Method on Conversion of Gasoline to Biogas Fueled Single Cylinder of Four Stroke Engine of Electric Generator.
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ISSN:2010-0264
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UESD Vol.4, No. 3, June 2013
rternational Journal of Environmental Science
and Development
CONTENTS
lume 4, Number 3, June 2013
:cts of the Composition and the Preparation Methods on
Oil Sorption Capacity of Recycled Rayon
...,............-.246
*e-KapokMixtures (RRWK) Sorbent..
Chaowalit Senanuralatarhtl, Panaddn Khongsrichatoen, Darathip Pejprom, SupawaruTantayanon, and
ha Khaodhiar
Environmental Norms and Climate Change Perceptions Influence Mitigation Behaviour?: Thailand as a
re
Study......
..-.............251
Suthirat Kittipongvises and Takashi Mino
ponse of Different Strains of Enterococcus faccalis to UV Inactivation after Freezing.
W Gao andA.
.-
.
.-.
.255
Wiams
dy on Characteristics of LeakageAccident of Hazardous Chemicals and Their
Quanmin Bu, Weining Cai and Xing Tong
nulation of sfream Flow for Upper Lam Takongsub-Watershed Using swAT
Rescue.
Model.
.............258
........,.......261
Netnapa Pongpetch and Pongthep Suwanwaree
icontinuous Galerkin Method for ffreAir Pollution
Model.
..-...264
XijianVang and Lite Zhao
alysis ofAccess to Clean Development Mechanism Landfill Projects through a Multi-Agent Model....... 268
Silvia Cruz and Sbnia Paulino
lmate Change and Grormdwater: Vulnerability, Adaptation and Mitigation Opportunities in
[ndia............272
KhajwiaAnupam and Kanae Shinjirc
Eporse of Scutellarin Content to Heavy Metals tn Ertgerun
Breviscapus
.. . ..
.,
....277
Huabin Xiong, Changqm Duan, Xnriang A, and Minghong Chen
ansport, Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency in Buildings Explored as Situations of Opportunity
ty
Transformation.....-.....
for
.....282
Aleh Kliatslco and PerLwtdqvist
sessment of Groundwater Potential Risk byAgricultural Activities, in North
Ye
na
Italy..........
.....286
Zhao, Marina De Maio, and Enrico Suozzi
Field Investigation and Open Data Analysis to Identifr Diff.rsion Sources of Radioactive Substance...29l
t Kaaunari Ishida
lrantification
II Siti Altlrta
on......,..
on""""'
Wan Zaharuddin
"""""""296
Method on Conversion of Gasoline to Biogas Fueled Sin
Generator..
Tjolarda Gde Tirta Nindhia,
Ari
I Wayan Surata, I- Ket
Wardana
Compaction Characteristics of Lateritic Soil-Stabilized Municipat Solid Waste Bottom
A. Y Abdulfutah, ,S. G Kiru, and:T A. Adedokun
Fictitious spokesperson to Enhance corporate Environmental
Xiuqiang Pan and Yu-Ming Fei
Sediment. .....304
Image
......307
Automatic Multi-Objective Calibration of a Rainfall RunoffModel for the Fitzroy Basin,
eueensland,
Australia...
........311
Md. ShariJ'Imam lbneAmhi Mohammad Masud Kamal Khan,Ivlohammad Golam Rasut, Raj H.Sharma,
and FatemaAlqam
Influence ofNozzle Pressure on Perforrnance and Emission in Compression Ignition Engine Rrmning on
DistilledWastePlasticOil(DwPO)............
......316
Chumsunti Santaweesuk and Adun Janyalertadun
PolicyDesigEandknplementationlssuesofRegulatingGteenhouseGasEmissionsinChina..,..........--....321
Xiangsheng Dou, Jingjing Xie, and Zenglongye
Alterations ofAcetylcholinesteraseActivity andAntioxidant Capacity of Zebrafish Brain andMuscle Exposed
to Sublethal Level of Cadmium
..........327
Abeer Ghazie A. Al-Smtafi and Yunjun yan
Cu and Cd induced C5rtotoxicity Involving Lipid Peroxidation and Sulfhydryl Com*ounds in the
Hyperaocumulator and Nonaccumulator varieties of coumelina
. . . . .. , . . . . . . . ..33 I
communis
HaiouWang
Synthesis and Properties of FegO+Nanoparticles by Co-precipitation Method to Removal procion
Dye.,......336
Poedji Loekiawati Hariani, Muhammad Faizal, Ridwan, Morsi, and Dedi Setiahdidaya
Identification of Contamination Sources and TDS Coucentration in Groundwatet of Second Biggest
Crty of
pakistan.
..........-...141
M. M- Akhtar and Zhongfun Thng
Numerical Modelling for tre Extnerne Flood Event in the Fitzroy Basrn,
euee,nsland, Australia. , . . , . . ., . . . . , .,.346
Md' Sharif Imam lbne Amfi Mohanmad Masud Kqrnal Khan Mohanmad Golan Rasul, Raj HSharma,
atd FatemaAlsam
'
International Journal ofEnvironmentar science and Development, I/ol- 4, No. 3, June 20rS
Method on conversion of Gasoline to Biogas Fueled.
Single Cylinder of Four stroke Engine of Electric
Generator
Tiokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia, I Wayan Surata, I Ketut Adi Atrnika, Dewa Ngakan Ketut putra Negara,
and
Ari Wardana
bsaact---The Gasoline fueled single cylinder generator
ne are well established and available in the market with
onable pricg in the other hand the biogas fueled engine for
Fic gener&tor is not well established yet in the markel The
ias energ:f is e""y to produce thercfore the price for the
;as is very much cheaper than the gasoline. The purpose of
research is to lind conversion method from gasoline to
ftrelled of tte siugle cylinder four stroke engtne of
tric generator. For this purpose the biogas should be
paded to the level of zero lmpurities of hydrogen sulfide E2S,
ier @2O) and reducing up to zero level of CO2 impurities.
