GH2009DC3P011 NZEMA s 508

Nzema

East

Tamale

Burkina FAso

T

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Accra

Takoradi

Kumasi

Integrated Coastal and Fisheries Governance Initiative

Integrated Coastal

Management Toolkit

coastal resources

This publicat ion is available elect r onically on t he Coast al Resour ces Cent er ’s w ebsit e at ht t p: / / w w w. cr c. ur i. edu.

For m or e in f or m a t ion con t a ct :

Ple a se cit e t h is r e p or t a s:

Coast al Resour ces Cent er ( 2013) . Nzem a East Dist r ict I nt egrat ed Coast al Managem ent Toolk it . I nt egrat ed Coast al and Fisher ies Gover nance I nit iat ive ( Hen Mpoano) Nar raganset t , RI : Coast al Resour ces Cent er at t he Graduat e School of Oceanography, Univer sit y of Rhode I sland 54 pp

D iscla im e r :

This publicat ion is m ade possible by t he gener ous suppor t of t he Am er ican people t hr ough t he Unit ed St at es Agency for I nt er nat ional Developm ent ( USAI D) / Ghana. The cont ent s ar e t he r esponsibilit y of t he aut hor s as par t of t he I nt egrat ed Coast al and Fisher ies Gover nance ( I CFG) I nit iat ive and do not

necessarily relect the views of the United States Government. Associate Cooperative Agreement No.

641- A- 00- 09- 00036- 00 for “ I nt egrat ed Coast al and Fisher ies Gover nance ( I CFG) Pr ogram for t he West er n Region of Ghana,” Under t he Leader w it h Associat es Aw ar d No. EPP- A- 00- 04- 00014- 00.

Cover phot o: For t San Ant onio, Ax im , Nzem a East Dist r ict Phot o cr edit : Lucia Ry bar ova

Coa st a l Re sou r ce s Ce n t e r

Univer sit y of Rhode I sland, Nar raganset t Bay Cam pus 220 Sout h Fer r y Road

Nar raganset t , Rhode I sland 02882 USA

Br ian Craw for d, Dir ect or of I nt er nat ional Pr ogram s Em ail: br ian@cr c. ur i. edu Tel: 401- 874- 6224 Fax : 401- 874- 6920

Fr ie n d s of t h e N a t ion

ht t p: / / w w w. fonghana. or g info@fonghana. or g

P. O Box MC 11

Takoradi, West er n Region, Ghana

H e n M p oa n o

ht t p: / / w w w. henm poano. or g P. O. Box AX 296

Takoradi West er n Region Ghana

Ack now ledgem ent s

Wit h funding fr om t he Unit ed St at es Agency for I nt er nat ional Developm ent ( USAI D) , t he Coast al Resour ces Cent er of t he Graduat e School of Oceanography at t he Univer sit y of Rhode I sland have w or ked t oget her w it h cor e par t ner s

including Friends of the Nation, Worldish and Sustainametrix to implement the

I nt egrat ed Coast al and Fisher ies Gover nance ( I CFG) I nit iat ive, locally k now n as Hen Mpoano. We ar e pleased t o com pile a com pendium of I nt egrat ed Coast al Managem ent ( I CM) infor m at ion and k now ledge generat ed t hr ough t his 4- year I nit iat ive int o a t oolk it t o infor m dist r ict level planning and m anagem ent of

coastal and marine resources. Compilation of this material beneited from the

cont r ibut ions of a lar ge num ber of colleagues and pract it ioner s, including m any m em ber s of t he coast al com m unit ies of t he West er n Region of Ghana and beyond, w ho have assist ed in infor m at ion gat her ing, r esear ch and analy sis. We sincer ely ack now ledge t he cont r ibut ion of t he planning depar t m ent s of t he six coast al dist r ict s of t he West er n r egion in suppor t ing t he developm ent of innovat ive pr ocesses t hat builds I CM int o dist r ict planning pr ocesses and decision m ak ing pr ocedur es. We ar e also grat eful t o t he follow ing indiv iduals for pr ov iding t echnical insight s and guidance dur ing t he pr oduct ion of t his m at er ial: Dr. Chr ist opher Cr ipps ( Spat ial Solut ions) , Dr. Donald Robadue ( Coast al Resour ces Cent er, Univer sit y of Rhode I sland, USA) , St ephen Kank am ( Hen Mpoano) , Pam ela Rubinoff ( Coast al Resour ces Cent er, Univer sit y of Rhode I sland, USA) , Hillar y St evens ( Coast al Resour ces Cent er, Univer sit y of Rhode

Island, USA) and Koi Agbogah (Hen Mpoano). The graphic designs and layouts

as w ell as GI S m apping have been done t hr ough t he har d w or k of Just ice Cam ilus Mensah ( Hen Mpoano) and Lucia Ry bar ova ( Oil Cit y Magazine) .

Finally, w e w ould like t o ack now ledge t he fr uit ful collaborat ion developed

with key oficials and institutions, without which this toolkit will not have

been possible. At t he r egional level t he par t ner ship developed w it h t he

Members, Chief Executives, Directors and Oficers of the District Assemblies,

Regional Coor dinat ing Council, t radit ional aut hor it ies and pr ivat e com panies is appr eciat ed. At t he nat ional level, our collaborat ion w it h t he Nat ional Developm ent Planning Com m ission, Fisher ies Com m ission, Tow n and Count r y Planning Depar t m ent , Minist r y of Env ir onm ent , Science, Technology and I nnovat ion is ack now ledged. I t is our hope t hat t his t oolk it and t he legacy of t he Hen Mpoano I nit iat ive w ill inspir e fur t her w or k in coast al and m ar ine m anagem ent in Ghana.

3

St at em ent fr om Honourable

Jam es A. K. Baidoe, Municipal

Chief Execut ive of t he Nzem a

East Municipal Assem bly

I am grat eful t o t he Coast al Resour ces Cent er for t heir im m ense cont r ibut ion t o t he Municipalit y by w ay of t his w ealt h of r esour ceful docum ent s cont ained in t he t oolk it for Nzem a East . Look ing at t he gr eat effor t t hat has gone int o t he pr oduct ion of t his t oolk it , it obv iously is not business as usual.

I have com e t o lear n m or e about t he Hen Mpoano I nit iat ive and r ealized t hat t her e is m or e t o int egrat ed coast al zone m anagem ent , including

isheries than meets the eye. I have come to respect

t he I nit iat ive’s appr oach, w hich inst ead of im posing ideas, rat her gives const it uent s t he oppor t unit y t o lead pr ocesses and t ake char ge of t heir ow n planning r elat ive t o t he coast al zone.

This Toolkit is a collection of the indings

and ev idence gat her ed dur ing pr ogram m e

im plem ent at ion ( 2009- 2013) as w ell as a sum m ar y of t ools t hat w er e developed at t he t im e for

m anaging t he issues of t he coast al zone and grasping t he oppor t unit ies t hat ex ist . I t t ells us how t o count er t he num er ous challenges w hich ar e being faced, and show s how t he r ich r esour ces of t he coast m ay be m anaged in a sust ainable w ay t o cont inue t o pr ov ide for t he needs of inhabit ant s w hile w elcom ing t he incr edible t echnologies of t he 21st cent ur y w hich have com e t o st ay.

This t oolk it is a useful r esour ce w hich coast al m anager s including dist r ict assem blies and all st akeholder s invest ing in t he coast m ust m ake full use of.

THE CHI EF EXECUTI VE,

NZEMA EAST MUNI CI PAL ASSEMBLY

5

lood and drought), causing

sea levels also t o r ise.

Com m u n it y Re sou r ce M a n a g e m e n t Ar e a s ( CREM A) : cr eat es a w in-w in sit uat ion by cr eat ing a

inancial incentive for farmers

t o use and m anage nat ural r esour ces on sust ainable basis by devolv ing m anagem ent r ight s and r esponsibilit ies t o t hem .

D e v e lop m e n t : is any m an- m ade alt erat ion t o t he landscape including grading,

illing, dredging, extraction,

st orage, subdiv ision of land, or const r uct ion of st r uct ur es, st or m w at er collect ion, drainage and dischar ge

works, lood protection

w or k s.

Ecosy st e m : a com plex set of r elat ionships am ong t he liv ing r esour ces, habit at s and r esident s of an ar ea. I t includes plant s, t r ees,

animals, birds, ish,

micro-or ganism s, w at er, soil and people. Ever y t hing t hat lives in an ecosy st em is dependent on t he ot her species and elem ent s t hat ar e par t of t hat ecological com m unit y.

Eco Tou r ism : is a a for m of t our ism involv ing v isit ing fragile, pr ist ine, and r elat ively undist ur bed nat ural ar eas, int ended as a low - im pact and oft en sm all scale alt er nat ive t o st andar d com m er cial ( m ass)

Ad a p t iv e Ca p a cit y : capacit y of a com m unit y t o adapt it self t o t he t hr eat s and hazar ds such as clim at e change, coast al er osion, loss of livelihoods and inappr opr iat e developm ent .

Artisanal Fishing leet:

t radit ional canoe- based

ishing vessels.

Ba r r ie r sp it or b e a ch :

sandy beaches built up by ocean w ave ener gy and backed by w et lands or r iver

outlows. These systems are

in const ant m ovem ent in r esponse t o t he ener gy of t he sur r ounding sy st em .

Bu ilt Ar e a s H ig h ly

Ex p ose d t o Flood D a m a g e :

ar e set t lem ent s, businesses, r esidences and public

buildings w hich ar e r out inely

submerged by lood waters,

er osion or dam age fr om high velocit y st r eam and drainage

low.

