balkans (1906 –
1912)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Many different ethnicities
in the Balkans
Wars to get Ottoman
Empire out of Balkans
Conflicts over land
disputes
Country borders do not
take in Ethnic boundaries
Serbia wants 1) economic
independence from A.H. 2)
Greater Serbian Nation
A.H. treats minority
groups poorly
Sarajevo Crisis – Assassination
of
• June
28th, 1914
Franz
Ferdinand
•
Franz Ferdinand and wife
Sophia visit Sarajevo in
effort to better the relations
with Bosnian Serbs
•
Serbian Nationalist group
The Black Hand, wanted to
take this opportunity to
assassinate Franz Ferdinand
•
19 yr old, Gavrilo Princip
was successful in
assassinating the archduke
and his wife during an
accidental wrong turn by
Ferdinand’s driver.
July Crisis 1914
•
•
A.H. suspected Serbian government to be
behind the assassination
A.H. knowing war is looming looked to get
support from major ally, Germany
July Crisis, 1914
Germany’s Blank Check
•
A.H. Prime Minister Berechtold meets the Kaiser
about backing A.H. in a potential war against Serbia
•
Kaiser Wilhelm gives A.H. a “BLANK CHECK” on July
5th
•
Germany willing to risk war now, because afraid after
1916, Russia would be too strong
Germany’s Blank Check
Kaiser Wilhelm
Prime Minister Berchtold
July Crisis, 1914
A.H. Ultimatum to Serbia
•
Sent an Ultimatum to Serbia on July 19th,
delivered July 23rd
•
Serbs given 48 hours to respond
•
WITH A PARTNER: Read Ultimatum, answer:
•
1) List the demands Austria has for Serbia
•
2) Do you think Austria’s demands are just?
July Crisis, 1914
A.H. Ultimatum to Serbia
•
Sent an Ultimatum to Serbia on July 19th,
delivered July 23rd
•
Serbs given 48 hours to respond
•
Austria demands a lot from Serbia
•
Serbia agrees to ALL except 1 key element:
•
•
Serbia refused to allow the involvement of A.H. in
the investigation of the assassination within Serbia
This threatened Serbia’s sovereignty
Escalation to War
July 25th
Austria breaks off relations with Serbia
July 28th
A.H. declares war on Serbia
July 30th
Czar issues mobilization order
August 1st
Germans mobilize, declare war on Russia
August 3rd
France declares war on Germany
Germany invades Belgium – Schlieffen Plan
August 4th
Great Britain declares war on Germany
Escalation to War
•
•
August 1, 1914Germany declares
war on Russia
because Russia
would not demobilize
(Willy-Nicky
telegrams reading)
August 3, 1914Germany declares
war on France
•
General Alfred von
Schlieffen devised
Schlieffen Plan to
deploy most of the
troops to France,
Map: Schlieffen Plan &
Plan XVII
The Irony of
Alliances
Domino Effect
Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and
declared war on Serbia.
Germany pledged their support for Austria Hungary.
Russia pledged their support for Serbia.
Domino Effect
Germany declares war on Russia.
France pledges their support for Russia.
Germany declares war on France.
Germany invades Belgium on the way to France.
Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on
Germany.
WWI & Russian
Revolution
1914-1919
The Great, Quick, and Righteous
War
•
•
•
The war began with everyone optimistic
that the war would last only weeks
Each side was convinced of the rightness
of their cause and charged with national
passion
Many of the young felt that the war was a
break from a modern age preoccupied with
money, work, and material goods
Propaganda: Recruitment Posters (activity)
• Britain
• Germany
Western Stalemate
•
Europe unprepared for the war- fought a modern
war with modern weapons as if they were
fighting a 19th century war
•
Trench Warfare
•
•
Schlieffen Plan unsuccessful- Germany and
France frozen and dug into trenches for
almost four years
Trenches full of mud, rats, rotting bodies, and
disease- no access to medical care
•
Wet feet led to Trench Foot and the rotting
Why was WWI a Stalemate?
•
What’s a stalemate?