! carburetor of the gasoline engine was replaced ud olly
rponent of lte mixer of the fuel ard air were used. The
rke of the biogas fueled should be completed with valve that
gas
bc opened automatically by vacuum of
tte suction stuoke of
engine and compression rafion of the engine should be
reased undl reach 9:1 of compression ratio. With this
rversion method the englne ofthe electric getrerator used for
s research is run well and possible to reach maximum
paclty that can be achieved by using gasoline previously.
r
Inda Terms-lonversion, gasoling biogas,
r
stroke engine, elecfic generator.
slngle cylinder,
H2S is removed in the first stage of biogas purification.
Two techniques are applied that are removal of I{zS during
digestion and removal of H2S after digestion [2].
For the method ofremoval H2S during digestion, there are
two types that are widely practiced narrrely by air-oxygen
dosing to the biogas and addition of iron chloride into the
digester. Air-orygen dosing to the biogas system is based on
the biological aerobic oxidation of IIzS to elemental sulfir by
microorganisms [2]. Sulfide oxidizing microorganisms are
autotrophic and use COz from the biogas to cover their
carbon need. For the method of addition of iron chloride into
the digester, the iron cbloride can be penetrated directly into
the digester or tfuough the influentmixing tank. tt reacts u,ith
the H2S thatpresent in the biogas to fomr particles of FeS
[2].
There are many methods of removal oftl2S after digestion,
adsorption using iron oxide or hydroxide for example.
Hydrogen sulfide reacts easily with iron oxide or iron
hydroxide and forms iron sulfide. The other technique is
absorption with liquids that can be either physical or
chemical. Chemical absorption involves dissolving the
component followed by a chernical reaction of the trace
comlronent and the solvent whereas physical absorption
I.
INrnonucrroN
The progress of utilization biogas as a fuel for elecbic
is found not as good
involves dissolving the
face component in the solven!
Physical absorption removes I{zS by absorption in water or
an organic solvent. The most corrtmon solvent is water
scnrbbing, although the growths of microorganisms in the
Ity in manufucturing
I become a problem
packing occur. Single pass absorption and regenerative
nt yield in high price ofthe engine. Other problem is caused
y the biogas qualities that vary among the region that make
I dilEcult to upgrade in to the standard
state for fueled the
for the upgrading of biogas_ The
disadvantage is a high coosurnption ofwater is needed, there
for regeneration process should be promoted [2].
H2S can be separated from the gas by leading fte gas
through a semi penneable meryrbrane (membrane se.paration
technique). H2S able pass tlrough the membrane but not ClIe.
absorption are two t5pes of water absorption processes that
cornmonly used
The important compon€nt is a micro porous hydrophobic
Among all impurities in the biogas, the CO2, tI2S and
rater should be eliminated in order possible to be used as
irel of the engine. Some of the methods can be summarized
u written bellow as a reference to be decided uthich method
rill
be adopted and developed.
membrane that able to separating fte gas from liquid phase.
The molecules from the gas stueam, flowing in one direction,
difffuse tbrough the membrane and will be absorbed on the
other side by the liquid, flowing in counter current. For this
purpose NaOH can be used as the absorbent Hquid
t2l.
The method that is similar to the technique where air-O2
was added to the digestion is biological filter.
It is use
specific bacteria that are able to oxidize HzS. Before entering
the filter bd air is added to the biogas. The H2S is absorbed
in the liquid phase, made up from gas oondensate and liquid
from effluent slurry separation. After absorption, I{2S is
oxidized by the bacteria, growing on the filterbed_ The IIzS
is biologically converted to zulfur- Sulfir is retained in the
Dot:
ro.zzogDrsD.2ol3.v4.358
3oo
l
l
lnlernational Jourildl of Enirounental Scietlce and Developmenl, fol. 4, .No.
liquid of tlre filter. Other benefit of Biological filtration
applied
cheaper
is
fbr rernoving odors it is
than chemical clcarriug and possible to refilove
in
several installations
ammonia from the biogas. It is reporled also FI2S can also be
removed by using activated carbon [2].
As mentioned previously beside II3S, the CO2 gas should
also eliminate for the purpose of upgrading biogas tbr fueled
Lhe spark ignition engine. Sevcral teclniques are introduced
here that was obtained from literature sfudy iu order proper
decision could be obtaincd.
Physical and chentical CO2absorplion. The CO2 and CHa
are separated by using absorbent. Water can be used as
physical absorbent. CO2 is separated from the biogas by
reacting u,ith water at high pressure. Biogas is entered fi'om
the bottorn of vertical column. Water is fed at the top of the
column to achieve a gas-liquid counter flow [2],
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)
or
vacuum swing
adsorption (VS"{). PSA and VSA use a coluuul filled with a
i,
June
201i
dryiltg [2].
Physic,al drying metltod.s. The simplest way of removino
rcfiigeration. to achiev" towei
dew points flre gas has to be compressed before cooling and
then later expanded to the desired pressur-e. The lower t1..
deu,point, the higher presslue is needcd to be applied. T1.
condensed water droplets are entrapped and removed. |1a
excess water vapor is through
physical drying methods prcvent wator contact tvitfi
like compressors, pipes, activated
parts
carbon beds and other
of thc process. In this u,ay,
dor,r'nstreanr equiprnent
corrosion is prevented [2].
Chemical &ying metltods. Thesc techniques ale usrrally
applied at elevated pressures. At atmospheric pressure only a
small amount of water is removed by the absorption aq{
adsorption tcchniques. Adsorption using alumina or zeolites
molecular sieves is the most corrlmon technique [2].
Beside ius difticulty
for fueled the engine. biogas has
molecular sieve (silica gel, alumina- activated carbon or
advantages as alternative energy since easy to produce er.en
zeolile), for adsorption of the gases CO2 and letting ClIa pass
through. The molecules are adsorbed loosely in tlre cavities
biogas
of the molecular sieve [2]
Membrane separation
is
based
on the selectivc
permeability prcperty of membranes. Two basic systems
exisf gas-gas separationrtth a gas phase at both sides ofthe
membrane and gasJiquid absorption separation with a liquid
absorbing the diffused molecules. Multiple stages may be
required due to irnperfect separation that would increase the
methane loss. This problem can be overcome by recirculation
Q).