Ca r b on Se q u e st r a t ion : t he absor pt ion of car bon diox ide ( a “ gr eenhouse gas” w hich is r esponsible for global w ar m ing) by veget at ion.

Ca t ch m e n t Ar e a The ar ea r eceiv ing t he w at er s feeding a par t or t he t ot alit y of a w at er cour se or w at er shed.

Clim a t e Ch a n g e : t he changes in clim at e w hich ar e being ex per ienced, including ex t r em es of w eat her ( st or m s,

Definitions

t our ism . I t s pur pose m ay be t o educat e t he t raveler, t o pr ov ide funds for ecological conser vat ion, t o dir ect ly

beneit the economic

developm ent and polit ical em pow er m ent of local com m unit ies, or t o fost er r espect for differ ent cult ur es and for hum an r ight s.

Ecolog ica l g ood s a n d se r v ice s: are the beneits

pr ov ided by w et lands e. g.,

water puriication, supplies of portable water, ishes,

plant s, building m at er ials and w at er for livest ock , out door r ecr eat ion and educat ion.

En v ir on m e n t a l

Asse ssm e n t : is t he pr ocess of ident ify ing, pr edict ing, evaluat ing and m it igat ing t he biophy sical, social, and ot her r elevant effect s of developm ent pr oposals pr ior t o m aj or decisions being t aken and com m it m ent s m ade.

Er osion : is t he r em oval and t ranspor t at ion of soil par t icles by t he act ion of w at er, w ind, grav it y or ot her geographical agent s, w het her nat urally occur r ing or act ing in conj unct ion w it h or pr om ot ed by m an - m ade act iv it ies or effect s.

Est u a r y : m eans a body of sur face w at er a) t hat is par t of a w at er cour se t hat per m anent ly or per iodically opens t o t he sea b) in w hich t he salinit y is m easurably

higher as a r esult of t he

inluence of the sea. Flood : an overlow of rain

w at er or ot her sour ces along

the normal conines of a

r iver, st r eam , drainage w ay or ot her w at er body t hat causes or t hr eat ens dam age t o pr oper t y, infrast r uct ur e, people, or nat ural r esour ces.

Flood prooing or

p r ot e ct ion : m eans any com binat ion of st r uct ural and non- st r uct ural addit ions, changes, or adj ust m ent s t o ex ist ing or new st r uct ur es w hich r educe or elim inat e

lood damage to residential

and non- r esident ial buildings and t heir cont ent s. These can include pr ot ect ive w alls and drainage sy st em s t o r edir ect w at er aw ay fr om ex ist ing buildings, r ebuilding st r uct ur es t o m ake t hem m or e r esist ant t o t he

intrusion of lood waters

or t he phy sical for ce of high velocit y w at er. I t also includes special design and const r uct ion t echniques including pier s and elevat ing

the lowest usable loor of a

building above t he level of w at er ex per ienced in event s.

Flood p la in : a level or near ly level land along a

stream or river looded only when the stream low

exceeds t he w at er car r y ing

capacity of the channel. lat or nearly lat land adjacent

t o a st r eam or r iver t hat

ex per iences occasional or

periodic looding. Gr e e n Be lt : an ar ea w hich has been designat ed ar ound a set t lem ent for no developm ent in or der t o pr ov ide access t o gr een and open spaces and t o encourage m or e dense ur banizat ion.

H ig h t id e lin e : is t he highest point on t he shor e t hat is cover ed by w at er at high t ide. Ghana has t w o high t ides and t w o low t ides each day. The m ean t idal range ( dist ance bet w een high and low t ides) is 1 m et er, and t he spr ing t idal range ( t im e of new or full m oon) is 1. 3m . For pur poses of coast al developm ent , t his is t he line w hich developm ent is set back fr om .

La g oon : closed or open, a shallow body of w at er separat ed fr om t he ocean by a bar r ier island or spit . I t m ay be open t o t he ocean occasionally dur ing seasonal

looding or high seas. Pa ir Tr a w lin g : t he j oining of net s t o t w o boat s in or der t o incr ease cat ches.

Pock e t b e a ch : a shor t sandy shor eline bet w een r ock y headlands t hat pr event long shor e t ranspor t of sedim ent .

Re st or a t ion : is a br oad pr ocess of r ever sing phy sical, econom ic and social decline in a coast al ar ea.

Se t b a ck : is an ar ea left fr ee of any phy sical developm ent

or modiication, commonly

used t o set back st r uct ur es fr om a coast al feat ur e, or fr om a r oad in an ur ban ar ea.

Sh or e lin e p r ot e ct ion st r u ct u r e s, or se a d e f e n se st r u ct u r e s:

include br eak w at er s, gr oins, bulk heads, j et t ies, and ot her st r uct ur es, t he pur pose or effect of w hich is t o cont r ol or pr event t he er osion of coast al feat ur es.

Tr a d it ion a l Au t h or it ie s:

t he t radit ional gover nance sy st em of chieft aincy in Ghana.

W a t e r sh e d : ar ea of land w her e all of t he w at er t hat is under it or drains off of it goes int o t he sam e place, such as a r iver or a w et land.

W a t e r d e p e n d e n t u se s:

ar e uses t hat can only be conduct ed on, in, over, or adj acent t o t he w at er ; each involves, as an int egral par t of t he use, dir ect access t o and use of t he w at er. These uses cannot phy sically funct ion w it hout dir ect access t o t he body of w at er along w hich it is

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pr oposed. Ex am ples of w at er dependent uses include:

docks, piers, ish processing

facilit ies, canoe/ boat r epair s, por t act iv it ies r equir ing t he loading and unloading of vessels. Wat er dependent uses exclude housing, hot els, m ot els, r est aurant s, w ar ehouses, m anufact ur ing facilit ies ( except for t hose w hich r eceive and quick ly pr ocess raw m at er ials by ship) et c.

W e t la n d : m eans land w hich is t ransit ional bet w een t er r est r ial and aquat ic sy st em s w her e t he w at er t able is usually at or near t he sur face, or t he land is per iodically cover ed w it h shallow w at er and w hich land in nor m al cir cum st ances suppor t s or w ould suppor t veget at ion t y pically adapt ed t o life in sat urat ed soil. Funct ions w it hin t he nat ural

ecosystem include lood

at t enuat ion and cont r ol, m aint enance of under gr ound and sur face w at er supplies, sedim ent t rapping, er osion cont r ol, pollut ion abat em ent and pr ov ision of habit at s for

INTRODUCTION

Hen Mpoano and Nzema East District Collaboration

This Toolkit is the inal output, for Nzema East District, of the Integrated Coastal and Fisher ies

Governance (ICFG) initiative, which has become locally referred to as HεN MPOANO (Our Coast). It is a

four- year pr oj ect car r ied out by t he Univer sit y of Rhode I sland Coast al Resour ces Cent r e and par t ner s ( see ack now ledgm ent s) , and funded by t he Unit ed St at es Agency for I nt er nat ional Developm ent ( USAI D) .

The Overall Goal of the Hen Mpoano Initiative

Overall Goal: t o suppor t t he Gover nm ent of Ghana in achiev ing it s developm ent obj ect ives of pover t y

reduction, food security, sustainable isheries management and biodiversity conservation.

The init iat ive’s v ision is t hat :

Gh a n a ’s coa st a l a n d m a r in e e cosy st e m s a r e su st a in a b ly m a n a g e d t o p r ov id e

goods and services that generate long term socio-economic beneits to

com m u n it ie s w h ile su st a in in g b iod iv e r sit y .

The purpose of the Integrated Coastal Management Toolkit for Nzema

East District and how to use it

• I t is a cat alogue w hich sum m ar izes t he m ar ine and coast al infor m at ion w hich has been gat her ed by Hen Mpoano. I t is for use by all of t hose w ho ar e act ively involved in car r y ing out I nt egrat ed Coast al Managem ent .

• I t pr ov ides easy- t o- follow link s t o t he sour ce m at er ial, m or e det ailed t echnical infor m at ion.

• I t suggest s “ Pr oj ect s” for incor porat ing I nt egrat ed Coast al Managem ent in t he planning pr ocesses and pract ices of t he Dist r ict Assem bly.

Contents of the Toolkit

Section

ONE: The Coastal Zone and Development Context

TWO:

Integrated Coastal Management

THREE:

Nzema East Municipality Coastal Proile and Development Issues

FOUR:

Integrated Coastal Management Institutions and Processes

FIVE:

Bibliography of Documents and Maps produced by the

Integrated Coastal and Fisheries Governance Programme

SIX:

Best Management Practices

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9

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Ecot our ism Fish landing sit e For t / cast le

Accom odat ion facilit y

Project proposed to be

implemented. Refer to

pages 41-42 for more

information.

Bibliography listed in

section ive.

Examples of Best

Management Practices

in coastal communities

Project

Reference

Case

study

Legend

Sandy beaches Coast al lagoon inlet Rock y shor es N1/ Highw ay Maj or r oad Pr oposed r oads Buffer

Per cept ion of shor eline 30 year s ago Per cept ion of shor eline 60 year s ago Shor eline ex t end w it hin com m unit y Drains

100 year shor eline Gr een belt

Gas pipeline

Dist r ict boundar y Wat er body River

Mangr oves / Wet land 1974 shor eline Nat ural veget at ion

Tidal inluence (yet to be determined)

Coast al Zone Tow n

Com m unit y Resour ces Managem ent Ar eas ( CREMAs)

Coast al zone ( 1000 m buffer ) Bir ds

Cr ocodiles Tur t les / nur ser y

The Coastal Zone

and Development

Context

Se ct ion

on e :

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Nzema East ICM Toolkit 2013

Ak ye nim Bra w ie Am a nfuk um a Solo (U ppe r Ax im )

Ba nk yim Low e r Ax im

Ape w osik a

Ew uk u

Coa st a l Z one

N ze m a Ea st Dist ric t Elle m be lle Dist ric t

For planning pur poses t he coast al zone of Nzem a East Dist r ict is an ar ea w it h a landw ar d boundar y 1k m fr om t he shor e, or any developm ent in t he land ar ea of coast al sub- basins draining seaw ar d,

or with a signiicant likely impact on coastal and marine resources.

