ShrimpBook Hatcheries Arellano
Arellano,E., Leslie, M., Mock, C., Boeing, P., Maugle, P. (1989) Role of Hatcheries in the Shrimp Pond Culture
Industry. In: Olsen, S. and Arriaga, L., editors. A Sustainable Shrimp Mariculture Industry for Ecuador.
Narragansett, RI: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island
A SUSTAINABLE SHRIMP MARICULTURE
INDUSTRY FOR ECUADOR
Edjttd by Stephen Olsen and Luis Arrlaga
Role of Hatcheries in the Shrimp Pond Culture Industry
El Papel de los Laboratorios en la Industria del Cultivo del
Camarón en Piscinas
E, Arellano, M. Leslie, C. Mock, P. Boeing y P. Maugle.
Resumen
Desde 1982 el precio promedio del camarón para exportación ha sido de un US$3,60/lb,
produciendo un ingreso anual estimado en unos 200 millones de dólares. Desde 1980, el 75% de estas
exportaciones provienen de las piscinas y el 25% de la pesca camaronera de la flota de arrastre.
Para 1986-1987, del 60 al 70% del suministro de larvas proviene del ambiente natural, obtenidas
por los "larveros".
La industria del camarón, con una inversión inicial de 2 x 109 dólares, no puede continuar
dependiendo sólo del suministro de larvas obtenidas en el medio natural, donde están disponibles sólo
estacionalmente. El desarrollo de los laboratorios es requerido para mantener los niveles actuales de
exportación.
Los 68 laboratorios autorizados hasta la fecha, podrían producir 6,7 x 109 postkmas por atio.
Para producir pls los laboratorios ecuatorianos usan dos sistemas: (a) desove expontáneo de
hembras grávidas capturadas por pescadores; y, @) suministro de huevos de hembras grávidas mantenidas en
condiciones de maduración en el laboratorio (ablación).
Los autores concluyen en que la producción de camarones puede aumentar inmediatamente
mejorando el manejo de las piscinas existentes, incluyendo la solución de problemas en el transporte y
aclimatación de las pls capturadas del ambiente natural o de laboratorio, así como en la alimentación,
captura y mercadeo. Recomiendan que se estimulen las investigaciones aplicadas para estabilización de la
producción y de los procesos de maduración.
NOTE TO READER
September 1, 2006
THIS IS A SEARCHABLE PDF DOCUMENT
This document has been created in Adobe Acrobat Professional 6.0 by scanning the best
available original paper copy. The page images may be cropped and blank numbered pages
deleted in order to reduce file size, however the full text and graphics of the original are
preserved. The resulting page images have been processed to recognize characters
(optical character recognition, OCR) so that most of the text of the original, as well as some
words and numbers on tables and graphics are searchable and selectable. To print the
document with the margins as originally published, do not use page scaling in the printer
set up.
This document is posted to the web site of the
Coastal Resources Center,
Graduate School of Oceanography,
University of Rhode Island
220 South Ferry Road
Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA 02882
Telephone: 401.874.6224
http://www.crc.uri.edu
Citation:
Arellano,E., Leslie, M., Mock, C., Boeing, P., Maugle, P. (1989) Role of Hatcheries in the
Shrimp Pond Culture Industry. In: Olsen, S. and Arriaga, L., editors. A Sustainable Shrimp
Mariculture Industry for Ecuador. Narragansett, RI: Coastal Resources Center,
University of Rhode Island
fntroduction
The Ecuadorianshrimpindustryhasexperienceda substantialincreasein activity sincethe 1970s.
Exportstotalled2,?00metrictons(m.t.)in 1970,10,200m.t. in 1980,23,400m.t. in 1984and
30,000m.t. in 1986.
approximately
Since1982the averagepricefor exportedshrimphasbeenU.S. $3.60per pound,producing-an
estimatedannualincomeof morethan$200million. Since1980,75 percentof theseexportscamefrom
^pondsand 25 percentfromthe shrimptrawler fleet.