Cryogenic sepa.ration. Since CI{4, COz and other
impurities liquef in different temperahrre or pressure, it is
possible to obtain methane by cooling and compressing the
biogas. The liquidCOa is also a solvent separating remaining
impurities from the Cas l2l.
Biological methane erurichment- Specific methanogens
using only CO2 ati a carbon source andH2 as an energy source.
The selection between mesophilic ard thermophilic
operation temperatures is typically based on whether the
completion of reaction or the rale of reaotion is of primary
concern. Thermophilic methanogens exhibit rapid
methanogenesis, while mesophilic bacteria give more
complete conversion of the available CO2lzl.
Removal
of C02 and HzS tom
biogas
by
aqueous
solutions in a packed column can be done by using sodium
hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
mono+thsnolamiae
and
(MEA) as liquid solvent. Liquid
solvents were circulated tbrough the column, coatacting the
biogas in couutercument flow. Test results indicated similar
absorption patterns between the cheurical solvents used.
Chemical absorption by solvents in apacked column was an
effective tecbnique for removing CO2 over a short operation
time, but their absorptioa capability declined rapidly with
time. Ca(OH)z aDpared. to become satuated more rapidly
than the other solvents[3].
Untreated or raw bioga.s is usually saturated with water and
the absolute wat€r quantity depends on the temperature. The
lower the temperature, the lower the water content in the raw
biogas. The removal methods for water are genorally based
on physical scparation of condensed water or chemical
from municipal waste [a]. This make that the effort to
use
to
fueled the engine should be promoted and
supported as what happened in thc developed counu-y.
Recendy the biogas is possible to use for driven air
conditioaing system [5], and more even at the sub toopical
r€gion, the used ofbiogas was provotr well for combined heat
and powered (C[IP) for establishing electricity and heating
during winter [6]. Further more The results show that
implementation of a biogas-based CHP plant result in an
electricity powerproduction, Reduced system costs provide a
profltability, CO2 emission reductions [7]. The benefrt of
biogas instead
for providing eleckicity demand is
also
possible for heat production reducing the odor, reducing
greenhouse efTect and more erren can producing fertilizer tbr
agriculture. lt was calculatcd that from about 7595 d/day
methane ga-s could be obtained about 77.4 MWh of
electicity
[8]. This conclusion can be use to ensure the effort of
providirg electricity from biogas should be continued
and
encouraged [8]There is an improvement in trermal efEciency and power
ouQut of a biogas fuetled spark ignition engine with very
lean mixtures and a hydrogen concsrtration of 15% [9]. But
utilization and aprplication and implementation offtis idea is
far &om easy especially in the developing word particularly
in providing hydrogen for this purposeThe engine fueled with mixture of biogas and city gas rr'as
developed [10] and reported runwell, brr the argine
"Leady
perforrnance during using singte fueled biogas was not
reported yet in this reporl The used of city gas should be
questioned because will need more cost to providc csperially
forthe farm in rural area.
The purpose of this research is to develop method for
conversion fiom gasoline to biogas fueled small engine to run
the elechic generator to reach the performance of gasoline
fireled engine to gen€rate electricity u,hich is reliably to be
ir4plemented in the developing wodd-. The small fueled
gasoline engine was from the specification that easily to be
found and widely available in the market of developin$
country,
301
International Journal of Envirorunenlal Science and Detelopmenl, Yrtl. 4, No. 3, June 2013
[I.
EXPTXTUENTAL
'l'he selected engine for this pulpose was 4-stroke gasoline
engine, air-cooled, and inclined single cylinder. The
displacement is l96cc, the compression ration of the engine
was increased from 8.5:1 to reach around 9:1. The ignition
system was non contact transistor ignition (TCI).
The biogas obtained from digester was desulfurized by
using annealed and compacted steel waste chips from the
waste of turning process in. The detail of processing can be
access in our previous report [11]. The annealed and
compacted billet used for this research is presented in Fig. I,
and detail schematic of conversion method from gasoline to
flow in to the intake of the manifold and will stop if the
engine not running. The biogas then was continued to flow in
to the mixer part.
This mixer component is part of the carburetor in the
gasoline fueled engine but the carburetion cup was replaced
and only mixer part was remain. Together with biogas, the air
was flowed in to the mixer, and directed in to the intake valve
of the combustion chambcr. It should be noted here that
during starting the engine, the flow rate of the biogas was let
maximum and reduce the rate gradually until the engine start
rururing, and the rate of air flow in to the mixer was adjusted
until the engine run stable.
biogas fueled electric generator engine can be seen in the Fig.
7
III.
Fig.
l.
Anneafed and compacted billct ofsteel waste chips as desulfurizer
R-ESULTANDDISCUSSION
By using desulfurizer the biogas can be upgraded to zero
content of H2S impurities that lead to avoid increasing acidity
tl 1l of the lubricant therefore the corrosion in the
combustion chamber can be avoided. Previously the
existence of HzS in the biogas was overcome by increasing
frequency of engine oil change which is will increase the
operating cost [12]. Other urgent thing that makc H2S should
be eliminated due to H2S is a toxic gas [2]. [n this report the
used of annealed and compacted billet of steel waste chips
was found successful in elimination of HzS impurity. The
steel which is main content is iron (Fe) transformed to both
iron oxide (FezOr) and iron hydroxide (Fe2(OH)3) during
annealing process. Iron oxide and iron hydroxide was
recognized easy to react with H2S and form iron sulfide as
reaction in Equation 1 atd2 bellow [2]:
?6
Fe2O3+3H2S-+Fe2S3+3H2O (l)
2Fe(OH)3+3HzS+FezSr+6HzO (2)
Fig. 2. Schematic of conversion method ftom gasoline to biogas fueled
clecdric generator eugine. l. Digester, 2. Desulfurizer, 3. First bag ofgas
holder, 4. l,ow pressure compressor, 5. CO: elimioation" 6. Second bag of
gas holder,7. Dehumidifrer, E- High pressure ofcompressor, 9. Biogas
12. Biogas and Air
container, 10. vacuumpowered val;:,#,"JJ
-*",
To ensure that the biogas is free from H2S impurities, the
in the biogas was checked before and after
passing the desulfurizer. [f the HzS still found in the biogas
the addition ofbillet of annealed and compacted desulfurizer
should be done. The biogas with free impurities of IIzS was
It is should be noted that the reaction in Eq. 1 and 2 are
very sensitive to water [2] therefore dryit g process of this
type of desulfirizer during maintenance is obligatory. The
p(rcess of desulfurization in this research was conducted at
early prbcess that is after the biogas come out from the
digester The main reason is to protect the gas pumP,
compressor and storage tank from corrosion since it is known
H2S is very corrosive to metal [2] especially steel.
