Integration of Islam and Pendhalungan Cultural Values as an Umbrella Attitude Religious Tolerance

  ADDIN, Volume 12, Number 2, Agustus 2018 IntegratIon of Islam and Pendhalungan Cultural

Values as a relIgIous toleranCe

attItude Ilfiana Firzaq Arifin

Graduate History Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta

ilfianafirzaq@gmail.com Akhmad Arif Musaddad

Graduate History Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta

arif_mussadad_fkip@yahoo.co.id Sudiyanto

Graduate History Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta

soeddie.fkipuns@gmail.com Abstract Diversity is the initial trigger of changing attitudes among individuals.

  The attitude change can be negative or positive, depending on each individual whether to menfilter anything that indicates the creation of a change of attitude towards a positive or negative. Writing this article aims to provide an overview of male and female students of SMK Plus Nurul Ulum were able to create a positive change in attitude towards the tolerance with teachings based on Islamic religious and cultural values Pendhalungan. The method used in this study is a qualitative method that is by conducting indepth interviews with some ₃₆₃ Ilfianaa irzaqa rifinankk 364 of the parties in the relevant schools. Then the data were also obtained from journals and literature support.

  

Keywords: Attitudes of Tolerance, The Teachings of The Islamic Religion,

Cultural Values Pendhalungan.

  Abstrak Keanekaragaman adalah pemicu awal dari perubahan sikap di antara individu. Perubahan sikap bisa negatif atau positif, tergantung pada setiap individu apakah akan menfilter apa pun yang menunjukkan penciptaan perubahan sikap terhadap positif atau negatif. Penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran siswa pria dan wanita SMK Plus Nurul Ulum yang mampu menciptakan perubahan positif dalam sikapnya terhadap toleransi dengan ajaran berdasarkan nilai-nilai agama Islam dan budaya Pendhalungan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif yaitu dengan melakukan wawancara mendalam dengan beberapa pihak di sekolah yang bersangkutan. Kemudian data juga diperoleh dari jurnal dan dukungan literatur.

  

Kata Kunci: Sikap Toleransi, Ajaran Agama Islam, Nilai-nilai Budaya

Pendhalungan.

  Introduction ^a.

  Indonesiana societya hasa felta thea changesa ina variousa aspectsaof acommunityalife,abothainaattitude,aspeech,abehaviora and so on ¹

  .aniversityaisaasaaakeyatriggerainachangingapeople’sa attitudes.aIndonesiaaisaaauniqueanationastateaisacharacterizeda bya itsa diversitya asa diversitya of a ethnicity,a language,a culture,a religionaandasoaon.a romathisauniquenessashouldabeausedaasaaa strengthaforaouranationatoacreateaaamoreahumaneaattitude. _{1 Sairin, Sjafri, Perubahan Sosial Masyarakat Indonesia: Perspektif Antropologi} (Yogyakarta:aPustakaaPelajar,a2002).

  Integrationaof aIslamaandaPendhalunganaCultural... ₂

  sa ita hasa beena explaineda bya Hermawan a thata thea changesaappearainatheaaspectaof asocialalifeacanaoccurabecausea of atheadiversityathatamiscommunicationabetweenaindividualsa ora groupsa ina understandinga thea eventsa thata occurreda ina otheraaregions.a

  Thea diversitya of a thea communitya hasa thea potentiala toa givea birtha toa thea segmentationa of a thea group,a itsa structurea isa divided,a weaka consensus,a oftena conflicting,a forceda integration,aandatheiradominanceaof atheagroup,aresultingaina aalackaof aspaceaforapublicalifeathatahasaimplicationsaforasociala changeapeople’salives.aThisaindicatesathatatheacommunityaisa lessareceptiveaandaawareaof atheadiversityathataisapresentainathea midstaof atheiralives.aImpactagenerateachangeatheaattitudeaof a intoleranceatowardaothers.

  Jembera communitya cana bea regardeda asa aa diversea communitya thata isa multiculturala societya anda multi-ethnic,a evidenceda bya thea originsa of a thea peoplea whoa werea borna fromaancestorsaof adifferentaculturesaandaethnicities,anamelya Java,a Madura,a Chinese,a rabica anda Osing.a Multiculturala anda multi-ethnica basisa isa thea backgrounda of a thea creationa of a communitya Jembera createa aa newa culturea thata isa culturea Pendhalungana whicha isa composeda of a diversea culturesa anda ethnicacommunitiesaframingaJember.

  Jembera contemporarya societya first,a rateda asa aa societya thata isa toleranta of a diversitya whethera it’sa toa race,a ethnicity,a religion,araceaandasoaon.aButatheseadaysatheapublicaimageaof a Jembera formerlya knowna asa friendlya societies,a mutuala love,a mutuala tolerance,a politea anda civilizeda gooda layera of a folka andapoliticalaeliteahadaalmostaceasedatoaexist.aThisaisamosta ₂ WawanaHernawan,a“SocialaPrejudiceaInaReligiousaPluralitya taCiguguranistricta

  

Regencyaof aKuninganaWestaJava,”aJournal of Social Sciences and Humanitiesa19,ano.a1a(2017),a

77–85. ₃₆₅

  Ilfianaa irzaqa rifinankk

  likelyadueatoatheaprocessaof atransformationafromatraditionala towardsamodernalifeaoracommonlyacalledamodernization.

  Basically,atheanotionaof amodernizationaincludesaaatotala transformationaof aco-existenceaof atraditionalaorapre-moderna ina termsa of a technologya anda sociala organizationa towardsa patternsaofaeconomicaandapoliticalabecameatheamainafeatureaof a westernacountriesaareastable.aModernizationaisaaaformaofasociala change.aUsuallyaaapurposefulasocialachange,awhichaisabasedaona ₃ aaplanningamethodacalledasocialaplanning.aRogers ainterpreta modernizationaisaaaprocessabyawhichaindividualsacanachangea theatraditionalawayaof alifeatoalifestylesathataareamoreacomplexa ₄ andaadvanced,aandarapidlyachanging.aEisenstadtd pointaabouta modernization.a Hea saida thata modernizationa isa aa jointa co- pacedaworldaof amodernaalthoughadisruptatheaunityathatahada beena embeddeda fora lifea ina modernity.a Modernizationa isa aa problema thata musta bea faceda bya thea communitya concerneda becauseatheaprocessaincludesaareasaof averyabroad,ainvolvesa aa processa of a disorganization,a sociala problems,a conflictsa betweenagroups,atheabarriersatoachangeaandasoaon.aUsuallya termamodernizationaof asocialamobility,ameansaaaprocessaof a socio-economicaelementsaandapsychologicalastartingatoashowa opportunitiesatowardsanewapatternsathroughasocializationaanda behaviorapatterns.aManifestationsaareaaspectsaof amodernalifea suchaasaurbanization,amechanization,aRegularamassamediaaanda soaon.aWhileatheasocialaaspectsasturkturalasocialaorganizationa isa defineda asa thea elementsa anda societala normsa area realizeda whena humansa makea contacta witha eacha othera ina sociala life.a Thesea structurala changesa maya involvea sociala institutions,a societalanorms,asocialastrata,arelationshipsaandasoaon.a roma ₃ EverettaMaRogers,aModernization Among Peasants: The Impact of Communication (NewaYork:aHolt,aRinehart,aandaWinston,a1976). ₄ S.NaEisenstadtd,aModernization: Protest and Changea(englewoodacliffs:aprentice- ₃₆₆ hall,a1966).

