The effects of SQ3R technique and speed reading technique on the reading comprehension achievement of second year SMU students - Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya Repository
APPENDIXES
APPINDIXI
THE SCORESOF THE SECOND QUARTER SUMMATIVE TEST
OF TI{E SECOND YEAR SMU STI'DENTS FROM PETRA 3
ACADEMIC YEAR OF 199711998
'No.
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
10.
Il-3 Class
86
86
82
82
80
80
78
76
76
76
ll
/o
12.
76
74
74
13.
14.
15.
16.
t7.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
72
72
70
70
II-8 Class
95
94
88
88
86
85
84
80
78
78
76
76
75
II-9 Class
91
90
82
74
73
73
72
74
73
73
72
72
78
78
78
78
75
75
74
74
74
64
70
64
64
62
60
69
69
68
68
61
66
64
60
7l
69
68
68
66
64
6l
6l
60
59
58
56
56
55
53
60
53
_r0
39
36
26
68
68
68
66
24.
25.
26.
27.
28,
29.
60
30.
60
60
7l
70
1D
32.
58
56
JJ.
54
34.
35.
36.
54
54
50
59
58
58
55
5l-
50
53
38.
39.
€
42
52
52
40.
4t.
28
40
40
EX=2644
zx:2860
T:os.7s
sFl2.62
sFl2.8
Jl.
80
f;:oo.r
48
48
40
ZYF25I0
E=OafS
sF14.8
APPENDTX
II
TTM T-TEST COMPUTATION ON THE SUMMATIVE SCORES
FROM II-3, II-8 AIID II-9 CLASSES
Hypotheses:
Ho: pA = pB : thereis no significantdiffferencebetweenthe meanscores
IIa: pA * FB : thereis a significantdifferencebetweenthe meanscores
= 5Vq Z-tes\ two-tail tes\ Ztable: 1.96
lwel of significanc€
HO is accepted
if -1.96< Zc < L.96
HO is rejectedrf Zc < -1.96or Zc > I.96
XA-)G
SA2 + SBa
Zc (n-8 & tr-3) = 1.294(Ho is rejected)
Zc @-8 & tr-9) : I.74 (FIois rejected)
Zc (\-3 & tr-9; : .56 (Ho is rejected)
conclusion : thereis no significantdiffFerence
:rmongthe groups(tr-3, tr-g, and tr-9).
55
APPf,NDIXIU
TIIE RELIABILITY OF THE TEST
FROM THE TRY OIIT OF II-9 CLASS
No.
Itemsanswered
correctlv
l9
l8
l7
t
a
3.
t7
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
l6
t6
10.
l5
l5
l5
15
ll
15
12.
l5
13.
14.
15.
16.
t4
t4
t4
t4
t4
ln
L t.
l4
18.
19.
l3
13
t3
20.
2t,
22.
l3
23.
24.
25.
t3
t2
t2
t2
t2
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
ll
1l
ll
l0
9
9
1
32.
33.
34.
SD
zx:448
t>F 6416
X = 13.17
txr _(IX)'
Score
95
90
85
85
80
80
75
75
75
75
75
75
70
70
70
tv
70
70
65
65
65
65
65
60
60
60
60
55
55
55
50
45
45
35
x:65.85
R:1
r : 1 -_
MM,
(K-t\O
K
K(SD)z
n(n- l)
R:1-13.17(2A-1,3.rn
20(3.sq2
SD:3.94
R:.71
APPf,NDIXIV
56
THE DIT'FICULTY INDEX Ai\D
TTIE DISCRIMINATION II\DEX
First Passage: InternationalRelations
Item
Number
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
UpperLevel Students
Who Answered
Correctty
8
9
8
7
9
5
7
Lower Lwel
StudentsWho
Answered
Comectfu
Difficulty
Index
Discrimination
Index
6
77o/o
83o/o
22o/o
33o/o
55o/o
6
4
3
7
2
)
660/o
55o/o
8806
38o/o
660/o
44o/o
22o/o
33o/o
22o/o
SecondPassage: United NationsOrganization
Itern
Number
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Upper Lsvel Students
Who Answered
Correctly
Lower Level
StudentsWho
Arnwered
Correctty
Difficulty
Index
Discrimination
Index
72o/o
72o/o
33o/o
55o/o
33o/o
33o/o
22o/o
44o/o
44o/o
8
55o/o
88o/o
8
94o/o
llo/o
8
J
8
4
7
5
I
I
9
2
3
3
0
Third Passage: Strugglingto Keep the Peace
Item
Number
Upper l€vel Students
Who Answered
Corectly
Lower Lwel
StudentsWho
Answered
Correctly
1.
z.
6
8
3.
9
4.
5
2
7
6
4
5
7
z
6.
8
4
Dffictrlty
Index
660/o
88o/o
83o/o
50o/o
'l7o/o
660/o
Discrimination
Index
44o/o
22o/o
33o/o
IIo/o
55o/o
44o/o
Interpretationof Difficulty Index
Above 70olosuccessful: easy
3Uo/o- 707osuccessful= moderate
Bslow 30o/osuccessfi.rl: difficult
57
Interpretation of Discrimination Index
Above 50olo : good discriminator
200/6- 50olo=fair
Below 2Ao/o : poor
: none
0
APPINDIXV
THE SCORESOF
THE POSTTEST OF II-8 CLASS
No.
ScoreofII-8
Class
oo
(x2)
I
l8
324
1
t8
t6
324
3.
4.
5.
6.
10.
l6
l6
l6
l6
l6
l6
l6
ll
t6
t2.
13.
l6
l6
l6
n
8.
9.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
24.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
5t.
38.
256
256
256
256
256
256
256
256
256
256
256
256
l5
225
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
22s
t4
l4
l4
t4
l3
t3
13
t2
t2
ll
ll
l0
9
€x:553)
X:ta.SS
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
196
196
196
t96
169
169
169
IM
IM
l2l
t21
100
8l
Q*:81e7)
38.8197-(553)2
SD=
311486- 305809
SD:2
APPENDIX VI
THE SCORESOF
THE POSTTESTOF'II-3 CLASS
No.
ScoreofII-3
Class
oo
I
2.
3.
A
a.
5.
6.
8.
9.
10.
n
t2.
13.
t4.
15.
16.
i8
l7
t7
l6
l6
l5
l5
t5
l5
l5
l5
l5
t4
t4
t4
t4
19.
20.
l2
25.
26.
2X
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
t2
t2
t2
l4
22.
23.
24.
324
289
289
256
t96
t96
196
196
I96
169
t44
IM
IM
t44
144
144
IM
t7.
t8.
2t.
(x1
t3
t2
t2
t2
ll
l2l
27.
ll
28.
t2l
t2l
29.
ll
ll
30.
l2r
t1
t2l
3l
IO
l0
l0
100
32
33.
34.
35.
36
37
38.
l0
9
9
8
6
EX:483
100
100
100
8l
8l
64
36
r>rd4l3
6l
n(n- 1)
33.6413-(4m)'1
38 (38-1)
243694- 233289
SD=
SD= 2.7
APPf,NDD(VII
THE T-TEST COMPUTATION
FROM THE POSTTEST SCORES
Summary of the data:
II-3 class(speedreading goup)
tr-8 chss(SQ3Rgoup)
n:38
n:38
*.: Iz.ll
X: 14.55
E'X = 483
If
fX
= 6413
= 553
!Xz:8197
SD = 2.7
SD :2
Xe-tu
tc=
14.55- 12.71
t c\
\l--;;;:;-'-"''G; ;;)
1.84
I
74
1 .8 4
19
1.84
:
---------tc
0.55
tc:3.35
APPENDIX.lrIN
International Trade
Internationaltradeis the exchangeof goodsandservicesproducedin one
country for goods and servicesproduced in another country. In most cases,
countriesdo not tradethe actualgoodsand services.Rather,they usethe income,or
money,from the saleoftheir productsto buy the productsof anothercountry.
Trade amongcounlriesallows peoplein eachcounlry to usetheir energyin
doingwhatthey do best.That is, it letsthemspecialize.Tradeandspecializationgo
handin handand enableeachofus to havemoreproductsto use andmore different
kindsof productsat the lowestpossiblecost.
Nationstradefor many reasons.FirsL they tradebecausethereare
differencesin natural resourcesin different parts of the world. The plantsthat can
be grown are different.The mineral resourcesare alsodifferent.
For example,Canadahasnickel minesbut is too cold to grow oranges.The
United Stateshas only a few small nickel mines but produces large crops of
oranges.So the United Statesbuys nickel from Canada,and Canadabuys oranges
from the United States.We say that the United Statesexportsorangesand imports
nickel. Canadae4portsnickel and importsthe oranges.
The secondreasonnationstradewith oneanotheris that it paysto
specialize.Specialization
makesthe bestuseof a countr5l'sproductiveresources-its natural resourcqs,the skill of its workers, and ils factories. When a country
specializes,it can make some goodsthat are of better qualrty than goodsmade
elsewhere.Carpetswoven in han and wine producedin Franceare examplesof
thesespecialgoods.
Many countriesget a largepart oftheir incomefrom selling oneor two
primary products.Primaty productsare raw materials from which manufactured
goodsare made.They may be from products,suchas wool, cottoq beef,or wheat.
Th"y may comefrom beneaththe zurfaceofthe earttr,as do copper,iroq coal, and
crude oil. Or they may come from forests,as do wood (not timber) and natural
rubber.
Tradingin mostcountriesis doneby businesses.
Therea.resomecasesin
which the governmentsmay do the trading.
Intemational trade has many more problernsthan there are in domestic
trade. Money difFersncebetweennations createdifficulties. Languagedifferences
oftencausemisunderstandings.
Diferent ways of doingbusinesscauseconfrrsion.
Tariffs andothertradebarriersmay be setup by a governme,lrt.
Put a cross(X) on either AB,C, or D for the correct answer.
1. What is the main ideaof paragraph1?
A. countryhadeswith anothercorurtryby sellingits productsto
brrythe productsfrom anothercorurty
B . counfiiestradewith other counties by usingtheir incomeor money
C. Internationaltradehappensbecausea county needsgoodsand services
from other counhies
D. Internationaltade is the exchangeof goodsand servicesamongcorurhies
2. (line 7) That is, it letsthem specialize.