•
trench warfare
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
Trench Foot
Western Stalemate
•
Men who rushed out of the trenches were
quickly cut down by machine gun power or
heavy artillery
•
•
•
Tanks devised at the time to be heavy
armored vehicles to run over trenches and
avoid gun fire
Germans began to use poison gas in 1915
Generals ordered attacks hoping to wear the
opposite side out – not successful
Western Stalemate
•
•
•
Russia quickly defeated by the Germans
Italy betrayed the Triple Alliance by
attacking Austria in May, 1915 – promised
Austrian land
Battle of Verdun, February, 1915- Germany
attacked Verdun (France) hoping to
devastate France out of the war –
causalities were more than a million with
300,000 dead – Britain turned to the
offense and pulled Germany out
What new weapons were used
in WWI?
•
Machine gun
•
Poison gas
•
Submarine
•
Airplane
•
Tank
•
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION?
Why these weapons? Why now?
Map: Europe At War
The True World War
• The Ottoman
Empire
• November, 1914Entente declares
war on Ottoman
Empire
• Germany,
Austria, Ottoman
make up the
Central Powers
• Italy joins
France and
Allied Powers
Central Powers
World War I
The True World War
•
Africa
•
Allied and Central Powers fought in
Africa, taking colonies from each other
•
Lawrence of Arabia fought against the
Ottomans in Middle East in 1917;
destroyed the Ottomans by 1918
•
African troops used on the fields of North
Africa and Western Europe; also laborers
The True World War
•
East Asia
•
•
Japan joined the Allies in 1914 because they
wanted German territory in Asia
The U.S.
•
U.S. attempted neutrality
•
1915- Naval war between Britain and
Germany led to Germany sinking the
passenger ship Lusitania, on which
Americans were boarded – agitated U.S. and
The True World War
•
1917- Final straw, Germany reassumes
submarine warfare
•
•
Zimmerman Telegram- Germany promises
Mexico previous territory now owned by
U.S. to keep U.S. occupied
Entrance of the U.S. in 1917 gave a morale
boost to the demoralized Allied troops
fighting in Europe
The Homefront
•
•
Countries at war had to begin conscription
for men and to avoid bringing skilled men
into the military
Economic changes
•
Price, wage, and rent control
•
Regulation of imports and exports
•
Rationing of food
•
Nationalization of transportation and industry
Food Shortages (poster activity)
• Britain
• The U.S.
The Homefront
•
•
Patriotism dissolved into political
discontent
•
British Defense of the Realm Act allowed for the
trying of dissenters as traitors
•
Censorship of newspapers and publicized
information
•
In 1917, France suspended civil liberties
Propaganda increasingly important
Propaganda
• Zimmerman
Telegraph
• U.S. Patriotism
The Homefront
•
As men went away to war, there were more jobs
available and unemployment declined
•
Women also entered the workforce in large
numbers, working formerly male dominated jobs
like truck driving and heavy industry – women
demanded equal wages (France made strides to
equalize pay)
•
Women’s roles in the workforce seen as
temporary – would give up jobs when men
returned
•
Led to a new awareness of women in their own
independence and livelihood apart from men –
Women in WWI
Section 3: The Russian Revolution
Russian Revolution
•
•
Russia was ill-equipped to fight the war
and suffered great losses – between 19141916 over 6 million casualties - Russia
also suffering inflation and hunger
Tsarist regime led by Nicholas II pulled
away from affairs – a supposed Holy Man
named Rasputin became influential to the
Tsar, which upset many in Russia – Tsar
tried to hold onto autocratic rule Rasputin
Romanov & Rasputin
The Russian Revolution
•
•
March, 1917, “Peace and Bread” protests
in Petrograd
•
Soldiers meant to disperse crowd joined in
•
Duma assumed responsibility and Tsar abdicated
New provisional government decided to
carry on war to preserve Russian pride
•
Opposed by soviets who wanted to end the war –
soviets largely workers and soldiers
The Russian Revolution
•
The Bolsheviks
•
Marxist Social Democrats led by Vladimir Lenin –
dedicated to violent revolution – Lenin was in
hiding until the provisional government came to
power, then he was secretly shipped back to
begin revolution and to seize power
•
Promised: end to war, redistribution of land,
transfer of industries to worker councils, and
government power to the soviets – gained
popularity among the soviet groups
The Russian Revolution
•
Took control of the government on November 6,
1917 with the help of the Petrograd soviets led
by Leon Trotsky
•
Lenin the head of the new Council of People’s
Commissars - communist
Lenin
The Russian Revolution
•
Civil War in Russia
•
Not everyone was happy with the new