The elimination of the COz impurities by flowing the
biogas in to the solution of l0o/o NaOH in water (tIzO) was
found easier that the method proposed by by Chien et al- [13]
II2S contents
and also Tippayawong and Thanompongchart, [3]. By
reducing the water content in the biogas up to zero level
affect in easy starting of the engineThe use of the bag gas holder of the biogas was useful
during compressing of the biogas in to the gas container
because this is make easy to be observed whether biogas
available or not during compression. The bag gas holder can
be made from plastic bag and this is actually from the balloon
of tube tlpe of digester [14]. Other t1rye of digester such as
fixed dome digester [4] was formd not suitable during
compression gas because we can not observe the availability
of the biogas. Mean while floating cover digester [14] was
found increasing water content in the biogas during suction
for the prupose of compressiou in to ttre biogas container.
The silica that was used for dehumidifrer in ttris research
flowed to entering the first bag of gas holder. The low
pressure of compressor was used to pump the biogas from
the first bag of gas holder to entering the component of COz
of lo%o NaOH in
water (H2O). The biogas was collected afterward in the
second bag of gas holder and after that it was ready to
entering the process of dehumidification to ensure that the
biooas free from water content. From this point the biogas
was ready to be compressed in to the biogas container until
reach about 4 MPaxl0-t. The valve which will open by
vacuum mechanism of the intake manifold was installed to
arrange the flow of the biogas. With this valve the gas will
removal which was contain with solution
302
International Journal ofEtnironmental Science and Developnlent, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2013
t7l S. Amiri, D.
introduction of
was found working well to eliminate the water content in the
biogas. This process was known as drying process by
adsorption dryer [2]. The silica grain provided in this
to
t9l
compression ration was 9:l which reached minimum
compression ratio for the biogas fueled spark ignition engine
tlsl.
*Development
Y. Yamasaki, M. Kanno. Y. Suzuki, and S. Kaneko,
of
an engine control system using city gas and biogas fucl mixture," vo1
I l]
T.
[3]
Cottct usroN
The conversion from gasoline to biogas fueled engine can
be achieved by desulfurizing of the biogas at the firs step
I
then
dehumidification and put the gas in to the bag of gas holder.
The biogas afterward should be compressed in to the gas
container for easy mixing process with orygen from the air.
The carburetion componentwas replaced and only mixerpart
of the fuel is used and before entering the mixer, the valve
controlled by vacuum of suction stroke of the piston is
installed to control the flow of the biogas during on-of
process ofthe engine. During starting process, the biogas is
let to flow in maximum flow rate and reduce the rate until
engine startrunning. The process is folloured by adjusting the
air flow in to the mixer until the engine nrn stable.
AcKNowLEDGEIvtENT
of National
Education and Culture of The republic of Indonesia for
financial support under scheme of competitive research grant
(skim penelitian hibah bersaing) for the year of2013 granted
through Udayana University, Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia
[4]
15]
t6]
T. Nindhia, "Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) contaminant in
by Utilizing Solid Waste Steel Chips from The Proccss of
Tuming," in Proc. Twenbt-sevenlh Inlernational Confet'ence on Solid
Waste Technologt and Management, Philadelphia, PA U.S.A., 2012,
15]
J. Huanga, and R J. Crookesb, "Assessment ofsimulated biogas as a
fuel for the spark ignition engine," Fuel, vol.77, no. 15, pp. I 793--1 801,
June 1998
Y. K. Chieq Y. C. Sheng, T. H. Tzu, D. Le, K. H. Ling, and S.L. Chih
'Ability of A Mutatrt Strain of The Microalga Chlorella sp. To Caprure
Carbon Dioxide for Biogas Upgradiog," Applied Energ4 vol- 93, pp.
176-1E3, January 2012.
T. Bond and M. R. Ternpleton, "History and future of domestic biogas
plants in the developing world," Ezergtfor Sustainable Developnrcnl,
vol. 15, pp. 347-354, October 201 l.
E. Porpatharq A Rarnesb, and B. Nagaliogas\ "Etrect of compression
ratio on the performance and combustion of a biogas fuelled spark
ignition enginq" Fuel, vol. 95, pp. 247 -256,November 201 l.
Gadjah Mada University (UGM) YogyakartE,
Indooesia on August 2003, with major field ofstudy
was Material Engineering.
He participated in various interuational research
collaboration such as with Muroran Institute of
Technolory Japan (20M), Toyohashi University of Technolory Japan
(2006), Leoben Mining University Austria (2008-2009), Technical
University of Vienna Austria (2010) aod Recently with Institute Chemical
techrolory ofPrague Czech Republic (2012-now). His cunentjob is as Full
gineering at Departueot of Mechanical
Udayana University, Jimbaran, Bali,
Indonesia IIis research interst covering subjects such as, biomaterial, waste
recyclq failure analyses, ceramic, metallutgy, compositg renewable eoergy,
and environmcntal friendly runufactrring.