By 1086-1987,60 !o 70 perient of the larval supplycamefrom thenaturalenvironment,caught
by artisanaifishermencalled "laweros." Estimatesvary, but apparentlymore than90,000peopleare
involvedin this fishery. Whenfishingis good,a larveromay earnas muchas2,500sucresor
U.S.$17PerdaY.
approximately
Ttre strrimpindustry,with an initial investmentof approximately$2billion, cannotcontinueto
available.If the industryis to
dependsolelyon a naturalsupplyof larvae,which areonly seasonally
levelsof exportation.Conventional
current
of haicheriesis requiredto maintain
st;bilize,the development
levelsof theresourceaswell as
the
help
maintain
can
which
resources,
methodsfor shrimp
conseruation
manyyearsof research.
planning
unA
stages,
in
the
pquire
areitill
management,
its
improving
Yj[
'
annualfluctuationsin larvaedisfibution on tie coast,both seasonaland
i1e still un'explained
predictEcuador'sannualwild stockshrimpproduction.For this
spatial,makeit impossibleto adequately
of
tb
has
.titt"O
blan anddevelopshrimphatcheriesto guaranteea-steadysupply
,"uron, the shrimpindustry
the statusof
postlarvaeas thenaturalpopulationsbecomelessavailabie.fhe taUtebelow summarizes
itrimp hatcheriesin Ecuadorin August1986:
ShrimpHatcheriesin Ecuador:August 1986
Status
Esmeraldas
flatcheries
in operation
in construction
autiorized
landallocated
Sub Stations*
EcuadorianllatcherY
Technicians
ExpatriateTechnicians
Investment**
OperationalCosts**
J
Location
Guayas
Manabi
I
6
:
A
a
t6
6
T2
26
El Oro
J
,)
a
.)
Total
29
20
t:
10
10
5
9
13
15
44
I
A'
3
46
6
623
104
2374
378
* Sub stationsusedto spawnmaturefemaleshrimpto obtainnauplii.
ni Costsgivenin millionsof sucres,150sucresto U'S' $1'
264
207
al
I.t
63
69
3250
562
Hatcheries
Technicalandeconomicinformationfrom the 68 laboratoriescited in Table 1 indicatethat they
wouldbe ableto produce6.7billion postlarvaeper year. It shouldbe notedthat hatcheries
do not funciion
on a continuousbasis,andincluding"down-times"this estimateof productivecapabilitycouldbe
approximatelyhalf. The averagesizeof hatcheriesunderconsEuctiontodayhasO^ecreased,
apparentty
because-managers
want-tosupply 100percentof the larvaefor pondscontrolledby the enterpri." und r311y
haverealizedthat largehatcheriesby themselvesarenot costefiective. By FebruaryrqSi rh'; were 105
hatcheries
in variousstagesof planningor consfiuction,51 of which havereceivedapprovalto begin
operation(seeTable 1).
Farmslargerttran800hectaresof cultivatableareagenerallyplanfor a minimumof two harvests
per year_
with an averagest@kingdensityof 50,000posttarvae
per hectareandan averageharvestof 2,500
pounds/harvest/ye-ar
at sizesftomlJ?l?S toU36/46. Hatcheriisassociated
with farmiof ttrissizecan
produceat least10millionpostlarvaeper month. Thereis alsoa high percentage
of shrimpfarmsin ttreg0
to 400-hectare
sizerange. In thesecasesthehatcheryis designedto"ptoau."upio 5 -niorifostrarvae per
montl anda correspondingly
smallerharvest.
From an economicpoint of view, higherlevelsof productionwould seemto lower therelative
productioncost. In smallhatcheries,
productioncostsdepe;don the initial investment,ttregro*ing system
appliedandthenumberof personnelinvolved. hesent experience
indicatesthatsmallerhatcheries
tendto
be more economicaland operateat betterprofit margins.
Currently,it appears.that
integraiedcompanies
will functionbetterfor ttreshorttermsincethe
pelsonn-e.l
havemorejob s.tabilitythanthosein non-integrared
companies;uuiin rd@;;;
fte small
and medium-sizedharcherieswill be betterableto surviG economidal,technicalor
administrativecrises
because
theircomplexityandexpenses
areless.