For econom ic pur poses, t he coast al zone also t akes int o account act iv it ies occur r ing out t o 6 naut ical m iles seaw ar d, or t o a dept h of

30m whichever is the greater (coinciding with the ishing grounds of the artisanal ishing leet).

1. What is t he Coast al Zone?

The deinition of the Coastal Zone

A.

Figur e 1:

The Coast al Zone of Ellem belle Dist r ict Source: CRC Ghana

Dom unli

Ew uk u Agua fo N se in

I sa k ro

Da dw e n

Ek w a nsu

Ye diye sire Aw uk yire

Ew uk u

Akonu Agya n

Ankobra We t la nd

to Takoradi / Accra to Ivory Coast

N 1

Aha nt a We st

Figur e 1: The Coast al Zone of Nzem a East Dist r ict Source: CRC Ghana

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Tourism Zone Ak ye nim

Bra w ie Am a nfuk um a Solo (U ppe r Ax im )

Ba nk yim Low e r Ax im

Ape w osik a

Dom unli

Ew uk u Agua fo N se in

I sa k ro Ew uk u

Akonu Agya n

to Takoradi / Accra to Ivory Coast

N 1

Gas Pipeline

N ze m a Ea st Dist ric t Elle m be lle Dist ric t

Coast al feat ur es include beaches, dunes, r iver s, est uar ies, salt m ar shes,

lagoons, wetlands and mangroves as far as they are inluenced tidally (1), so

t he coast al zone in som e cases, ex t ends beyond 1k m fr om t he out er edge of t hese coast al landscapes or ecosy st em feat ur es ( for det ail see Figur e 2) .

The “area of inluence” is the extent of the area inland in which

coastal-r elat ed act iv it ies acoastal-r e t ak ing place ocoastal-r could t ake place, bot h em anat ing fcoastal-r om t he coast , going inland, and im pact ing on t he coast fr om inland ( eg lar ge scale infrast r uct ur e, ur banizat ion, indust r y, pollut ion of r iver s by m ining) . I n Nzem a East t his includes developm ent pr essur es ar ising fr om indust r ial act iv it ies in t he oil and gas sect or s am ong ot her s.

C.

D.

Ankobra We t la nd

Ew uk u

Da dw e n Avre bo

Anhunya m e

Ek w a nsu

Ye diye sire Aw uk yire

Aha nt a We st

1.2 Area of inluence:

socio- econom ic cont ex t

Nzem a East coast al zone st r et ches bet w een t he Ankobra r iver, t o t he w est t o beyond Agyan in t he east . The Nzem a East coast is r elat ively shor t com par ed t o neighbour ing dist r ict s. I t is not dir ect ly affect ed by indust r ial developm ent , w hich gives it it s m ain advant age. Wit h t he at t ract ive and hist or ic t ow n of Ax im as it s m ain set t lem ent , being at m id- point of t he West er n Region coast al dist r ict s, it has t he pot ent ial t o be t he m ain ser v ice cent er for t he w est er n r egion t our ism and leisur e indust r ies. I t houses t he highest qualit y coast al r esor t s and has a highly at t ract ive coast line.

The N1 j unct ion leading t o Ax im , t he r oad t o Ax im and access r oads t o coast al set t lem ent s ar e a key t o m ak ing t his w or k . Developm ent of an east er n cost al r out e connect ing t o Pr inces Tow n, Cape Thr ee Point s, Ak w idaa and Dixcove/ Busua w ould highly im pr ove t his pot ent ial.

I t is also im por t ant t o not e t hat t he Ankobra est uar y and t he inland w et lands sy st em s ar e par t of t he Gr eat er Am anzule w et lands, t he m aj or feat ur e of t he coast al zone going w est w ar ds.

Figur e 2: Regional and dist r ict m aps showing factors in sphere of inluence

Tamale Burkina FAso

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Accra Takoradi

Kumasi

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Poc ke t be a c h

Wa t e rshe d dra ining int o

rive r U pla nd Fore st

Rive r De lt a

Roc k y H e a dla nd

Roc k y Shore

Ba r rie r b e a c h/ spit (ba cke d

by lagoon )

Est ua r y La goon (t ida l)

Ak w ida a N e w Tow n

Ak w ida a Old Tow n

FLOODING

FLOODING FLOODING

Waves that can cause erosion

Net Long shore current and sand

movement

Be a c h, be r m , dune s

Rive r – fre sh/sa lt bounda r y sit e

speciic

We t la nds & m a ngrove s SALT BRACK I SH

FRESH

Turtle nesting beach

Road to Dixcove

River rises with heavy rain

Coast al feat ur es:

• Beaches, Dunes and Bar r ier Spit s, Rock y Bluffs, Rock Out cr ops and som e St eep Slopes

• River Estuaries, Drainage Outlows, Mangroves, Wet lands Mar shlands and Coast al Lagoons • Vegetation, lora, tropical foliage forests, fauna,

bir ds, sm all inver t ebrat es, sea t ur t les

Dy nam ics:

Sandy shor elines ar e highly dy nam ic feat ur es t hat evolve in r esponse t o w aves, cur r ent s, t ides and w ind. I n m any cases sandy beaches ar e built up by ocean w ave ener gy and backed by w et lands

or river outlows, and are referred to as barrier

beaches. These sy st em s ar e in const ant m ovem ent in r esponse t o t he ener gy of t he sur r ounding sy st em , and as a r esult ar e not adv isable building sit es.

Figur e 3: Det ail of coast al zone show ing t y pical feat ur es Sour ce: CRC Ghana

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Hen Mpoano, t he I nt egrat ed Coast al and Fisheries Governance init iat ive, beginning in 2009, has w orked w it h all st akeholders t o get t o t his st age w here t he necessit y of underst anding, t he “ w hy” t he “ w hat ” and t he “ how ” of I nt egrat ed Coast al Managem ent can becom e clear.

2.1 Why?

The coast of Nzem a East Dist rict surely

represent s one of it ’s m ost dist inct ive feat ures, w hich give it one of it ’s great est com pet it ive advant ages. But t he developm ent opport unit ies need t o respect t he right of com m unit ies, w hich have lived here for cent uries past , t o also cont inue t o enj oy a prosperous and harm onious life. All w ill have t o m eet t he ongoing socio-econom ic challenges exacerbat ed by clim at e change and coast al erosion. Those inland, w it hin t he Dist rict , are also highly dependent on t he healt h and w ell- being of t he coast .

The Rapid Assessm ent of Com m unit ies in Nzem a East show ed t he follow ing key point s:

• Land Use pressures: t he discovery of oil and gas has creat ed a rush for land by prospect ive invest ors and speculat ors in t he West ern Region Coast al Dist rict s for indust rial and ot her relat ed developm ent . I t has also result ed in pressure on t he coast line for developm ent of resident ial, leisure and hospit alit y. This is coupled w it h t he long est ablished use of large t ract s of land for plant at ion agricult ure, not ably oil palm and rubber. These fact ors have im pact ed adversely on t he space available

for ishing and for subsistence agriculture.

• Fisheries decline: declining ish catches, ( m ost ly at t ribut ed t o increased canoe num bers due t o increasing populat ion) and

unsustainable ishing methods has led to poor ish quality and consequently poor life span of processed ish. Other factors are conlicts between artisanal and semi-industrial ishers/boats and non-existent/

w eak local inst it ut ions for m anaging t he

ishery.

• Coast al Eco- Syst em s t hreat ened:

I ncidence of sand w inning and sea erosion, dest ruct ion of m angroves, w et lands and drainage syst em s.

• Ot her concerns: com m unit y percept ion of inadequat e governm ent represent at ion and at t ent ion; chieft aincy disput es; poor road access/ infrast ruct ure; rising social problem s; general lack of Prim ary and Junior High school educat ion, elect ricit y, pipe- borne wat er, public t oilet s, healt h post s and refuse cont ainers.

R1: Our Coast, Our Future: Western Region of Ghana

This is a m aj or pr oduct of t he Hen Mpoano init iat iv e. I t m ak es t he case t hat a fr esh appr oach t o t he gov er nance of t he coast and isheries will take root only when it addresses issues t hat ar e per ceiv ed by t he people of t he place as im por t ant . I t cov er s t he m aj or coastal and isheries issues and concludes with a discussion of the actions that Hεn Mpoano pr oposed t o t ak e ov er a t hr ee y ear per iod t o est ablish and for m alize a gov er nance pr ogr am for t he West er n Region t hat can ser v e as a m odel for t he nat ion.