  Integrationaof aIslamaandaPendhalunganaCultural...

  sucha understandinga cana bea concludedathata theareala mana isa theacreatureawhoaalwaysawantatoachangeathemselves.aChangesa inahumanabeingsausuallyafollowatheapatternaof atheaprevailinga circumstancesainawhichahealived.aButawithathisamodernization,a humanabeingsacanachooseatheapathafromaanywhereaandadoa anythingaforahimatoabeaandareferredatoaasaaamodernahuman.a Thisameansathatatheaactualamodernizationainvitesapeopleatoa buildaaanegativeaattitude.aSupposedlyawithamodernizationacana bringapeopleatoabuildaaamoreapositiveaattitudeaandahaveaaaverya greatauseavalueaforaitsasurvivalaperiodatoatheanext. longawithait,athearealamodernizationainvitesapeopleatoa builda anothera sidea of a hisa charactera ina aa positivea direction,a turnsa outa toa havea negativea impactsa asa wella whicha isa quitea unusualaforatheacommunityaandaamongastudentsainaJember.a Variousakindsaof aviolenceaandasocialaconflictathataledatoathea birthaof anewamovementsathatacarryatheanameaof areligionaasaaa backdropaandaaabaseainatheaactaalmostaentirelyainaJember. ₅ Beritajatim.com proclaimatheirareportatoatheaGPa nsora statingathatathereaisaaagroupaof aIslamic-basedareligiousasectsa preachatoablameatheareligiousaritualsaof asocietya(suchaasatahlil)a inaGladakaPakemasubdistrictaSumbersariaandaSweetaLand,aasa wellaasaSiloaSubdistrictaJember.aTheyaassumeathataTahlilaana unlawfulaactivityaandaheresyainaIslam,asoaitacananotabeadone.a ₆ Thenalaunchaalsoaof adailykompas.com notesathatathereaarea fivea religiousa conflictsa thata occura ina Jember.a urthermore,a ina thea newsa Halim,a whoa servesa asa chairmana of a thea MUIa Jemberamentionathatatheafiveaconflictakeagaamanaappearinga inaJemberawhichacomesafromaideologysatoaemergingalatelyaina JemberasuchaasaideologyaQodriyatulaQosimiyah,aIndonesiana ₅ Beritajatim.com,a “Waspadaia nakwaha Intoleran,a MUIa Jembera Segeraa Temuia GPa nsor,”a2018. ₆ Kompas.com,a “MUI:a 2013,a Limaa Konflika Keagamaana Terjadia nia Jember,”a 2013.

  Ilfianaa irzaqa rifinankk

  Islamica Propagationa Institutea (LnII),a thea ideologya of a boardinga Rabbani,a thea ideologya of a thea Collegea nirosaha Islamiyaha (STnI)a Imama Shafi’i,a anda conflicta ina thea villagea Syia’ahaPugeraPugeraKulonasubdistrict.aOtherareligious-baseda intoleranceacasesathatahaveaoccurredainaJemberathataclashesa ₇ betweenaSunniavsaShiaaasainatheareportsaof aVO -Islam.com reporteda thata havea beena clashesa betweena religiousa sectsa ina theavillageaof aJemberanamelyaPugeraKulonanistrictaof aPugera betweenatheaideologyaof aSunniavsaSyi’ahaIslamathatacausesa oneapersonaafatalities.a

  Religiousanuancesarelatedasocialaconflictsathataoccuraina variousaareas,aincludingathatacausedabyareligionainapublicalifeaisa aasensitiveamatter,asoathatathroughatheareligiousasentimentsaof a aapersonaoragroupaof apeopleapsychologicallyaeasilyamobilizeda ₈ andautilizedabyagroupsainaconflictaforasupport.aBruinessen saidathatatheasectarianaviolenceainaIndonesiaaisaoneaof athea seriousa problemsa anda becomea aa newa phenomenona thata isa mostastrikingainatheacurrentapoliticsainaIndonesia.aWhileathea mainacausesaof aconflictainageneralatheanon-religious,apolitical,a

  Rampanta casesa of a intolerancea betweena religionsa beinga spreada Jembera communitya latelya aa horizontala casesa whichaareasometimesadifficultatoaresolve.aTheadifficultyaof a disputearesolutionahorizontalareligionaamongatheapeopleacana beatriggeredafromatheasturdyastanceaheldabyathearespectivea religionsaandadenominations.aSoathat’sawhereatheirabaseaana argumenta toa bea stronga anda difficulta conflicta toa bea muted.a Thereaareagovernmentaeffortsatoaovercomeait,asayatheyafieldeda religiousaexperts,apolice,aandatheaholdersaof apoweraasaaathirda partyainaresolvingainter-religiousaconflictainaJember. ₇ VO -Islam.com,a“HabibaZeina lkaf:aBentrokaniaJemberaadalahaKonflikaSunnia vsaSyi’ah,”a2013. ₈ MartinavanaBruinessen,a“Genealogiesaof aIslamicaRadicalismainaPost-Suhartoa Indonesia,”aSouth East Asia Researcha10,ano.a2a(2002),a117–54.

  Integrationaof aIslamaandaPendhalunganaCultural...

  Thea risea of a thea currenta casea illustratesa thata peoplea ina Jembera alreadya havea aa stronga faitha ina religiona anda doesa notahaveaaasocialavalueathatatertananamainaparticularaculturea of a tolerancea towardsa others.a Soa thea relationshipsa betweena peopleaareanotaasabeautifulaasatheafirst.aShealackedatoleranceaina theaheartsaofaeveryasocietyaisaheterogeneous,acausingaconcerna isahighaenoughatoaseeatheseachangesaleadatoachangesainathea valuesaaaof alifeathataareacontraryatoatheavaluesaaaof areligionaanda cultureaofatheanobleanation.aTheavaluesaaacontainedainatheanoblea nationaof areligionaandacultureaisaanaimportantafoundationaina socialalifeaandareligion.aBesidesareligiousaandaculturalavaluesaaa ofatheanobleanationaisaaastrongaidentityatoaintroduceaourselvesa toatheaoutsideaworld,

  Islamicareligiousaandaculturalavalues,aespeciallyatheanoblea nationaPendhalunganaembeddedacultureaandainvestedabyathea predecessoraareahighlyaeffectiveainaaffectingatheajointsaof athea socialacommunityainaJember.aIf apeopleaJemberarealizingait,a theyashouldahaveastrengthenedatheafaithaandaconfidenceaina theavaluesaaaof aculturalaandapracticedainarealalifeainaorderatoa anda tragediesa of a thea humana rightsa violations,a especiallya ina trustaareligious.