Prof Nindhia is a member of JICA Alumi, ASEA-LTNINET alumni, and
Science and Development
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UESD Vol.4, No. 3, June 2013
rternational Journal of Environmental Science
and Development
CONTENTS
lume 4, Number 3, June 2013
:cts of the Composition and the Preparation Methods on
Oil Sorption Capacity of Recycled Rayon
...,............-.246
*e-KapokMixtures (RRWK) Sorbent..
Chaowalit Senanuralatarhtl, Panaddn Khongsrichatoen, Darathip Pejprom, SupawaruTantayanon, and
ha Khaodhiar
Environmental Norms and Climate Change Perceptions Influence Mitigation Behaviour?: Thailand as a
re
Study......
..-.............251
Suthirat Kittipongvises and Takashi Mino
ponse of Different Strains of Enterococcus faccalis to UV Inactivation after Freezing.
W Gao andA.
.-
.
.-.
.255
Wiams
dy on Characteristics of LeakageAccident of Hazardous Chemicals and Their
Quanmin Bu, Weining Cai and Xing Tong
nulation of sfream Flow for Upper Lam Takongsub-Watershed Using swAT
Rescue.
Model.
.............258
........,.......261
Netnapa Pongpetch and Pongthep Suwanwaree
icontinuous Galerkin Method for ffreAir Pollution
Model.
..-...264
XijianVang and Lite Zhao
alysis ofAccess to Clean Development Mechanism Landfill Projects through a Multi-Agent Model....... 268
Silvia Cruz and Sbnia Paulino
lmate Change and Grormdwater: Vulnerability, Adaptation and Mitigation Opportunities in
[ndia............272
KhajwiaAnupam and Kanae Shinjirc
Eporse of Scutellarin Content to Heavy Metals tn Ertgerun
Breviscapus
.. . ..
.,
....277
Huabin Xiong, Changqm Duan, Xnriang A, and Minghong Chen
ansport, Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency in Buildings Explored as Situations of Opportunity
ty
Transformation.....-.....
for
.....282
Aleh Kliatslco and PerLwtdqvist
sessment of Groundwater Potential Risk byAgricultural Activities, in North
Ye
na
Italy..........
.....286
Zhao, Marina De Maio, and Enrico Suozzi
Field Investigation and Open Data Analysis to Identifr Diff.rsion Sources of Radioactive Substance...29l
t Kaaunari Ishida
lrantification
II Siti Altlrta
on......,..
on""""'
Wan Zaharuddin
"""""""296
Method on Conversion of Gasoline to Biogas Fueled Sin
Generator..
Tjolarda Gde Tirta Nindhia,
Ari
I Wayan Surata, I- Ket
Wardana
Compaction Characteristics of Lateritic Soil-Stabilized Municipat Solid Waste Bottom
A. Y Abdulfutah, ,S. G Kiru, and:T A. Adedokun
Fictitious spokesperson to Enhance corporate Environmental
Xiuqiang Pan and Yu-Ming Fei
Sediment. .....304
Image
......307
Automatic Multi-Objective Calibration of a Rainfall RunoffModel for the Fitzroy Basin,
eueensland,
Australia...
........311
Md. ShariJ'Imam lbneAmhi Mohammad Masud Kamal Khan,Ivlohammad Golam Rasut, Raj H.Sharma,
and FatemaAlqam
Influence ofNozzle Pressure on Perforrnance and Emission in Compression Ignition Engine Rrmning on
DistilledWastePlasticOil(DwPO)............
......316
Chumsunti Santaweesuk and Adun Janyalertadun
PolicyDesigEandknplementationlssuesofRegulatingGteenhouseGasEmissionsinChina..,..........--....321
Xiangsheng Dou, Jingjing Xie, and Zenglongye
Alterations ofAcetylcholinesteraseActivity andAntioxidant Capacity of Zebrafish Brain andMuscle Exposed
to Sublethal Level of Cadmium
..........327
Abeer Ghazie A. Al-Smtafi and Yunjun yan
Cu and Cd induced C5rtotoxicity Involving Lipid Peroxidation and Sulfhydryl Com*ounds in the
Hyperaocumulator and Nonaccumulator varieties of coumelina
. . . . .. , . . . . . . . ..33 I
communis
HaiouWang
Synthesis and Properties of FegO+Nanoparticles by Co-precipitation Method to Removal procion
Dye.,......336
Poedji Loekiawati Hariani, Muhammad Faizal, Ridwan, Morsi, and Dedi Setiahdidaya
Identification of Contamination Sources and TDS Coucentration in Groundwatet of Second Biggest
Crty of
pakistan.
..........-...141
M. M- Akhtar and Zhongfun Thng
Numerical Modelling for tre Extnerne Flood Event in the Fitzroy Basrn,
euee,nsland, Australia. , . . , . . ., . . . . , .,.346
Md' Sharif Imam lbne Amfi Mohanmad Masud Kqrnal Khan Mohanmad Golan Rasul, Raj HSharma,
atd FatemaAlsam
'
International Journal ofEnvironmentar science and Development, I/ol- 4, No. 3, June 20rS
Method on conversion of Gasoline to Biogas Fueled.
Single Cylinder of Four stroke Engine of Electric
Generator
Tiokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia, I Wayan Surata, I Ketut Adi Atrnika, Dewa Ngakan Ketut putra Negara,
and
Ari Wardana
bsaact---The Gasoline fueled single cylinder generator
ne are well established and available in the market with
onable pricg in the other hand the biogas fueled engine for
Fic gener&tor is not well established yet in the markel The
ias energ:f is e""y to produce thercfore the price for the
;as is very much cheaper than the gasoline. The purpose of
research is to lind conversion method from gasoline to
ftrelled of tte siugle cylinder four stroke engtne of
tric generator. For this purpose the biogas should be
paded to the level of zero lmpurities of hydrogen sulfide E2S,
ier @2O) and reducing up to zero level of CO2 impurities.