Reference

2.2 The Most Urgent I ssues

The coast al zone of Nzem a East Dist rict is undergoing rapid t ransform at ion due t o act ivit ies of a fast grow ing oil and gas indust ry. A balance m ust be found bet w een developm ent

and the low of coastal ecological goods and services. There is a need to conine oil and

gas- relat ed developm ent t o cert ain “ hot spot s”

(as identiied, for example by the Western

Regional Spat ial Developm ent Fram ew ork) , t o m aint ain sust ainable livelihoods, prot ect t he environm ent and t he areas of high landscape value ( “ green belt areas” ) w hich have been

identiied, while encouraging economic

2.3 What ? The Core

Elem ent s of I nt egrat ed

Coast al Managem ent

The response t o pressures of developm ent

could in fact generate long term beneits

for coast al ecosyst em s and t heir dependent com m unit ies. The est ablishm ent of a Dist rict level com m it t ee t o focus on coast al and m arine issues or t he expansion of t he responsibilit ies of exist ing sub- com m it t ees t o address t hese issues, as has been done at Ahant a West and Sham a, w ould be a great st ep forward for im plem ent ing I nt egrat ed Coast al Managem ent in Nzem a East . Such a com m it t ee w ill provide t he forum for st akeholders involved in such

sectors as isheries, oil and gas, land use

planning and fresh wat er supply t o int egrat e act ions. I t w ill also bring t he concerns of coast al com m unit ies t o t he at t ent ion of t he assem bly for t ranslat ion int o plans and procedures. The Com m it t ee can ident ify and assess issues, suggest and shape policies, priorit ize act ions and evaluat e out com es as t he Coast al Zone is developed. I t can also

drive Managem ent St rat egy, of w hich t he core elem ent s are:

• Preservat ion and rest orat ion of im port ant coast al habit at and feat ures t hat are crit ical

to sustaining the ishing industry

• Creat ing Land Use and Environm ent al Policies t hat balance com pet ing int erest s of indust rial, t ourism , food and livelihood securit y, leisure, com m ercial and resident ial act ivit ies w hile prot ect ing t he vit al

ecological funct ioning of t he land and seascape.

• Supporting traditional and inding new livelihoods for coast al com m unit ies t hrough

agriculture, isheries and aquaculture, as

w ell as providing t he access t o fully part ake in t he new form s of developm ent .

• Reducing vulnerabilit y and building adapt ive capacit y of coast al com m unit ies t o t hreat s from hazards and clim at e change including ext rem e w eat her, rising sea levels and coast al erosion.

• Sust ained st akeholder engagem ent

and m oves t o build co- operat ion w it h neighboring dist rict s t hrough a Joint Coast al Developm ent Planning Area; and creat ing effect ive links t o t he regional and nat ional levels of governm ent .

2.4 How ? Syst em s for

im plem ent ing I nt egrat ed

Coast al Managem ent

I nt egrat ed coast al m anagem ent is a part icipat ory process t hat engages com m unit ies, privat e sect or, t radit ional aut horit ies and civil societ y. The m echanism s for im plem ent at ion at t he dist rict level are:

1. The Dist rict ’s Medium Term Developm ent Plan ( MTDP) , and Com m unit y Act ion Plans w hich address set t lem ent grow t h, econom ic developm ent and t he provision of schools, clinics, ot her services, roads and infrast ruct ure.

2. The Dist rict ’s Spat ial Developm ent

Fram ew ork ( SDF) , St ruct ure Plans ( SPs and Local Plans ( LPs) , w hich show w hat can go

where, and resolve potentially conlicting

dem ands on land use in t he coast al zone. 3. St rat egic Environm ent al Assessm ent w hich

ensure t hat t he necessary environm ent al prot ect ion m easures are t aken.

Despit e t he im port ance of dist rict level effort s t o respond t o pressures on t he coast , it should be not ed t hat at t he regional and nat ional scales, m any of t he obj ect ives of coast al m anagem ent m ay only be achieved t hrough j oint planning and im plem ent at ion, involving adj oining coast al dist rict s. For t his reason, init iat ives such as t he Dat a Hub w hich has been est ablished at t he West ern Regional Coordinat ing Council by Hen Mpoano

for technical support, the ledgling Joint

Developm ent Planning Area for t he Coast al Dist rict s of t he West ern Region, and West ern Corridor Accelerat ed Developm ent Aut horit y m ust be support ed by all.

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This j oint approach t o planning and decision-m aking can involve:

• Adopt ion of region- w ide policies for

preventing and mitigating lood hazards.

• I nform at ion sharing on t echniques for assessing hazards and adapt ive capacit y of coast al places ( eg t hose used in vulnerabilit y assessm ent and adapt ive planning exercises at Dixcove and Akw idaa) .

• Collaborat ion bet w een agencies at regional and nat ional levels on coast al issues. • Effective mechanisms for conlict resolution

and dialogue w it h part ies affect ed by developm ent decisions.

• Joint init iat ives on prot ect ion/ rest orat ion of crit ical habit at s, forest s and w et lands of

regional signiicance by programs such as

Com m unit y Resource Managem ent Areas ( CREMAs) .

• Decision m aking on large facilit y sit ing and m anagem ent of alt erat ions of t he coast al zone.

All of t hese w ill becom e m ore evident in t he com ing years if det ailed planning and decision- m aking can be done at com m unit y level and linked t o regional and sub- regional co- ordinat ion of nat ional and int ernat ional invest m ent s.

P1: Form Working Groups to deal with

speciic coastal issues, for example

the Amanzule Working Group

Project

2.5 Opport unit ies t o

I m plem ent I nt egrat ed

Coast al Managem ent

Use of t he above planning and decision m aking processes and environm ent al assessm ent provides t he foundat ion for I nt egrat ed Coast al Managem ent . Dist rict Assem blies suffer from chronic underfunding, but m any developm ent part ners ( governm ent s of Unit ed St at es, Norway, France, Germ any, Korea, Belgium , Unit ed Kingdom ) and privat e sect or such as t he Jubilee Part ners are funding proj ect s w hich provide essent ial part s of t he process, including com m unit y linkages. These need t o be m ade sust ainable in t he long t erm by funding m echanism s such as Assem bly’s I nt ernally Generat ed Funds ( eg from propert y rat e, bet t erm ent and value capt ure in new proj ect s) , Corporat e Responsibilit y funds of m aj or privat e invest ors such as in a Coast al Foundat ion, and nat ional and int ernat ional funds for infrast ruct ure and invest m ent .

Se ct ion

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NZEMA EAST DISTRICT

COASTAL PROFILE AND

DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

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Sandy beaches Coast al lagoon inlet Rock y shor es

Figur e 4:

Nzem a East Dist r ict shor eline Sour ce: CRC Ghana

Ak ye nim Ankobra

Bra w ie Am a nfuk um a Solo (U ppe r Ax im )

Ba nk yim Low e r Ax im

Ape w osik a

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R2: Adaptive Capacity for Resilient Coastal

Communities: Climate Change and Natural

Hazards Issues in Coastal Districts of

Ghana’s Western Region

I n 2011 and 2012, Hen Mpoano assessed 77 West ern Region coast al com m unit ies in t he Dist rict s of Jom oro, Ellem belle, Nzem a East and Ahant a West t o gain an underst anding of t heir concerns and capacit y. The

indings indicated that adaptive capacity is limited in

coast al com m unit ies. Som e locat ions are faring bet t er t han ot hers, but overall, coast al com m unit ies have w eak abilit y t o respond t o em ergencies generat ed by nat ural hazards, t hey suffer social and econom ic developm ent challenges t hat are w orsening, and t hey have a relat ively low abilit y t o m anage coast al resources in a way t hat w ill ensure sust ained product ivit y and environm ent al qualit y.

3. 1 Charact er ist ics of t he

Coast al Zone: over v iew

The Nzem a East shor eline is r elat ively r ural w it h a m ix of land and w at er uses w hich under pin local cult ur es and livelihoods. Apar t fr om t he Ankobra River, it includes m ost ly higher gr ound, as opposed t o t he lar ger r iver est uar ies and w et lands in adj oining Dist r ict s. Rock y out cr ops of hills pr ot r ude bet w een sandy beaches, or som et im es ex t end int o t he sea for m ing r ock y sea bed. The

beaches are gently sloped to generally lat and

pat ched w it h sandy m ounds and boulder s. The coast line is dot t ed w it h hospit alit y facilit ies, dense

human (ishing) settlements with ish landing and

pr ocessing ar eas, and par t of t he r iver Ankobra

estuary and its ecologically signiicant wetlands that are habitats for diverse lora and fauna. In

t he uplands t her e ar e pat ches of for est and r ich agr icult ural lands.

The shor eline fr om t he w est er n dist r ict boundar y on t he Ankobra River w her e it j oins t he sea, t o t he w est bet w een Anya and Egyam bra, is one of t he best sect ions of t he Ghana coast line w it h t he highest landscape value and nat ural beaut y. The r ock y capes have for m ed bay s, t he best of w hich house t hr ee of Ghana’s highest qualit y sea side r esor t s. The coast is dom inat ed by Ax im it self, w hich has one of t he oldest and m ost pr om inent for m er for t - r efuge of Eur opean t rader s of w hich

t her e ar e m any along t his coast , usually close t o t hese nat ural har bour s on r ock y islands and out cr ops. The ex t raor dinar y com binat ion of

beaches and rocky outcrops, estuaries, ishing

v illages, and hist or ic for t s com bine t o give t his sect ion of coast it s unique qualit ies.