  Toa avoida thea spreada of a thea virusa of a intolerancea thata wasa infectinga peoplea Jembera lately,a studentsa anda studentsa of aSMKaPlusaNurulaUlumaorphanageaalwaysaapplyawhataisa taughta ina theira religiousa anda culturala valuesa aaPendhalungana toa dailya activitiesa ina school,a sucha asa mutuala aid,a tolerance,a solidarity,asocialacare,acareaforatheaenvironmentaandasoaon.a Thisa isa becausea theya realizea thata theya area studentsa cominga froma differenta culturala backgrounds,a althougha theya area aa religionaandaisacurrentlyainatheasameapotathataisaSMKaPlusa NurulaUlum.aInaaddition,atheabackgroundaof atheacreationaof a toleranceainatheaschoolathataisatheadesireatoacreateaharmonya Ilfianaa irzaqa rifinankk

  andaharmonyainatheabodyaofaaaschoolathataisabeingaparticularlya ona thea desirea of a eacha schoola community,a maupauna widera community.a Harmonya schoola communitya isa intendeda asa aasituationawhereatheainstitutionsaarealocatedatoatheaschoola asa principala institutionsa actuallya functiona anda complementa eacha other.a Soa thata ina sucha circumstancesa thea individuala psychologicallya willa feela thea tranquilitya ina thea absencea of a oppositionainatheanormsaandavalues.

  Plusa SMKa Nurula Uluma isa baseda boardinga school,a locatedainaoneaof atheavillagesainatheadistrictaof aJemberaPanti.a lthougha thea basisa of a Islamica boardinga schoolsa attacheda toahim,athereaisanoadoubtatheyadoanotacareaaboutatheaothera peopleaof atheasameareligionabutahaveadifferentaideology,aasa wellaasatoaothersaof adifferentadenominationsafromahisabase.a Hasamanyaactivitiesaundertakenatoaimplementatheaattitudeaof a religiousatoleranceathroughaactivitiesaof asocial,areligiousaanda soaon.aItamakesaSMKaPlusaNurulaUlumaasaaaschoolathataisa ableatoabuildaaafortressastrongareligiousatoleranceaattitudeatoa avoidatransmissionaof atheavirusathatawasaendemicareligiousa

  Theapurposeaof awritingathisaarticleaisatoadescribeathea attitudea of a religiousa tolerancea of a studentsa of a SMKa Plusa NurulaUlumabasedaonatheateachingsaofaIslamaandatheaculturala valuesaaaPendhalunganaJember.aThisaisaaaproof athatatolerancea isa indispensable,a especiallya ina respecta of a aa differencea ina theaheterogeneityaof atheapotasoathatathereawillabeanoamorea divisionsa anda variousa conflictsa thata arisea asa aa resulta of a theiraadifferences.

  ThisaresearchawasaconductedaataSMKaPlusaNurulaUluma Panti,aJember.aThisaschoolaisabasedaboardingaschool,alocatedaina oneaof atheavillagesainatheadistrictaof aJemberaPanti.aThisastudya usesa aa qualitativea methoda bya digginga thea orala informationa relatedatoathearesearchatopicaasamuchaasapossible.aInformantsa

  Integrationaof aIslamaandaPendhalunganaCultural...

  wereausedainathisastudyaisafromatheaschoolaSMKaPlusaNurula Uluma iea principals,a teachers,a anda studentsa involved.a nataa wereacollectedabyainterview,aobservationaandadocumentation.a Ina addition,a dataa werea alsoa obtaineda froma thea literaturea aa _B. widearangeaof ajournalsaandabooksasupportingaliterature. _1. Discussion

Historical Background of Students At SMK Plus

  Nurul Ulum

  PlusaSMKaNurulaUlumaisaaaschoolalocatedainaoneaofathea villageainatheadistrictaof aPanti,aJember.aThisaschoolaisabaseda boardingaschoolaofaIslamathatastoodafroma2007auntilanow.aThisa schoolaisaaaprivateavocationalaschoolsathataprovideavocationala dressmaking.a Whicha isa owneda bya thea schoola studentsa area studentsawhoacomeafromatheaenvironmentaaroundatheaschoola inatheavillageaof aPantiasubdistrictaKemungsariloraandafroma remoteavillagesa rgopuroaslopeaof atheamountainalikeanusuna KarangaPakel,aBadeananesa,anesaaPakis,aHamletaBerekaSabe,a WidodarenaHamlet,aandaHamletaLaokaSongai.

  Thea incorporationa of a studentsa intoa thea vocationala PlusaNurulaUlumafromavariousaregions,aleadatoatheacreationa of a heterogeneousa multiculturala students,a becausea ina eacha regionaholdsatheatribala/aethnicaitself.aExamplesaHamletaLaoka SabeadonateaMadureseastudents,aandastudentsawhoadonateda Kemuningsariloravillageaof aJavaneseaethnicity.aEthnica/atribala decorateaSMKaNurulaUlumaPlusaisatheamajorityaof aJavaaanda Madura,aalthoughathereaareasomeasmallaethnica rabsawhicha onlyaaccountsafora`35%aonly. nifferencesa ina thea historicala backgrounda of a ethnica /a tribalacoloringavocationalastudentsaPlusaNurulaUlum,adoesanota influenceatheadifferencesainareligion.aTheyastillaremainainathea belief athatatheareligionaof aIslam.aHowever,adifferencesainathea historicalabackgroundaof atribala/aethnicacauseadifferencesatoa Ilfianaa irzaqa rifinankk

  understandatheaideologyaof atheaIslamicareligionatheyabelievea inalikeaMuhammadiyah,aNahdlatulaUlama,aandaYahuka(Jehuka ₉ inaMadurese).aRohman asaidathataeveryareligiousasectsainaIslama carryaandagiveabirthatoatheaideologyaof aitsaownabutastillatakea shelteraandabreathaof aIslam.aInaaccordanceawithathisaopinion,a itaisainaIslamainnumerableastreamsawhichaappearainaeachaof a theseastreamsacarryaaaveryagoodaunderstandingatoabeataughta toahisafollowers.aTheafollowingawillaexplainaaafewaunderstooda theareligiousastreamsacarriedabyaeachamaleaandafemaleastudentsa inavocationalaPlusaNurulaUlumaPanti,aaJember:

a. Nahdlatul Ulama

  Nahdlatula Ulamaa (NU)a isa anideologya ina thea understandinga of a Islama wasa borna ina aa traditionala Islamica boardingaschools,abroughtabyaKH.a bdulaWahabaHasbullaha ₁₀ anda KH.a Hasyima shari .a Nahdalatula Clerica isa onea of a ₁₁ thea oldesta Islamica organizationa ina Indonesia .a NUa isa thea largestaIslamicaorganizationaof atwoaIslamicaorganizationsaina ₁₂ Indonesia,anamelyaMuhammadiyah .