communist government and Allies wanted
Russia back in the war
•
The Bolshevik Red Army fought anti-Bolshevik
forced known as the White Army – White Army
defeated
•
Red Army a disciplined unit while White
Army was disorganized and not unified –
wanted different ends
The Russian Revolution
•
•
•
“War communism” – nationalized banks
and industries, grain from peasants, and
state centralization
Against the foreign invaders of the
Japanese, French, British, and American
who were stationed in Russia – appealed to
Russian patriotism
Tsar and his family murdered and burnt down
in a mine shaft
The War Weakens
•
•
•
Germany had renewed hope of winning
when Russia left the war
Second Battle of Marne, July 18, 1918,
Germans were defeated and Allies
advanced towards Germany
September 29, 1918- German leaders
begin to call for an armistice and liberal
reforms – also wanted to shift blame from
military/Kaiser to civilian leadership
The War Weakens
•
In November, mutinies by the navy and
workers and discontent of hungry
Germans led to the abdication of Kaiser
William II
•
•
New Socialist republic under Friedrich Ebert
November 11, 1918- Germany calls for an
armistice – the war is over
Before and After
•
European village before the war
Before and After
•
European village after the war
Peace Making and
Peace Settlement
•
Paris Peace Conference – January, 1919
•
Three important men: Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), David
Lloyd George (Britain), and Georges Clemenceau
(France) [Vittorio Orlando of Italy less important] - no
mutual responsibility
•
Wilson wanted the peace settlement to:
•
Open discussion, not secret diplomacy
•
Democracy
•
Freedom of nations and people, eradication of
colonies
Peace Making Reality
Peace Making and
Peace Settlement
•
League of Nations
•
Purpose
•
Disarmament
•
Collective security
•
•
Disputes solved by negotiation and
diplomacy
Weaknesses
•
No military – lacked enforcement power
Peace Making and
Peace Settlement
•
Depended on mutual agreement, which was
hard to secure from nations all with differing
interests
•
•
Weak and small France felt secure
under promise of ‘collective security”
but larger countries like Britain did not
like the idea of having to protect Europe
•
Enforcement by economic sanction only
•
U.S. did not join - isolationism
League became more of an advisory council
Peace Making and
Peace Settlement
•
A continuation of “secret diplomacy”
•
•
Russia and France made agreements behind
Britain’s back, feeling Britain had succeeded
in the war by using them
Austria made secret negotiations with France,
no longer willing to depend on Germany – a
strain on their relationship
Peace Making and
Peace Settlement
•
The Treaty of Versailles, June 28, 1919
•
Article 231- War Guilt Clause – Germany (and
Austria) to blame for the war
•
•
Germany had to pay reparations
Reparation amount never set, leading to
disputes over how much Germany should pay
– Germany defaulted – Dawes Plan called for
U.S. loans and investments
Peace Making and Peace
Settlement
•
•
Germany had to decrease its military size
and had demilitarized zones to ‘protect’
neighboring countries
Loss territory of Alsace Lorraine back to
France and parts of Prussia to Poland
Germany at Fault
Peace Making and
Peace Settlement
•
End of Old Empires
•
Austria-Hungary
•
Broken up into states loosely based on
ethnicity
•
Germany and Russia lost territory
•
New states such as Finland, Latvia, Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia
•
Ottoman Empire
•
Promise kept to Arab supporters by breaking
Casualties?
•
•
•
Total troops mobilized by all
countries in WW1
65,038,810
Total troops dead from all
countries in WW1
8,556,315
Total troops wounded from all
countries in WW1
21,219,452
Statistics: WWI
Casualties
WWI
Causes of WWI
Militarism - policy of building up a strong military to prepare
for war
Alliances –
agreements between nations to provide aid and
protect on another
Nationalism –
extreme pride in one’s country
Imperialism –
when one country takes over another country
economically and politically.
Assassination – of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Militarism
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
Alliances
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Alliances
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Nationalism
•
•
•
•
At the settlement of the Congress of Vienna in 1815,
the principle of nationalism was ignored in favor of
preserving the peace.
Germany and Italy were left as divided states, but
strong nationalist movements and revolutions led to
the unification of Italy in 1861 and that of Germany
in 1871. Another result was that France lost AlsaceLorraine to Germany, and regaining it was a major
goal of the French.