! carburetor of the gasoline engine was replaced ud olly
rponent of lte mixer of the fuel ard air were used. The
rke of the biogas fueled should be completed with valve that
gas
bc opened automatically by vacuum of
tte suction stuoke of
engine and compression rafion of the engine should be
reased undl reach 9:1 of compression ratio. With this
rversion method the englne ofthe electric getrerator used for
s research is run well and possible to reach maximum
paclty that can be achieved by using gasoline previously.
r
Inda Terms-lonversion, gasoling biogas,
r
stroke engine, elecfic generator.
slngle cylinder,
H2S is removed in the first stage of biogas purification.
Two techniques are applied that are removal of I{zS during
digestion and removal of H2S after digestion [2].
For the method ofremoval H2S during digestion, there are
two types that are widely practiced narrrely by air-oxygen
dosing to the biogas and addition of iron chloride into the
digester. Air-orygen dosing to the biogas system is based on
the biological aerobic oxidation of IIzS to elemental sulfir by
microorganisms [2]. Sulfide oxidizing microorganisms are
autotrophic and use COz from the biogas to cover their
carbon need. For the method of addition of iron chloride into
the digester, the iron cbloride can be penetrated directly into
the digester or tfuough the influentmixing tank. tt reacts u,ith
the H2S thatpresent in the biogas to fomr particles of FeS
[2].
There are many methods of removal oftl2S after digestion,
adsorption using iron oxide or hydroxide for example.
Hydrogen sulfide reacts easily with iron oxide or iron
hydroxide and forms iron sulfide. The other technique is
absorption with liquids that can be either physical or
chemical. Chemical absorption involves dissolving the
component followed by a chernical reaction of the trace
comlronent and the solvent whereas physical absorption
I.
INrnonucrroN
The progress of utilization biogas as a fuel for elecbic
is found not as good
involves dissolving the
face component in the solven!
Physical absorption removes I{zS by absorption in water or
an organic solvent. The most corrtmon solvent is water
scnrbbing, although the growths of microorganisms in the
Ity in manufucturing
I become a problem
packing occur. Single pass absorption and regenerative
nt yield in high price ofthe engine. Other problem is caused
y the biogas qualities that vary among the region that make
I dilEcult to upgrade in to the standard
state for fueled the
for the upgrading of biogas_ The
disadvantage is a high coosurnption ofwater is needed, there
for regeneration process should be promoted [2].
H2S can be separated from the gas by leading fte gas
through a semi penneable meryrbrane (membrane se.paration
technique). H2S able pass tlrough the membrane but not ClIe.
absorption are two t5pes of water absorption processes that
cornmonly used
The important compon€nt is a micro porous hydrophobic
Among all impurities in the biogas, the CO2, tI2S and
rater should be eliminated in order possible to be used as
irel of the engine. Some of the methods can be summarized
u written bellow as a reference to be decided uthich method
rill
be adopted and developed.
membrane that able to separating fte gas from liquid phase.
The molecules from the gas stueam, flowing in one direction,
difffuse tbrough the membrane and will be absorbed on the
other side by the liquid, flowing in counter current. For this
purpose NaOH can be used as the absorbent Hquid
t2l.
The method that is similar to the technique where air-O2
was added to the digestion is biological filter.
It is use
specific bacteria that are able to oxidize HzS. Before entering
the filter bd air is added to the biogas. The H2S is absorbed
in the liquid phase, made up from gas oondensate and liquid
from effluent slurry separation. After absorption, I{2S is
oxidized by the bacteria, growing on the filterbed_ The IIzS
is biologically converted to zulfur- Sulfir is retained in the
Dot:
ro.zzogDrsD.2ol3.v4.358
3oo
l
l
lnlernational Jourildl of Enirounental Scietlce and Developmenl, fol. 4, .No.
liquid of tlre filter. Other benefit of Biological filtration
applied
cheaper
is
fbr rernoving odors it is
than chemical clcarriug and possible to refilove
in
several installations
ammonia from the biogas. It is reporled also FI2S can also be
removed by using activated carbon [2].
As mentioned previously beside II3S, the CO2 gas should
also eliminate for the purpose of upgrading biogas tbr fueled
Lhe spark ignition engine. Sevcral teclniques are introduced
here that was obtained from literature sfudy iu order proper
decision could be obtaincd.
Physical and chentical CO2absorplion. The CO2 and CHa
are separated by using absorbent. Water can be used as
physical absorbent. CO2 is separated from the biogas by
reacting u,ith water at high pressure. Biogas is entered fi'om
the bottorn of vertical column. Water is fed at the top of the
column to achieve a gas-liquid counter flow [2],
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)
or
vacuum swing
adsorption (VS"{). PSA and VSA use a coluuul filled with a
i,
June
201i
dryiltg [2].
Physic,al drying metltod.s. The simplest way of removino
rcfiigeration. to achiev" towei
dew points flre gas has to be compressed before cooling and
then later expanded to the desired pressur-e. The lower t1..
deu,point, the higher presslue is needcd to be applied. T1.
condensed water droplets are entrapped and removed. |1a
excess water vapor is through
physical drying methods prcvent wator contact tvitfi
like compressors, pipes, activated
parts
carbon beds and other
of thc process. In this u,ay,
dor,r'nstreanr equiprnent
corrosion is prevented [2].
Chemical &ying metltods. Thesc techniques ale usrrally
applied at elevated pressures. At atmospheric pressure only a
small amount of water is removed by the absorption aq{
adsorption tcchniques. Adsorption using alumina or zeolites
molecular sieves is the most corrlmon technique [2].
Beside ius difticulty
for fueled the engine. biogas has
molecular sieve (silica gel, alumina- activated carbon or
advantages as alternative energy since easy to produce er.en
zeolile), for adsorption of the gases CO2 and letting ClIa pass
through. The molecules are adsorbed loosely in tlre cavities
biogas
of the molecular sieve [2]
Membrane separation
is
based
on the selectivc
permeability prcperty of membranes. Two basic systems
exisf gas-gas separationrtth a gas phase at both sides ofthe
membrane and gasJiquid absorption separation with a liquid
absorbing the diffused molecules. Multiple stages may be
required due to irnperfect separation that would increase the
methane loss. This problem can be overcome by recirculation
Q).