  NUawasafoundedaina1926aasaanaassociationaof ascholarsa in Indonesia .a Morea profounda Nakamuraa explaineda thata sincea almosta half a aa centurya of a thea foundinga of a thisa organizationa Nahdlatula Ulama,a NUa wasa transformeda intoa thea largesta Islamica religiousa organizationa of a thisa naturea ₉

  bdula Rohman,a “Persepsia Kelompoka Syahadataina Terhadapa Nilai-nilaia ToleransianiaKabupatenaBanyumas,”aJurnal AnalisaaXVIII,ano.a2a(2011),a273–83. ₁₀ aisalaIsmail,a“TheaNahdlatulaUlamaaItsaEarlyaHistorya ndaContributionaToa

TheaEstablishmentaof aIndonesianaState,”aJournal of Indonesian Islama05,ano.a02a(2011),a

248–82. _{11 South East Asian Studies}

_{Indonesia :a aPersonala ccountaof athea26thaNationalaCongress,aJunea1979,aSemarang,”a}

MitsuoaNakamura,a“TheaRadicalaTraditionalismaof atheaNahdlatulaUlamaaina ₁₂ a19,ano.a2a(1981),a187–204. _{in Indonesia} RobbinaBush,aNahdlatul Ulama and The Struggle for Power Within Islam and Politics ₁₃ a(Singapore:aISE SaPublishing,a2009).

  Nakamura,a“TheaRadicalaTraditionalismaofatheaNahdlatulaUlamaainaIndonesia :a aPersonala ccountaof athea26thaNationalaCongress,aJunea1979,aSemarang.”

  Integrationaof aIslamaandaPendhalunganaCultural...

  evenathoughatheaorganizationaisanotaaagovernmentalaoranon- governmentalaaorganizations.

  NUa adoptsa hla waljama’ah,a whicha isa aa mindseta thata takesa aa middlea waya betweena toa extremea aqlia (rationalist)a withatheaextremeanaqlia(skepturalis).aBecauseatheasourcesaof a Islamica lawa fora NUa nota onlya thea Qur’ana anda Sunnah,a buta alsoauseatheaintellectacoupledawithaempiricalareality.aHowatoa thinkalikeathatareferredafromaearlierathinkersasuchaasa bua l- Hasana l- sh’ariaanda buaMansura laMaturidiainatheology/ monotheismaofaGodhead.aThenainatheafieldaofajurisprudencea morea likelya toa followa thea Shafi’ia schoola of a priestsa anda recognizeatheaotherathreeaschoolsaof atheaHanbaliaschoolaof a priests,a imamsa anda priestsa Hanafia Maliki.a sa illustrateda ina theaNUa4-staraemblemabelow.aWhileainatheafieldaof aSufisma developedamethodsaof a l-GhazaliaandaSheikha l-Baghdadia JuneidaintegratingabetweenaSufismaLaw.

  Thea ideaa of a aareturninga toa Khittaha ina 1984a wasa ana importanta momentuma toa reinterpreta thea teachingsa of a hlussunnaha Wala Jama’aha ( SW J )a anda redefineda thea methodsaof athought,abothainatheafieldaof ajurisprudenceaanda social.aNUaasawellaasaredefinedathearelationshipawithatheastate.a Theamovementasucceededaagainaarousedathinkingaandasociala dynamicsawithinaNU.

  NUahasaalwaysaparticipatedaactivelyainatheaprocessaof a humanaconstructivist,awitharootsainatheateachingsaTawasuth,a Tasamuh,a tawazuna anda enjoininga gooda anda forbiddinga ₁₄ wrong . Understandingatheaideologyaof aNahdlatulaUlamaaisa thea ideologya thata hasa aa lota of a followers.a KH.a Hasyima hasa statedathatatheanumberaof afollowersaof aNUainaIndonesiaaasa ₁₄ MohaBahrudin,a“PeranaUlamaaNahdlatulaUlamaanalamaMenyiarkanaPahama KeagamaanaModerataniaProvinsiaLampung,”aJurnal Analisisa17,ano.a1a(2017),a43–64. Ilfianaa irzaqa rifinankk

  manyaasa60amillionapeopleabutaGusanuraestimatedathatamorea ₁₅ thatamoreathana50%aof aIndonesiaaisaNahdliyin .

  SMKa Plusa Uluma asa mucha asa 60%a of a studentsa of a classesa X-XIIa understanda thea ideologya of a thea Nahdlatula Ulamaa(NU),asoaitacanabeaconcludedathatathisaideologyaisathea ideologyathatadominatesaamongamaleaandafemaleastudentsaof a SMKaPlusaNurulaUlum.aHowever,aitadoesanotameanaNUaasa ideasaideologyamostadominatingareligionainatheaschool,anotaaa lotaof aboysaandagirlsawhoaadoptsaotherareligiousastream,abuta theyaalsoaadoptsaanotherastreamatheyathinkaisacorrect. _b.

  Muhammadiyah

  Muhammadiyaha isa nota knowna asa ana ideology,a buta aa movementa thata ata firsta glancea looksa likea aa doctrinairea movement,a buta alsoa ata firsta glancea looksa likea aa systematica theologicalamovementathatausesatheaQur’anaandaSunnahaasa ₁₆ theabasisaof aanaemphasisaonatheamoralaandaethicalaaspects .a

  Muhammadiyahaisaoneaof atheaIslamicareformamovementaina Indonesiaathatabeganaatatheabeginningaof athea20thacentury,a whereaatatheatime,awasaaaperiodainatheaMiddleaEastaexperienceda changesabroughtasuchafigures:aIbnaTaymiyyah,aMuhammada ibna bdulaWahab,aJamaludina la fghani,aMuhammada bduha anda Muhammada Rasyida Ridho.a Muhammadiyaha wasa borna ona18aNovembera1912atoacoincideaMiladiyahaonathea8thaof a nhuaal-Hijjaha1330a HafoundedabyaKHa hmadanahlanaina Yogyakarta.aUnlikeaMuhammadiyahaorganizationaNahdlatula Ulamaawhichaisaaatraditionalaorganization.aMuhammadiyaha organizationaisaaamodernaorganization,areformistaandaupdates.a Ita cana bea symbolizeda thata Muhammadiyaha ideologya isa thea ₁₅ MohamadaSobary,aNU dan Keindonesiaana(Jakarta:aGramediaaPustakaaUtama,a 2010). ₁₆ MutohharunaJinan,a“MuhammadiyahaStudies:aTransformasiaKajianaTentanga

GerakanaIslamadiaIndonesia,”aAnalisa Journal of Social Science and Religiona22,ano.a02a(2015),a

  269–80.