On the otherhand,with moresmall hatcheries,moretechnicalpersonnelare needed
which
temporarilycreateda sholtaggof thesepeoplein Ecuador,as*etias att over
the world. In Ecuador,the
solutionto this problemhasbeento useteitrnicianswho mouetto. one harchery
to another.In this way,
the transferof "know-how"is being.facilitated,
assumingthetechnicianrtruue,Jhcie"i
The questionis how manyhatcheriesandof wh-atsizedoesEcuadorrequire guarantee
to ".pari.".".
a steady
level of production?This is a nerydifficult questionto *.*"r
becauseonly now is thecountry
pr?areg technicallyto supporta "boom"of hatcheries.However,
"r"Jy
itittir n.".rrary development
is not
undertakennow, the increases
in costs,therise in rhedollarana t e d;iiirurrcs *itr, irpoitir! ot
equipmentwill makefuturecostsandinvestments
muchgrlater andfossibly prohibitory. The shrimp
mariculture
industryis
affected
byanumber
of factors:
orlorfiu*u.,oimano,
frfie anJtevetor
production.The tablebelowgivesa summaryof theseffity
faiiors:
Summaryof How LarvaeControlthe ShrimpMaricultureIndustry
Wild caught
Affectedby climatologicalfactors
PostlarvaeSupply
Halcheryproduced(affectedby technicalability
andcosteffectivemeasures)
Pollutioneffects
Dernand
Growthin cultivablearea(haof ponds)
Numberof harvestsper year(2-i)
Stockingdensity (pls/ha)(30,000_60,000_
I 20,000;Extensive--Semi-intensive-Intensivesystem)
Price
Availabilityof wild caughtseedsrock
Area caught(bl.achvs. estero)
Distancetransp'Jrted
PercentPenaeus vannamei
265
hoduction
Acclimationability andfranspoflation
lbs/halyearvs. dollars/ha/Year
Optimizationof profitsin pondsandhatcheries
Market
Pricefluctuationsof shrimp. Quality of the
product.World production.
claim to havethebesttechnology,complicated
Althoughmanycommercialhatcheries
simple
hatchery
industryin the long term. Instead,_relatively
benefitthe
technologieswil-inot necessarily
productionmethodsthatwill not causemajorstressor problemsin the systemareneeded.
Shortagesof Broodstock and Nauplii
Hatcheriesraiselarvaefrom eggsthrougha metamorphicstageto postlarvae.ll"itP hatcheries
fertile
eggsin two ways. The fiisl is to gatherthe spontaneousspawnof gravidfemalescaughtby
obtain
will require4 billion
Ecuador'shatcheries
rtt.irp fisherml"n(sourcing).To produce2 billion postlarvae,
all yearfrom
aregvai.lab_le
female
shrimp
night.
Gravid
each
oi approximatelytZ million nauplii
andthey,
Ec^uador,
in
fleet
sourcing
"""pfii
largest
the
opemtes
Nacional
Empacadoia
coastalwatersin Bsmeraldas.
from
Pablo
San
off
captured
are
also
femalgs
night.-Gravid
nauplii
each
2-5
million
produce
others,
*ong
that
the
suggest
data
These
O.rof,.r throughMarch, where4-20million naupliiarecollectedeachnight.
March,but
will stockgruiiOpopulation(s)canalmostsupplytheprojecteddgmandfrom Octoberthrough
thevear.