3. 2 Charact er ist ics of Coast al

Zone: off- shor e m ar ine ar eas

and isheries

The off- shor e ar eas of t he coast al zone ar e

actively used by the artisanal (traditional) ishing leets. Fishing is also the province of larger, Ghana-based semi-industrial ishing vessels and

indust r ial, int er cont inent al vessels. Ther e ar e

locally breeding ish, those inhabiting the Guinean

cur r ent acr oss West Afr ica and t hose t hat m igrat e acr oss lar ger dist ances ( such as blue w hales) . Sur vey s have been car r ied out t o det er m ine t he locat ion and t y pe of m ar ine life including j uvenile

ish and their breeding, and Marine Protected Areas are being proposed to protect isheries and

Mar ine ar eas ex per ience m any ot her uses such as for a local, nat ional and int er nat ional highw ay, for leisur e, cables, pipelines, oil and gas ex ploit at ion. The Mar ine ar eas ar e subj ect t o incr easing k inds of pollut ion fr om t he w ast es of m ar ine and non- m ar ine act iv it ies ( dum ping of w ast e) . As capacit y for coast al m anagem ent incr eases, spat ial planning for t he seascape w ill be necessar y t o ensur e har m ony bet w een t radit ional uses of

the sea for ishing and oil and gas production

act iv it ies. Mar ine Spat ial Plans ar e now being used t hr oughout t he w or ld t o cope w it h t he incr easing pr essur es.

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P2: Prepare Marine Spatial Plan

P3: Continue with research on Algae

Bloom leading to proposals for its

management.

R3: Nearshore Rocky Reefs of Western

Ghana, West Africa: Baseline ecological

research surveys.

Ecological infor m at ion on t he near

Project

Reference

shor e r ock y r eef habit at s ( NSRH) of Ghana is ver y

limited. The present study ills this knowledge gap,

by invest igat ing t he general st at us of t he NSRH and

isheries of western Ghana, and providing baseline information on the ish, invertebrate and benthic

com m unit ies.

R4: Assessment of Fishing Grounds in the Nzema East and

the Ahanta West Districts

A rapid appraisal conduct ed in nine ( 9) m ain landing sit es in t he Nzem a East and Ahant a West dist r ict s bet w een 14t h and 21st Sept em ber 2010. The com m unit ies v isit ed w er e, Ankobra ( Sanw om a) , Apew osik a ( subur b of Ax im ) , Miam ia, Pr incess Ak at ak y i, Cape Thr ee Point s, Ak w idaa, Dixcove, Busua and But r e. The pur pose of t his assessm ent w as t o ascer t ain pr im ar y infor m at ion

of the spawning and ishing grounds among others.

The r esear ch t eam w as m ade up of t w o per sons; a st aff of t he West er n Regional branch of t he Ghana Canoe Fisher m en Associat ion and a st aff of t he Fr iends of t he Nat ion. Dat a w as collect ed t hr ough focus gr oup discussions, par t icipat or y m apping, dir ect obser vat ions and key infor m ant s int er v iew s.

R5: Determining The Origin And Ecology Of A Macroalgae

(Ulva clathrata) Bloom Along The Coast Of Western Ghana

And Cote d’Ivoire.

The Ghanaian Minist r y of t he Env ir onm ent w or ked w it h The I nt egrat ed Coast al and Fisher ies Gover nance ( I CFG) and CRC- Ghana t o for m a Task For ce of collaborat ing inst it ut ions t o ex t end a sur vey int o Cot e D’I voir e in or der t o m or e fully descr ibe t he ecology of t he “ gr een gr een” bloom and it s under ly ing nut r ient sour ce( s) .

Figur e 5:

Sensit iv e ar eas in need of pr ot ect ion in Ellem belle Dist r ict .

M a rine protected are a s We t la nds

Ak ye nim Bra w ie Solo (U ppe r Ax im )

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Sensit iv e ar eas in need of pr ot ect ion in

Nzem a East Dist r ict . M arine

prote_{c t ed a} re as

3. 3 Charact er ist ics of t he

Coast al Zone: ar eas of

r est orat ion and pr eser vat ion

Wet lands, m angr oves, lagoons, r iver s and est uar ies, pr ov ide essent ial ecosy st em ser v ices and ar e also cr it ical for m aint aining a healt hy

ishery (see section 3.4.2 below). In Nzema

East , m ost of t hese r esour ces ar e found inland for m ing a net w or k of nat ural ar eas j oined t o t he Ankobra Est uar y, w hich ar e a pr ior it y for conser vat ion, but w hich ar e not par t of t he coast al zone it self. Her e, it is t he coast al veget at ion on higher gr ound w hich r equir es at t ent ion.

P4: Undertake public education on the

beneits of conservation of coastal

ecosystems.

P5: Work with Marine Protected Areas

Inter ministerial Committee over

designation of marine protected

areas.

Project

Ult im at ely, conser vat ion of t hese r esour ces could be ex t ended t o include near shor e ar eas t o for m a net w or k of m ar ine pr ot ect ed ar eas.

3. 4. Relief, Drainage and

Clim at e: Coast al Dy nam ics,

Hum an Uses and I m plicat ions

3. 4. 1 Shor eline Beaches, Dunes and

Bar r ier Spit s: hum an and nat ural

hazar ds

Due t o r ising sea level in r ecent decades, m ost bar r ier beaches in Ghana ar e r et r eat ing at a rat e of about 1m per year and in t he West er n r egion, ar e est im at ed t o be r et r eat ing at 2m per year on t he average ( 2) . Er osion, sea level r ise, and sand w inning fr om t he beach can all r esult in land loss and t he inland m ovem ent of t he shor eline. Sect ions of t he shor eline in t he dist r ict ar e not ed t o have er oded considerably over t he past 6 decades, causing t he disappearance of

Ankobra We t la nd

P6: Increase collaboration with the Ministry

of Water Resources, Works and Housing for

regulating private development and installing

publicly funded defenses.

P7: Where acceptance of land loss is agreed as the

best option long term, plan re-settlement schemes and

incorporate as objective in Structure Plans.

P8: Develop a public education programme on coastal

hazards and climate change

P9: End destructive sand winning practices by use of bye

laws and community sensitisation

P10: Prepare coherent shoreline management plans to

regulate coastal land use.

R6: Report on Characterization of coastal

communities and shoreline environments in

the Western Region of Ghana.

This r epor t pr ov ides infor m at ion on t he condit ions and env ir onm ent al, social and econom ic issues faced by 89 coast al com m unit ies in t he six coast al dist r ict s of Ghana’s West er n Region. Rapid appraisals of coast al com m unit ies, dist r ict level validat ion w or k shops and secondar y lit erat ur e r ev iew w er e under t aken t o pr ov ide addit ional infor m at ion t hat w ill ult im at ely

cont r ibut e t o assem bling t he baseline. While rapid appraisals gleaned com m unit y scale infor m at ion, it also pr ov ided t he oppor t unit y t o socialize t he init iat ive am ong coast al com m unit ies v isit ed. The pur pose of dist r ict scale w or k shops w as t o solicit input s fr om local people as w ell as r eact ions t o

indings of the rapid appraisals and to incorporate

local per cept ions of changes int o a dist r ict level

synthesis of coastal and isheries governance

issues.

beach has been er oded w it hin t his t im efram e, especially in m ost t hr eat ened com m unit ies such as Agyan, Akonu, Dom unli, Ak yenim and Am anfuk um a. This phenom enon st ill cont inues due t o high sea w ave ener gy and sea level r ise, ex acer bat ed by clim at e change.

Several m et hods ar e being used by t he Hy dr ological Ser v ices Depar t m ent of t he

Minist r y of Wat er Resour ces, Wor k s and Housing

Good Management Practices

Support Urbanization, Sanitation and Wastewater

Management in the Coastal Zone:

Dixcove Case Study

Case

study

Pe rc e pt ion of shore line 3 0

ye a rs a go

1 9 7 4 shore line Shore line _{ex t e nde d}

w it hin c om m unit y

t o cont r ol shor eline er osion including t he use of gabions and boulder s and ot her engineer ing solut ions. How ever, high ener gy w aves, st r ong cur r ent s and per iodic st or m s ex pose t he w eak ness of t hese defense m echanism s. I n m any cases r elocat ion is t he only r eal

alternative, but accepting this is dificult,

and t her efor e at t em pt s t o r eser ve lands for r elocat ion of set t lem ent s ar e inadequat e.

Figur e 6: Com m unit y per cept ion of coast al er osion - Agy an.

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3. 4. 2 River est uar ies, Drainage

Outlows, Mangroves, Wetlands,

Mar shlands and Coast al Lagoons

As st at ed above, t hese ar e not r eally pr esent in t he coast al zone it self, but ar e pr om inent off t he Ankobra fur t her inland on t he w est er n boundar y of t he Dist r ict . Wet lands and coast al w at er r esour ces ser ve v it al funct ions in t he env ir onm ent . They pr ov ide habit at for m any plant s and anim als,

including migratory birds and many types of ish.

Mangr ove ar eas, in par t icular, ar e im por t ant t o

the overall health of the marine isheries, because they provide habitats for shellish as well as nursery grounds to juvenile ish. Mangrove wood

is har vest ed for a var iet y of pur poses, but t his pract ice should be lim it ed due t o t he dam age t o w et lands t hat over har vest ing causes.