What doesthe word themgo backto?
C. eneigies
A. counhies
D. tade and specialization
B. people
3. Why do countriestade with one another?It is because...
A. a corurtrymay exchangegoodsand seflices
B. a countrymay want to get asmuch incomeaspossible
C. a countrymay needoertainproduofsfrom anothercountry
D. a countrymay want to createbilateralor internationalrelationwith other cotmties
4.Why is it necessaryfor a countryto specialize?
A. In orderto createequalityamongthe countries
B. In orderto be ableto sellits productsto other counffies
C. In orderto showthe corurty's superiorityto other cowttries
D. kr orderto makethe naturalresotrces,the workersandthe factoriesmore productive
5. Which sourceof primaryproductsis not includedin the passage?
A. productsproducedby animals
B. productsproducesfrom forests
C. productsproducedby manufacturer
D. productsproducedfrom beneaththe surfaceof the earth
6. (line 10)First,theytade because...
What doesthey refer to?
A. naNions
B. reasons
C. differencesin naturalresources
D. the plantsandmineralresourges
7. Which of theseproblemsis not forurdin intemationaltrade?
C. differencein currency
A. languagedifference
D. tradebarrierssetup by a government
business
perception
in
different
B.
8. What doesparagraph8 tell us about?
A. thereareproblemsin domesticfoade
B. therearep,roblemsin internationaltrade
C. thereareproblemswhich aresetup by a gwernment
D. thereareproblemsin intemationaland domestictade
Amnesty International
AmnestyInternationalis humanright organizationthat won the Nobel
peaceprize in L977. It was founded in 1961 to further human freedom by
condemningtortureand imprisonmentbecauseof religiousandpolitical beliefs.Its
method is to casesthrough mailings and other publicity. The organizationhas
membersin morethan 150 counhies.World headquarters
arein londorq England.
Internationalpressurehascausedsomegovernments
to improvetheir
records on human rights. As a private organizatioq Amnesty International has
helped by e4posingthe continueduse of torhrre and other violations of human
rights in variouscountries.Therehasbeensomeimprovementin the areaof human
tights, although progress has been uneven. The countries of the world now
officially condemngenocide-- the deliberatedestructionof a raceor people.
As peoplethroughoutthe world becamebetterinformed they will be better
able to judge what is good and what is bad for a society.The spreadof human
rights and libertieswill thenbe aidedbythe force of world opinion.
Today mostgovemmentsat leastclaim to supporthumanrights. The United
Nations,the governmentsof democraticcountries,ffid private organizationssuch
as AmnestyIntemationalusetheir influencein the most seriouscasesof iqiustice.
But it is di{ficult to judge the efFestsofthis influenceon the many countriesthat are
dictatorships.
Put a cross(X) on either A,B'C, or D for the comectanswer.
l.What wasthe AmnestyInternationalfoundedfor?
A. to condemngenocide
B. to further condemnimprisonment
violationson humanrights
C. to decrease
D. to acceptotherpeople'sroligiousand politicalbeliefs
2. How doesthe Amnestylnternationaloperate?
A. it canwork on the casesby uslngnewspap€ror magazine
B. it canhold a conferenceon humanrightsto sofuethe cases
C. it cansendits agenbto approachthe cornrtryin which thereis
a caseof injustice
of the county wherethereis a aase
D. it caninvite the representatives
of serio'usi4iustice
3. Whatis themainideaof par4graphZ?
A. therehasbeenprogresson humanfights atthoughit is unwen
B. therehasbeenimprovementon humanrightsdueto intEmationalpressure
C. deliberatedestnrctionof a raceor peopleis now condernnedby cormtriesin
the world
D. AmnestyInternationalhashelpedimproverecordson humanrightsby exposrng
violationson humanrights
4. How is the progressin the areaof humanrights?
A. therehasbeenunevenProgressin the areaof humanrights
B. the progressmadeby the AmnestyInternationalis quitefast
C. therehasbeenremarkablepfogressin the areaof humanrights
D. thereis a greatchangein the world concerningthe improvement
of humanrights
5. Which of the following statementis incorrect?The AmnestyInternational...
A. hasmanymembers
B. is a stateorganization
C. is a humanriglrt organization
D. is a non-gwernrnentorganization
6. (par 3 line 14) ... theywill be betterableto judge --.
What doesthey refer to?
C. weryone
A. people
D. cormfries
B. the world
68
usetheirinffuence...
7.@at 4line 19) ... AmnestyInternational
What doesthe word their refer to?
C. privateorganizations
A. the United Nations
of democraticcountriesD. 4B, andC
B. thegovernments
8. What doesthe last paragraphtell us aboufl
A. countriesthat are dictatorshipstill havelow respecton humanrights
B. most counhiesand organizationsin the world now supporthumanrights
C. the influenceof manycountriesandprivateorganizationssuchas Amnesty
Internationalis big
D. governmentshavehelpedsotveseriouscasesof i4justicein manypartsof the world
6e
United Nations organization
The United Nations Organizationis a voluntary associationofnations. It
was organizedtokeepthe peace,to promotethe generalwelfare of peoples,andto
gain respectfor individual liberties and the right of peopleto determinetheir own
future.
The united Nations,like many nationalgovernments,hasorgans,or
divisions. These orgiuls have functions somewhatcomparableto those of the
legislative"executive,andjudicial branchesof nationalgovernments.
However,the
United Nations doesnot have as much power over its membernationsas national
govemmentshave over their people.The United Nations must dependlargely on
the willingnessofthe membernationsto cooperatein goodfaith.
Althoughthe United Nationsis primarily an organizationforkeepingpeace,
it has other importantjobs, too. Thesejobs includebringing aboutcooperationin
dealingwith economicand socialproblems,furthering respectfor humanright, and
helping non-selfgoverningterritories to developeconomicallyand politically. In
admittingnew members,the United Nations showsthat it acceptsthe responsibility
of helpingin their developmentand in the eliminationof racial discrimination.
The Charterlists principlesthat the organizationandmemberstatesagreeto
respect.Someof theseare designedto limit the power of the organization.One of
theseis the principleof sovereignequalrty-- the equalrtyof eachmembernation.
Anotheris the principle ofnonintervention-- the United Nationswill interveneonly
in international problems, not in the domestic problems of a countqr. Other
principlesemphasize
the useofpeacefulmeansfor setling disputesandrequirethat
nationsavoid threateningothernationswith force or actually using force. Member
nationsarealsoaskedtozupporttheUnitedNationsin peacekeeping
operations.
The GeneralAssemblycan admit a new mernberonly ifthe Security
Council recommendsthe admission.The Security Council cannot recommenda
nation for mernbershipunlessthe permanentmembersof the Council (the United
States,the SovietUnion -- now Russia- the United Kingdorq France,and China)
agree.
Put a cross(X) on either 48,C, or D for the correct answer.
1. How is the influenceof UNO ovsr its membernationscomparedwith the members'
nationalgovemments?
A. UN hasno power over its membernations
B. UN and its membernationshaveequalpower
C. tIN haslesspower than the nationalgovernments
D. UN hasmorepowcr than the nationalgovernments
2. fline 9) ... Howwer, the United Nationsdoesnot havoasmuch power over its member
nationsasnationalgovernmentshaveover thsir people.What doestheir refer to?
A. the UnitedNations
C. mernbernations
B. Nationalgovernments
D. people
3. Whatis tlremain ideaof paragraph3?
A. the UN is primarily an organizationfor keepingpeace
B. the LIN hasmany otherimportantjobs besidespeacekeeping
C. the UN is responsiblefor helpingnew mernberin their development
D. thc UN bringsaboutcooperationin dealingwith economicand socialproblems
of thel dwelopment...
4. fline 17) ...theresponsibiliry
What doesthey refer to?
A. new members
C. dwelopmentand eliminationof racial
B. UnitedNations
D. non-selfgoverningterritories
5. Whatis themainideaof paragraph4?
A. it is necossaryto haverespectamongmembernations
B. the IIN canaskmembernationsto supportpeacekeeping
operations
C. it is importantto setup principlesthat all membernationsagreeto respect
D. therearesomeprinciplesin the Charterwhich are setup to limit the power of the LIN
6. Which statemcntis not includedin thejobs of UN?
A. to usepeacefrrlmeansfor settlingdisputes
B. to help determineeconomypoliciesof its menrbers
C. to encouragerespectfor the rights of ewry individual
D. to be responsibleto he$ its membernationsin their dwelopment
7. Which of the following staternentis a way for membernationsto support{IN?
A. protectweakcounties in settlingdisputes
B. useforce againsta nationwhich threatensothernations
C. createbilateralrelationswith wery othermemberof theUN
opmation
D. sendtroopsfor internationalforce in peacekeeping
8. A countryis saidto be a new legalmemberof lhe UN if it is admittedby ...
A.GeneralAssembly
C. 5 permanentmsmbersof SecruityCouncil
B. SecurityCormcil
D. All mernbsrsof UNO
APPET{DIXD(
International Trade
ofgoodsandservices
is the exchange
lnternational trade
countriesdo not trade
producedin anothercountry.
ln most cases,
Rather,they use
goods and services.
the actual
oftheir products
fromthe sale
the income,or money,
to buy the products
of anothercountry.
in each country
allowspeople
Tradeamongcountries
what they do best.
in doing
to usetheir enerry
Tradeandspecialization
it lets them specialize.
That iq
and enable
eachofus
go hand in hand
andmoredifferentkinds
to have
more products to use
possiblecost.
atthe lowest
ofproducts
Nations
becausethere are differences
The plants
ofthe world.
are differerf.
First, they trade
in diffe,rentparts
in nafural resources
tradefor manyreasons.
that can be grown
The mineralresources
are alsodifferent.
but is too cold
Canadahasnickel mines
For example,
hasonly
The United States
to grow ormges.
but produceslarge crops
a few
small nickel mines
buysnickel
Sothe UnitedStates
of oranges.
fromfrre United States.
buys
oranges
andCanada
from Canad4
e4portsoranges
the United States
We saythat
and importsthe oranges.