Cryogenic sepa.ration. Since CI{4, COz and other
impurities liquef in different temperahrre or pressure, it is
possible to obtain methane by cooling and compressing the
biogas. The liquidCOa is also a solvent separating remaining
impurities from the Cas l2l.
Biological methane erurichment- Specific methanogens
using only CO2 ati a carbon source andH2 as an energy source.
The selection between mesophilic ard thermophilic
operation temperatures is typically based on whether the
completion of reaction or the rale of reaotion is of primary
concern. Thermophilic methanogens exhibit rapid
methanogenesis, while mesophilic bacteria give more
complete conversion of the available CO2lzl.
Removal
of C02 and HzS tom
biogas
by
aqueous
solutions in a packed column can be done by using sodium
hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
mono+thsnolamiae
and
(MEA) as liquid solvent. Liquid
solvents were circulated tbrough the column, coatacting the
biogas in couutercument flow. Test results indicated similar
absorption patterns between the cheurical solvents used.
Chemical absorption by solvents in apacked column was an
effective tecbnique for removing CO2 over a short operation
time, but their absorptioa capability declined rapidly with
time. Ca(OH)z aDpared. to become satuated more rapidly
than the other solvents[3].
Untreated or raw bioga.s is usually saturated with water and
the absolute wat€r quantity depends on the temperature. The
lower the temperature, the lower the water content in the raw
biogas. The removal methods for water are genorally based
on physical scparation of condensed water or chemical
from municipal waste [a]. This make that the effort to
use
to
fueled the engine should be promoted and
supported as what happened in thc developed counu-y.
Recendy the biogas is possible to use for driven air
conditioaing system [5], and more even at the sub toopical
r€gion, the used ofbiogas was provotr well for combined heat
and powered (C[IP) for establishing electricity and heating
during winter [6]. Further more The results show that
implementation of a biogas-based CHP plant result in an
electricity powerproduction, Reduced system costs provide a
profltability, CO2 emission reductions [7]. The benefrt of
biogas instead
for providing eleckicity demand is
also
possible for heat production reducing the odor, reducing
greenhouse efTect and more erren can producing fertilizer tbr
agriculture. lt was calculatcd that from about 7595 d/day
methane ga-s could be obtained about 77.4 MWh of
electicity
[8]. This conclusion can be use to ensure the effort of
providirg electricity from biogas should be continued
and
encouraged [8]There is an improvement in trermal efEciency and power
ouQut of a biogas fuetled spark ignition engine with very
lean mixtures and a hydrogen concsrtration of 15% [9]. But
utilization and aprplication and implementation offtis idea is
far &om easy especially in the developing word particularly
in providing hydrogen for this purposeThe engine fueled with mixture of biogas and city gas rr'as
developed [10] and reported runwell, brr the argine
"Leady
perforrnance during using singte fueled biogas was not
reported yet in this reporl The used of city gas should be
questioned because will need more cost to providc csperially
forthe farm in rural area.
The purpose of this research is to develop method for
conversion fiom gasoline to biogas fueled small engine to run
the elechic generator to reach the performance of gasoline
fireled engine to gen€rate electricity u,hich is reliably to be
ir4plemented in the developing wodd-. The small fueled
gasoline engine was from the specification that easily to be
found and widely available in the market of developin$
country,
301
International Journal of Envirorunenlal Science and Detelopmenl, Yrtl. 4, No. 3, June 2013
[I.
EXPTXTUENTAL
'l'he selected engine for this pulpose was 4-stroke gasoline
engine, air-cooled, and inclined single cylinder. The
displacement is l96cc, the compression ration of the engine
was increased from 8.5:1 to reach around 9:1. The ignition
system was non contact transistor ignition (TCI).
The biogas obtained from digester was desulfurized by
using annealed and compacted steel waste chips from the
waste of turning process in. The detail of processing can be
access in our previous report [11]. The annealed and
compacted billet used for this research is presented in Fig. I,
and detail schematic of conversion method from gasoline to
flow in to the intake of the manifold and will stop if the
engine not running. The biogas then was continued to flow in
to the mixer part.
This mixer component is part of the carburetor in the
gasoline fueled engine but the carburetion cup was replaced
and only mixer part was remain. Together with biogas, the air
was flowed in to the mixer, and directed in to the intake valve
of the combustion chambcr. It should be noted here that
during starting the engine, the flow rate of the biogas was let
maximum and reduce the rate gradually until the engine start
rururing, and the rate of air flow in to the mixer was adjusted
until the engine run stable.
biogas fueled electric generator engine can be seen in the Fig.
7
III.
Fig.
l.
Anneafed and compacted billct ofsteel waste chips as desulfurizer
R-ESULTANDDISCUSSION
By using desulfurizer the biogas can be upgraded to zero
content of H2S impurities that lead to avoid increasing acidity
tl 1l of the lubricant therefore the corrosion in the
combustion chamber can be avoided. Previously the
existence of HzS in the biogas was overcome by increasing
frequency of engine oil change which is will increase the
operating cost [12]. Other urgent thing that makc H2S should
be eliminated due to H2S is a toxic gas [2]. [n this report the
used of annealed and compacted billet of steel waste chips
was found successful in elimination of HzS impurity. The
steel which is main content is iron (Fe) transformed to both
iron oxide (FezOr) and iron hydroxide (Fe2(OH)3) during
annealing process. Iron oxide and iron hydroxide was
recognized easy to react with H2S and form iron sulfide as
reaction in Equation 1 atd2 bellow [2]:
?6
Fe2O3+3H2S-+Fe2S3+3H2O (l)
2Fe(OH)3+3HzS+FezSr+6HzO (2)
Fig. 2. Schematic of conversion method ftom gasoline to biogas fueled
clecdric generator eugine. l. Digester, 2. Desulfurizer, 3. First bag ofgas
holder, 4. l,ow pressure compressor, 5. CO: elimioation" 6. Second bag of
gas holder,7. Dehumidifrer, E- High pressure ofcompressor, 9. Biogas
12. Biogas and Air
container, 10. vacuumpowered val;:,#,"JJ
-*",
To ensure that the biogas is free from H2S impurities, the
in the biogas was checked before and after
passing the desulfurizer. [f the HzS still found in the biogas
the addition ofbillet of annealed and compacted desulfurizer
should be done. The biogas with free impurities of IIzS was
It is should be noted that the reaction in Eq. 1 and 2 are
very sensitive to water [2] therefore dryit g process of this
type of desulfirizer during maintenance is obligatory. The
p(rcess of desulfurization in this research was conducted at
early prbcess that is after the biogas come out from the
digester The main reason is to protect the gas pumP,
compressor and storage tank from corrosion since it is known
H2S is very corrosive to metal [2] especially steel.
