The social criticism toward Pakistani society in the 20th century represented by the major characters in Qaisra Shahraz` the holy woman - USD Repository

THE SOCIAL CRITICISM TOWARD PAKISTANI SOCIETY

   IN THE 20 th CENTURY REPRESENTED BY THE MAJOR

CHARACTERS IN QAISRA SHAHRAZ’ THE HOLY WOMAN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

  

Atur Semartini

  Student Number: 044214009

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

THE SOCIAL CRITICISM TOWARD PAKISTANI SOCIETY

   IN THE 20 th CENTURY REPRESENTED BY THE MAJOR

CHARACTERS IN QAISRA SHAHRAZ’ THE HOLY WOMAN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

  

Atur Semartini

  Student Number: 044214009

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

  Ready 2 Fly By Richard Marks I’ve been trying to open the door To the secret of my destiny And every new road I think is the one Seems to lead right back to me I’ve looked for a way to be wiser A way to be strong Now I see the answer was hiding In me all along Chorus

  And I am ready to fly Over the sun Like a rocket to heaven And I am ready to soar Right through the sky Never dreamed I’d find something to lift me so high I’ve always had wings But I wasn’t ready to fly Restless, hopeless, and misunderstood Like so many others I know So busy trying to keep holding on When I should’ve been letting go I was given the gift to find it The spirit inside me But I never really imagined All I could be Chorus

  The answer to all of my wonder Was right in my hands Now it’s time for me to discover All that I am Chorus

  I’ve always had wings Now I’m finally ready to fly ************** Just live to give lot Not to get lot

  I bestow this thesis to

• My Lo rd J e s u s Ch ris t a n d Mo th e r Ma ry ( Th a n k yo u fo r te a rs ,

  la u gh s a n d s m ile s yo u give to m e )
>

My lo ve ly fa th e r a n d My b e lo ve d m o th e r ( I ju s t w is h th a t I co u ld

give yo u m o re th a n th is th e s is . H u ba e n p e h a m u n a n a m o ra jo n g!!)

• My s is te rs ( I kn o w yo u a ll a re p ro u d o f m e , h a …h a …. U n a n g s a i

  m a rs a k h a m u n a la o m a rh e p e n g h ita ! Ma m o ra m a s i Tin y,h e e ..H u bo a n p e h a m u n a tu lu a r n e ge ri, AMIN !!)

• My bro th e r/ Ed u ( I w is h I co u ld I b e yo u b u t I ca n n o t. I kn o w th a t

  I o n ly w is h yo u ’re h e re s o th a t I n e e d n o t to be a m a n .)
• My p e t; Ch iyo -s a n Ce m o n g!! Yo u co m p le te m y life !!
• All m y b e s t frie n d s
>

All o f m y s tu d e n ts in Ele m e n ta ry S ch o o l Ka n is iu s D u w e t ( yo u a ll

te a ch m e a b o u t lo vin g, givin g a n d s m ilin g. Th a n k yo u ! I h o p e yo u a ll

w ill b e gre a t p e o p le a n d ju s t s ta y th e s a m e !!)
• All p e o p le in th is w o rld ………..S a ve Ou r Ea rth a n d Ke e p S m ilin g ☺ !!

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  There is no enough words to express my gratitude but here I deliver my deepest and greatest thank to my truly best friends, My Lord Jesus Christ and Mother Mary. Thank you for evey breath and every second you give to me.

  I also would like to thank my advisor, Dra. Th. Enny Anggraini, M.A., my co.advisor Tatang Iskarna, S.S.,M.Hum., and the examiner Maria Ananta S.S.

  M.Ed., I really thank you for your guidance in finishing this thesis. I also thank Mizan Publisher which had given me the English version of The Holy Woman.

  I deliver my big gratitude to my large family, my parents and my sisters, I really thank God for giving family such you all. My best friends, Dit-ndut, Nofee and Victoria, thank you for times, sadness, hapiness (and also food) we have ever shared. I also like to thank Mom To Be’s crew; Dita, Nofi, Indree, Rini, my friends in The Masque of The Red Death’s crew (trust me friends that is the best play I’ve ever seen and played….chiayo!!), my friends; Elin, Deta, Amel, Cheeka, Dhisti, Lutfi (thank you for being my friends!), KKN Kedon 2007’s students; Atin, Ratna, Phanie, De2, Danie, and Kak Monic, and all students in English Letters Faculty ’04.