  Integrationaof aIslamaandaPendhalunganaCultural...

  ideologyathataisafanaticalainaaccordanceawithatheaopinionaof a theaRafflesaaboutaIslamareligionaofafanatics.a However,aMuhammadiyahaisaaalargeaIslamicaorganizationa intoatwoaafteratheaNahdlatulaUlama.aTheaorganization’sanamea isa takena froma thea namea of a thea Propheta Muhammad,a soa Muhammadiyahaalsoamayabeaknownaasapeopleawhoabecomea followersaof atheaProphetaMuhammad.aMuhammadiyahamaina objectivea isa toa returna alla irregularitiesa thata occurreda ina thea processaof apropaganda.aTheseadeviationsaoftenaleadatoathea teachingsaof aIslamamixed-mixedablendainawithatheahabitsaof a certainaareasaforareasonsaof aadaptation.

  Muhammadiyahamovementacharacterizedabyatheaspirita of abuildingatheasocialaorderaandapublicaeducationaareamorea advancedaandaeducated.aShowingaIslamaisanotajustaaareligiona isa privatea anda static,a buta dynamica anda servesa asa aa systema of a humana lifea ina alla itsa aspects.a Ina manya Muhammadiyaha formationareflectsatheacommandsaof atheaQur’anaamongathea letteraofa liaImranaversea104.aItaexplainsathataMuhammadiyaha containsacuesaforamovementaof apeopleainaanaorganizedawaya toaexplainaIslamicapropaganda,atheapeopleawhoamove,awhicha alsoacontainsaanaaffirmationaofalifeaberoganisasi.aThenainaitema 6aPreambleatoatheaarticlesaof aassociationaof aMuhammadiyaha readsa“charity-launchaeffortsaandastruggleawithaorganizationala orderawhichaimpliesatheaimportanceaof atheaorganizationaasaaa necessaryatoolamovement.

  MuhammadiyahaunderstoodainaSMKaPlusaNurulaUluma consideredaaafanaticatoaunderstand,abecauseaof atheateachinga thata isa ina contrasta toa thea teachingsa understanda proficiencya levelaof aunderstandingaof atheaNahdlatulaUlamaaandaYahuk.a If a thea viewa of a studentsa coursea ina vocationala Plusa Nurula Ulumaalreadyaapparentathatatheaideologyaisaaaideologyafanatica Muhammadiyaha whicha cana bea seena ina termsa of a studenta performanceaandasiswinyaathatalookadifferentafromaboysaanda Ilfianaa irzaqa rifinankk

  girlsawhoacomeafromaotherastreamsasuchaasaNUaandaYahuk.a Inatermsaof aappearance,aespeciallyatheastudentsaof aSMKaPlusa NurulaUlumawhoaadoptsaMuhammadiyahaseenamoreareligiousa area characterizeda bya longa loosea clothinga anda if a youra bossa almostatoahalf athealengthaof atheathigh,athenaaaskirtathataisaina useahasaaawidthasize.aOtherathanathat,aheadscarf atheyauseaalsoa hasaitsaownacharacteristicsausuallyameasuringatheawidthaanda thicknessaofatheafabricasoathatatheanakednessaofahairadoesanota lookatransparentafromatheaoutside.a partafromatheaappearancea ofaoneamoreathingathataisaevidentainamaleaandafemaleastudentsa whoaadoptsa/aideologyaMuhammadiyahanamelyainatermsaof a religion.a roma interviewsa witha onea of a thea studentsa Saxona Muhammadiyah,a hea saida thata thea teachingsa of a religiona ina contrasta toa thea teachingsa of a Muhammadiyaha ideologya of a NUa anda Yahuka ideology.a ora example,a whena somebodya dies.a orasevenadaysaandasevenanightsaif aaastreamaof ascholarsa everyadayaNahdalatuladoatahlilanableakaeventsainaorderatoapraya foratheadead,abutatheaideologyaof aMuhammadiyahaitaisanota necessary.a parta froma thea appearancea of a onea morea thinga thata isa evidenta ina malea anda femalea studentsa whoa adopts/ ideologyaMuhammadiyahanamelyainatermsaof areligion.a roma interviewsawithaoneaof atheastudentsaSaxonaMuhammadiyah,a hea saida thata thea teachingsa of a religiona ina contrasta toa thea teachingsa of a Muhammadiyaha ideologya of a NUa anda Yahuka ideology.a oraexample,awhenasomebodyadies.a orasevenadaysa andasevenanightsaif aaastreamaof ascholarsaeveryadayaNahdlatula doatahlilanableakaeventsainaorderatoaprayaforatheadead,abutathea ideologyaof aMuhammadiyahaitaisanotanecessary.a partafroma thea appearancea of a onea morea thinga thata isa evidenta ina malea andafemaleastudentsawhoaadopts/ideologyaMuhammadiyaha namelyainatermsaofareligion.a romainterviewsawithaoneaofathea studentsaSaxonaMuhammadiyah,aheasaidathatatheateachingsa of areligionainacontrastatoatheateachingsaof aMuhammadiyaha

  Integrationaof aIslamaandaPendhalunganaCultural...

  ideologya of a NUa anda Yahuka ideology.a ora example,a whena somebodyadies.a orasevenadaysaandasevenanightsaifaaastreamaof a scholarsaeveryadayaNahdalatuladoatahlilanableakaeventsainaordera toa praya fora thea dead,a buta thea ideologya of a Muhammadiyaha itaisanotanecessary.a oraexample,awhenasomebodyadies.a ora sevenadaysaandasevenanightsaif aaastreamaof ascholarsaeveryadaya Nahdalatuladoatahlilanableakaeventsainaorderatoaprayaforathea dead,abutatheaideologyaof aMuhammadiyahaitaisanotanecessary.a ora example,a whena somebodya dies.a ora sevena daysa anda sevenanightsaif aaastreamaof ascholarsaeveryadayaNahdalatuladoa tahlilanableakaeventsainaorderatoaprayaforatheadead,abutathea ideologyaof aMuhammadiyahaitaisanotanecessary.

  Unlikea ideologya NU,a onlya 30%a of a studentsa whoa embraceathisagenre,aandamostaof athemaethnica rabsawhoalivea aroundatheavillageaof atheanistrictaRampibujiaRambipuji.a

c. Understand Yahuk (Jehuk)

  Nota mucha isa knowna abouta thea ideologya Yahuka (Jehuk).a lmosta nevera founda aa studya thata analyzesa of a thisa ideology.aYahukaideologya(Jehuk)aisatoasayaaanewastreamaina Islam.a Thisa streama isa aa streama of a Islama bernafaskana Java,a soaitacanabeasaidathisaideologyaisatheaideologyaof aJavanesea ₁₇ Islam.Hodgson statesa thata Islama isa thea dominanta forcea ina thearitesabeliefsaof aCentralaJavaaandaheaalsoahelpedashapeathea charactera of a sociala interactiona anda dailya lifea of a thea wholea societyaof aJava.a urthermore,aHodgsonaalsoaexplainedathata Islamapenetratedasoaquicklyaandadeeplyaintoatheastructureaof a Javaneseacultureabecauseaita isa embraceda bya thea palacea asa aa baseaforaTeoratikacountry. ₁₈ Geertz ainahisabookaTheaReligionaofaJavaaexplainaviewsa onaIslamaandaJavaaareatwoadifferentaentitiesathataareadesigneda ₁₇ MaHodgson,aThe Venture of Islam. Conscience and History in a World Civilization, ed.(Chicago:aUniversityaofaChicagoaPress,a1974). ₁₈ CliffordaGeertz,aThe Religion of Java,aIIIa(Glencoe:aThea reeaPress,a1960).