of
for
therest
nauplii
with
hatcheries
the
cannoi
zu-pply
Esmeraldas
fiinuoftiifrom
id;iat
The secondsourceof eggsis from gravidfemaleshrimpmaintainedin maturationfacilitieswithin
of the
thedevelopment
the abla-iionof oneeyestalhtoaccelerate
the hatchery.This mettrod
female
the
to
"rnptlo-yr
sperm
of
attachment
the
not
oicurred,
has
orrarles(mitwation) and,*he; n-atu.almating
of
experience
the
used,
on
techniques
varies
depending
produciion
rtr.6p prior to spawnin!. fufuturution
nauplii
150,000
to
a"a aualai-iiity oiUrooOitock. Year-roundpioductionrangesfrom 20,000
rh";il.g*
present$underconstruction
whictttrigg".t"a needfor some250 u-nks. All hatcheries
nighi,
;;ffi;ff
thesefacilitiesbegin
when
be
available
may
400
tanks
as
sysre;s andasmany
in.o.po.ir" ma"ruration
maturationtechniques
commercial
rapidly
hbw
upon
depend
Ure.n
nauptii
Theproductionof
ryirr
Gr.ti;tusedin
nauplii
percent
of
50
almost
Crntently,
stock.
brood
of
availability
the
and
,in U" riastered
camefrom maturationfacilities.
hatcheries
of P. vannameiue notexactlyknown,althoughsomeareas
The zones-A tlta, of spawning
^t
broodstockP' vannameiarecaptured
largequantities.of
no*n,-utrd
ur"
common
wherethis speciesis
hatcherydoesnot havean
betweenDecemberandMarchwhenoceantemperatuesarehigher..Ifa
theyear. Becausethereare
throughout
ptoduce_postlarvae
*aturation systern,it is difficult to
morecosteffective,high
use
to
is
tendency
year,
a
there
the
"p.."ti"."f
tittt
of
largequantiti., or nuupt'ilui ..tuin
but diseaseptobl"rs haveon occasionbecomecritical,leadingto shortdensitylarvalculturetechniques,
in productivecapacity.
term decreases
be solvedby
The short*ppfv of frigfrqirufitybroodstockfor usein maturationsys!em1.c991d
(sourcing)by the
selectivelishing
pond
by
site,-or
or
hatchery
ponds
at
the
of
of specialtanks
maintenance
special
Ecuador.
in
biooditockhasbeenunsuccessful
offshorefleet. To ououtt rpir io usepono-raised
animals'
for
these
quality
diets
of
nuridonal
ennitonmentand
needsto il;d;;"pond
considerarion
Conclusions and Recommendations
immediatelyby makingoptiT-aluseof facilitiesalready
Shrimpproductioncouldbe increased
and
pro!.lemlof transportation
ponds
includls iOOressing
of existing
installed.Improvingmanagement
andadequate
harvesting
feeding,
postlarvae,
appropriate
truittt.ty-proOuied
acclimationof *ru-caugiriinJ
marketing.
quality and supplyof a
The future of shrimphatcheriesand the industryis dependentupon a stable
year
is not asprofitable
quality
each
pL
of-low
srcporttutu."
I
largequantityor uruae. rrJducing billion
nutritionand
superior
of
larvae
mustconsistentlypro-duce
asproducing500 million pL isr. itr. tratctreries
266
largersize,evenat lower productionlevels,sincetheselarvaehavehighermarketacceptabiliryandstable
price.
seed,but if the
^ - Wildstockpostlarvaemay alwaysexistassfiongcompetitionfor hatchery-produced
useof hatcheryproductsin pondsbecomesstandard,
thehatcheries
may be a long-termsolutionfor a stable
maricultureindustryin Ecuador.
Appliedresearchwith direct,rapidimpacton thesabili zattonof production,shouldbe stimulated,
andresearchon diseasesshouldbe initiated in governmentandprivatelaboratories.The studyof broodstock
maturationprocesses
is urgentlyneededso thatan adequate
supptyofeggsandnaupliicanbe obtainedon a
continuingbasis.Oncethesematurationprocesses
areadequaiety
undeistood,a naupliusdistributioncenter
shouldbe installedto facilitatetheoperationof smallandmedium-sized
hatcheries.
Long-term,appliedresearchwith directandrapidimpacton productionshouldbe strongly
stimulated. TheEcuadoriangovernmentshouldencourage
ESrOL,by meansof its ShrimpLiryal Culture
hoject, to servethe needs.
of the_entire
shrimpindustry. Oneway to assurethis is throughgranc.