  Last but not least, I thank all lecturers in English Letters Faculty Sanata Dharma University, all staff of Sanata Dharma University, and all people in Sanata Dharma University. Finally, thank to everyone and everything in this world, you are my inspiration, my strength, and you have made me stand here.

  Thank you very much!!

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE .......................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................ ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ............................................................................ iii MOTTO PAGE ....................................................................................... iv DEDICATION PAGE.............................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................ vii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. ix ABSTRAK ............................................................................................... x

  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................... 1 A. Background of the Study...................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation .......................................................................... 5 C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................ 6 D. Definition of Terms.............................................................................. 6 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW .......................................... 8 A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................... 8 B. Review of Related Theories ................................................................. 10

  1. Theory on Character....................................................................... 10

  2. Theory on Characterisation............................................................ 12

  3. Theory on Setting .......................................................................... 14

  4. Theory on Conflict ......................................................................... 15

  5. Theory of Relation among Literature, Society, Author and Criticism........................................................................................ 16

  

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  C. Review of Pakistani Society in the 20 Century ................................ 17

  1. Patriarchal System and Women Condition .................................... 17

  2. Marriage System ........................................................................... 19

  3. Religion and Tradition ................................................................... 20

  4. Feudalism ...................................................................................... 21

  D. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................ 23

  CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ....................................................... 24 A. Object of the Study ............................................................................. 24 B. Approach of the study .......................................................................... 25 C. Method of the Study............................................................................. 26 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS .................................................................... 29 A. The Characteristic of Major Character................................................. 29

  1. Character Zarri Bano...................................................................... 29

  2. Character Habib ............................................................................. 33

  3. Character Siraj Din......................................................................... 36

  6. Character Fatima ............................................................................ 43

  7. Character Firdaus ........................................................................... 45

  8. Character Khawar .......................................................................... 46

  9. Character Sikander ......................................................................... 47

  10. Character Ruby .............................................................................. 48

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  B. The Social Condition of Pakistani Society in the 20 Century Represented by the Major Characters, Setting and Conflict............... 49

  1. Patriarchal System and Women Condition .................................... 49

  2. Marriage System ............................................................................ 55

  3. Religion and Tradition .................................................................. 57

  4. Feudalism ....................................................................................... 59

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  C. The Social Criticism toward Pakistani Society in the 20 century...... 62

  1. Patriarchal System and Women Condition .................................... 62

  2. Marriage System ............................................................................ 66

  3. Religion and Tradition ................................................................... 67

  4. Feudalism ....................................................................................... 69

  5. Pride ............................................................................................... 72

  

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ............................................................... 74

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................... 79

APPENDIX (Summary)........................................................................... 82

  

ABSTRACT

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  ATUR SEMARTINI. Social Criticism toward Pakistani Society in the 20

  

century Represented by the Major Characters in Qaisra Sharaz’ The Holy

Woman. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata

Dharma University, 2008.

  Society in novel and in reality is dissimilar since an author always puts his or her view point. Indirectly, the author presents criticism toward a certain society by employing characters in that novel. The Holy Woman is a novel by Qaisra Shahraz which narrates life of people in Sindh, Pakistan, who still adhere to feudalism and old tradition based on Islamic doctrine. This novel consists of two related plots; first, describing the life of Zari Bano as high class woman compelled to be a Holy Woman, and, second the hatred of Kaniz to Fatima affecting their children’s marriage.

  The aim of this thesis is to find out the major characters and how they

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  depict the Pakistani society in the 20 century. It is also aimed at discovering the

  th criticism toward Pakistani society in the 20 century.

  In conducting this thesis, the writer employs library research and applies sociocultural- historical approach to analyse The Holy Woman. In analysing the novel, the writer is doing some steps. First, the writer analyses the characters that

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  depict Pakistani society in the 20 century. Then, the writer compares the society in novel and in reality to discover the social criticism in the novel.