  Ilfianaa irzaqa rifinankk

  separately,aoppositeaandanotacompounded.a urthermore,ahea explainedathataIslamaisacontrastedawithatheaJavaneseawhoaisa seenaasaaaromanticareligion,aarchaic,aandafascinating.aIf abrieflya describeda Islama anda Javaa isa thea antonym.a Soa thata ina turn,a IslamainaJavaa(JavaneseaIslam)aisaaapopularareligionaisaseenaasaaa deviationafromaIslam.aButaunlikeathatadescribedabyaWoodwarda aboutaIslamaandaJavaneseaasahasabeenadescribedabyaGeertza ₁₉ above.Woodward showathataIslamaandaJavaacompatible.aIf a thereaisaanyaconflictahappenedabetweenatheatwo,aisasomethinga thata isa naturala anda fundamentala Islama throughouta history.a nisagreement/conflictathereaisaaaclassicaproblemathataisaverya oftenatheacaseainaIslam.aItacanabeausedaasaaareferenceainaIslama howatoabalanceabetweenathealegaladimensionaandatheamysticala dimensionabetweenatheacontaineraandatheacontents,abetweena innera anda outer.a Soa thusa thea religiona anda thea Javanesea area Muslima becausea aspectsa of a Islamica doctrinea hasa replaceda Hinduisma anda Buddhisma asa ana axioma of a Javanesea culturea anda Javanesea Islama herea isa seena asa aa varianta reasonablea ina IslamaandaisaentitledatoabeapresentaasawellaasainaIslamicaIndia,a IslamicaPersia,aIslamaMalayaandasoaon. aTheaideologyaof athisareligionacanabeacalledaaaprimitivea religiousa sects,a becausea thingsa thata area pleasinga ina thisa religiousa sectsa sucha asa itsa shape,a itsa teachings,a attitudesa ₂₀ espousedarealizedainatheaformsaof arituals,amythology,aetc. Soa thea ideologya of a thisa religiona isa nota ana Islamica fanatica religiousa sects.a However,a uniquea toa thisa genrea isa thata theya stilla breatha thea parenta religiona of a Islam.a Syari’ata theya holda isa alsoa ana Islamica shariah.a Syari’ata codifiesa aa seta of a normsa andabehaviorathataisatakenafromatheaQuranaandaHadith.aBotha canashapeabehavior,aobedienceaandasubmission.aMeanwhile,a _{19 20} MarkaRaWoodward,aIslam Jawa,aIa(Yogyakarta:aLKSaYogyakarta,a1999).

  a Singgiha Basuki,a Agama-agama Dunia: Agama Primitif(Yogyakarta:a Jurusana Perbandingana gamaaUINaSunanaKalijagaaYogyakarta,a2012).

  Integrationaof aIslamaandaPendhalunganaCultural...

  scripturesa useda bya Yahuka ideologya area of a thea Qur’ana anda theaBookawhichanormallyadelvesaintoatheastoryamenaka(1001a nights).a Theya alsoa usea thea Haditha asa parta of a thea corea of a Islam.aTogetherawithatheaKoran,atheaHadithaandatheabooka theya believea theya useda toa forma thea corea of a thea normativea Islamicalaw.

  Of atheamanyastudentsawhoatakeascienceaataSMKaNurula Uluma Plus,a ita wasa nota aa lota of a studentsa anda studentsa of a SMKaPlusaNurulaUlum’saunderstand.aBecauseatheaideologya isaalsoanotasoamuchahaveamembers,aandaevenatheaideologya isanotasoawellaknownaamongatheageneralapublic.aOnlya10%a sayathealeast.aMostaof athemacomeafromatheamountainaslopesa of aHamletaBereka rgopuroaSabe.aSabeaBerekaHamletaisaonea of atheahamletsainatheavillageaBadeanaareastillaincludedainathea nistrictaBangsalsariaregion.aTheamajorityaofathemacomeafroma theaMadurese.

  

Table 1. Distribution of religious sects and ethnic student of SMK Plus

Nurul Ulum

territory tribe Religion Religion ideology

  Java, VillageaBadean Islam Nahdalatula Madura Ulamaa(NU)aanda anda rabic Muhammadiyah Java and

  Villagea Islam NahdlatulaUlama Madura Kemuningsarilora HamletaBerekaSabe Madura Islam Yahuka(Jehuk)

  Madura HamletaLaoka Islam NahdlatulaUlama Songai Madura nusunaKaranga Islam NahdlatulaUlama pakel hamletaWidodaren Madura Islam NahdlatulaUlama Java, VillageaRamipuji Islam Muhammadiyah,a Madura andaNu anda rabic

  

Figure 1. Ideology Understanding Religion Students of SMK Plus

Nurul Ulum Ilfianaa irzaqa rifinankk

  romapartialaunderstandingaof aIslamaexistingaideology,a understandaNUaisaunderstoodathataoccupyatheatopapositiona amonga studentsa thata isa donateda bya 60%.a Thena followeda bya Muhammadiyaha bya 30%a anda Yahuka (Jehuk)a of a 10%.a Thisadescriptionaisasimilaratoatheapercentageaof atheacurrenta understandingaof areligionabelievedabyatheapublicaJember.aThea majorityaof aJemberaembraceaNUaideologyaasaaastreamathata existainaIslam. lthoughaNUaisaunderstoodathatatheamostadominantaina vocationalaPlusaNurulaUlum,amaleaandafemaleastudentsawhoa areacontinuingatoabuildaadoptsaaahumbleaattitudeacontrolaanda balanceainatheafaceaof adiversity.aToleranceainareligionaalwaysa upholdathem,abecauseatheyamengaggapathatareligionaisaaaparta of ahumanarights,atheyaareafreeatoachooseatheirapersonalarightsa withoutacoercion.a sastatedainatheaQur’anaSuraha l-Kafiruna ₂₁ paragrapha6a“Toayouayourareligionaandatoameamyareligion”. Theaverseahasatheameaningathatahumansaareanotaallowedatoa forcea anothera humana beinga intoa thea teachingsa hea believesa in,a sucha asa religiousa teachings.a Theya havea beena releaseda fora believinga whata theya believea ina thisa world.a Becausea nota necessarilya whata wea believea isa thea righta thing,a ita coulda bea whataweaslanderaagainstathoseaweaforcedatoaparticipateajoina theadoctrineawhichaweabelieveaisanotacorrectadoctrine.aThisaisa inaaccordanceawithatheaQuranainaSuraha laHujurataversea11a ₂₁ Gagaje,a“Surata laKafirunaLengkapanenganaTerjemahanadana rtinya,”agagaje.

  blogspot.com,a2013,ahttp://gagaje.blogspot.com/2013/05/surah-al-kafirun.html.