Canadae4portsnickel
andimportsnickel.
tradewith oneanother
nations
The secondreason
Specialization
is that
it paysto specialize.
productiveresources
of a country's
the
best
use
makes
of its workers,
the skill
its nafural resources,
it canmake
Whena countryspecializes,
andits factories.
of betterqualrty
that are
somegoods
and wine produced
Carpetswovenin Iran
than goodsmadeelsewhere.
ofthesespecialgoods.
are examples
in France
oftheir income
geta largepart
Many countries
Primary products
or two primary products.
from sellingone
are made.
from which manufactured goods
areraw materials
suchaswool, cottorg
from products,
Th"y may be
from beneaththe sutface
beef,or wheat. Th.y may come
coal,andcrudeoil.
asdo copper,iron"
ofthe earth,
asdo wood
from forests,
Orthey may come
andnaturalrubber.
(not timber)
is doneby businesses. Therearesomecases
Tradingin mostcountries
may do the trading.
in which the governments
than thereare
hasmanymoreproblems
Intemationaltrade
createdifficulties.
Money differencebetweennations
in domestictrade.
Different ways
I-anguagedifllerences oftencausemisunderstandings.
and
other
Tariffs
causeconfirsion.
of doing business
government.
a
up
by
may
be
set
tradebarriers
Put a cross(X) on either A,B,C, or D for the correct answer.
1. Whatis the mainideaof paragraph1?
A. countrytradeswith anothercounffy by sellingits productsto
brrythe productsfrom anothercounfiy
B. counhiestade with other counlriesby usmgtheir incomeor money
C. Internationaltradehappensbecausea countryneedsgoodsand services
from other countries
D. Internationaltradeis the exchangeof goodsand services:rmongcounfries
2. (line 7) Thatis, it letsthemspecialize.
What doesthe word themgo backto?
A. countries
B. people
D. ftade and specialization
3. Why do countriestradewith oneanother?It is because,..
A. a countrymay exchangegoodsand services
B. a corurty may want to get asmuch incomeaspossible
C. a countrymay needcertainproductsfrom anothercounty
D. a countrymay want to ueate bilateralor internationalrelationwith other counties
4.Why is it necessaryfor a countryto specialize?
A. In orderto createequality:rmong
the counfries
B. In orderto be ableto sellits productsto othercountries
C. In orderto showthe counfiry'ssuperiorityto other countries
D. In orderto makethe naturalresources,the workersand the factoriesmore productive
5. Which sourceof primaryproductsis not includedin the passage?
A. productsproducedby animals
B. productsproducesfrom forests
C. productsproducedby manufacturer
D. productsproducedfrom beneaththe surfaceof the earth
6. (ine 10)Firs! thgytradebecause...
Whatdoestheyreferto?
A- nations
B. reasons
C. dtfferencesin naturalresources
D. the plantsandmineralresources
7. Which of theseproblemsis not found in internafionalhade?
A. languagedifference
C. differencein currency
perception
D. tradebarrierssetup by a government
in business
B. different
8. What does paragraph 8 tell us about ?
A. there are problems in domestic tade
B. there are problerns in international trade
C. there are problems which are set up by a government
D. there are problerns in international and domestic trade
Amnesty International
AmneslyInternational
is humanright organization
that won
the Nobelpeacepnze
n 1977.
It wasfounded
in 1961
to fi.rrtherhumanfreedom
by condemning
tortureandimprisonment
becauseof
religiousandpoliticalbeliefs.
,
Its method
is to cases
throughmailings
andotherpublicity.
The organizationhas
members
in morethan
150countries,
World headquarters
is in l,ondon,England.
International pressure
has causedsome governments
to improve
their reoords
on humanrights.
As a privateorganization,
AmnestyInternationalhashelped
by e4posing
the continueduse
oftorture
andotherviolations
of humanrights
in variouscountries.
Therehasbeen
someimprovement
in the area
of humanrights,
althoughprogress
hasbeenuneven.
The countries
ofthe world
now officially condemngenocide
the deliberatedestruction
of a race
or people.
As people
throughoutthe world
becamebetterinformed,
thry
will be betterable
to judge
what is good
andwhat is bad
for a society.
The spreadof humanrights
andliberties
will then be aided
by the force
ofworld opinion.
Today
most govemments
at leastclaim
to support human rights.
The United Nations,
the governments
of democraticcountries.
and private organizations
such as Amnesty
International
usetheir influence
in the mostserious
casesof ir{ustice.
But it is difficult
to judgethe effects
of this influence
on the many countries
that are dictatorship.
Put a cross(X) on either A,B,C, or D for the correctansriler.
l.What wasthe AmnestyInternationalfoundedfot?
A. to condemngenocide
B. to firrther condemnimprisonment
violationson humanrights
C. to decrease
D. to acceptotherpeople'sreligiousandpoliticalbeliefs
2. How doesthe AmnestyInternationaloperate?
A. it canwork on the casesby usrngnewspaperor magazine
B. it canhold a conferenceon humanrightsto sofuethe cases
C. it cansendits agentsto approachthe countryin which thereis
a caseof iqiustice
of the counfirywherethereis a citse
D. it caninvite the representatives
of seriousinjustice
3. Whatis the main ideaof paragraph2?
A. therehasbeenprogresson humanrights althoughit is unwen
B. therehasbeenimprovernenton humanrightsdueto internationalp,ressure
C. deliberatedestructionof a raceor peopleis now condernnedby counhiesin
the world
D. AmnestyInternationalhashelpedimproverecordson humanrightsby exposing
violationson humanrights
4. How is the progressin the areaof humanrights?
A. therehasbeenunevenprogressin the areaof humanrights
B. the progressmadeby the AmnestyIntemationalis quite fast
C. therehasbeenremarkableprogressin the areaof humanrights
D. thereis a greatchangein the world concerningthe improvement
of humanrights
is incorrect?The AmnestyInternational...
5. Which of the followingstaternent
A. hasmanymernbers
B. is a stateorganization
C. is a humanright oryanization
D. is a non-governmsntorganization
6. (par 3 line 14) ... ttry will be betterableto judge ...
What doesthey refer to?
C. weryone
A. people
D. countries
B. the world
What doesthe word their refer to?
C. privateoryanizations
A. the UnitedNations
of democraticcountriesD. A,B, andC
B. thegovefirments
8. What doesthe lastparagraphtell us aboufl
A. cormtriesthat are dictatorshipstill havelow respecton humanrights
B. most corntriesand organizationsin the world now supporthumanrights
C. the influenceof manycountriesandprivateoryanizationssuchasAmnesty
Internationalis big
governments
havehelpedsofueseriouscasesof ir{usticein many partsof the world
D.
United Nations Organization
The United Nations Organization
is a voluntary association
ofnations.
It was organized
to keep the peace,
to promote
the generalwelfare
ofpeoples,
and to gain respect
for individual liberties
and the right
ofpeople
to determine
their own future.
like manynationalgovernments,
hasorgans,
or divisions.
Theseorganshavefunctions
somewhatcomparable
to
thoseofthe legislative,
executive,andjudicial branches ofnational
governments.
However,the United Nations
doesnot have
asmuch power
over its membernations
asnationalgoverrrments
have
overtheir people. The UnitedNations
mustdependlargely
on the willingness
ofthe membernations
to cooperatein goodfaith.
The United Nations.
Althoughthe UnitedNations
is primarily an organization
for keepingpeace,
it
hasotherimportantjobs,
too.
Thesejobs
in dealing with
include bringing about cooperation
economicand social problems,
furthering respect
for humanrighL
andhelping
non-selfgoverningterritories
to develop
economicallyandpolitically.
In admittingnewmembers,
the United Nations
showsthat
it acceptsthe responsibility
of helping
in their development
andinthe elimination
of racial discrimination.
The Charterlistsprinciples
that the organization
and member states
agreeto respect.
Someofthese
are designed
to limitthe power
ofthe organization.
One ofthese
is the principle
of sovereignequality
the equality
of eachmembernation.
Anotheris the principle
of nonintervention
the UnitedNations
will intervene
only in internationalproblems,
in the domesticproblems
of a country.
Otherprinciples
emphasize
the use
of peacefi.rl
means
for settlingdisputes
andrequirethat nations
avoidttreatening other nations
with force
or actuallyusingforce.
Mernber nations
are also asked
to supportthe United Nations
in peacekeepingoperations.
The GeneralAssemblv
can admit
a new member
only if
the SecurityCouncil
recommends
the admission.
The SecurityCouncil
carurotrecommenda nation
for manbership
(theUnitedStates,
ofthe Council
unlessthe permanentmemben
France,
ttreUnited Kingdorn,
now Russia
the SovietUnion
andChina)agree.
81
Put a cross(X) on either A,B'C, or D for the correctanswer.
1 How is the influenceof LINO over its membernationscomparedwith the members'
nationalgovernments?
A. UN hasno power over its membernations
B. UN andits membernationshaveequalpower
C. UN haslesspower thanthe nationalgovernments
D. UN hasmorepowerthan the nationalgovernments
2. (line 9) ... Howwer, the UnitedNationsdoesnot haveasmuchpoweroverits member
nationsasnationalgovernmentshaveover their people.What doestheir refer to?
C. mernbernations
A. the United Nations
D. people
B. Nationalgovernments
3. What is the main idea of paragraph3?
A. the IJN is primarityan organizationfor keepingpeace
B. the UN hasmany otherimportantjobs besidespeacekeeping
C. the UN is responsiblefor helpingnew memberin their dwelop,rneirt
D. the UN bringsaboutcooperationin dealingwith economicand socialproblems
of their dwelopment...
4. fline 17) ...theresponsibility
What doesthey refer to?
C. dwelopmentand eliminationof racial
A. new members
discrimination
D. non self gverningterritorieseconomyand
B. United Nations
politics
5. Whatis the mainideaof paragraph4?
to haverespectamongmembernations
A. it is necessary
operations
B. the UN can askmembernationsto supportpeacekeeping
principles
up
all
member
nations
agreeto respect
C. it is importantto set
that
D. therearesomoprinciplesin the Charterwhich aresetup to limit the power of the UN
6. Which statementis not includedin thejobs of IIN?
A. to usepeacefirlmeansfor settlingdisputes
B. to help determinecconomypoliciesof its mernbers
C. to encouragerespectfor the rightsof everyindividual
D. to be responsibleto help its mernbernationsin their dwelopment
7. Which of the foilowing statementis a way for membernationsto supportUN?
A. protectweakcounties in settlingdisputes
B. useforce againsta nationwhich threatensothErnations
C. createbilateralrelationswith wcry othermemberof thellN
operation
D. sendtroopsfor intemationalforce in peacekeeping
8. A countryis saidto be a new legalmembErof the uN if it is admittedby ...
A.GeneralAssembly
C. 5 permanentmembersof SecurifyCouncil
B. SecurityCouncil
D. All membersof UNO
APPENDTXX
I.