  Based on the analysis, the writer discovers that Qaisra depicts the

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  Pakistani society, especially in Sindh in the 20 century, by presenting characters

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  and social issues in the 20 century. Qaisra also presents her criticism toward society in Sindh, Pakistan. Qaisra reveals her criticism toward feudalism in Sindh which makes landlords have unquestionable power to prevent minorities to get better life and they seem to have justification to sacrifice their beloved family for

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  their greediness. She also criticises and patriarchy in Pakistan in the 20 century as an institution that shows the vulnerable side of men without women in their life. Besides, she criticises women in Pakistan as the cause of the women’s movement’s failure since women in Pakistan were still bound by tradition and role of obedient. Women do not really know the patriarchy they face. She also offers her opinion on pride of people in Pakistan. Pride of their tradition, their clan and their religion, and also of themselves, had them place people around in suffering. Marriage system and wed in Pakistan is also critised by Qaisra in this novel since marriage system and wed in Pakistan made the children seemed to be property that can be bartered to anything or to anyone.

  

ABSTRAK

th

  ATUR SEMARTINI. Social Criticism toward Pakistani Society in the 20

  

century Represented by the Major Characters in Qaisra Sharaz’ The Holy

Woman. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata

Dharma, 2008.

  Masyarakat di novel dan di kehidupan nyata tidaklah sama karena pengarang selalu menyampaikan sudut pandangnya dan secara tidak langsung, menawarkan kritiknya terhadap masyarakat tersebut. Dalam menyampaikan kritiknya, pengarang dapat menggunakan karakter yang terdapat pada novel tersebut. The Holy Woman adalah novel yang ditulis Qaisra Shahraz. Novel ini menceritakan kehidupan masyarakat di Sindu, Pakistan yang terikat pada feudalisme dan tradisi kuno berdasarkan ajaran Islam. Novel ini terdiri dari dua plot yang saling berhubungan; pertama, menggambarkan kehidupan Zarri Bano sebagai wanita dari kelas atas yang dipaksa menjadi perempuan suci; dan kedua menceritakan tentang kebencian Kaniz terhadap Fatima yang mempengaruhi pernikahan anak-anak mereka.

  Tujuan dari tesis ini adalah untuk melihat karakter di novel dan bagaimana mereka menggambarkan keadaan sosial Pakistan di novel The Holy Woman. Selain itu tesis ini bertujuan untuk menemukan kritik terhadap masyarakat di Pakistan pada abad 20.

  Dalam mengerjakan tesis ini, penulis menggunakan metode studi pustaka dan memakai pendekatan sosial- budaya untuk menganalisa novel The Holy

  

Woman . Dalam menganalisa novel tersebut penulis melakukan beberapa langkah.

  Pertama, penulis menganalisa karakter yang menggambarkan kondisi sosial Pakistan pada abad 20, kemudian penulis membandingkan keadaan sosial Pakistan di novel dan di kehidupan nyata untuk mengetahui kritik sosial di novel.

  Berdasarkan analisa, penulis menemukan bahwa Qaisra menggambarkan masyarakat, terutama di Sindu, Pakistan pada abad 20 dengan cara menampilkan karakter dan isu sosial di Pakistan pada abad 20. Qaisra juga menyampaikan kritiknya terhadap feudalisme di Sindu yang membuat para tuan tanah memiliki kekuatan yang tak dapat disangsikan untuk menghalangi orang kecil mendapatkan kehidupan lebih baik dan mereka juga seolah mendapatkan pembenaran untuk mengorbankan keluarga yang mereka cintai karena ketamakan mereka. Qaisra juga mengkritik patriarkal di Pakistan yang menunjukkan sisi lemah laki-laki hidup tanpa wanita. Selain itu Qaisra juga mengkritik wanita di Pakistan sebagai penyebab gagalnya gerakan wanita di Pakistan karena wanita masih terikat pada perannya sebagai anak. Dia juga mengemukakan opininya terhadap harga diri orang Pakistan terhadap agama, tradisi, klan dan diri sendiri yang telah menimbulkan kesengsaraan bagi orang di sekitar mereka. Qaisra juga mengkritik perjodohan dan sistem pernikahan di Pakistan. membuat anak- anak menjadi seperti benda yang dapat ditukar pada apapun atau siapapun.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background Every society in this world is diverse. Every society has its own

  characteristics, its own strengths and its own weaknesses. Societies in Europe, for examples, are different from societies in Asia. Societies in Asia itself are also dissimilar. Societies in South Asia are different from societies in East Asia. The diversity of societies could show the values, either bad or good, of a society.