  Integrationaof aIslamaandaPendhalunganaCultural...

  whichasaysa“Oayeawhoabelieve,adoaaabunchaof amenadegradinga anothera group,a maya bea ridiculeda ita bettera thana them.a nda doanotaalsoaaabunchaof aotheracollectionadegradingawomen,a probablyaloweredaitabetter”.

  Therea area soa manya thingsa wea usea asa guidelinesa anda flashbacksaasaaaself alearningaprocessaforaeveryone.aHowever,a unfortunatelya therea isa aa feelinga thata whata theya believea anda understandaisatheabestathingasoatheyaneveralearnatoaappreciatea others.a Ina fact,a if a wea probea furthera abouta thea significancea of atheadifference,atheadifferenceaisatheamostawonderfulathinga if aweaunderstandaitawisely.aItaisalikeaaaideologyeragardenaina downtowna consistinga of a variousa kindsa of a ideologyersa area bloominga together,a noa onea wantsa toa destroya onea anothera becausea of a aa differencea becausea theya area awarea of a thea differencesainathemawillagrowaandaprosperatogetherainapeacea andaspreadatheabeautyaandapeaceaforaeveryone.

  Thea existencea of a aa differencea whethera ita ideology,a ethnicity,a religion,a race,a sexa anda soa fortha isa alreadya commonplaceainathisaworldaevenathisaisaaasimphonyawhicha producesa thea sounda of a lifea of a thea blenda aa widea rangea of a differentatones.aInterestingly,athisaisasomethingathataweaarea proudaof,aespeciallyainatheastateaof aIndonesiaaisaaanationaof a islandsabebedaaranksawereafollowedabyadiversityaof aethnicity,a religion,arace,aethnicityaandaitsaownalanguage.aNaturalanaturea determinedabyatheasupremeacreationaweacananotadeny.a saina spokenabyaGodainatheaQur’analettera r-Rumaversea22awhicha readsa“andaamongatheasignsaof aHisapoweraisatoacreateathea heavensa anda thea eartha anda therea spranga berlaina languagea anda skina color.a Trulya semikiana ita reallya artifactsa area signsa fora thosea whoa know”.a urthermore,a Nura Cholisa Majida ina ₂₂ Barton astatedathatahumanapluralityaisatheafactathatatheaLorda ₂₂ GregaBarton,aGagasan Islam Liberal Indonesiaa(Jakarta:aParamidanaadanaPustakaa ntara,a1999). Ilfianaa irzaqa rifinankk

  desires.a urthermore,a llahaalsoareinforceahisawordsaabouta thea differencea thata asa founda ina Suraha la Hujurata versea 13a whichareadsa“Oamankind!aWeacreatedayouafromaaamaleaanda aafemale,aandamadeayouanationsaandatribesathatayeamayaknowa eacha othera toa know,a Verilya thea noblesta amonga youa ina thea sightaof a llahaisatheamostapiousaamongayou.aIndeed,a llahaisa Knoweraknow”. urthermore,a thea Qur’ana statesa thata differencesa of a opinionaorahumanaruleashouldanotabeafeared,abutashouldabea thea startinga pointa toa competea fora thea bettera (Suraha 5:48).a Therefore,a thea differencea isa aa naturala lawa (thea laws)a thata willanotachangeaandacananotabeadenied.aItacanabeaconcludeda thatatheadifferencesainatheaunderstandingaof areligionaisathea productaof ahonestaviewaagainstahumanityainspiredabyamutuala respectaamongaindividualsaandagroups.

  Reflectinga ona thea above,a thea Pancasilaa whicha isa thea ideologyaof a theapeopleaof a Indonesiaa ina theafirstaprinciple,a namelyaonaGodaalsoaexplainedathatathataevenainaouranationaisa composedaof adifferentareligionsabutahaveaoneaGod,aandadoa notaallowaforaanyasocietyatoaforceaotherapeopleatoaworshipa whatatheyabelieve.

  Clearlyathereathatamanawasacreatedawithaaadifference,a differentatribesaandanationsasoathatatheyacanarecognizeaeacha otherasoaitadoesanotaariseaembersaof ahatredaagainstafellowa humanabeings. _2. Culture of SMK Plus Nurul Ulum

  Cultureaisacloselyaconnectedatoatheacommunity,aalthougha thea naturea of a thea actuala culturea isa abstract.a Buta culturea producesaaaformathataisatheaformaof aobjectsacreatedabyamana asaaacreatureaofaculture,ainatheaformaofaaapatternaofabehavior,a language,a equipmenta life,a sociala organization,a religion,a art,a andaothers,aallaof awhichawasashownatoahelpahumansainathea holdaof athealifeaofasociety.

  ₂₃ Integrationaof aIslamaandaPendhalunganaCultural...

  Geertz a definesa culturea isa humana knowledgea thata isa believeda toa bea truea bya thea persona concerneda anda covereda andaenvelopedatheafeelingsaandaemotionsaof ahumanaasawella asaaasourceaforatheaassessmentasystemaisasomethingathataisa goodaandabad,asomethingavaluableaoranot,asomethingaisacleana ora dirty,a anda so.a Thisa cana happena becausea thea culturea wasa shroudedabyamoralavaluesaaaderivedafromamoralavaluesaaaareaaa wayaof alifeaandatheaethosaoraethicalasystemainapossessaeverya humanabeing.

  Cultureahasabecomeaaasystemaof aknowledgeacontinuallya anda everya timea whena therea isa stimulation,a useda toa bea ablea toaunderstandaandainterpretaaavarietyaof asymptoms,aeventsa andaobjectsathataexistainaaaculturalaenvironmentathatawasaalsoa ownedabyatheasocietyainawhichahealives.a urthermore,aculturea hasa aa rolea asa aa frameworka fora understandinga thea handle.a Soawithatheahumanacultureahasatheaabilityatoarealizeacertaina behaviora ina accordancea witha thea stimulia thata exista ora area beingafaced.

  Cultureaisalikeaaarecipeainacooking,awhichacanaresultaina behavioraandacertainaculturalaobjects,aasarequiredainaaccordancea withatheastimulusaoramotivationaof afacing.aThearecipesathata existainaeveryacultureaconsistsaof aaaseriesaof ainstructionsafora organizing,aselectingaandaassemblingatheasymbolsanecessary,a soa thata thea symbolsa havea beena screeneda ita togethera anda arrangedainaaaway,aisamanifestedainatheaformaof abehaviorala oraculturalaobjectsaasadesiredabyatheaperpetrators.aBesides,aina everyacultureathereaisaalsoaaaprescription-respawhichaamonga otherathingsacontainsatheaknowledgeatoaidentifyatheagoalsaanda ₂₄ waysatoaachieveasomethingawithatheabest. _{23 24} CliffordaGeertz,aThe Interpretation of Culturea(NewaYork:aBasicaBooks,a1973).