Anothermight be to permitESPOLto operateponds,asothergovernmentagenciesdo, 6 eiport the
product,andto usethefundsto supporthatcheryEainingoperations.
267
Industry. In: Olsen, S. and Arriaga, L., editors. A Sustainable Shrimp Mariculture Industry for Ecuador.
Narragansett, RI: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island
A SUSTAINABLE SHRIMP MARICULTURE
INDUSTRY FOR ECUADOR
Edjttd by Stephen Olsen and Luis Arrlaga
Role of Hatcheries in the Shrimp Pond Culture Industry
El Papel de los Laboratorios en la Industria del Cultivo del
Camarón en Piscinas
E, Arellano, M. Leslie, C. Mock, P. Boeing y P. Maugle.
Resumen
Desde 1982 el precio promedio del camarón para exportación ha sido de un US$3,60/lb,
produciendo un ingreso anual estimado en unos 200 millones de dólares. Desde 1980, el 75% de estas
exportaciones provienen de las piscinas y el 25% de la pesca camaronera de la flota de arrastre.
Para 1986-1987, del 60 al 70% del suministro de larvas proviene del ambiente natural, obtenidas
por los "larveros".
La industria del camarón, con una inversión inicial de 2 x 109 dólares, no puede continuar
dependiendo sólo del suministro de larvas obtenidas en el medio natural, donde están disponibles sólo
estacionalmente. El desarrollo de los laboratorios es requerido para mantener los niveles actuales de
exportación.
Los 68 laboratorios autorizados hasta la fecha, podrían producir 6,7 x 109 postkmas por atio.
Para producir pls los laboratorios ecuatorianos usan dos sistemas: (a) desove expontáneo de
hembras grávidas capturadas por pescadores; y, @) suministro de huevos de hembras grávidas mantenidas en
condiciones de maduración en el laboratorio (ablación).
Los autores concluyen en que la producción de camarones puede aumentar inmediatamente
mejorando el manejo de las piscinas existentes, incluyendo la solución de problemas en el transporte y
aclimatación de las pls capturadas del ambiente natural o de laboratorio, así como en la alimentación,
captura y mercadeo. Recomiendan que se estimulen las investigaciones aplicadas para estabilización de la
producción y de los procesos de maduración.
NOTE TO READER
September 1, 2006
THIS IS A SEARCHABLE PDF DOCUMENT
This document has been created in Adobe Acrobat Professional 6.0 by scanning the best
available original paper copy. The page images may be cropped and blank numbered pages
deleted in order to reduce file size, however the full text and graphics of the original are
preserved. The resulting page images have been processed to recognize characters
(optical character recognition, OCR) so that most of the text of the original, as well as some
words and numbers on tables and graphics are searchable and selectable. To print the
document with the margins as originally published, do not use page scaling in the printer
set up.
This document is posted to the web site of the
Coastal Resources Center,
Graduate School of Oceanography,
University of Rhode Island
220 South Ferry Road
Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA 02882
Telephone: 401.874.6224
http://www.crc.uri.edu
Citation:
Arellano,E., Leslie, M., Mock, C., Boeing, P., Maugle, P. (1989) Role of Hatcheries in the
Shrimp Pond Culture Industry. In: Olsen, S. and Arriaga, L., editors. A Sustainable Shrimp
Mariculture Industry for Ecuador. Narragansett, RI: Coastal Resources Center,
University of Rhode Island
fntroduction
The Ecuadorianshrimpindustryhasexperienceda substantialincreasein activity sincethe 1970s.
Exportstotalled2,?00metrictons(m.t.)in 1970,10,200m.t. in 1980,23,400m.t. in 1984and
30,000m.t. in 1986.
approximately
Since1982the averagepricefor exportedshrimphasbeenU.S. $3.60per pound,producing-an
estimatedannualincomeof morethan$200million. Since1980,75 percentof theseexportscamefrom
^pondsand 25 percentfromthe shrimptrawler fleet.