International Relations
All independent
countriesneedto promotegoodinternationalrelations.
Such relations are important n mantaining countries' national interest through
internationalcooperation.
Every governmentusually hasa departmentcalledthe Departmentof
ForeignAffairs. The task of this departmentis to managethe government'sforeign
relationsthroughits diplomaticmissionsin othercountries.
The officer high"tt in rank in a diplomaticmissionis an ambassador,
who
headsthe ernbassyand representshis governmentin diplomacy or diplomatic
atrairs. An embassyrefersto the ambassadorand his staff and to the place where
they work inthe capital of a foreign country.
The otherdiplomaticstaffmembersor diplomatslower in rank than the
ambassadorare minister, minister counselor,first secretaqr,secondsecretary,third
secretaryandattach6.
A consulis appointedto stay in a certainforeign city. His duty is to carefor
the comrnercialinterestof his governrnentand to serveits citizens.A consulateis
the positionof a consulor his office.
An envoyis a diplomat especiallysentto representhis governmenton a
specialmission.
A charged'affairesis a diplomatwho takesthe placeof an ambassador
whenthe latter is absentfrom his placeof duty.
Attachdis the lowestrank in the foreign service.This word alsorefersto a
memberof the diplomaticstaffwho headsa specialdivisionin an embassy.There
a"resevetralattaches,such as military attach.cultural attach6 and commercial
attachd.
The diplomaticstaffandtheirfamiliesarenot subjectedtoarrestbythe
foreign count4r's security organs, and to the payment of its taxes or customs,
becausethey havediplomaticimmunity.
Put a cross(X) on eitherAB,C, or D on the correct&nslYer.
l. Whatis lhe mainideaof paragraph2?
A. thereis i needto dwelop relationswith other cowttries
B. It is importantto havethe Departmentof ForeignAffairs
C. thejob of the Departmentof ForeignAffairs is to arrange
the relationswith other countries
D. diplomaticmissionsneedto be carriedout by theDepartment
of ForeignAffairs
if he is not
2. A diplomaticstaffwhoseduty is to takethe positionof an ambassador
availableis called...
A. Diplomat
B. Charged'affaires
C. Attach6
D. Envoy
3. What do you know aboutthe rights of diplomaticstaffand their familiesin a foreign
country?In a foreigncounty ...
A. they can avoidpayng ta"xand cannotbe arrested
B. theyhaveto pay the'taxbut they cannotbe arested
C. they may pay the ta"rand be amestedif they areguilty
D. they do not haveto pay the tax but they canbe arested
if they areprovenguilty
4. fline I7) ... the commercialinterestof his govemmentandto serve
What does its refer to?
A. the consul's government
B. the commercialinterest
C. the foreign country
D. the citizens
5. An attach6is a diolomatic stafflower in ... than an anrbassador.
C. division
A. importance
representation
D.
B. rank
6. Amongthe diplomaticstafi which oneis assignedto a foreign countryto representhis
government on certain duty?
A. Ambassador
B. Consul
C. Attachd
D. Envoy
7. Which of the following possiblejobs do you think an attachdealswith?
A. to senda teamto the fttreign countryto learnits culture
B. to dwelop a law systemthat is mutual$ beneficialfor both governments
C. to increasethe economiccooperationwith the foreign countql's government
D. to cooperatewith the foreign country'sgovernmentin improvingthe qualityof
the armedforces
il.
The United Nations Organization
In the springof 1945,the representatives
of 50 nationsmet in a conference
in SanFranciscoUSA to set up an organizationfor the maintenanceof friendly
relationsand coopuationamongthe nationsof the world. The SecondWorld War
had then beengoing on for over five years.Millions of peoplehad beenkilled, or
had beensuffering frorn the effectsof the war. It was hopedthat the organization
would be able to prevent wars in the future. At the end of the conference,the
delegatessignedthe United Charter, and the United Natiorx Organizationwas
born.
The UnitedNations'headquarters
is in New York. Herethe General
Assembly,in which all the mernber-states
are represerted,meetsto discussmatters
concerningthe world's generalproblems.The most important official of the
organizationis the SecretaryGeneral.If somethinghappenssomewhere,he is the
first man to take measuresto preventthittgFfrom getting worse.Disputesbetween
member-states
are discussedand settledby the Security Council. UN can send
troopsto keeppeacein troubledcountries.
The llN contributeda greatdealto the settlementofthe Dutch-Indonesian
problemover the independence
of Indonesia.As the disputebecameseriousand
developedinto a war, the Security Council ordereda ceasefire, and under the
recognitionby the Dutch govemmentof lndonesia'sindependence
in 1949. Also
the statusof West Irian Jaya,as a provinceof lndonesia,was settledwith the help
ofthe UnitedNations.
Besidesthe SecurityCouncil,therearc manyotherimportantIJN agencies.
LTNESCO(theUnitedNationsEducationalScientificand Cultural Organization)is
concerned with the spreading of knowledge and improvement of education
throughoutthe world.
TINICEF(the UnitedNationsIntemationalChildren'sEmergencyFund)is
a popularagency,known all over the world becauseof its activitiesin promoting
the welfareandhealthofchildren.
The FAO (FoodandAgricultureOrganization)helpsdevelopingcountries
to improvethe people'sdiet andfarmingmethods.And manyothers.
86
Put a cross(X) on either A,B,C, or D for the correctansvver.
l. Wlry wastlie UNO established?
A. to maintainfriendty relationsamongnations
B. to eliminateall kinds of suffetingin the future
C. to establisha strongorganizationto conhol countriesin the world
D. to stopthe SecondWorld War that had beengoing on for over five years
2. Whatis the mainideaof paragraph1?
A. It is abouthow the LINO cameinto berng
B. the first conferenceof the UNO washeldin the springof 1945
C. 50 nationswereawareof theworld situationduringthe SecondWorld War
of 50 nations
D. the signingof the United Charterwasdoneby the representatives
in ...
They arerepresented
3. Whereareall of the memberstatesrepresented?
C. UnitedNations'agencies
A. New York
D. GeneralAssembty
B. SanFrancisco
4. Whatis themain ideaof pnagraph3?
A. the influenceof the SecurityCouncilover Indonesia
wasbig
andthe Nethsr'lands
B. the disputebetweenIndonesiaandthe Netherlandswas
overcomeby the UN
C. the I-INO helpedsofuesomeproblemsin Indonesia
dueto theUN's help
D. Indonesiagot its independence
purposeto ...
5. UN cansendtroopsfor peacekeepmg
A. a countrywherethereis civil disorder
B. a countrywherethe peoplelack of food
C. a counfiy wherethe economysinrationis bad
D. a countrywheretherehasbeena naturaldisaster
6. What agencyor agenciesdealswith the problemsof hunger?
C. FAO
A.UNESCO
D. LINICEFandFAO
ts.LrNICEF
7. Whatdo paragraph4,5, and6 tell us about?
A. the agenciesin the UN arepopular
B. UNESCO,IINICEF, andFAO arethreeexamples
of the IIN's importantagencies
C. the UN givesgreatcontributionto the world throughits agencies
is to spreadknowledgethroughouttheworld
D. the aim of the I-IN's agencies
87
ilI.
Stmggling to Keep the Peace
In June1995the UnitedNationscelebrated
its 50thanniversary.The
docttmentwhich setup the IIN was signedby 50 countriesin June1945.The role
ofthe tlN wa.sto protectthe world from war andto supportbasichumanrightsand
the righls of largeandsmallcountries.
Between1945and 1995the IJN claimsto havehelpedend172regional
conflicts.Theseincludecease-fires
in wars in C1'prus,Yemen,Congo,Angola,El
SalvadorandCambodia.
The {IN believesthat warfareis not a rigfit way of solvinga problem.If a
country is attackedby another country, it can ask the tIN for help. There are
severalpathsthe IIN canfollow in the caseof conflict.
1. Peacekeeping
The IIN asksits membersto supplytroopsfor an internationalforceto keepthe
peaceagreement
betweencountries.
2. Sanctions
The LN tells its membersnot to tradewith oneor morecountriesthat are
fighting.In this way the IIN hopesto put economicpressureon the warring
countriesto stopfighting.
3. Negotiation
The I"lN sendsout its teamof negotiatorswho try to helpthe warringcountries
reacha peacefulsolution.
4. Observation
Whena cease-fire
hasbeenagreed,unarmedLIN observers
canbe sentto make
surethat the fighting hasstopped.
5. Enforce peace
The L/N cansenda multinationalanny to endthe conflictby force.This has
neverhappened
yet.
On its 50th anniversarythe UN canlook backon its historywilh some
pride.Ifowever,it is clearthat it hasa long way to go beforeit canachieveits goal
of savingmankindfrom the "sc{rurgeof war".
Put a cross(X) on eitherA,B,C, or D for the correctanswer.
88
1. Whatis themainideaof paragraph2?
A. Between1945and 1995the UniteclNationsmadea claim
B. theUnitedNationswassuccessful
in stoppingthe regional
conflictsbetween1945and 1995
C. the cease-fires
in warsin Cyprus,Yemen,Congo,Angolq
El SalvadorandCambodiaweredueto the UN's help
D. the help givenby United Nationsto warringcountrieswas
enolTnous
2. trVhichof theseis not an aim of the UN?
A. to prwent world wars
C. to control counhiesin the world
B. to supporthumanrights
f). to protect small countries
3. (line 9) it can ask the UN for hclp. What doesit refer to?
A. member nation
C. UN
B. another counhy
D. a country
4. Which statementis correct accordingto the passage?
A. the (lN has its own army
B. the IJN cannot do anything when a war breaks
C. the IIN has managedto prevent all wars in the past fifty years
D. the IIN can send in a multinational fighting force in waning countries
5. Two warring countries want to talk about peace agreement.Which form of hclp do you
think tIN should givc?