  J.PaSpradley,aAnthropology: The Cultural Perspectivea(US :aJohnaandaSons,aInc,a 1975). Ilfianaa irzaqa rifinankk

  Cultureavalidaandaexistainaeveryaaspectsaofalife.a saculturea prevailingaataSMKaPlusaNurulaUlum.aTheaprevailingaculturea atathisaschoolaisaapplyingaboardingaculture.a saweaknowathea Islamica boardinga schoola isa ana educationala institutiona witha Indonesianacharacteristics.aInaotheraIslamicacountriesatherea isa noa institutiona thata hasa thea characteristicsa anda traditionsa exactlyaasaboardingaschools,aalthoughathereamayabeacertaina educationala institutionsa ina othera countriesa area considereda toa havea similaritiesa witha schoolsa likea Ribath,a Sakana nakhlia oraaJam’iyyah.

  PesantrenaisaaasystemaofaIslamicaeducationainaIndonesia,a whichahasademonstratedaitsaroleatoacontributeanoalittleatoathea developmentaof ahumanabeings.aBoardingainstitutionaisaalsoa anaIslamicaeducationalainstitutionathataownsathealodge,athea mosque,atheastudents,atheateachingaofaclassicalaIslamicabooks,a ₂₅ andaclerics.Saleh astatesathataschoolsameupakanajointainstitutea betweenathealodgeaandaboardingasystema(traditional)aandaisa equippeda witha aa formala educationa ina thea forma madrassas,a evenapublicaschoolsainavariousaformsaandalevelsaandaaavarietya

  PesantrenaisaaatypicalaIndonesianaeducationalainstitutionsa thatasincea2002areceivedaspecialaattentionainatheaeyesaof athea worldamarkedabyaaabombablastainaKuta,aBaliawhichaisalikelya toa comea froma Islamica groupsa sucha asa la Qaeda’sa mosta ₂₆ famous buta thea nicknamea fora thea groupa ina Indonesiaa isa ₂₇ Jemaaha Islamiyah.a Of a thea incident,a Pohl a illustratesa thata thea boardinga schoola isa aa meansa ora aa placea toa nurturea anda ₂₅

  bdura Rahmana Saleh,a Pendidikan Agama dan Keagamaana (Jakarta:a PTa GemawinduaPanenaPerkasa,a2000). ₂₆ VediaRaHadiz,a“TowardsaaaSociologicalaUnderstandingaof aIslamicaRadicalisma inaIndonesia,”aJournal of Contemporary Asiaa38,ano.a4a(2008),a638–47. ₂₇ loriana Pohl,a “Islamica Educationa anda Civila Society:a Reflectionsa ona thea _Society

PesantrenaTraditionainaContemporaryaIndonesia,”aComparative and International Education

a50,ano.a3a(2006),a389–409.

  Integrationaof aIslamaandaPendhalunganaCultural...

  fosteraanaattitudeaof aradicalismaandaviolence.aInalineawithathea ₂₈ abovea Pohl,Bruinessen a alsoa describesa asa aa placea toa printa boardinga humansa whoa havea aa radicala nature.a Hea saida thata latelyapesantrenainaIndonesiaahasaaapooraimageainatheaeyesa of atheageneralapublic,asuchaasaboardingaschoolsainaIndiaaanda Pakistan.a urthermore,aheaexplainedamoreainathataboardinga schoolaisaoneaof atheapartiesawhoacontributeaandaplayaaaroleaina theaissueaof aradicalismaandaterrorism.aOpinionaof atheaabovea suggestsathataIslamaalsoacontributedainatermsaof apolitics,abuta politicala Islama ina questiona isa ina termsa of a radicals.a Radicala politicala Islama appearsa whena thea incidenta happeneda ata thea WorldaTradeaCenterainaNewaYorkainaSeptembera2001,asoathata thearadicalapoliticsainaIslamagetaspecialaattentionainatheaeyesa ₂₉ of atheaworld.

  However,anotaallaschoolsahaveaaabadaimageaasadescribeda ₃₀ bya manya figuresaasa above.a sa saida byMillie thata pesantrena isa ana institutiona thata isa usefula toa honea anda developa skills.a Pesantrenaactuallyahasaaaroleaandacontributeasignificantlyatoa thea formationa of a thea nationa of a Indonesia.a pesantrena hada nationaalthoughareciprocityainakindanotayetafullyagivenatoathea government.aPesantrenaunderatheaauspicesaofaNUa(Nahdlatula Ulama)ainaparticularahasaprovenaitsaroleainatheastruggleafora independencea througha physicala strugglesa anda anti-coloniala statementa asa envisageda ina resolutiona jihada issueda ina NUa congressa ina Surabaya,a 21a anda 22a Octobera 1945.a Pondoka Pesantrena hasa alsoa showna itsa rolea ina maintaininga politicala ₂₈ Martina vana Bruinessen,a “‘Traditionalist’a anda ‘Islamist’a pesantrensa ina _Activities

Indonesia,”adalamaThe Madrasa in ASIA , Transnational Linkages and Alleged or Real Political

₂₉ ,a2004.

  Hadiz,a “Towardsa aa Sociologicala Understandinga of a Islamica Radicalisma ina Indonesia.” ₃₀ JulianaMillie,a“Non-SpecialistsainaThea‘Pesantren’:aTheaSocialaConstructionaof a

IslamicaKnowledge,”aRIMA: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairsa42,ano.a1a(2008):a 107–24. Ilfianaa irzaqa rifinankk

  stabilityathrougharecognitionaandaacceptanceaof aPancasilaaasa theasoleaprincipleainatheaorganizationaasarepresented.

  Pesantrena ana Islamica institutiona whicha mengajarakana ona religiousa anda religiousa sciences,a anda nota aa fewa whoa mengajarakana abouta thea sciencesa of a aa generala nature.a Buta mostly,a mengajarakana schoolsa anda providinga educationa ina theafieldaof areligion.aSMKaPlusaNurulaUlumaboardingarolea asaowneraof aaafoundationaheadedabyaaaKyai/Ustadzanameda KH.aHanief a bdulaRazaqaalongawithahisawives,anamedaMrs.a Hj.aLailiatula iniyah.aSMKaPesantrenaNurulaUlumaPlusaisaaa breathaof aspringaboardingamoreamodern.aBreathathataadorna modernasemiaboardingaisaintendedatoastrikeaaabalanceabetweena thea traditionala boardinga schoolsa witha moderna pesantren.a Soatheseaschoolsaareanotainafullatraditionalaandamodernaarea notaaintact.