Good Management Practices

Reduce Impacts from Flooding and Erosion:

Akwidaa Case Study

Case

study

Fr om a hy dr ologic per spect ive, w et lands ser ve t o dam pen t he effect s of changing w at er levels,

thereby providing protection from looding. In the process of slowing loodwaters, wetlands trap and

st or e sedim ent s, lim it ing er osion and in som e cases act ually building up soil. Thr ough t his pr ocess, t hey pr ot ect coast al w at er s fr om excessive r unoff and sedim ent at ion. Coast al com m unit ies oft en r ely on t hese ar eas for t heir dr ink ing supply, so m aint aining

the low levels and cleanliness of the water is vital

R7: Rapid assessment of mangrove status and

conditions for use to assess potential for marine

payment for ecosystem services in Amanzule and

surrounding areas in the western coastal region of

Ghana, West Africa

Ghana’s m angr ove ecosy st em s ar e t r em endously valuable, pr ov iding ecosy st em ser v ices like car bon

sequestration, protection from storms, loods, and

er osion, pr ov ision of t im ber and non- t im ber for est pr oduct s, pr ocessing of w ast e and nut r ient pollut ion, aquacult ur e and agr icult ur e suppor t , and habit at for aquat ic and t er r est r ial species. Yet , as in m any ot her par t s of t he w or ld, shor t - t er m developm ent needs ar e under m ining long- t er m m angr ove healt h and sur v ival. For t unat ely, econom ic m echanism s have t he pot ent ial t o t ip t he balance t ow ar d r est orat ion, m aint enance, and pr ot ect ion of m angr ove for est s. The need for pr oper valuat ion of m angr ove ecosy st em ser v ices under pins such m echanism s t ow ar ds t he est ablishm ent of any r ealist ic pay m ent for ecosy st em ser v ices schem e in any given m angr ove or w et land habit at .

R8: Coastal Hazards and Flooding Risk in Ghana’s Western Region

This issue br ief highlight s t he key issues facing Ghana’s

Western Region in terms of coastal looding in low-lying

ar eas as w ell as shor eline er osion, and r ecom m ends policy opt ions t o im pr ove public safet y and r educe env ir onm ent al im pact s.

R11: Biodiversity Threats Assessment for the Western Region of

Ghana.

This r ev iew of biodiver sit y t hr eat s in t he coast al zone of

t he West er n Region of Ghana cover s bot h t er r est r ial and m ar ine sy st em s and includes m aps and descr ipt ions of im por t ant w et lands and habit at s.

R12: Rapid Biodiversity Assessment on the Essei and Butuah

Lagoons and the Whin River Estuary in the Sekondi-Takoradi

metropolis of the Western Region of Ghana

This rapid Biodiver sit y Assessm ent on t he Essei and But uah Lagoons and t he Whin River Est uar y in t he

Sekondi-Takoradi m et r opolis of t he West er n Region of Ghana concludes t hat deplorable m anagem ent , ignorance or

conlict of interest on the part of users has led the wetlands

ont o a pat h of pot ent ially ir r ever sible dest r uct ion. A new t y pe of coast al m anagem ent t hink ing and pract ice ar e needed t hat t akes int o account Ghanaian econom ic, socio-cult ural and env ir onm ent al per spect ives.

R13: Approved byelaws for wetland conservation in 4 areas (Butre,

Busua, Akwidaa, and Princes town)

Cape Thr ee Point s – Pr inces’ Tow n CREMA Const it ut ion and Resour ce Managem ent Bye- law w as am ended t o include pr ov isions t hat call for t he developm ent of m anagem ent plans for CREMA w et lands. The r ev ised bye- law w as appr oved by t he Assem bly.

R14: Model Bye-laws for Coastal Management in Ghana:

Experiences from Shama District

Thr ough Hen Mpoano- facilit at ed t echnical assessm ent s, st akeholder engagem ent s and par t icipat or y m apping

exercises, model bye-laws and policy statements for lood

hazar d m it igat ion, shor eline and w et land m anagem ent w er e for m ulat ed and appr oved by t he dist r ict assem bly.

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Sat ellit e im age of w est er n par t of Region, show ing capacit y of land cov er t o sequest er car bon.

3. 5 Veget at ion, Flora, Tr opical

Foliage For est s, Wildlife

3. 5. 1 Coast al Veget at ion, far m ing, for est

r eser ves.

The cur r ent m aj or it y land use in Nzem a East Dist r ict is by subsist ence far m s, t r ees and for est , m ining, coconut and palm oil plant at ions. Car bon sequest rat ion capacit ies in Figur e 7 illust rat e t he ex t ent of differ ent t y pes of use because t hey br oadly equat e w it h ur ban ar eas, far m cr op ar eas, t r ee cover including oil palm , r ubber and for est .

The m apping of r ural land uses and slope analy sis w ill enable decisions t o be m ade about t he m ost

eficient balance of uses. The designation of land for

agr icult ur e, added t o pr ot ect ed ar eas/ cor r idor s for w ildlife w ill enable t he best decisions t o be t aken about ar eas for ur banizat ion, t our ism , leisur e and indust r ial developm ent .

I n t his cont ex t , it has been pr oposed ( 2) t hat , consider ing t hat even lar ge ar eas of gr een r esour ces m ay be per m anent ly dest r oyed t hr ough unplanned developm ent , t he concept of a “ Gr een Net w or k ” w ill be a useful developm ent planning t ool for t he Dist r ict .

R16: Land Cover Mapping of the Greater Cape

Three Points Area Using Landsat Remote

Sensing Data Map Book

This is t he com panion book of m aps for t he land cover st udy. The land use and land cover

map products created in this study are the irst

available dat a for t he coast al r egion of Ghana. The m aps r epr esent an im por t ant st ep in t he m anagem ent of it s nat ural r esour ces. Land use and land cover m aps allow land m anager s, policy and decision m aker s, and local com m unit ies t o m ake infor m ed decisions about t he fut ur e of t heir nat ural, cult ural and econom ic r esour ces. This set of m aps can also pr ov ide a w indow int o how t he landscape has changed as t he baseline dat a for possible fut ur e w or k . Wit h t he baseline dat a r eady, t he nex t st ep of change analy sis w ill be possible. The choice t o

use the U.N. Land Cover Classiication System also provided the lexibility to meet classiication needs

in t he fut ur e w hile st ill m aint aining cont inuit y w it h past w or k .

R17: Report from Community Conservation on Primates in

the Western Region.

Field not es fr om Hor w ich’s sit e v isit and

r ecom m endat ions for im pr oved m anagem ent of t he for est r eser ves and alt er nat ive livelihoods for t he adj acent com m unit ies. Hor w ich m ade t w o addit ional v isit s in 2012 w hich ar e also included in t his r epor t .

R18: Land Cover Mapping of the Greater Cape Three Points

Area Using Landsat Remote Sensing Data

The land use and land cover m ap pr oduct s cr eat ed

in this study are the irst available data for the

coast al r egion of Ghana. The m aps r epr esent an im por t ant st ep in t he m anagem ent of it s nat ural r esour ces. Land use and land cover m aps allow land m anager s, policy and decision m aker s, and local com m unit ies t o m ake infor m ed decisions about t he fut ur e of t heir nat ural, cult ural and econom ic r esour ces. This set of m aps can also pr ov ide a w indow int o how t he landscape has changed as t he baseline dat a for possible fut ur e w or k .

P14: Map and plan rural land uses areas. Develop

strategy for balance of agricultural land uses and set

buffers for food crop production as well as conserve

ecosystem functions and services.

P15: Develop the eco-tourism potential of the coastal zone.

P16: Establish green networks in District Spatial Development

Framework and to protect wildlife, agricultural and forest areas.

Include green corridors in Structure Plans and Local Plans.

3. 6 Set t lem ent s, Spat ial

Analy sis, and Sit ing of

I nfrast r uct ur e,

3. 6. 1 Gr ow t h of t he Coast al and

Fishing Set t lem ent s

The populat ion of coast al set t lem ent s cont inues t o incr ease st r ongly t hr ough nat ural gr ow t h fr om uncont r olled bir t hs, t eenage pr egnancy and

high in-migration of isher folks (4). The coastal communities experience an inlux of itinerant boats and ishermen, particularly during the high ishing

seasons bet w een July and Sept em ber.

The nat ural gr ow t h of populat ions in ex ist ing im pover ished coast al com m unit ies, w hich is subst ant ial, w ill be m et by in- m igrat ion of t hose m or e w ealt hy indiv iduals w ho ar e seeing t he pot ent ial of t he coast for r esident ial, leisur e and new indust r ial developm ent .

3. 6. 2 Cult ural cont ex t and t radit ions

in Coast al Com m unit ies

Artisanal ishing communities represent a

unique and dist inct cult ur e w hich ar ises fr om t he act iv it y. Fisher m en ar e at sea in canoes for t hr ee t o four day s at a st r et ch, w hile ot her s ar e

mending and making boats, nets and ishing gear. Women prepare, smoke and sell the ish. These

com m unit ies ar e pr edom inant ly of t he Nzem a et hnic gr oup.

The Nzem a East Municipal Ar ea has t hr ee

param ount cies under t he Nzem a Manle Tradit ional Council w it h it s headquar t er s at Esiam a in t he Ellem belle Dist r ict The m ain fest ival in t he Dist r ict is Kundum , w hich is a m aj or unify ing for ce because it br ings t oget her fam ilies and people fr om w it hin and out side t he Dist r ict .

3. 6. 3 Land ow ner ship

Tradit ionally, land w as in t he “ cust om ar y ow ner ship” of chiefs, w ho dispensed and allocat ed it on behalf of t heir people.

Subsequent ly t he colonial aut hor it ies negot iat ed t r eat ies under Rom ano- Br it ish law w hich

led t o indiv idual land t it les and leases being grant ed, and subst ant ial land being t aken int o gover nm ent ow ner ship. Wher e m ost land is not

registered, there are frequent conlicts over

it s ow ner ship. Fam ilies w ho have subsist ed on t he land for generat ions ar e sum m ar ily ev ict ed w it hout com pensat ion, and incom ing invest or s ar e caught up in land disput es so t hat not hing m at er ializes.