By 1086-1987,60 !o 70 perient of the larval supplycamefrom thenaturalenvironment,caught
by artisanaifishermencalled "laweros." Estimatesvary, but apparentlymore than90,000peopleare
involvedin this fishery. Whenfishingis good,a larveromay earnas muchas2,500sucresor
U.S.$17PerdaY.
approximately
Ttre strrimpindustry,with an initial investmentof approximately$2billion, cannotcontinueto
available.If the industryis to
dependsolelyon a naturalsupplyof larvae,which areonly seasonally
levelsof exportation.Conventional
current
of haicheriesis requiredto maintain
st;bilize,the development
levelsof theresourceaswell as
the
help
maintain
can
which
resources,
methodsfor shrimp
conseruation
manyyearsof research.
planning
unA
stages,
in
the
pquire
areitill
management,
its
improving
Yj[
'
annualfluctuationsin larvaedisfibution on tie coast,both seasonaland
i1e still un'explained
predictEcuador'sannualwild stockshrimpproduction.For this
spatial,makeit impossibleto adequately
of
tb
has
.titt"O
blan anddevelopshrimphatcheriesto guaranteea-steadysupply
,"uron, the shrimpindustry
the statusof
postlarvaeas thenaturalpopulationsbecomelessavailabie.fhe taUtebelow summarizes
itrimp hatcheriesin Ecuadorin August1986:
ShrimpHatcheriesin Ecuador:August 1986
Status
Esmeraldas
flatcheries
in operation
in construction
autiorized
landallocated
Sub Stations*
EcuadorianllatcherY
Technicians
ExpatriateTechnicians
Investment**
OperationalCosts**
J
Location
Guayas
Manabi
I
6
:
A
a
t6
6
T2
26
El Oro
J
,)
a
.)
Total
29
20
t:
10
10
5
9
13
15
44
I
A'
3
46
6
623
104
2374
378
* Sub stationsusedto spawnmaturefemaleshrimpto obtainnauplii.
ni Costsgivenin millionsof sucres,150sucresto U'S' $1'
264
207
al
I.t
63
69
3250
562
Hatcheries
Technicalandeconomicinformationfrom the 68 laboratoriescited in Table 1 indicatethat they
wouldbe ableto produce6.7billion postlarvaeper year. It shouldbe notedthat hatcheries
do not funciion
on a continuousbasis,andincluding"down-times"this estimateof productivecapabilitycouldbe
approximatelyhalf. The averagesizeof hatcheriesunderconsEuctiontodayhasO^ecreased,
apparentty
because-managers
want-tosupply 100percentof the larvaefor pondscontrolledby the enterpri." und r311y
haverealizedthat largehatcheriesby themselvesarenot costefiective. By FebruaryrqSi rh'; were 105
hatcheries
in variousstagesof planningor consfiuction,51 of which havereceivedapprovalto begin
operation(seeTable 1).
Farmslargerttran800hectaresof cultivatableareagenerallyplanfor a minimumof two harvests
per year_
with an averagest@kingdensityof 50,000posttarvae
per hectareandan averageharvestof 2,500
pounds/harvest/ye-ar
at sizesftomlJ?l?S toU36/46. Hatcheriisassociated
with farmiof ttrissizecan
produceat least10millionpostlarvaeper month. Thereis alsoa high percentage
of shrimpfarmsin ttreg0
to 400-hectare
sizerange. In thesecasesthehatcheryis designedto"ptoau."upio 5 -niorifostrarvae per
montl anda correspondingly
smallerharvest.
From an economicpoint of view, higherlevelsof productionwould seemto lower therelative
productioncost. In smallhatcheries,
productioncostsdepe;don the initial investment,ttregro*ing system
appliedandthenumberof personnelinvolved. hesent experience
indicatesthatsmallerhatcheries
tendto
be more economicaland operateat betterprofit margins.
Currently,it appears.that
integraiedcompanies
will functionbetterfor ttreshorttermsincethe
pelsonn-e.l
havemorejob s.tabilitythanthosein non-integrared
companies;uuiin rd@;;;
fte small
and medium-sizedharcherieswill be betterableto surviG economidal,technicalor
administrativecrises
because
theircomplexityandexpenses
areless.