A. negotiafion
C. observation
B. sancti
APPINDIXI
THE SCORESOF THE SECOND QUARTER SUMMATIVE TEST
OF TI{E SECOND YEAR SMU STI'DENTS FROM PETRA 3
ACADEMIC YEAR OF 199711998
'No.
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
10.
Il-3 Class
86
86
82
82
80
80
78
76
76
76
ll
/o
12.
76
74
74
13.
14.
15.
16.
t7.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
72
72
70
70
II-8 Class
95
94
88
88
86
85
84
80
78
78
76
76
75
II-9 Class
91
90
82
74
73
73
72
74
73
73
72
72
78
78
78
78
75
75
74
74
74
64
70
64
64
62
60
69
69
68
68
61
66
64
60
7l
69
68
68
66
64
6l
6l
60
59
58
56
56
55
53
60
53
_r0
39
36
26
68
68
68
66
24.
25.
26.
27.
28,
29.
60
30.
60
60
7l
70
1D
32.
58
56
JJ.
54
34.
35.
36.
54
54
50
59
58
58
55
5l-
50
53
38.
39.
€
42
52
52
40.
4t.
28
40
40
EX=2644
zx:2860
T:os.7s
sFl2.62
sFl2.8
Jl.
80
f;:oo.r
48
48
40
ZYF25I0
E=OafS
sF14.8
APPENDTX
II
TTM T-TEST COMPUTATION ON THE SUMMATIVE SCORES
FROM II-3, II-8 AIID II-9 CLASSES
Hypotheses:
Ho: pA = pB : thereis no significantdiffferencebetweenthe meanscores
IIa: pA * FB : thereis a significantdifferencebetweenthe meanscores
= 5Vq Z-tes\ two-tail tes\ Ztable: 1.96
lwel of significanc€
HO is accepted
if -1.96< Zc < L.96
HO is rejectedrf Zc < -1.96or Zc > I.96
XA-)G
SA2 + SBa
Zc (n-8 & tr-3) = 1.294(Ho is rejected)
Zc @-8 & tr-9) : I.74 (FIois rejected)
Zc (\-3 & tr-9; : .56 (Ho is rejected)
conclusion : thereis no significantdiffFerence
:rmongthe groups(tr-3, tr-g, and tr-9).
55
APPf,NDIXIU
TIIE RELIABILITY OF THE TEST
FROM THE TRY OIIT OF II-9 CLASS
No.
Itemsanswered
correctlv
l9
l8
l7
t
a
3.
t7
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
l6
t6
10.
l5
l5
l5
15
ll
15
12.
l5
13.
14.
15.
16.
t4
t4
t4
t4
t4
ln
L t.
l4
18.
19.
l3
13
t3
20.
2t,
22.
l3
23.
24.
25.
t3
t2
t2
t2
t2
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
ll
1l
ll
l0
9
9
1
32.
33.
34.
SD
zx:448
t>F 6416
X = 13.17
txr _(IX)'
Score
95
90
85
85
80
80
75
75
75
75
75
75
70
70
70
tv
70
70
65
65
65
65
65
60
60
60
60
55
55
55
50
45
45
35
x:65.85
R:1
r : 1 -_
MM,
(K-t\O
K
K(SD)z
n(n- l)
R:1-13.17(2A-1,3.rn
20(3.sq2
SD:3.94
R:.71
APPf,NDIXIV
56
THE DIT'FICULTY INDEX Ai\D
TTIE DISCRIMINATION II\DEX
First Passage: InternationalRelations
Item
Number
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
UpperLevel Students
Who Answered
Correctty
8
9
8
7
9
5
7
Lower Lwel
StudentsWho
Answered
Comectfu
Difficulty
Index
Discrimination
Index
6
77o/o
83o/o
22o/o
33o/o
55o/o
6
4
3
7
2
)
660/o
55o/o
8806
38o/o
660/o
44o/o
22o/o
33o/o
22o/o
SecondPassage: United NationsOrganization
Itern
Number
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Upper Lsvel Students
Who Answered
Correctly
Lower Level
StudentsWho
Arnwered
Correctty
Difficulty
Index
Discrimination
Index
72o/o
72o/o
33o/o
55o/o
33o/o
33o/o
22o/o
44o/o
44o/o
8
55o/o
88o/o
8
94o/o
llo/o
8
J
8
4
7
5
I
I
9
2
3
3
0
Third Passage: Strugglingto Keep the Peace
Item
Number
Upper l€vel Students
Who Answered
Corectly
Lower Lwel
StudentsWho
Answered
Correctly
1.
z.
6
8
3.
9
4.
5
2
7
6
4
5
7
z
6.
8
4
Dffictrlty
Index
660/o
88o/o
83o/o
50o/o
'l7o/o
660/o
Discrimination
Index
44o/o
22o/o
33o/o
IIo/o
55o/o
44o/o
Interpretationof Difficulty Index
Above 70olosuccessful: easy
3Uo/o- 707osuccessful= moderate
Bslow 30o/osuccessfi.rl: difficult
57
Interpretation of Discrimination Index
Above 50olo : good discriminator
200/6- 50olo=fair
Below 2Ao/o : poor
: none
0
APPINDIXV
THE SCORESOF
THE POSTTEST OF II-8 CLASS
No.
ScoreofII-8
Class
oo
(x2)
I
l8
324
1
t8
t6
324
3.
4.
5.
6.
10.
l6
l6
l6
l6
l6
l6
l6
ll
t6
t2.
13.
l6
l6
l6
n
8.
9.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
24.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
5t.
38.
256
256
256
256
256
256
256
256
256
256
256
256
l5
225
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
l5
22s
t4
l4
l4
t4
l3
t3
13
t2
t2
ll
ll
l0
9
€x:553)
X:ta.SS
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
196
196
196
t96
169
169
169
IM
IM
l2l
t21
100
8l
Q*:81e7)
38.8197-(553)2
SD=
311486- 305809
SD:2
APPENDIX VI
THE SCORESOF
THE POSTTESTOF'II-3 CLASS
No.
ScoreofII-3
Class
oo
I
2.
3.
A
a.
5.
6.
8.
9.
10.
n
t2.
13.
t4.
15.
16.
i8
l7
t7
l6
l6
l5
l5
t5
l5
l5
l5
l5
t4
t4
t4
t4
19.
20.
l2
25.
26.
2X
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
t2
t2
t2
l4
22.
23.
24.
324
289
289
256
t96
t96
196
196
I96
169
t44
IM
IM
t44
144
144
IM
t7.
t8.
2t.
(x1
t3
t2
t2
t2
ll
l2l
27.
ll
28.
t2l
t2l
29.
ll
ll
30.
l2r
t1
t2l
3l
IO
l0
l0
100
32
33.
34.
35.
36
37
38.
l0
9
9
8
6
EX:483
100
100
100
8l
8l
64
36
r>rd4l3
6l
n(n- 1)
33.6413-(4m)'1
38 (38-1)
243694- 233289
SD=
SD= 2.7
APPf,NDD(VII
THE T-TEST COMPUTATION
FROM THE POSTTEST SCORES
Summary of the data:
II-3 class(speedreading goup)
tr-8 chss(SQ3Rgoup)
n:38
n:38
*.: Iz.ll
X: 14.55
E'X = 483
If
fX
= 6413
= 553
!Xz:8197
SD = 2.7
SD :2
Xe-tu
tc=
14.55- 12.71
t c\
\l--;;;:;-'-"''G; ;;)
1.84
I
74
1 .8 4
19
1.84
:
---------tc
0.55
tc:3.35
APPENDIX.lrIN
International Trade
Internationaltradeis the exchangeof goodsandservicesproducedin one
country for goods and servicesproduced in another country. In most cases,
countriesdo not tradethe actualgoodsand services.Rather,they usethe income,or
money,from the saleoftheir productsto buy the productsof anothercountry.
Trade amongcounlriesallows peoplein eachcounlry to usetheir energyin
doingwhatthey do best.That is, it letsthemspecialize.Tradeandspecializationgo
handin handand enableeachofus to havemoreproductsto use andmore different
kindsof productsat the lowestpossiblecost.
Nationstradefor many reasons.FirsL they tradebecausethereare
differencesin natural resourcesin different parts of the world. The plantsthat can
be grown are different.The mineral resourcesare alsodifferent.
For example,Canadahasnickel minesbut is too cold to grow oranges.The
United Stateshas only a few small nickel mines but produces large crops of
oranges.So the United Statesbuys nickel from Canada,and Canadabuys oranges
from the United States.We say that the United Statesexportsorangesand imports
nickel. Canadae4portsnickel and importsthe oranges.
The secondreasonnationstradewith oneanotheris that it paysto
specialize.Specialization
makesthe bestuseof a countr5l'sproductiveresources-its natural resourcqs,the skill of its workers, and ils factories. When a country
specializes,it can make some goodsthat are of better qualrty than goodsmade
elsewhere.Carpetswoven in han and wine producedin Franceare examplesof
thesespecialgoods.
Many countriesget a largepart oftheir incomefrom selling oneor two
primary products.Primaty productsare raw materials from which manufactured
goodsare made.They may be from products,suchas wool, cottoq beef,or wheat.
Th"y may comefrom beneaththe zurfaceofthe earttr,as do copper,iroq coal, and
crude oil. Or they may come from forests,as do wood (not timber) and natural
rubber.
Tradingin mostcountriesis doneby businesses.
Therea.resomecasesin
which the governmentsmay do the trading.
Intemational trade has many more problernsthan there are in domestic
trade. Money difFersncebetweennations createdifficulties. Languagedifferences
oftencausemisunderstandings.
Diferent ways of doingbusinesscauseconfrrsion.
Tariffs andothertradebarriersmay be setup by a governme,lrt.
Put a cross(X) on either AB,C, or D for the correct answer.
1. What is the main ideaof paragraph1?
A. countryhadeswith anothercorurtryby sellingits productsto
brrythe productsfrom anothercorurty
B . counfiiestradewith other counties by usingtheir incomeor money
C. Internationaltradehappensbecausea county needsgoodsand services
from other counhies
D. Internationaltade is the exchangeof goodsand servicesamongcorurhies
2. (line 7) That is, it letsthem specialize.
What doesthe word themgo backto?