All of t his r equir es t hat t he land agencies should w or k m or e closely w it h local com m unit ies; t hat land t ransfer s by chiefs should be t ranspar ent ; and t hat adequat e com pensat ion sy st em s ar e in place w her e fam ilies ar e dispossed of t heir land for developm ent . The land agencies cur r ent ly operat e as separat e inst it ut ions. By r esolv ing t his elem ent , t he im plem ent at ion of int egrat ed coast al m anagem ent w ill becom e easier.

3. 6. 4 Spat ial Analy sis: Coast al

P33: Support local festivals and educate/

promote retention of cultural identity of

coastal and ishing communities.

Project

R19: ‘Faith In Action’ Faith Based Action

For Creation Care In Coastal Communities

Of Western Region.

This r epor t det ails engagem ent w it h r eligious leader s in six coast al dist r ict s in t he West er n Region of Ghana fr om t he 12t h of Decem ber 2011 t o t he 9t h of Febr uar y 2012. I n all, over 123 r eligious leader s w er e t rained in r efer ence t heology on env ir onm ent al st ew ar dship and cr eat ion car e. The pr ogram m e led t o t he est ablishm ent s of six int er fait h eco- net w or k s in six coast al dist r ict s in t he w est er n r egion of Ghana. The pr ogram m e w as a big success and bot h par t icipant s and

organisers beneitted immensely from the

exchanges and ex per iences shar ed. The m ain

recommendations for keeping the ire burning

is ensur ing t hat t he eco- net w or k s w hich have been est ablished live beyond t he lifespan of t he init iat ive t o per for m t he funct ions of m obilising r eligious or ganisat ions and advocat ing for r esponsible coast al r esour ce use.

P34: Work with Lands Commission

at local level on land security and

compensation

Project

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I t is essent ial t hat wat er dependent and wat er enhanced uses w it h result ing value ret urns are used t o m axim ize value in areas of t he coast al zone and t hat t heir sit ing prevent s erosion and furt her dam age t o t he coast . To achieve t his it w ill be necessary t hat t he ground rules for shoreline developm ent are included in t he St ruct ure Plan, Local Plans and t hrough Assem bly Bye- Law s.

3.6.6 Social issues, wat er, wast e,

and sanit at ion

Coast al com m unit ies are experiencing a severe decline in t heir t radit ional livelihoods t hrough bot h nat ural and m an- m ade causes. Povert y levels are increasing, educat ional levels are declining rat her t han im proving, populat ion cont inues t o rise t hrough high birt h rat es including t eenage pregnancies and declining

Set t lem ent s in Nzem a East

Ther e ar e 10 com m unit ies on t he coast in t he dist r ict . The m ost populat ed ar ea in t he Dist r ict is Ax im , w it h a gr ow ing cent r e w her e t he Ax im Road j oins t he N1 highw ay leading w est out of Takoradi on w ay t o Elubo and Cot e D’I voir e. Ax im , w hich w as a m aj or for m er colonial set t lem ent . The pr incipal coast al set t lem ent s ar e, fr om east t o w est , Agyan, Akonu, Dom unli, Apew osik a, Low er Ax im , Bank y im , Solo, Am anfuk um a, Br ew ir e and Ak yenim .

The ar ea w est of t he Ankobra Est uar y up t o

Ak yenim is r elat ively unpopulat ed, t he m ain feat ur e being t he Ankobra Beach Resor t . Ax im it self has been a m aj or r egional cent r e for a long t im e, and could develop as t he r egional hub of t he t our ism and leisur e indust r y, being at about t he m id- point of t he r egion’s coast . The Ax im Beach Resor t is anot her successful high qualit y t our ist facilit y, and fur t her dow n t he coast , is t he t op end Lou Moon Resor t . Ot her w ise t he coast al zone has plant at ions and r elat ively few set t lem ent s.

Ax im is one coast al set t lem ent in w hich m aj or invest m ent is likely t o be at t ract ed, w it h it s com binat ion of a m aj or adm inist rat ive r ole, it s

historic fort and buildings, ishing community and

cent r e for high end leisur e facilit ies near by. I n or der for t his t o happen in a w ay w hich cr eat es an or der ly, m oder n t ow n in w hich t he ex ist ing

community and incomers both beneit from a

high qualit y env ir onm ent , invest m ent in social am enit ies, w at er, pow er, connect ing r oads, w at er cour ses needs t o be m ade for t he lar ger ur ban ar ea w hich includes t he ex ist ing ar ea. This should

easily be able to be inanced by new investors

if t he planning and per m it t ing pr ocess aim s for high qualit y, high values and negot iat es shar ing of im pr oved land values. A st r uct ur e plan for t he t ow n is a pr er equisit e for t his t o happen.

Because t he m ain NI Highw ay is som e w ay aw ay fr om t he Nzem a East coast al zone, and only connect ed t o it v ia Ax im , t he coast al com m unit ies her e ar e less likely t o r eceive capit al invest m ent unt il t heir infrast r uct ur e is im pr oved, w hich is usually dr iven by highw ay developm ent . Despit e t his, m any m easur es can be t aken t o im pr ove ser v ices and capacit y for r esilience.

P16: Prepare Structure Plans and Local

Plans for Axim Conurbation including up

to N1 junction.

P17: Prepare Community Action Plans

to address vulnerability and improve

resilience for all coastal communities

P18: Apply good coastal management

practice in major leisure developments

Project

R20: Dixcove Plan

Hen Mpaono w or ked w it h com m unit y m em ber s and dist r ict assem bly

oficers Community Action Plan for

adapt at ion and im pr oved r esilience at Dixcove, w hich has ex per ienced , m aj or er osion and

looding problems. The plan included a draft outline Structure Plan which identiied main

r oads and drainage channels, land use zones, a pr oposed new “ 100 year ” shor eline and t he ex t ent of t he ar ea ur banizat ion ex t ending t o Busua and beyond.

R21: Akwidaa Plan

Hen Mpoano w or ked also in Ak w idaa on a Com m unit y Act ion Plan w hich ongoing r elocat ion pr oblem s, com m unit y or ganisat ing, coast al er osion pr oblem s and st rat egies for dealing w it h t hem .

Obj ect ive 1 - Developm ent is

har m onized w it h conser vat ion,

incr easing qualit y of life by

designing w it h nat ur e

1 . Re sp e ct t r a d it ion a l u se , h e r it a g e a n d m a n a g e m e n t of coa st a l r e sou r ce s. Tradit ional k now ledge for m anaging occasional opening of t he Ehunli lagoon t o t he ocean helps maintain salinity for isheries and reduce looding of elevated lagoon w at er levels. Pr ot ect ing m angr oves ar e cr it ical for bir d and m onkey habit at and r espect s local cult ur e, w her e hur t ing m onkey s is t aboo. Maint aining ex ist ing public access t o lagoon, for est , and coast is im por t ant for econom ic and cult ural uses.

2 . Ex clu d e p e r m a n e n t st r u ct u r e s on u n d e v e lop e d b a r r ie r b e a ch e s. The dy nam ic pr ocesses of er osion and w ave over w ash keep t he beach healt hy. Tem porar y, low im pact st r uct ur es ar e allow able, but should be elevat ed t o allow for beach m ovem ent . Sea defenses should be pr ohibit ed. 3. Est a b lish a “ n o- b u ild ” b u f f e r

a d j a ce n t t o la g oon , r iv e r s a n d w e t la n d s. A veget at ed and undist ur bed st r ip of land w ill r educe pollution, erosion, looding, and habitat dest r uct ion. Wet lands should not be

illed, however, if there is over-riding public beneit for illing wetlands or w at er w ay ( i. e. a r oad access) , consider ot her alt er nat ives including r elocat ion, br idge, or adequat e culver t t o r educe impacts and looding. Maintain veget at ed buffer s for r iver s, st r eam s and lagoons ( 10 – 60m ) .

4 . M a n a g e t h e Eh u n li la g oon f or low in t e n sit y u se. I dent ify ar eas for bot h t radit ional use and non- dam aging new uses. Lim it boat ing t o vessels w it hout m ot or s. Minim ize t he num ber of pier s and pr om ot e shar ed use of t he w at er ar ea t o r educe dist ur bance of habit at . 5. Id e n t if y k e y r e sou r ce s a n d d e sig n

d e v e lop m e n t t o p r ot e ct t h e m . Map ar eas of high value habit at and resource value as a irst step in locating new developm ent . Undeveloped gr een spaces ( for est , m angr ove, w et lands) can be used for passive r ecr eat ion and t our ism . Connect ing t hese ar eas pr ov ides a habit at cor r idor for w ildlife. Gr ouping/ clust er ing buildings aw ay fr om key r esour ces w ill m inim ize dest r uct ion of valuable habit at .

Good Managem ent Pract ices

Manage Large-Scale Leisure Development to Beneit

t he Com m unit y, t he Pr ivat e I nvest or and t he

Ecosy st em :

Obj ect ive 2 - Ser v ices and

infrast r uct ur e ar e in place t hat

im pr ove t he st andar d of liv ing for

ex ist ing and fut ur e r esident s and

v isit or s

Obj ect ive 3 - Sust ained

engagem ent am ong Dist r ict ,

com m unit y and developm ent

sectors provides mutual beneits

6 . D e sig n in f r a st r u ct u r e w it h a d e q u a t e

d r a in a g e sy st e m s. Roads should include drains or vegetated buffers to reduce looding and pollut ion t o r iver s and w et lands dur ing rainfall. Building designs and grading should r educe im pact s t o near by pr oper t ies and w at er bodies. Wher e feasible, include cist er ns for rain w at er har vest ing and st or ing dr ink ing w at er.

