Celebrating RAM ’s 20th Anniversary
SOCIETY NEWS
Celebrating RAM ’s 20th Anniversary
By Roslyn Snyder
IEEE Robotics & Automation
Magazine and Its Growth
ith this issue, IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine (RAM) begins its 20th
year of publication. In 1994,
when the first issue went to all members of the IEEE Robotics & Automation Society (RAS), the goal of the
magazine was to complement the Society’s prestigious scholarly transactions,
then titled IEEE Transactions on Robotics & Automation, by presenting creative approaches to applying mature
theories to complex real-world systems.
In addition, RAM was intended to fill
the gap between scholarly journals and
trade and hobbyist publications and to
inform nonacademic professionals in
robotics & automation about exciting
new developments coming out of
research laboratories.
RAM grew out of the IEEE Robotics
& Automation Newsletter (R&A),
which was founded in 1987 by the
IEEE Council on Robotics & Automation with Wesley Snyder as an editor
and Rosalyn Snyder as a staff assistant.
When Wesley Snyder stepped down in
1990, the R&A Council had just
become the IEEE’s newest Technical
Society, and R&A had grown substantially in size and substance. Due to its
growth, Society President Art Sanderson suggested to the Administrative
Committee (AdCom) that it was time
to think about upgrading the newsletter to a magazine.
W
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MRA.2012.2236271
Date of publication: 8 March 2013
102
t
IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE
t
Succeeding Wesley Snyder as the
newsletter editor was Michael Leahy,
a young U.S. Air Force Captain, who
received his Ph.D. degree from the
Rensselaer Institute of Technology
under the supervision of Dr. George
Saridis and was a professor at the Air
Announcement for the new RA Magazine.
Force Institute of Technology. In
1992, R&A was publishing reports
from robotics & automation laboratories all over the world and occasional technical reports in addition
to the IEEE and Society news and
conference announcements, and had
started carrying paid advertising.
The RAS Publications Committee,
chaired by Robert Kelley of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and
Leahy, decided it was time to transition R&A to a real magazine.
MARCH 2013
Efforts on New Publication
Active planning for the new publication
got underway in December 1992, when
the AdCom approved a proposal from
Leahy and Kelley to change R&A into
an official IEEE magazine. Over the
next six months, Kelley, Leahy, and
Rosalyn Snyder, with assistance from
RAS President T.J. Tarn, Vice President
for Financial Activities T.S. (Steve) Hsia,
and Secretary David Orin worked hard.
The Society had to present a formal
proposal to show that the RAS was prepared to satisfy all of the IEEE’s requirements for a new publication.
The Society also had to convince
other IEEE Societies that the new publication would be complementary, not
competing, and would not trespass on
their fields of interest. RAS had to
demonstrate that the new magazine
could attract high-quality technical features and could recruit qualified volunteers to serve as editors, columnists,
and reviewers. Last, but by no means
least, the Society would have to show
that it would be able to financially
support the magazine for three years
without receiving any income from
IEEE Xplore downloads or nonmember and institutional subscriptions.
This involved getting bids from the
IEEE and other outside vendors, making decisions about paper quality and
use of color, setting advertising rates—
all kinds of decisions that bore little
relation to robotics & automation.
At the same time, Leahy was busy
organizing the editorial board, soliciting
submission, and planning the departments in anticipation of publishing the
first issue in March 1994. Rosalyn Snyder contacted potential advertisers from
book publishers and robotics manufacturers and suppliers.
The last hurdle was getting the final
approval for the new magazine, which
was granted at the June 1993 meeting of
the IEEE Board of Directors. Work on
the first issue went into high gear to
meet the IEEE magazine Production
Department’s deadline, which was no
easy task given that manuscripts were
still submitted by post or courier and
not everyone, even in the academic
community, had access to e-mail.
The First Issue of RAM
Finally, the March 1994 issue appeared
with a bright cover featuring a graphical
interface from Sandia National Laboratories that enabled operators to see and
review robotic programs before they
were implemented. The 48 pages
included three technical articles,
“PPA—A Precise Data-Driven Component Tool” by David C. Loose and James
C. Colson, “Robotica: Mathematical
Package for Robot Analysis” by Mark W.
Spong and John F. Netherly, and
“Review of the Robotica Software Package for Robotic Manipulators” by Dean
L. Schneider. John Canny and Ken
Goldberg contributed a “Research
Forum” column titled “A RISC
Approach to Robotics.” In addition to
letters from Editor-in-Chief Leahy and
new RAS President Richard Klafter, columns included “Conference Reports,”
“Student Scene” (featuring a description
by Robert Michelson of the Aerial
Robotics Competition), a new product
review by Robert Kelley, Ph.D.