Nationalism posed a problem for Austria-Hungary
and the Balkans, areas comprised of many
conflicting national groups.
The ardent Pan Slavism of Serbia and Russia's
willingness to support its Slavic brother conflicted
with Austria-Hungary's Pan-Germanism.
Imperialism
Great Britain, Germany and France
needed foreign markets after the increase
in manufacturing caused by the Industrial
Revolution.
•
These countries competed for economic
expansion in Africa. Although Britain and
France resolved their differences in Africa,
several crises foreshadowing the war
involved the clash of Germany against
Britain and France in North Africa.
•
In the Middle East, the crumbling Ottoman
Empire was alluring to Austria-Hungary, the
Balkans and Russia.
•
Assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and
Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo,
Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914.
Problems in the Balkans (1906 –
1912)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Many different ethnicities
in the Balkans
Wars to get Ottoman
Empire out of Balkans
Conflicts over land
disputes
Country borders do not
take in Ethnic boundaries
Serbia wants 1) economic
independence from A.H. 2)
Greater Serbian Nation
A.H. treats minority
groups poorly
Sarajevo Crisis – Assassination
of
• June
28th, 1914
Franz
Ferdinand
•
Franz Ferdinand and wife
Sophia visit Sarajevo in
effort to better the relations
with Bosnian Serbs
•
Serbian Nationalist group
The Black Hand, wanted to
take this opportunity to
assassinate Franz Ferdinand
•
19 yr old, Gavrilo Princip
was successful in
assassinating the archduke
and his wife during an
accidental wrong turn by
Ferdinand’s driver.
July Crisis 1914
•
•
A.H. suspected Serbian government to be
behind the assassination
A.H. knowing war is looming looked to get
support from major ally, Germany
July Crisis, 1914
Germany’s Blank Check
•
A.H. Prime Minister Berechtold meets the Kaiser
about backing A.H. in a potential war against Serbia
•
Kaiser Wilhelm gives A.H. a “BLANK CHECK” on July
5th
•
Germany willing to risk war now, because afraid after
1916, Russia would be too strong
Germany’s Blank Check
Kaiser Wilhelm
Prime Minister Berchtold
July Crisis, 1914
A.H. Ultimatum to Serbia
•
Sent an Ultimatum to Serbia on July 19th,
delivered July 23rd
•
Serbs given 48 hours to respond
•
WITH A PARTNER: Read Ultimatum, answer:
•
1) List the demands Austria has for Serbia
•
2) Do you think Austria’s demands are just?
July Crisis, 1914
A.H. Ultimatum to Serbia
•
Sent an Ultimatum to Serbia on July 19th,
delivered July 23rd
•
Serbs given 48 hours to respond
•
Austria demands a lot from Serbia
•
Serbia agrees to ALL except 1 key element:
•
•
Serbia refused to allow the involvement of A.H. in
the investigation of the assassination within Serbia
This threatened Serbia’s sovereignty
Escalation to War
July 25th
Austria breaks off relations with Serbia
July 28th
A.H. declares war on Serbia
July 30th
Czar issues mobilization order
August 1st
Germans mobilize, declare war on Russia
August 3rd
France declares war on Germany
Germany invades Belgium – Schlieffen Plan
August 4th
Great Britain declares war on Germany
Escalation to War
•
•
August 1, 1914Germany declares
war on Russia
because Russia
would not demobilize
(Willy-Nicky
telegrams reading)
August 3, 1914Germany declares
war on France
•
General Alfred von
Schlieffen devised
Schlieffen Plan to
deploy most of the
troops to France,
Map: Schlieffen Plan &
Plan XVII
The Irony of
Alliances
Domino Effect
Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and
declared war on Serbia.
Germany pledged their support for Austria Hungary.
Russia pledged their support for Serbia.
Domino Effect
Germany declares war on Russia.
France pledges their support for Russia.
Germany declares war on France.
Germany invades Belgium on the way to France.
Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on
Germany.
WWI & Russian
Revolution
1914-1919
The Great, Quick, and Righteous
War
•
•
•
The war began with everyone optimistic
that the war would last only weeks
Each side was convinced of the rightness
of their cause and charged with national
passion
Many of the young felt that the war was a
break from a modern age preoccupied with
money, work, and material goods
Propaganda: Recruitment Posters (activity)
• Britain
• Germany
Western Stalemate
•
Europe unprepared for the war- fought a modern
war with modern weapons as if they were
fighting a 19th century war
•
Trench Warfare
•
•
Schlieffen Plan unsuccessful- Germany and
France frozen and dug into trenches for
almost four years
Trenches full of mud, rats, rotting bodies, and
disease- no access to medical care
•
Wet feet led to Trench Foot and the rotting
Why was WWI a Stalemate?