  There are various ways to present a society and its values. To present a society with all its weaknesses and strengths, people may express it directly by writing a history book or an article. However, such documents, accompanied by so many data, usually make readers easily bored. As a result, readers cannot achieve the purpose of that book or that article. Furthermore, technical terms used rarely in daily life get readers to face difficulties in understanding the passage.

  Fortunately, history books and articles are not the only sources to represent a society and its criticism. There is another way to present values, as well as criticisms of a society, that is by writing a literary work. By presenting a certain society on a literary work, an author represents a society in his or her life time, and at the same time, consciously or unconsciously, he or she proposes criticisms of that society. Daily language and intrinsic elements employed on literary work offer readers not only pleasure but also knowledge about a society in a particular

  Through literature, an author tells the readers the historical issues or events of the society happened during his lifetime. Thus, it is possible for the readers of a literary work to get some understandings of particular issues in the society by reading the literature works produced during the issues took place (Abcarian and Klotz, 1998:1102).

  This opinion is in line with Aristotle, a philosopher. Aristotle, as cited by Barnet, affirmed that literature is an imitation; imitation of life, imitation of society and imitation of reality. However, he also proposed that it is not only an imitation but also a ‘re-creation’ or a ‘representation’. In other words, an author does not imitate servilely but he recreates life and society as well presents them in a literary work in a fashion in which readers can see its essence more clearly. In addition, by presenting the ‘re-creation’ of society, literature is functioning itself to offer truth, knowledge or criticism (Barnet, Berman and Burto, 1963: 3).

  Langland in her book also affirmed the similar idea about society in literature. She believed that literature is ‘concept and construct’; where an author forms a society somehow based on his or her own view point on a certain society. An author, further, selects, arranges and organizes the disparate elements of culture to present the meaning or value. In consequence of that, readers as well as audience could attain his or her purpose; offering truth, knowledge or criticism (1984: 4-5).

  Society in literature can be found in any kinds of literary works, like poem, play or novel. However, according to Rohrberger (1971:19), a novel enables readers to obtain clear and detail description of a society because of its length. The length of a novel encourages an author to depict a society noticeably using some intrinsic elements of a novel. In addition, Langland reported that one intrinsic element which can represent society clearly is character.

  ….This society may also be revealed through human relationship, through character’s patterned interactions and their common expectations of one another….How a writer uses society depends both on the relationship it has to his characters and on the overall role it plays in a developing action (Langland, 1984: 6).

  Discussing a novel, society, author and character inside that novel, The

  

Holy Woman is one suitable reference novel. The Holy Woman is a novel

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  representing Pakistani society in the 20 century. Pakistan in the 20 century was very well known for Zia’s policy called Islamization. This policy affected all socio-aspects; economy, religion, tradition and patriarchal system. Those socio- aspects worsened because of Islamization and later also resulted in women’s movements in Pakistan.

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  In the 20 century Pakistan, which got its independent in 1947, still offered feudalism as the economic system. Feudalism, which was inherited for

  

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  hundred years, was still applied in the 20 century especially because Zia, as the dictator in Pakistan, was also borne out in feudal family

  (http://www.revolutionarydemocracy. org/rdv10n1/pakistan.htm//).

  Pakistan proclaimed itself as a Moslem country; consequently, Islam became the legal law which ruled daily life, tradition and government administration. One instance of Moslem laws issued by government was Islamization which regretably did not fit Quran’s content and Islamic doctrine. In other words, the use of Islam as defence in making law worsened. Tradition in policy reinforced the practice of world separation between men and women in most daily activities like education, job opportunities and human rights.