Abstracts, (Ole Jacob Sordalen and
Zhen-Lei Zhou), a report from the Society’s seven technical committees, a profile of Jill Crisman, the first female RAS
AdCom member, and “Society News,”
reporting the results of the AdCom election and the RAS-members-elected
IEEE Fellow. The first issue also featured
three cover advertisements and several
inside advertisements. By the next issue,
there would be additional advertisements, with a waiting list for cover spots
to come open. Although the magazine
was not intended for publishing
scholarly papers, articles were cited by
others often enough to rank among the
top four or five robotics publications
listed in Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports.
Improvements in RAM
In 1998, another RPI graduate,
Kimon Valavanis from the University
of Southwestern Louisiana, took the
helm of RAM. His term saw steady
increases in the number and diversity
of submissions. He was followed in
2006 by Stefano Stramigioli, of the
University of Twente, The Netherlands, who streamlined the submission and review process by moving to
the Paper Plaza Web-based submission and review system. Stramigioli
also led a major overhaul of the RAS
Web site that had been originally
established in 2000. The new site featured a PHP-based interactive site,
which had many new features including online access to the RAS member
directory and the transactions and
magazine submission pages, direct
links to conference Web sites, Society
minutes, and reports.
In 2009, Stramigioli became the
RAS vice president elect for Member
Activities, and Peter Corke from
Australia’s CSIRO, and later the
Queensland University of Technology,
became the fourth RAM editor-inchief. Corke, whose 1997 RAM article,
“A Robotics Toolbox for MATLAB,”
continues to be among the magazine’s
most frequently downloaded features.
He oversaw a redesign of the magazine
layout that included photographic
front covers and digital delivery, introduced many new columns, and has
established a close working relationship with some of IEEE Spectrum’s
writers. See pages 104–108 for pictures
of all the covers from 1994–2012.
After Rosalyn Snyder retired in
2012, Rachel O. Warnick took on the
role of editorial assistant for the magazine, and RAM is still going strong
with more to come.
More About the Past Editors
Michael Leahy is currently the chief
architect for Northrop Grumman
Aerospace Systems Advanced Programs and Technology Division. He
is responsible for establishing the
architectural framework standard to
ensure a consistent and competitive
level of design, development, and
transition for each capability. Prior to
joining Northrop Grumman, he had
a distinguished 27-year career with
the U.S. Air Force and made significant contributions to the advancement of aerospace technology and
advanced systems before retiring as a
colonel in 2007. He has received
numerous honors, including the
AIAA 2010 Hap Arnold Award and
the Association of Unmanned Vehicles 2000 International Pioneer
Award.
Kimon Valavanis is currently a professor and chair of the Electrical and
Computer Engineering Department
at the University of Denver and is
also a guest professor at the University of Zagreb, Croatia. His other
positions have included the University of South Florida (2003–2008),
the Technical University of Crete
(1999-2003), where he was a professor and director of the Laboratory of
Intelligent Systems and Robotics,
University of Southwestern Louisiana
(1991–1999), where he held the
A-CIM/[TC]2/Regents Professorship
in Manufacturing, and the director of
the Robotics Laboratory at Northeastern University (1987–1990). He
has published over 300 book chapters, technical journal papers, and
refereed conference papers and has
coauthored several books. He is currently editor in chief of the Journal of
Intelligent and Robotic Systems.
Stefano Stramigioli is an associate
professor at the Drebbel Institute of
Mechatronics of the University of
Twente, The Netherlands. His main
interests lie in the geometrical
approach to physical systems and
control and in particular robotics.
He is the author of Modeling and
IPC Control of Interactive Mechanical Systems, Springer 2001, and
coordinator of the European-sponsored project GeoPlex (http://www.
geoplex.cc).