C. eneigies
A. counhies
D. tade and specialization
B. people
3. Why do countriestade with one another?It is because...
A. a corurtrymay exchangegoodsand seflices
B. a countrymay want to get asmuch incomeaspossible
C. a countrymay needoertainproduofsfrom anothercountry
D. a countrymay want to createbilateralor internationalrelationwith other cotmties
4.Why is it necessaryfor a countryto specialize?
A. In orderto createequalityamongthe countries
B. In orderto be ableto sellits productsto other counffies
C. In orderto showthe corurty's superiorityto other cowttries
D. kr orderto makethe naturalresotrces,the workersandthe factoriesmore productive
5. Which sourceof primaryproductsis not includedin the passage?
A. productsproducedby animals
B. productsproducesfrom forests
C. productsproducedby manufacturer
D. productsproducedfrom beneaththe surfaceof the earth
6. (line 10)First,theytade because...
What doesthey refer to?
A. naNions
B. reasons
C. differencesin naturalresources
D. the plantsandmineralresourges
7. Which of theseproblemsis not forurdin intemationaltrade?
C. differencein currency
A. languagedifference
D. tradebarrierssetup by a government
business
perception
in
different
B.
8. What doesparagraph8 tell us about?
A. thereareproblemsin domesticfoade
B. therearep,roblemsin internationaltrade
C. thereareproblemswhich aresetup by a gwernment
D. thereareproblemsin intemationaland domestictade
Amnesty International
AmnestyInternationalis humanright organizationthat won the Nobel
peaceprize in L977. It was founded in 1961 to further human freedom by
condemningtortureand imprisonmentbecauseof religiousandpolitical beliefs.Its
method is to casesthrough mailings and other publicity. The organizationhas
membersin morethan 150 counhies.World headquarters
arein londorq England.
Internationalpressurehascausedsomegovernments
to improvetheir
records on human rights. As a private organizatioq Amnesty International has
helped by e4posingthe continueduse of torhrre and other violations of human
rights in variouscountries.Therehasbeensomeimprovementin the areaof human
tights, although progress has been uneven. The countries of the world now
officially condemngenocide-- the deliberatedestructionof a raceor people.
As peoplethroughoutthe world becamebetterinformed they will be better
able to judge what is good and what is bad for a society.The spreadof human
rights and libertieswill thenbe aidedbythe force of world opinion.
Today mostgovemmentsat leastclaim to supporthumanrights. The United
Nations,the governmentsof democraticcountries,ffid private organizationssuch
as AmnestyIntemationalusetheir influencein the most seriouscasesof iqiustice.
But it is di{ficult to judge the efFestsofthis influenceon the many countriesthat are
dictatorships.
Put a cross(X) on either A,B'C, or D for the comectanswer.
l.What wasthe AmnestyInternationalfoundedfor?
A. to condemngenocide
B. to further condemnimprisonment
violationson humanrights
C. to decrease
D. to acceptotherpeople'sroligiousand politicalbeliefs
2. How doesthe Amnestylnternationaloperate?
A. it canwork on the casesby uslngnewspap€ror magazine
B. it canhold a conferenceon humanrightsto sofuethe cases
C. it cansendits agenbto approachthe cornrtryin which thereis
a caseof injustice
of the county wherethereis a aase
D. it caninvite the representatives
of serio'usi4iustice
3. Whatis themainideaof par4graphZ?
A. therehasbeenprogresson humanfights atthoughit is unwen
B. therehasbeenimprovementon humanrightsdueto intEmationalpressure
C. deliberatedestnrctionof a raceor peopleis now condernnedby cormtriesin
the world
D. AmnestyInternationalhashelpedimproverecordson humanrightsby exposrng
violationson humanrights
4. How is the progressin the areaof humanrights?
A. therehasbeenunevenProgressin the areaof humanrights
B. the progressmadeby the AmnestyInternationalis quitefast
C. therehasbeenremarkablepfogressin the areaof humanrights
D. thereis a greatchangein the world concerningthe improvement
of humanrights
5. Which of the following statementis incorrect?The AmnestyInternational...
A. hasmanymembers
B. is a stateorganization
C. is a humanriglrt organization
D. is a non-gwernrnentorganization
6. (par 3 line 14) ... theywill be betterableto judge --.
What doesthey refer to?
C. weryone
A. people
D. cormfries
B. the world
68
usetheirinffuence...
7.@at 4line 19) ... AmnestyInternational
What doesthe word their refer to?
C. privateorganizations
A. the United Nations
of democraticcountriesD. 4B, andC
B. thegovernments
8. What doesthe last paragraphtell us aboufl
A. countriesthat are dictatorshipstill havelow respecton humanrights
B. most counhiesand organizationsin the world now supporthumanrights
C. the influenceof manycountriesandprivateorganizationssuchas Amnesty
Internationalis big
D. governmentshavehelpedsotveseriouscasesof i4justicein manypartsof the world
6e
United Nations organization
The United Nations Organizationis a voluntary associationofnations. It
was organizedtokeepthe peace,to promotethe generalwelfare of peoples,andto
gain respectfor individual liberties and the right of peopleto determinetheir own
future.
The united Nations,like many nationalgovernments,hasorgans,or
divisions. These orgiuls have functions somewhatcomparableto those of the
legislative"executive,andjudicial branchesof nationalgovernments.
However,the
United Nations doesnot have as much power over its membernationsas national
govemmentshave over their people.The United Nations must dependlargely on
the willingnessofthe membernationsto cooperatein goodfaith.
Althoughthe United Nationsis primarily an organizationforkeepingpeace,
it has other importantjobs, too. Thesejobs includebringing aboutcooperationin
dealingwith economicand socialproblems,furthering respectfor humanright, and
helping non-selfgoverningterritories to developeconomicallyand politically. In
admittingnew members,the United Nations showsthat it acceptsthe responsibility
of helpingin their developmentand in the eliminationof racial discrimination.
The Charterlists principlesthat the organizationandmemberstatesagreeto
respect.Someof theseare designedto limit the power of the organization.One of
theseis the principleof sovereignequalrty-- the equalrtyof eachmembernation.
Anotheris the principle ofnonintervention-- the United Nationswill interveneonly
in international problems, not in the domestic problems of a countqr. Other
principlesemphasize
the useofpeacefulmeansfor setling disputesandrequirethat
nationsavoid threateningothernationswith force or actually using force. Member
nationsarealsoaskedtozupporttheUnitedNationsin peacekeeping
operations.
The GeneralAssemblycan admit a new mernberonly ifthe Security
Council recommendsthe admission.The Security Council cannot recommenda
nation for mernbershipunlessthe permanentmembersof the Council (the United
States,the SovietUnion -- now Russia- the United Kingdorq France,and China)
agree.
Put a cross(X) on either 48,C, or D for the correct answer.
1. How is the influenceof UNO ovsr its membernationscomparedwith the members'
nationalgovemments?
A. UN hasno power over its membernations
B. UN and its membernationshaveequalpower
C. tIN haslesspower than the nationalgovernments
D. UN hasmorepowcr than the nationalgovernments
2. fline 9) ... Howwer, the United Nationsdoesnot havoasmuch power over its member
nationsasnationalgovernmentshaveover thsir people.What doestheir refer to?
A. the UnitedNations
C. mernbernations
B. Nationalgovernments
D. people
3. Whatis tlremain ideaof paragraph3?
A. the UN is primarily an organizationfor keepingpeace
B. the LIN hasmany otherimportantjobs besidespeacekeeping
C. the UN is responsiblefor helpingnew mernberin their development
D. thc UN bringsaboutcooperationin dealingwith economicand socialproblems
of thel dwelopment...
4. fline 17) ...theresponsibiliry
What doesthey refer to?
A. new members
C. dwelopmentand eliminationof racial
B. UnitedNations
D. non-selfgoverningterritories
5. Whatis themainideaof paragraph4?
A. it is necossaryto haverespectamongmembernations
B. the IIN canaskmembernationsto supportpeacekeeping
operations
C. it is importantto setup principlesthat all membernationsagreeto respect
D. therearesomeprinciplesin the Charterwhich are setup to limit the power of the LIN
6. Which statemcntis not includedin thejobs of UN?
A. to usepeacefrrlmeansfor settlingdisputes
B. to help determineeconomypoliciesof its menrbers
C. to encouragerespectfor the rights of ewry individual
D. to be responsibleto he$ its membernationsin their dwelopment
7. Which of the following staternentis a way for membernationsto support{IN?
A. protectweakcounties in settlingdisputes
B. useforce againsta nationwhich threatensothernations
C. createbilateralrelationswith wery othermemberof theUN
opmation
D. sendtroopsfor internationalforce in peacekeeping
8. A countryis saidto be a new legalmemberof lhe UN if it is admittedby ...
A.GeneralAssembly
C. 5 permanentmsmbersof SecruityCouncil
B. SecurityCormcil
D. All mernbsrsof UNO
APPET{DIXD(
International Trade
ofgoodsandservices
is the exchange
lnternational trade
countriesdo not trade
producedin anothercountry.
ln most cases,
Rather,they use
goods and services.
the actual
oftheir products
fromthe sale
the income,or money,
to buy the products
of anothercountry.
in each country
allowspeople
Tradeamongcountries
what they do best.
in doing
to usetheir enerry
Tradeandspecialization
it lets them specialize.
That iq
and enable
eachofus
go hand in hand
andmoredifferentkinds
to have
more products to use
possiblecost.
atthe lowest
ofproducts
Nations
becausethere are differences
The plants
ofthe world.
are differerf.
First, they trade
in diffe,rentparts
in nafural resources
tradefor manyreasons.
that can be grown
The mineralresources
are alsodifferent.
but is too cold
Canadahasnickel mines
For example,
hasonly
The United States
to grow ormges.
but produceslarge crops
a few
small nickel mines
buysnickel
Sothe UnitedStates
of oranges.
fromfrre United States.
buys
oranges
andCanada
from Canad4
e4portsoranges
the United States
We saythat
and importsthe oranges.