7 . Est a b lish m e ch a n ism s t o e n su r e t h a t t h e

whole community beneits from services

of e le ct r icit y , solid w a st e , w a st e w a t e r a n d p ot a b le w a t e r . I dent ify appr oaches such as co-inancing, co-management, partnership agr eem ent s or ser v ice cont ract s. Locat e facilit ies for solid w ast e and sew age disposal in safe areas not prone to looding and ensure proper design.

8 . Pr ov id e h ou sin g a ccom m od a t ion s a n d se r v ice s f or t e m p or a r y a n d p e r m a n e n t w or k e r s a n d t h e ir f a m ilie s. Lar ge t our ist developm ent s r equir e addit ional w or k for ce housing dur ing const r uct ion and for cont inued operat ion of t he ex panded com m unit y. 9 . D e v e lop p a r t n e r sh ip s t o r e st or e a n d

e n h a n ce cu lt u r a l f a cilit ie s. Build upon effor t s t o r est or e t he facilit ies, such as For t Gr oss Fr iedr ichsbur g and par t ner w it h Ghana West Coast Dest inat ion Managem ent Or ganizat ion t o pr om ot e a cult ural t our ism cor r idor in Ahant a West .

1 0 . U t iliz e t h e D ist r ict ’s M a r in e a n d Coa st a l M a n a g e m e n t Com m it t e e t o f a cilit a t e p a r t icip a t or y a n d t r a n sp a r e n t d e cision m a k in g p r oce sse s. The com m it t ee w ill help develop and im plem ent for m al m echanism s for decision making, negotiation, conlict resolution, and par t icipat ion by st akeholder s.

1 1 . Ta r g e t com m on sp a ce a r e a s t h a t f ost e r a st r on g se n se of com m u n it y . Design spaces t o suppor t engagem ent bet w een ex ist ing and new com m unit y m em ber s. Mar ket s, par k s, or buildings can pr ov ide oppor t unit ies t o shar e ex per iences, including cult ural exchange, out door act iv it ies and special event s. 1 2 . Bu ild u p on loca l ca p a cit y f or b r oa d r a n g e

of j ob s. Wor k w it h local and r egional leader s, educat or s and businesses t o build capacit y of local r esident s t o suppor t new j obs in const r uct ion, m anagem ent , t our ism , and ser v ices. Business concept s can em er ge fr om init ial j oint pr oj ect s bet w een t he leisur e operat or and t he com m unit y.

1 3 . Ca p it a liz e on com m u n it y st r e n g t h s a n d r e sou r ce s. I dent ify w ay s for enhancing t he value of resorts by including local ish and agr icult ur e pr oduct s, cult ural am enit ies and ot her eco- t our ism appr oaches as par t of t he pack age.

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st or m d r a in ch a n n e ls

t o a ccom m od a t e

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loods

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m a in t a in “ n o- b u ild ”

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f a m ilie s a n d

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Est a b lish

a t ou r ism

cor r id or

Good

Management

Practices

Support Urbanization,

Sanitation and Wastewater

Management in the Coastal

Zone:

Dixcove Case Study

Bususa

Case

study

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Good Managem ent Pract ices

Suppor t Ur banizat ion, Sanit at ion and Wast ew at er

Managem ent in t he Coast al Zone:

Dixcove Case St udy

Obj ect ive 1.

Planned and w ell- m aint ained

ur ban ar eas t hat incr ease qualit y

of life of t he com m unit y

1 . Est a b lish a n d m a in t a in “ n o- b u ild ” a r e a s f or r iv e r ch a n n e ls a n d r iv e r b u f f e r s. Enfor ce a no- build ar ea adj acent t o t he r iver channel or w at er cour se. I f t her e is over- r iding public beneit (i.e. a road that cannot be locat ed elsew her e) for developing or illing in the watercourse, ensure that looding will not increase (i.e. raise height of r oad or inst all culver t s of adequat e size) . Maint ain veget at ed buffer s t hat suppor t nat ural funct ions for r iver s/ st r eam s ( 10 - 60m ) , m inor st r eam s ( 10 – 20m ) , seasonal st r eam s ( 10 – 15m ) . *

2 . Cr e a t e a g r e e n b e lt a r ou n d t h e u r b a n cor e. Pr ot ect and m anage healt hy for est s and w et lands in or der to capture rainwater, reduce looding, and suppor t gr oundw at er dr ink ing supplies, w hile suppor t ing sust ainable livelihoods. Connect ed for est s w ill provide a corridor for wildlife, deines a t ransit ion fr om ur ban t o r ural ar eas and beneits recreation and tourism.

3 . M a p e x ist in g a n d f u t u r e

loodplains utilizing best available

d a t a , m od e ls, a n d r e su lt s f r om v u ln e r a b ilit y a sse ssm e n t s. The lood hazar ds m ap can becom e an over lay t o t he phy sical plan, show ing r iver channels, w at er cour ses, appr ox im at e extent of the lood waters, and expected lood elevations. Estimate historical lood elevations using local

k now ledge and ot her dat a and consider fut ur e changes in rain fall int ensit y and incr eased developm ent of ur ban ar eas. 4 . Se t a sid e a r e a s f or f u t u r e r e loca t ion

of f a m ilie s a n d b u sin e sse s. Relocat e structures at high risk of lood, or those dam aged by disast er. Pr e- planned and pr e- built ur ban developm ent w it h houses and associat ed ser v ices pr ov ide an incent ive for fam ilies t o r elocat e. 5 . Est a b lish a t ou r ism cor r id or t o

pr ov ide unifor m pr om ot ion, signage and m aint enance of com m unit ies, landscapes, cult ural and her it age sit es t hat have t our ism value. Pr epar e plans for developm ent and suppor t ser v ices t hat suppor t Dist r ict goals t o pr om ot e t he t our ism indust r y. Train local r esident s t o w or k as guides for t our ist s, ensur ing som e local incom e and pr om ot ing int er est in nat ural and cult ural asset s.

6 . I m p r ov e a n d e x t e n d r oa d sy st e m t o con n e ct w it h a d j oin in g

com m u n it ie s. The “ r ing r oad”

appr oach w ould m ar k a clear t ransit ion fr om ur ban t o r ural w her e ser v ices, densit ies and land uses ar e differ ent . Design adequat e st or m w at er drainage adj acent t o t he r oads t o r educe

Obj ect ive 2 - Shor eline pr ot ect ion

t hat suppor t s long t er m safet y and

secur it y of w at er fr ont act iv it ies

Obj ect ive 3 – Wast ew at er

m anagem ent and shor eline

sanit at ion im pr ovem ent s t hat

enhance healt h of r esident s and

ecosy st em s

7 . D e sig n a t e a lim it e d m a n - m a d e sh or e lin e a r e a , w it h a d e q u a t e sh or e lin e d e f e n se s. Assess condit ion of cur r ent shor eline and defense sy st em s t o det er m ine t heir level of effectiveness to reduce looding and long t er m shor eline r ecession. Upgraded or new st r uct ur es shall be designed and const r uct ed w it h engineer ing st andar ds; consider t he need t o m aint ain access for w at er dependent uses; and r educe im pact ( er osion, w ave dam age) t o adj acent beaches and pr oper t ies.

8 . D e sig n a t e w a t e r - d e p e n d e n t a r e a s in t h e coa st a l st r ip . Pr ior it ize and pr om ot e uses t hat m ust r ely on t he sea ( w at er dependent uses) for the water front. These include ishing, sw im m ing, and boat r epair. Design of t hese ar eas ensur es safet y t o hum ans and pr oper t y and respects lood hazards from the land and t he sea and long t er m shor eline er osion. 9 . M a n a g e a n d im p r ov e d e v e lop e d a r e a s in

lood prone areas to reduce damage to

lif e a n d p r op e r t y . Upgrade or r econst r uct structures so they are elevated above lood w at er levels. Safe height s can be est ablished fr om local k now ledge or m aps. I f ex ist ing structures are highly damaged by lood, encourage r esident s t o r elocat e aw ay fr om loodplain.

1 0 . U p g r a d e a n d m a in t a in con cr e t e st or m d r a in ch a n n e ls t o a ccom m od a t e h e a v y r a in s

and loods. Use nat ional design st andar ds to construct drainage and reduce looding of adj acent ur ban ar eas. Plan for m aint enance of t hese channels, including pr ogram s t o keep t hem fr ee of solid w ast e. This could include sensit izat ion of r esident s on how t o ident ify and useot her ar eas for solid w ast e disposal and household w ast ew at er.

1 1 . Designate areas for landill and establish w a st e m a n a g e m e n t sy st e m s. Locat e disposal sit es out side of ar eas w hich ar e v ulnerable t o loods, with a minimum 90 m buffer to water and st r eam s. * Wher e feasible, locat e out side t he coast al zone. Suppor t incom e generat ing pr ogram s for plast ic r ecycling and collect ion. 1 2 . Design and manage sanitation for ishing

a ct iv it ie s t o r educe pollut ion t o t he sea and im pr ove pr oduct qualit y. I dent ify and car r y out programs to ensure that ish handling area and cleaning st at ions ar e sanit ar y. I dent ify opt ions for clean pot able w at er including piping in or installing water tanks (illed by rain water or tank truck). Explore ish waste disposal opportunities that beneit others, such as com post ing w ast e for fer t ilizer or using it as feed for anim als.

* see Nat ional Ripar ian Buffer policy for m or e infor m at ion

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