On the otherhand,with moresmall hatcheries,moretechnicalpersonnelare needed
which
temporarilycreateda sholtaggof thesepeoplein Ecuador,as*etias att over
the world. In Ecuador,the
solutionto this problemhasbeento useteitrnicianswho mouetto. one harchery
to another.In this way,
the transferof "know-how"is being.facilitated,
assumingthetechnicianrtruue,Jhcie"i
The questionis how manyhatcheriesandof wh-atsizedoesEcuadorrequire guarantee
to ".pari.".".
a steady
level of production?This is a nerydifficult questionto *.*"r
becauseonly now is thecountry
pr?areg technicallyto supporta "boom"of hatcheries.However,
"r"Jy
itittir n.".rrary development
is not
undertakennow, the increases
in costs,therise in rhedollarana t e d;iiirurrcs *itr, irpoitir! ot
equipmentwill makefuturecostsandinvestments
muchgrlater andfossibly prohibitory. The shrimp
mariculture
industryis
affected
byanumber
of factors:
orlorfiu*u.,oimano,
frfie anJtevetor
production.The tablebelowgivesa summaryof theseffity
faiiors:
Summaryof How LarvaeControlthe ShrimpMaricultureIndustry
Wild caught
Affectedby climatologicalfactors
PostlarvaeSupply
Halcheryproduced(affectedby technicalability
andcosteffectivemeasures)
Pollutioneffects
Dernand
Growthin cultivablearea(haof ponds)
Numberof harvestsper year(2-i)
Stockingdensity (pls/ha)(30,000_60,000_
I 20,000;Extensive--Semi-intensive-Intensivesystem)
Price
Availabilityof wild caughtseedsrock
Area caught(bl.achvs. estero)
Distancetransp'Jrted
PercentPenaeus vannamei
265
hoduction
Acclimationability andfranspoflation
lbs/halyearvs. dollars/ha/Year
Optimizationof profitsin pondsandhatcheries
Market
Pricefluctuationsof shrimp. Quality of the
product.World production.
claim to havethebesttechnology,complicated
Althoughmanycommercialhatcheries
simple
hatchery
industryin the long term. Instead,_relatively
benefitthe
technologieswil-inot necessarily
productionmethodsthatwill not causemajorstressor problemsin the systemareneeded.
Shortagesof Broodstock and Nauplii
Hatcheriesraiselarvaefrom eggsthrougha metamorphicstageto postlarvae.ll"itP hatcheries
fertile
eggsin two ways. The fiisl is to gatherthe spontaneousspawnof gravidfemalescaughtby
obtain
will require4 billion
Ecuador'shatcheries
rtt.irp fisherml"n(sourcing).To produce2 billion postlarvae,
all yearfrom
aregvai.lab_le
female
shrimp
night.
Gravid
each
oi approximatelytZ million nauplii
andthey,
Ec^uador,
in
fleet
sourcing
"""pfii
largest
the
opemtes
Nacional
Empacadoia
coastalwatersin Bsmeraldas.
from
Pablo
San
off
captured
are
also
femalgs
night.-Gravid
nauplii
each
2-5
million
produce
others,
*ong
that
the
suggest
data
These
O.rof,.r throughMarch, where4-20million naupliiarecollectedeachnight.
March,but
will stockgruiiOpopulation(s)canalmostsupplytheprojecteddgmandfrom Octoberthrough
thevear.
of
for
therest
nauplii
with
hatcheries
the
cannoi
zu-pply
Esmeraldas
fiinuoftiifrom
id;iat
The secondsourceof eggsis from gravidfemaleshrimpmaintainedin maturationfacilitieswithin
of the
thedevelopment
the abla-iionof oneeyestalhtoaccelerate
the hatchery.This mettrod
female
the
to
"rnptlo-yr
sperm
of
attachment
the
not
oicurred,
has
orrarles(mitwation) and,*he; n-atu.almating
of
experience
the
used,
on
techniques
varies
depending
produciion
rtr.6p prior to spawnin!. fufuturution
nauplii
150,000
to
a"a aualai-iiity oiUrooOitock. Year-roundpioductionrangesfrom 20,000
rh";il.g*
present$underconstruction
whictttrigg".t"a needfor some250 u-nks. All hatcheries
nighi,
;;ffi;ff
thesefacilitiesbegin
when
be
available
may
400
tanks
as
sysre;s andasmany
in.o.po.ir" ma"ruration
maturationtechniques
commercial
rapidly
hbw
upon
depend
Ure.n
nauptii
Theproductionof
ryirr
Gr.ti;tusedin
nauplii
percent
of
50
almost
Crntently,
stock.