Canadae4portsnickel
andimportsnickel.
tradewith oneanother
nations
The secondreason
Specialization
is that
it paysto specialize.
productiveresources
of a country's
the
best
use
makes
of its workers,
the skill
its nafural resources,
it canmake
Whena countryspecializes,
andits factories.
of betterqualrty
that are
somegoods
and wine produced
Carpetswovenin Iran
than goodsmadeelsewhere.
ofthesespecialgoods.
are examples
in France
oftheir income
geta largepart
Many countries
Primary products
or two primary products.
from sellingone
are made.
from which manufactured goods
areraw materials
suchaswool, cottorg
from products,
Th"y may be
from beneaththe sutface
beef,or wheat. Th.y may come
coal,andcrudeoil.
asdo copper,iron"
ofthe earth,
asdo wood
from forests,
Orthey may come
andnaturalrubber.
(not timber)
is doneby businesses. Therearesomecases
Tradingin mostcountries
may do the trading.
in which the governments
than thereare
hasmanymoreproblems
Intemationaltrade
createdifficulties.
Money differencebetweennations
in domestictrade.
Different ways
I-anguagedifllerences oftencausemisunderstandings.
and
other
Tariffs
causeconfirsion.
of doing business
government.
a
up
by
may
be
set
tradebarriers
Put a cross(X) on either A,B,C, or D for the correct answer.
1. Whatis the mainideaof paragraph1?
A. countrytradeswith anothercounffy by sellingits productsto
brrythe productsfrom anothercounfiy
B. counhiestade with other counlriesby usmgtheir incomeor money
C. Internationaltradehappensbecausea countryneedsgoodsand services
from other countries
D. Internationaltradeis the exchangeof goodsand services:rmongcounfries
2. (line 7) Thatis, it letsthemspecialize.
What doesthe word themgo backto?
A. countries
B. people
D. ftade and specialization
3. Why do countriestradewith oneanother?It is because,..
A. a countrymay exchangegoodsand services
B. a corurty may want to get asmuch incomeaspossible
C. a countrymay needcertainproductsfrom anothercounty
D. a countrymay want to ueate bilateralor internationalrelationwith other counties
4.Why is it necessaryfor a countryto specialize?
A. In orderto createequality:rmong
the counfries
B. In orderto be ableto sellits productsto othercountries
C. In orderto showthe counfiry'ssuperiorityto other countries
D. In orderto makethe naturalresources,the workersand the factoriesmore productive
5. Which sourceof primaryproductsis not includedin the passage?
A. productsproducedby animals
B. productsproducesfrom forests
C. productsproducedby manufacturer
D. productsproducedfrom beneaththe surfaceof the earth
6. (ine 10)Firs! thgytradebecause...
Whatdoestheyreferto?
A- nations
B. reasons
C. dtfferencesin naturalresources
D. the plantsandmineralresources
7. Which of theseproblemsis not found in internafionalhade?
A. languagedifference
C. differencein currency
perception
D. tradebarrierssetup by a government
in business
B. different
8. What does paragraph 8 tell us about ?
A. there are problems in domestic tade
B. there are problerns in international trade
C. there are problems which are set up by a government
D. there are problerns in international and domestic trade
Amnesty International
AmneslyInternational
is humanright organization
that won
the Nobelpeacepnze
n 1977.
It wasfounded
in 1961
to fi.rrtherhumanfreedom
by condemning
tortureandimprisonment
becauseof
religiousandpoliticalbeliefs.
,
Its method
is to cases
throughmailings
andotherpublicity.
The organizationhas
members
in morethan
150countries,
World headquarters
is in l,ondon,England.
International pressure
has causedsome governments
to improve
their reoords
on humanrights.
As a privateorganization,
AmnestyInternationalhashelped
by e4posing
the continueduse
oftorture
andotherviolations
of humanrights
in variouscountries.
Therehasbeen
someimprovement
in the area
of humanrights,
althoughprogress
hasbeenuneven.
The countries
ofthe world
now officially condemngenocide
the deliberatedestruction
of a race
or people.
As people
throughoutthe world
becamebetterinformed,
thry
will be betterable
to judge
what is good
andwhat is bad
for a society.
The spreadof humanrights
andliberties
will then be aided
by the force
ofworld opinion.
Today
most govemments
at leastclaim
to support human rights.
The United Nations,
the governments
of democraticcountries.
and private organizations
such as Amnesty
International
usetheir influence
in the mostserious
casesof ir{ustice.
But it is difficult
to judgethe effects
of this influence
on the many countries
that are dictatorship.
Put a cross(X) on either A,B,C, or D for the correctansriler.
l.What wasthe AmnestyInternationalfoundedfot?
A. to condemngenocide
B. to firrther condemnimprisonment
violationson humanrights
C. to decrease
D. to acceptotherpeople'sreligiousandpoliticalbeliefs
2. How doesthe AmnestyInternationaloperate?
A. it canwork on the casesby usrngnewspaperor magazine
B. it canhold a conferenceon humanrightsto sofuethe cases
C. it cansendits agentsto approachthe countryin which thereis
a caseof iqiustice
of the counfirywherethereis a citse
D. it caninvite the representatives
of seriousinjustice
3. Whatis the main ideaof paragraph2?
A. therehasbeenprogresson humanrights althoughit is unwen
B. therehasbeenimprovernenton humanrightsdueto internationalp,ressure
C. deliberatedestructionof a raceor peopleis now condernnedby counhiesin
the world
D. AmnestyInternationalhashelpedimproverecordson humanrightsby exposing
violationson humanrights
4. How is the progressin the areaof humanrights?
A. therehasbeenunevenprogressin the areaof humanrights
B. the progressmadeby the AmnestyIntemationalis quite fast
C. therehasbeenremarkableprogressin the areaof humanrights
D. thereis a greatchangein the world concerningthe improvement
of humanrights
is incorrect?The AmnestyInternational...
5. Which of the followingstaternent
A. hasmanymernbers
B. is a stateorganization
C. is a humanright oryanization
D. is a non-governmsntorganization
6. (par 3 line 14) ... ttry will be betterableto judge ...
What doesthey refer to?
C. weryone
A. people
D. countries
B. the world
What doesthe word their refer to?
C. privateoryanizations
A. the UnitedNations
of democraticcountriesD. A,B, andC
B. thegovefirments
8. What doesthe lastparagraphtell us aboufl
A. cormtriesthat are dictatorshipstill havelow respecton humanrights
B. most corntriesand organizationsin the world now supporthumanrights
C. the influenceof manycountriesandprivateoryanizationssuchasAmnesty
Internationalis big
governments
havehelpedsofueseriouscasesof ir{usticein many partsof the world
D.
United Nations Organization
The United Nations Organization
is a voluntary association
ofnations.
It was organized
to keep the peace,
to promote
the generalwelfare
ofpeoples,
and to gain respect
for individual liberties
and the right
ofpeople
to determine
their own future.
like manynationalgovernments,
hasorgans,
or divisions.
Theseorganshavefunctions
somewhatcomparable
to
thoseofthe legislative,
executive,andjudicial branches ofnational
governments.
However,the United Nations
doesnot have
asmuch power
over its membernations
asnationalgoverrrments
have
overtheir people. The UnitedNations
mustdependlargely
on the willingness
ofthe membernations
to cooperatein goodfaith.
The United Nations.
Althoughthe UnitedNations
is primarily an organization
for keepingpeace,
it
hasotherimportantjobs,
too.
Thesejobs
in dealing with
include bringing about cooperation
economicand social problems,
furthering respect
for humanrighL
andhelping
non-selfgoverningterritories
to develop
economicallyandpolitically.
In admittingnewmembers,
the United Nations
showsthat
it acceptsthe responsibility
of helping
in their development
andinthe elimination
of racial discrimination.
The Charterlistsprinciples
that the organization
and member states
agreeto respect.
Someofthese
are designed
to limitthe power
ofthe organization.
One ofthese
is the principle
of sovereignequality
the equality
of eachmembernation.
Anotheris the principle
of nonintervention
the UnitedNations
will intervene
only in internationalproblems,
in the domesticproblems
of a country.
Otherprinciples
emphasize
the use
of peacefi.rl
means
for settlingdisputes
andrequirethat nations
avoidttreatening other nations
with force
or actuallyusingforce.
Mernber nations
are also asked
to supportthe United Nations
in peacekeepingoperations.
The GeneralAssemblv
can admit
a new member
only if
the SecurityCouncil
recommends
the admission.
The SecurityCouncil
carurotrecommenda nation
for manbership
(theUnitedStates,
ofthe Council
unlessthe permanentmemben
France,
ttreUnited Kingdorn,
now Russia
the SovietUnion
andChina)agree.
81
Put a cross(X) on either A,B'C, or D for the correctanswer.
1 How is the influenceof LINO over its membernationscomparedwith the members'
nationalgovernments?
A. UN hasno power over its membernations
B. UN andits membernationshaveequalpower
C. UN haslesspower thanthe nationalgovernments
D. UN hasmorepowerthan the nationalgovernments
2. (line 9) ... Howwer, the UnitedNationsdoesnot haveasmuchpoweroverits member
nationsasnationalgovernmentshaveover their people.What doestheir refer to?
C. mernbernations
A. the United Nations
D. people
B. Nationalgovernments
3. What is the main idea of paragraph3?
A. the IJN is primarityan organizationfor keepingpeace
B. the UN hasmany otherimportantjobs besidespeacekeeping
C. the UN is responsiblefor helpingnew memberin their dwelop,rneirt
D. the UN bringsaboutcooperationin dealingwith economicand socialproblems
of their dwelopment...
4. fline 17) ...theresponsibility
What doesthey refer to?
C. dwelopmentand eliminationof racial
A. new members
discrimination
D. non self gverningterritorieseconomyand
B. United Nations
politics
5. Whatis the mainideaof paragraph4?
to haverespectamongmembernations
A. it is necessary
operations
B. the UN can askmembernationsto supportpeacekeeping
principles
up
all
member
nations
agreeto respect
C. it is importantto set
that
D. therearesomoprinciplesin the Charterwhich aresetup to limit the power of the UN
6. Which statementis not includedin thejobs of IIN?
A. to usepeacefirlmeansfor settlingdisputes
B. to help determinecconomypoliciesof its mernbers
C. to encouragerespectfor the rightsof everyindividual
D. to be responsibleto help its mernbernationsin their dwelopment
7. Which of the foilowing statementis a way for membernationsto supportUN?
A. protectweakcounties in settlingdisputes
B. useforce againsta nationwhich threatensothErnations
C. createbilateralrelationswith wcry othermemberof thellN
operation
D. sendtroopsfor intemationalforce in peacekeeping
8. A countryis saidto be a new legalmembErof the uN if it is admittedby ...
A.GeneralAssembly
C. 5 permanentmembersof SecurifyCouncil
B. SecurityCouncil
D. All membersof UNO
APPENDTXX
I.