  Moreover, some traditions in Pakistan were also made in the name of Islam in order to legalise them. Those old traditions were alive in some villages in Pakistan (Weiss, 1985: 863-878).

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  Women’s movements in the 20 century increased rapidly as the impact of patriarchy in Pakistan which was applied in all aspect of daily life, such as in

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  education, job, law protection, marriage system and human rights. Before the 20

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  century this system was venerated by this country and in the 20 century some women established women’s organisation to protect their rights as Zia issued Islamization that supported patriarchy in Pakistan. Some women activists spoke up for women rights and founded women associations. Every association had its own concern in women’s life. One famous women activist at that time was

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  Benazir Bhutto who also became Prime Minister in the 20 century and started women’s involvement in politic (Korson and Maskiell, 1985: 600- 601). Based on the description mentioned before, it can be summarised that some social institutions in Pakistan were injustice since they made some people superior and the others were inferior. There was no equality.

  Having that society, Qaisra Shahraz represents Pakistani society in a novel entitled The Holy Woman presenting so many characters. Those characters live in the society mentioned before; feudalism, patriarchy, women condition, and strict tradition in the name of religion. Though this novel ends in happiness, this depicts

  th got oppression from culture that was inherited for hundreds years but they tried to show the goodness of their society to Western people. This novel also presents some male characters that feel so superior and try to show that they are the best one. However, at last what they can acquire is only pain. Furthermore, some men are also described as the victims of society although they live in a patriarchal environment.

  Living in those difficulties, those major characters embodies values or indirectly criticisms of Pakistani society. Some critics believed that this novel is about criticism on feminism since it presents so many female characters. Nevertheless, this novel also represents some social aspects which are not only about women but also about daily life of people in Pakistan.

  Thus, in this thesis, the writer is interested in analysing the characters

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  representing social condition of Pakistani society in the 20 century and at the

  th same time presenting social criticism of Pakistani society in the 20 century.

B. Problem Formulation

  1. How are the major characters characterised in this novel?

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  2. How is social condition of Pakistani society in the 20 century represented by the major characters, setting and conflict in this novel?

  3. What are the social criticisms implied by representing the social condition in

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  Pakistani society in the 20 century?

  C. Objectives of the Study

  The objectives of this study are to find out the characters in this novel and

  th how those characters represent the social condition in Pakistan in the 20 century.

  In addition, the objective of this study is to discover the criticisms of Pakistani society by the representation of social condition.

  D. Definition of Terms

  1. Society In her book, Society in the Novel, Langland said that society is medium; comprehending not merely peoples and their classes but also their customs, conventions, beliefs and values, institutions- legal, religious and cultural, and their physical environment (1984: 6).

  2. Criticism Criticism is the reasoned discussion of literary works. Criticism concerned with revealing the author’s true motive or intention and has treated to give way to objective criticism (Baldick, 1991:48).

  Social Criticism in this thesis means judgements about the social condition of a society especially in relation with the unfair treatments toward minorities, gender and assimilation through artistic works as the intention or the motive of the author.

  3. Patriarchy Patriarchy is a system of male authority which oppresses women through patriarchal society takes, whether it is feudal, capitalist or socialist, a sex or gender system and a system of economic discrimination operate simultaneously.

  Patriarchy has power from men’s greater access to and mediation of the resources and rewards of authority structures inside and outside the home (Humm, 1995:408).

  4. Holy Woman Based on the story, the writer draws a conclusion that a Holy Woman is a

  Muslim woman who devotes her life for God, as a nun. Holy Woman is also known as Shahzadi Ibadat. A woman is to be a Holy Woman in order to inherit her family’s wealth because usually only men who can inherit family’s wealth.

  Being a Holy Woman, a woman is forbidden to get married and to have any children. She devotes her life for religion and enriches herself in religion by taking Moslem course and spreading Moslem’s doctrine. She also must wear such cloth called burqa- a long black dress which covers all parts of body except face or eyes- everyday. However she is respected and regarded as someone possessing power to give bless for people. This tradition is held in agriculture province in Pakistan, Punjab and Sindh, where landlords try to maintain their lands.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies The Holy Woman by Qaisra Shahraz is a great novel from South Asia. It

  can be noticed from its achievement. In 2002 it won Jubilee Award. Moreover, this book is published in several languages, in Indonesian language, for instance.