•
What’s a stalemate?
•
trench warfare
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
Trench Foot
Western Stalemate
•
Men who rushed out of the trenches were
quickly cut down by machine gun power or
heavy artillery
•
•
•
Tanks devised at the time to be heavy
armored vehicles to run over trenches and
avoid gun fire
Germans began to use poison gas in 1915
Generals ordered attacks hoping to wear the
opposite side out – not successful
Western Stalemate
•
•
•
Russia quickly defeated by the Germans
Italy betrayed the Triple Alliance by
attacking Austria in May, 1915 – promised
Austrian land
Battle of Verdun, February, 1915- Germany
attacked Verdun (France) hoping to
devastate France out of the war –
causalities were more than a million with
300,000 dead – Britain turned to the
offense and pulled Germany out
What new weapons were used
in WWI?
•
Machine gun
•
Poison gas
•
Submarine
•
Airplane
•
Tank
•
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION?
Why these weapons? Why now?
Map: Europe At War
The True World War
• The Ottoman
Empire
• November, 1914Entente declares
war on Ottoman
Empire
• Germany,
Austria, Ottoman
make up the
Central Powers
• Italy joins
France and
Allied Powers
Central Powers
World War I
The True World War
•
Africa
•
Allied and Central Powers fought in
Africa, taking colonies from each other
•
Lawrence of Arabia fought against the
Ottomans in Middle East in 1917;
destroyed the Ottomans by 1918
•
African troops used on the fields of North
Africa and Western Europe; also laborers
The True World War
•
East Asia
•
•
Japan joined the Allies in 1914 because they
wanted German territory in Asia
The U.S.
•
U.S. attempted neutrality
•
1915- Naval war between Britain and
Germany led to Germany sinking the
passenger ship Lusitania, on which
Americans were boarded – agitated U.S. and
The True World War
•
1917- Final straw, Germany reassumes
submarine warfare
•
•
Zimmerman Telegram- Germany promises
Mexico previous territory now owned by
U.S. to keep U.S. occupied
Entrance of the U.S. in 1917 gave a morale
boost to the demoralized Allied troops
fighting in Europe
The Homefront
•
•
Countries at war had to begin conscription
for men and to avoid bringing skilled men
into the military
Economic changes
•
Price, wage, and rent control
•
Regulation of imports and exports
•
Rationing of food
•
Nationalization of transportation and industry
Food Shortages (poster activity)
• Britain
• The U.S.
The Homefront
•
•
Patriotism dissolved into political
discontent
•
British Defense of the Realm Act allowed for the
trying of dissenters as traitors
•
Censorship of newspapers and publicized
information
•
In 1917, France suspended civil liberties
Propaganda increasingly important
Propaganda
• Zimmerman
Telegraph
• U.S. Patriotism
The Homefront
•
As men went away to war, there were more jobs
available and unemployment declined
•
Women also entered the workforce in large
numbers, working formerly male dominated jobs
like truck driving and heavy industry – women
demanded equal wages (France made strides to
equalize pay)
•
Women’s roles in the workforce seen as
temporary – would give up jobs when men
returned
•
Led to a new awareness of women in their own
independence and livelihood apart from men –
Women in WWI
Section 3: The Russian Revolution
Russian Revolution
•
•
Russia was ill-equipped to fight the war
and suffered great losses – between 19141916 over 6 million casualties - Russia
also suffering inflation and hunger
Tsarist regime led by Nicholas II pulled
away from affairs – a supposed Holy Man
named Rasputin became influential to the
Tsar, which upset many in Russia – Tsar
tried to hold onto autocratic rule Rasputin
Romanov & Rasputin
The Russian Revolution
•
•
March, 1917, “Peace and Bread” protests
in Petrograd
•
Soldiers meant to disperse crowd joined in
•
Duma assumed responsibility and Tsar abdicated
New provisional government decided to
carry on war to preserve Russian pride
•
Opposed by soviets who wanted to end the war –
soviets largely workers and soldiers
The Russian Revolution
•
The Bolsheviks
•
Marxist Social Democrats led by Vladimir Lenin –
dedicated to violent revolution – Lenin was in
hiding until the provisional government came to
power, then he was secretly shipped back to