The elimination of the COz impurities by flowing the
biogas in to the solution of l0o/o NaOH in water (tIzO) was
found easier that the method proposed by by Chien et al- [13]
II2S contents
and also Tippayawong and Thanompongchart, [3]. By
reducing the water content in the biogas up to zero level
affect in easy starting of the engineThe use of the bag gas holder of the biogas was useful
during compressing of the biogas in to the gas container
because this is make easy to be observed whether biogas
available or not during compression. The bag gas holder can
be made from plastic bag and this is actually from the balloon
of tube tlpe of digester [14]. Other t1rye of digester such as
fixed dome digester [4] was formd not suitable during
compression gas because we can not observe the availability
of the biogas. Mean while floating cover digester [14] was
found increasing water content in the biogas during suction
for the prupose of compressiou in to ttre biogas container.
The silica that was used for dehumidifrer in ttris research
flowed to entering the first bag of gas holder. The low
pressure of compressor was used to pump the biogas from
the first bag of gas holder to entering the component of COz
of lo%o NaOH in
water (H2O). The biogas was collected afterward in the
second bag of gas holder and after that it was ready to
entering the process of dehumidification to ensure that the
biooas free from water content. From this point the biogas
was ready to be compressed in to the biogas container until
reach about 4 MPaxl0-t. The valve which will open by
vacuum mechanism of the intake manifold was installed to
arrange the flow of the biogas. With this valve the gas will
removal which was contain with solution
302
International Journal ofEtnironmental Science and Developnlent, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2013
t7l S. Amiri, D.
introduction of
was found working well to eliminate the water content in the
biogas. This process was known as drying process by
adsorption dryer [2]. The silica grain provided in this
to
t9l
compression ration was 9:l which reached minimum
compression ratio for the biogas fueled spark ignition engine
tlsl.
*Development
Y. Yamasaki, M. Kanno. Y. Suzuki, and S. Kaneko,
of
an engine control system using city gas and biogas fucl mixture," vo1
I l]
T.
[3]
Cottct usroN
The conversion from gasoline to biogas fueled engine can
be achieved by desulfurizing of the biogas at the firs step
I
then
dehumidification and put the gas in to the bag of gas holder.
The biogas afterward should be compressed in to the gas
container for easy mixing process with orygen from the air.
The carburetion componentwas replaced and only mixerpart
of the fuel is used and before entering the mixer, the valve
controlled by vacuum of suction stroke of the piston is
installed to control the flow of the biogas during on-of
process ofthe engine. During starting process, the biogas is
let to flow in maximum flow rate and reduce the rate until
engine startrunning. The process is folloured by adjusting the
air flow in to the mixer until the engine nrn stable.
AcKNowLEDGEIvtENT
of National
Education and Culture of The republic of Indonesia for
financial support under scheme of competitive research grant
(skim penelitian hibah bersaing) for the year of2013 granted
through Udayana University, Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia
[4]
15]
t6]
T. Nindhia, "Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) contaminant in
by Utilizing Solid Waste Steel Chips from The Proccss of
Tuming," in Proc. Twenbt-sevenlh Inlernational Confet'ence on Solid
Waste Technologt and Management, Philadelphia, PA U.S.A., 2012,
15]
J. Huanga, and R J. Crookesb, "Assessment ofsimulated biogas as a
fuel for the spark ignition engine," Fuel, vol.77, no. 15, pp. I 793--1 801,
June 1998
Y. K. Chieq Y. C. Sheng, T. H. Tzu, D. Le, K. H. Ling, and S.L. Chih
'Ability of A Mutatrt Strain of The Microalga Chlorella sp. To Caprure
Carbon Dioxide for Biogas Upgradiog," Applied Energ4 vol- 93, pp.
176-1E3, January 2012.
T. Bond and M. R. Ternpleton, "History and future of domestic biogas
plants in the developing world," Ezergtfor Sustainable Developnrcnl,
vol. 15, pp. 347-354, October 201 l.
E. Porpatharq A Rarnesb, and B. Nagaliogas\ "Etrect of compression
ratio on the performance and combustion of a biogas fuelled spark
ignition enginq" Fuel, vol. 95, pp. 247 -256,November 201 l.
Gadjah Mada University (UGM) YogyakartE,
Indooesia on August 2003, with major field ofstudy
was Material Engineering.
He participated in various interuational research
collaboration such as with Muroran Institute of
Technolory Japan (20M), Toyohashi University of Technolory Japan
(2006), Leoben Mining University Austria (2008-2009), Technical
University of Vienna Austria (2010) aod Recently with Institute Chemical
techrolory ofPrague Czech Republic (2012-now). His cunentjob is as Full
gineering at Departueot of Mechanical
Udayana University, Jimbaran, Bali,
Indonesia IIis research interst covering subjects such as, biomaterial, waste
recyclq failure analyses, ceramic, metallutgy, compositg renewable eoergy,
and environmcntal friendly runufactrring.
Prof Nindhia is a member of JICA Alumi, ASEA-LTNINET alumni, and