International Relations
All independent
countriesneedto promotegoodinternationalrelations.
Such relations are important n mantaining countries' national interest through
internationalcooperation.
Every governmentusually hasa departmentcalledthe Departmentof
ForeignAffairs. The task of this departmentis to managethe government'sforeign
relationsthroughits diplomaticmissionsin othercountries.
The officer high"tt in rank in a diplomaticmissionis an ambassador,
who
headsthe ernbassyand representshis governmentin diplomacy or diplomatic
atrairs. An embassyrefersto the ambassadorand his staff and to the place where
they work inthe capital of a foreign country.
The otherdiplomaticstaffmembersor diplomatslower in rank than the
ambassadorare minister, minister counselor,first secretaqr,secondsecretary,third
secretaryandattach6.
A consulis appointedto stay in a certainforeign city. His duty is to carefor
the comrnercialinterestof his governrnentand to serveits citizens.A consulateis
the positionof a consulor his office.
An envoyis a diplomat especiallysentto representhis governmenton a
specialmission.
A charged'affairesis a diplomatwho takesthe placeof an ambassador
whenthe latter is absentfrom his placeof duty.
Attachdis the lowestrank in the foreign service.This word alsorefersto a
memberof the diplomaticstaffwho headsa specialdivisionin an embassy.There
a"resevetralattaches,such as military attach.cultural attach6 and commercial
attachd.
The diplomaticstaffandtheirfamiliesarenot subjectedtoarrestbythe
foreign count4r's security organs, and to the payment of its taxes or customs,
becausethey havediplomaticimmunity.
Put a cross(X) on eitherAB,C, or D on the correct&nslYer.
l. Whatis lhe mainideaof paragraph2?
A. thereis i needto dwelop relationswith other cowttries
B. It is importantto havethe Departmentof ForeignAffairs
C. thejob of the Departmentof ForeignAffairs is to arrange
the relationswith other countries
D. diplomaticmissionsneedto be carriedout by theDepartment
of ForeignAffairs
if he is not
2. A diplomaticstaffwhoseduty is to takethe positionof an ambassador
availableis called...
A. Diplomat
B. Charged'affaires
C. Attach6
D. Envoy
3. What do you know aboutthe rights of diplomaticstaffand their familiesin a foreign
country?In a foreigncounty ...
A. they can avoidpayng ta"xand cannotbe arrested
B. theyhaveto pay the'taxbut they cannotbe arested
C. they may pay the ta"rand be amestedif they areguilty
D. they do not haveto pay the tax but they canbe arested
if they areprovenguilty
4. fline I7) ... the commercialinterestof his govemmentandto serve
What does its refer to?
A. the consul's government
B. the commercialinterest
C. the foreign country
D. the citizens
5. An attach6is a diolomatic stafflower in ... than an anrbassador.
C. division
A. importance
representation
D.
B. rank
6. Amongthe diplomaticstafi which oneis assignedto a foreign countryto representhis
government on certain duty?
A. Ambassador
B. Consul
C. Attachd
D. Envoy
7. Which of the following possiblejobs do you think an attachdealswith?
A. to senda teamto the fttreign countryto learnits culture
B. to dwelop a law systemthat is mutual$ beneficialfor both governments
C. to increasethe economiccooperationwith the foreign countql's government
D. to cooperatewith the foreign country'sgovernmentin improvingthe qualityof
the armedforces
il.
The United Nations Organization
In the springof 1945,the representatives
of 50 nationsmet in a conference
in SanFranciscoUSA to set up an organizationfor the maintenanceof friendly
relationsand coopuationamongthe nationsof the world. The SecondWorld War
had then beengoing on for over five years.Millions of peoplehad beenkilled, or
had beensuffering frorn the effectsof the war. It was hopedthat the organization
would be able to prevent wars in the future. At the end of the conference,the
delegatessignedthe United Charter, and the United Natiorx Organizationwas
born.
The UnitedNations'headquarters
is in New York. Herethe General
Assembly,in which all the mernber-states
are represerted,meetsto discussmatters
concerningthe world's generalproblems.The most important official of the
organizationis the SecretaryGeneral.If somethinghappenssomewhere,he is the
first man to take measuresto preventthittgFfrom getting worse.Disputesbetween
member-states
are discussedand settledby the Security Council. UN can send
troopsto keeppeacein troubledcountries.
The llN contributeda greatdealto the settlementofthe Dutch-Indonesian
problemover the independence
of Indonesia.As the disputebecameseriousand
developedinto a war, the Security Council ordereda ceasefire, and under the
recognitionby the Dutch govemmentof lndonesia'sindependence
in 1949. Also
the statusof West Irian Jaya,as a provinceof lndonesia,was settledwith the help
ofthe UnitedNations.
Besidesthe SecurityCouncil,therearc manyotherimportantIJN agencies.
LTNESCO(theUnitedNationsEducationalScientificand Cultural Organization)is
concerned with the spreading of knowledge and improvement of education
throughoutthe world.
TINICEF(the UnitedNationsIntemationalChildren'sEmergencyFund)is
a popularagency,known all over the world becauseof its activitiesin promoting
the welfareandhealthofchildren.
The FAO (FoodandAgricultureOrganization)helpsdevelopingcountries
to improvethe people'sdiet andfarmingmethods.And manyothers.
86
Put a cross(X) on either A,B,C, or D for the correctansvver.
l. Wlry wastlie UNO established?
A. to maintainfriendty relationsamongnations
B. to eliminateall kinds of suffetingin the future
C. to establisha strongorganizationto conhol countriesin the world
D. to stopthe SecondWorld War that had beengoing on for over five years
2. Whatis the mainideaof paragraph1?
A. It is abouthow the LINO cameinto berng
B. the first conferenceof the UNO washeldin the springof 1945
C. 50 nationswereawareof theworld situationduringthe SecondWorld War
of 50 nations
D. the signingof the United Charterwasdoneby the representatives
in ...
They arerepresented
3. Whereareall of the memberstatesrepresented?
C. UnitedNations'agencies
A. New York
D. GeneralAssembty
B. SanFrancisco
4. Whatis themain ideaof pnagraph3?
A. the influenceof the SecurityCouncilover Indonesia
wasbig
andthe Nethsr'lands
B. the disputebetweenIndonesiaandthe Netherlandswas
overcomeby the UN
C. the I-INO helpedsofuesomeproblemsin Indonesia
dueto theUN's help
D. Indonesiagot its independence
purposeto ...
5. UN cansendtroopsfor peacekeepmg
A. a countrywherethereis civil disorder
B. a countrywherethe peoplelack of food
C. a counfiy wherethe economysinrationis bad
D. a countrywheretherehasbeena naturaldisaster
6. What agencyor agenciesdealswith the problemsof hunger?
C. FAO
A.UNESCO
D. LINICEFandFAO
ts.LrNICEF
7. Whatdo paragraph4,5, and6 tell us about?
A. the agenciesin the UN arepopular
B. UNESCO,IINICEF, andFAO arethreeexamples
of the IIN's importantagencies
C. the UN givesgreatcontributionto the world throughits agencies
is to spreadknowledgethroughouttheworld
D. the aim of the I-IN's agencies
87
ilI.
Stmggling to Keep the Peace
In June1995the UnitedNationscelebrated
its 50thanniversary.The
docttmentwhich setup the IIN was signedby 50 countriesin June1945.The role
ofthe tlN wa.sto protectthe world from war andto supportbasichumanrightsand
the righls of largeandsmallcountries.
Between1945and 1995the IJN claimsto havehelpedend172regional
conflicts.Theseincludecease-fires
in wars in C1'prus,Yemen,Congo,Angola,El
SalvadorandCambodia.
The {IN believesthat warfareis not a rigfit way of solvinga problem.If a
country is attackedby another country, it can ask the tIN for help. There are
severalpathsthe IIN canfollow in the caseof conflict.
1. Peacekeeping
The IIN asksits membersto supplytroopsfor an internationalforceto keepthe
peaceagreement
betweencountries.
2. Sanctions
The LN tells its membersnot to tradewith oneor morecountriesthat are
fighting.In this way the IIN hopesto put economicpressureon the warring
countriesto stopfighting.
3. Negotiation
The I"lN sendsout its teamof negotiatorswho try to helpthe warringcountries
reacha peacefulsolution.
4. Observation
Whena cease-fire
hasbeenagreed,unarmedLIN observers
canbe sentto make
surethat the fighting hasstopped.
5. Enforce peace
The L/N cansenda multinationalanny to endthe conflictby force.This has
neverhappened
yet.
On its 50th anniversarythe UN canlook backon its historywilh some
pride.Ifowever,it is clearthat it hasa long way to go beforeit canachieveits goal
of savingmankindfrom the "sc{rurgeof war".
Put a cross(X) on eitherA,B,C, or D for the correctanswer.
88
1. Whatis themainideaof paragraph2?
A. Between1945and 1995the UniteclNationsmadea claim
B. theUnitedNationswassuccessful
in stoppingthe regional
conflictsbetween1945and 1995
C. the cease-fires
in warsin Cyprus,Yemen,Congo,Angolq
El SalvadorandCambodiaweredueto the UN's help
D. the help givenby United Nationsto warringcountrieswas
enolTnous
2. trVhichof theseis not an aim of the UN?
A. to prwent world wars
C. to control counhiesin the world
B. to supporthumanrights
f). to protect small countries
3. (line 9) it can ask the UN for hclp. What doesit refer to?
A. member nation
C. UN
B. another counhy
D. a country
4. Which statementis correct accordingto the passage?
A. the (lN has its own army
B. the IJN cannot do anything when a war breaks
C. the IIN has managedto prevent all wars in the past fifty years
D. the IIN can send in a multinational fighting force in waning countries
5. Two warring countries want to talk about peace agreement.Which form of hclp do you
think tIN should givc?
A. negotiafion
C. observation
B. sancti