begin revolution and to seize power
•
Promised: end to war, redistribution of land,
transfer of industries to worker councils, and
government power to the soviets – gained
popularity among the soviet groups
The Russian Revolution
•
Took control of the government on November 6,
1917 with the help of the Petrograd soviets led
by Leon Trotsky
•
Lenin the head of the new Council of People’s
Commissars - communist
Lenin
The Russian Revolution
•
Civil War in Russia
•
Not everyone was happy with the new
communist government and Allies wanted
Russia back in the war
•
The Bolshevik Red Army fought anti-Bolshevik
forced known as the White Army – White Army
defeated
•
Red Army a disciplined unit while White
Army was disorganized and not unified –
wanted different ends
The Russian Revolution
•
•
•
“War communism” – nationalized banks
and industries, grain from peasants, and
state centralization
Against the foreign invaders of the
Japanese, French, British, and American
who were stationed in Russia – appealed to
Russian patriotism
Tsar and his family murdered and burnt down
in a mine shaft
The War Weakens
•
•
•
Germany had renewed hope of winning
when Russia left the war
Second Battle of Marne, July 18, 1918,
Germans were defeated and Allies
advanced towards Germany
September 29, 1918- German leaders
begin to call for an armistice and liberal
reforms – also wanted to shift blame from
military/Kaiser to civilian leadership
The War Weakens
•
In November, mutinies by the navy and
workers and discontent of hungry
Germans led to the abdication of Kaiser
William II
•
•
New Socialist republic under Friedrich Ebert
November 11, 1918- Germany calls for an
armistice – the war is over
Before and After
•
European village before the war
Before and After
•
European village after the war
Peace Making and
Peace Settlement
•
Paris Peace Conference – January, 1919
•
Three important men: Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), David
Lloyd George (Britain), and Georges Clemenceau
(France) [Vittorio Orlando of Italy less important] - no
mutual responsibility
•
Wilson wanted the peace settlement to:
•
Open discussion, not secret diplomacy
•
Democracy
•
Freedom of nations and people, eradication of
colonies
Peace Making Reality
Peace Making and
Peace Settlement
•
League of Nations
•
Purpose
•
Disarmament
•
Collective security
•
•
Disputes solved by negotiation and
diplomacy
Weaknesses
•
No military – lacked enforcement power
Peace Making and
Peace Settlement
•
Depended on mutual agreement, which was
hard to secure from nations all with differing
interests
•
•
Weak and small France felt secure
under promise of ‘collective security”
but larger countries like Britain did not
like the idea of having to protect Europe
•
Enforcement by economic sanction only
•
U.S. did not join - isolationism
League became more of an advisory council
Peace Making and
Peace Settlement
•
A continuation of “secret diplomacy”
•
•
Russia and France made agreements behind
Britain’s back, feeling Britain had succeeded
in the war by using them
Austria made secret negotiations with France,
no longer willing to depend on Germany – a
strain on their relationship
Peace Making and
Peace Settlement
•
The Treaty of Versailles, June 28, 1919
•
Article 231- War Guilt Clause – Germany (and
Austria) to blame for the war
•
•
Germany had to pay reparations
Reparation amount never set, leading to
disputes over how much Germany should pay
– Germany defaulted – Dawes Plan called for
U.S. loans and investments
Peace Making and Peace
Settlement
•
•
Germany had to decrease its military size
and had demilitarized zones to ‘protect’
neighboring countries
Loss territory of Alsace Lorraine back to
France and parts of Prussia to Poland
Germany at Fault
Peace Making and
Peace Settlement
•
End of Old Empires
•
Austria-Hungary
•
Broken up into states loosely based on
ethnicity
•
Germany and Russia lost territory
•
New states such as Finland, Latvia, Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia
•
Ottoman Empire
•
Promise kept to Arab supporters by breaking
Casualties?
•
•
•
Total troops mobilized by all
countries in WW1
65,038,810
Total troops dead from all
countries in WW1
8,556,315
Total troops wounded from all
countries in WW1
21,219,452
Statistics: WWI
Casualties