  In this part the writer is going to review some studies on the study that will be discussed in this thesis, either the novel, the author or the topic itself. Hence, readers are able to notice that this novel is precious to analyse.

  Social Criticism of a country is an issue often raised in undergraduate thesis especially in undergraduate thesis of Sanata Dharma University. One of them is in thesis by Fransiska Hapsari entitled Social Criticism toward Lebanese

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Society in early 20 century through characters as seen in Kahlil Gibran’s

Broken Wing . In this thesis Fransiska noted characters in that novel representing

  social condition in Lebanon in 1900s. Social conditions revealed are inequality of women, religion corruption and nationalist’s movements (Hapsari: 2004).

  Another thesis about social criticism is by Kristina Estisari, which was conducted in 2001. In her undergraduate thesis, Social Criticism of India Revealed

  

Through Characters in Arundhati Roy’s The God Of Small Things , she presented

  characters and the criticism toward society of India in 1960. In that thesis she mentioned that The God Of Small Things is criticising women position, politic

  (esp. communism), caste, economic, and religion in India as one country in South Asia (Estisari: 2006).

  Some articles also discussed The Holy Woman as the winner of Jubilee Award in 2002. Muneeza, stated that in The Holy Woman, Qaisra Shahraz describes changing realities and fighting between modernity and tradition in a feudal family. Furthermore, The Holy Woman has many vivid descriptions of palatial family, dusty villages, rural customs and westernized urban sophistication which show many beautiful and colorful and contrasting images of Pakistan. In addition, in the same web, it is said that The Holy Woman also illustrates clearly how easily women are morally blackmailed. In The Holy Woman, Qaisra also satirises social customs which were used to positioning women on a disadvantageous place and bringing out aspersions on their chastity (www.newsline.com10k/newsdec2001/book.htm/).

  As well as her novel, Qaisra Shahraz was also discussed since she wrote a great book in the beginning of her career. In writing this novel, Qaisra Shahraz, who is living in Britain, needed 3 years. When she came to Ubud, Bali, Indonesia, she said that in this novel she wanted to show how people in Pakistan did Islamic law strictly. However, in this novel she also wanted the world to see that even a woman should do what their father asked; it would take her closer to God, not to a tragedy (www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0610/10/bud02/htm/).

  Femina , a magazine in Indonesia also reported Qaisra’s visit to Ubud, Bali

  Indonesia. In this magazine Qaisra said that today the Holy Woman tradition is patriarchal system in Pakistan. Qaisra also affirmed that through this book she wanted the world to know that Islam did not play any roles in the realisation of the Holy Woman tradition. The one who should be blamed for women miseries were men and tradition in Pakistan. They seized women’s rights and freedom (Femina, 2006:25).

  Those studies verify that The Holy Woman, which was translated into several languages, presents a portrait of society in Pakistan. However, this study is different from them. This thesis will discuss the social criticism presented by characters. Since setting used in this novel is Pakistan, this thesis is going to discuss social criticism of Pakistani society. In addition, this thesis will not only present women’s life but also the religion, tradition, marriage system, feudalism and other institutions of society in Pakistan so that detail description of Pakistani society can be obtained. Furthermore, this thesis is also aimed at proving that this novel does not merely present a vivid depiction of Pakistani society but also criticism toward society in Pakistan.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory on Character

  Grenville in her book, The Writing; A Worbook for Fiction Writer, wrote that characters are people in fiction and reader can find them very life like. This theory is reinforced by Robert & Jacob who affirmed that character in literature is a representation of human being through words. that determines thought, speech and behavior (Robert and Jacob, 1987: 143). Stanton in his book wrote that character can be a representation of an individual in a story or can be a unification of inner and outer principles which shape that individual.

  Character commonly used in two ways that are it designates the individual who appear in the story; and it refers to the mixture of interest, desires, emotions and moral principles that makes up each of these individuals (Stanton, 1965:17).

  It is held up by Forster who wrote that in daily life it is difficult to understand people but in fiction it is not, if the novelist wishes, their inner as well as their outer life can be expressed (Forster, 1974:32).