brood
of
availability
the
and
,in U" riastered
camefrom maturationfacilities.
hatcheries
of P. vannameiue notexactlyknown,althoughsomeareas
The zones-A tlta, of spawning
^t
broodstockP' vannameiarecaptured
largequantities.of
no*n,-utrd
ur"
common
wherethis speciesis
hatcherydoesnot havean
betweenDecemberandMarchwhenoceantemperatuesarehigher..Ifa
theyear. Becausethereare
throughout
ptoduce_postlarvae
*aturation systern,it is difficult to
morecosteffective,high
use
to
is
tendency
year,
a
there
the
"p.."ti"."f
tittt
of
largequantiti., or nuupt'ilui ..tuin
but diseaseptobl"rs haveon occasionbecomecritical,leadingto shortdensitylarvalculturetechniques,
in productivecapacity.
term decreases
be solvedby
The short*ppfv of frigfrqirufitybroodstockfor usein maturationsys!em1.c991d
(sourcing)by the
selectivelishing
pond
by
site,-or
or
hatchery
ponds
at
the
of
of specialtanks
maintenance
special
Ecuador.
in
biooditockhasbeenunsuccessful
offshorefleet. To ououtt rpir io usepono-raised
animals'
for
these
quality
diets
of
nuridonal
ennitonmentand
needsto il;d;;"pond
considerarion
Conclusions and Recommendations
immediatelyby makingoptiT-aluseof facilitiesalready
Shrimpproductioncouldbe increased
and
pro!.lemlof transportation
ponds
includls iOOressing
of existing
installed.Improvingmanagement
andadequate
harvesting
feeding,
postlarvae,
appropriate
truittt.ty-proOuied
acclimationof *ru-caugiriinJ
marketing.
quality and supplyof a
The future of shrimphatcheriesand the industryis dependentupon a stable
year
is not asprofitable
quality
each
pL
of-low
srcporttutu."
I
largequantityor uruae. rrJducing billion
nutritionand
superior
of
larvae
mustconsistentlypro-duce
asproducing500 million pL isr. itr. tratctreries
266
largersize,evenat lower productionlevels,sincetheselarvaehavehighermarketacceptabiliryandstable
price.
seed,but if the
^ - Wildstockpostlarvaemay alwaysexistassfiongcompetitionfor hatchery-produced
useof hatcheryproductsin pondsbecomesstandard,
thehatcheries
may be a long-termsolutionfor a stable
maricultureindustryin Ecuador.
Appliedresearchwith direct,rapidimpacton thesabili zattonof production,shouldbe stimulated,
andresearchon diseasesshouldbe initiated in governmentandprivatelaboratories.The studyof broodstock
maturationprocesses
is urgentlyneededso thatan adequate
supptyofeggsandnaupliicanbe obtainedon a
continuingbasis.Oncethesematurationprocesses
areadequaiety
undeistood,a naupliusdistributioncenter
shouldbe installedto facilitatetheoperationof smallandmedium-sized
hatcheries.
Long-term,appliedresearchwith directandrapidimpacton productionshouldbe strongly
stimulated. TheEcuadoriangovernmentshouldencourage
ESrOL,by meansof its ShrimpLiryal Culture
hoject, to servethe needs.
of the_entire
shrimpindustry. Oneway to assurethis is throughgranc.
Anothermight be to permitESPOLto operateponds,asothergovernmentagenciesdo, 6 eiport the
product,andto usethefundsto supporthatcheryEainingoperations.
267