  Furthermore, character in a novel can be divided into two, round character and flat character. Round character is usually acknowledged as major character that undergoes a change of some sorts, while flat character is usually minor character. Minor character is usually undistinguishable from other persons in a particular group or class (1987: 144).

  Different from Robert and Jacob, Klarer offered different term for round character or major character. In his book, Klarer presented individualistic character as another term of round character or major character. Individualistic character, based on him, denotes a persona with more complex and differentiated features.

  Boulton gave opinion which is nearly the same as Robert and Jacob on round or major character though she also offered her view in different name. as such after with such utility that it doesn’t seem absurd to ask what they might do in other situations (1975: 77).

  Stanton offered central character as the synonym of major characters. He mentioned that central character is a character that is relevant to every event in the story and the events cause some change either in him or in our attitude toward him.

  To sum up, major character, either is called as great, round, individualistic or central character, is character who is complex as human being, unpredictable and experience some changes because of some events in that novel.

2. Theory on Characterisation

  Characterisation is all the things writers do to build up the characters they want. Through characterisation, writer can transform real-life people into characters in fiction (Grenvile, 1999:36). As well as the theory of characters, there are also various theories of characterisation.

  Robert and Jacob offered several ways to characterise or make characters understandable for readers: a. What the characters themselves say and think

  What characters say or think may reflect a momentary emotional or intellectual state. However, this reflection should be considered on the situation or context of a statement.

  b. What the characters do Actions that characters have can be interpreted as signs of characters as of character can show clearly how the character looks like and how the character’s personality is.

  c. What other characters say about them As in real life where people are accustomed to gossiping others, in fiction an author also presents that situation. Other characters give their opinion of a character. Nevertheless, not all characters’ opinions can be considered as an accurate description since there are prejudices and interests distort. Therefore, readers not only should distinguish between bad and good characters but also should consider the context and source of all remarks before draw a conclusion about a character.

  d. What the author says about them Usually what the author says about characters is accepted as accurate.

  Furthermore, Murphy also offered a different view on characterisation. He offered nine ways to find out the characterisation of character and some of them are, first, personal description; the author can describe the character’s appearance and clothes. The author can describe how characters looks like; therefore, readers can get closer description of the character.

  Next are reactions. The author can also illustrate a character by showing readers how those characters react to various situations and events and how characters face an event or situation.

  Mannerism, the author can give reader clues about a character through

3. Theory on Setting

  According to Klarer, the term setting denotes the location, historical period and social surroundings in which the action of a text develops (Klarer, 1999: 25).

  Setting of the novel is the background against which the character live out their lives. The setting can be concerned with place in which the characters live and also the time in which they live. These have a great effect upon the personalities, actions and way of thinking of the character (Murphy, 1972: 141)

  There are several points to consider as far as setting is concerned: (Murphy, 1972: 143)

  a. Setting of time: i. Present time : reveal about the things that are happening around the author. ii. Past time : reveal about historical events to attempt to illuminate the past to his readers. iii. Future time : reveal about author’s imagination. iv. No specific time : like the old fairy stories, happen “once upon a time’

  b. Setting of place i. Familiar place : the setting takes a place in famous or well known place for readers. ii. Unfamiliar place : the setting takes place in fairly unfamiliar to among of the readers of his nation. iii. Imaginary Place : the setting takes a place in an entirely imaginary place c. Setting of society : In her book, Society in Novel , Langland said that society is medium; comprehending not merely peoples and their classes but also their customs, conventions, beliefs and values, their institutions- legal, religious and cultural, and their physical environment. (Langland, 1984: 6)

4. Theory on Conflict

  Each person has different view point, ideology, need, belief, desire and thought. Those differences prove that everyone in this world is different. Those differences, further, can create conflicts between individuals. Most people do not want to get involved in conflicts and sometimes prefer to avoid conflicts.

  Nevertheless, none could escape from conflicts (Beaty and Hunter, 1989: 778).

  Pooley asseerted that conflict can be defined as an argument between opposing forces, like man against man, man against nature, man against fate or an internal one between the two opposing parts of man’s personality (1968: 9). Redman divides conflict into 2 kinds:

  a. The inner conflict : a struggle between the heart and mind of the protagonist and the conflict between oneself

  b. The external conflict : a struggle between the protagonist and an outside force, for example conflict between two or more people.

  Further Redman also suggests the way to find out the conflict is by signing the problems in the story including the characters’ attitude toward the problems. In this way, the conflicts between the characters will be clearly identified and then the end of conflict can be obtained (1964: 363).

5. Theory of Relation among Literature, Society, Author and Criticism.

  Discussing literature as a literary work cannot be separated from discussing society, consequently, many scholars showed the relationship among the society, literature and indirectly the author; the creator of literature who lives in that society. Writers who mentioned this relationship were Abcarian and Klotz.

  Historically, a group of people bound together by kinship and geography will form a society that exhibits a culture common language, behavioral rules, traditions, skills, mores, religion and art that desire the civilization of that group. Literary works, including folklore and myth, are inseparable from the particular human society from which they emerge (Abcarian, et.al, 1998: 665). Furthermore, in their book, Wellek & Warren added that literature, as a social creation, usually has a conexion with particular social institutions. In this way, the conexion may represent live in reality.

  Literature is a social institution using medium language which represents ‘life’ and ‘life’ is a social reality even though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary imitation (1956: 94).

  Nevertheless, literature is not merely a reflection or an imitation of society or social process because in creating a literary work, an author, whom Wellek and Warren called as poet/ artist, indirectly would put his or her view point, ideological or opinion about society in his or her life time. By knowing author’s aim in presenting society affected by his or her view point, readers as well as audience could achieve the values of a literary work.

  But such studies seem of little value as long as they take it for granted that literature is simply a mirror of life, a reproduction and thus obviously a social document. Such studies make sense only if we know the artistic method of the novelist studied, and can say- not merely in general terms but concretely- in what relation to picture stands to the social reality. Is it realistic by intention? Or is it, at certain points, satire, caricature, or romantic idealization? (1956: 104).

  An author may write a society he or she knows fully, a society he or she recognizes superficially or a society he or she knows hearsay. He may imply social criticism by his depiction of a society without writing a clear protest novel (1971: 127- 129).

  Those theories imply that readers have to look at society represented in the novel and society in reality, and how differ society represented in the novel from society in reality, in order to find out an author’s motive and criticism toward a society. Those differences could show up the ideology, the view and at the same time the criticism of author toward that society. In short, readers may compare the society in reality and in the novel to find out the author’s criticism.

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C. Review of Pakistani Society in 20 Century

1. Patriarchal System and Women’s Condition

  Patriarchal system resulted in women discrimination. Women discrimination or women inferiority in Pakistan was appeared in the obstacles of getting higher education, position in job or politic; honor killings and poor living standards. Furthermore, women were judged not only to be subordinate to men but also inferior to women in West (Robinson, 1989: 374). Women media of Islam. Moreover, it was also the symbol of unchallenged patriarchal systems reported by religious fanaticism.

  Men superiority in Pakistan also appeared in some traditions applied in Pakistan. In Pakistan, women, based on law, were victims of inhuman traditions like Karo- Kari, Haddod Ordinance, Qasas and marriage to the Holy Quran or to be a Holy Woman. This Holy Woman tradition was common in Sindh. Under this law, a woman had to live without a husband all over her life to look after the land of her family. However, this tradition was only applied among the class of landlords (www.marxist.com/Asia/women-in Pakistan).

  Furthermore, superiority of men also appeared in perception that men’s honor resided in the actions of the women of their families. In other words, women preserved her family’s izzat (honor). To maintain their family’s izzat, women were being limited in the daily life, for examples in clothing cares, in relationship building, in attitude, places restrictions and women’s mobility

  

(www.mongabay.com/reference/ country-studies/pakistan/ society). The most

  obvious restriction on women’s daily life was what called Purdah- the separation world between men and women. However, this system was only applied among wealthier classes. Poorer classes’ women had to work outdoor and had no chance to have mobility. That got them to have contact with men. Indirectly they broke this norm (Weiss, 1985: 867).

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