MARCH 2013
t
IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE
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103
A Look at RA Magazine
Through the Years
1994—2012
104
t
Vol.1, No. 1—March 1994
Vol.1, No. 2—June 1994
Vol.1, No. 3—September 1994
Vol.1, No. 4—December 1994
Vol. 2, No. 1—March 1995
Vol. 2, No. 2—June 1995
Vol. 2, No. 3—September 1995
Vol. 2, No. 4—December 1995
Vol. 3, No. 1—March 1996
Vol. 3, No. 2—June 1996
Vol. 3, No. 3—September 1996
Vol. 3, No. 4—December 1996
IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE
t
MARCH 2013
Vol. 4, No. 1—March 1997
Vol. 4, No. 2—June 1997
Vol. 4, No. 3—September 1997
Vol. 4, No. 4—December 1997
Vol. 5, No. 1—March 1998
Vol. 5, No. 2—June 1998
Vol. 5, No. 3—September 1998
Vol. 5, No. 4—December 1998
Vol. 6, No. 1—March 1999
Vol. 6, No. 2—June 1999
Vol. 6, No. 3—September 1999
Vol. 6, No. 4—December 1999
Vol. 7, No. 4 December 2000
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 7, No. 1—March 2000
Vol. 7, No. 2—June 2000
Vol. 7, No. 3—September 2000
MARCH 2013
t
Vol. 7, No. 4—December 2000
IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE
t
105
Vol. 8, No. 2 June 2001
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 8, No. 1—March 2001
Vol. 8, No. 2—June 2001
Vol. 9, No. 1 March 2002
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 9, No. 2—June 2002
Vol. 10, No. 1 March 2003
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 10, No. 2 June 2003
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 10, No. 1—March 2003
Vol. 10, No. 2—June 2003
Vol. 11, No. 1 March 2004
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 11, No. 2 June 2004
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 11, No. 1—March 2004
t
IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE
Vol. 8, No. 3—September 2001
Vol. 9, No. 3 September 2002
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 9, No. 1—March 2002
106
Vol. 8, No. 3 September 2001
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 11, No. 2—June 2004
t
MARCH 2013
Vol. 9, No. 3—September 2002
Vol. 10, No. 3 September 2003
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 10, No. 3—September 2003
Vol. 11, No. 3 September 2004
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 11, No. 3—September 2004
Vol. 8, No. 4—December 2001
Vol. 9, No. 4 December 2002
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 9, No. 4—December 2002
Vol. 10, No. 4 December 2003
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 10, No. 4—December 2003
Vol. 11, No. 4 December 2004
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 11, No. 4—December 2004
Vol. 12, No. 1 March 2005
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 12, No. 1—March 2005
Vol. 13, No. 1 March 2006
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 13, No. 1—March 2006
Vol. 14, No. 1 March 2007
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 12, No. 2 June 2005
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 12, No. 2—June 2005
Vol. 13, No. 2 June 2006
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 13, No. 2—June 2006
Vol. 14, No. 2 June 2007
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 12, No. 4 December 2005
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 12, No. 3 September 2005
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 12, No. 3—September 2005
Vol. 13, No. 3 September 2006
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 12, No. 4—December 2005
Vol. 13, No. 4 December 2006
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 13, No. 3—September 2006
Vol. 14, No. 3 September 2007
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 13, No. 4—December 2006
Vol. 14, No. 4 December 2007
ISSN 1070-9932
Toward Robotic
System Autonomy
Vol. 14, No. 1—March 2007
Vol. 14, No. 2—June 2007
Vol. 14, No. 3—September 2007
Vol. 14, No. 4—December 2007
Vol. 15, No. 2—June 2008
Vol. 15, No. 3—September 2008
Vol. 15, No. 4—December 2008
Vol. 15, No. 1 March 2008
ISSN 1070-9932
State-of-the-Art
Research and
Development
Vol. 15, No. 1—March 2008
MARCH 2013
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108
t
Vol. 16, No. 1—March 2009
Vol. 16, No. 2—June 2009
Vol. 16, No. 3—September 2009
Vol. 16, No. 4—December 2009
Vol. 17, No. 1—March 2010
Vol. 17, No. 2—June 2010
Vol. 17, No. 3—September 2010
Vol. 17, No. 4—December 2010
Vol. 18, No. 1—March 2011
Vol. 18, No. 2—June 2011
Vol. 18, No. 3—September 2011
Vol. 18, No. 4—December 2011
Vol. 19, No. 1—March 2012
Vol. 19, No. 2—June 2012
Vol. 19, No. 3—September 2012
Vol. 19, No. 4—December 2012
IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE
t
MARCH 2013
Celebrating RAM ’s 20th Anniversary
By Roslyn Snyder
IEEE Robotics & Automation
Magazine and Its Growth
ith this issue, IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine (RAM) begins its 20th
year of publication. In 1994,
when the first issue went to all members of the IEEE Robotics & Automation Society (RAS), the goal of the
magazine was to complement the Society’s prestigious scholarly transactions,
then titled IEEE Transactions on Robotics & Automation, by presenting creative approaches to applying mature
theories to complex real-world systems.
In addition, RAM was intended to fill
the gap between scholarly journals and
trade and hobbyist publications and to
inform nonacademic professionals in
robotics & automation about exciting
new developments coming out of
research laboratories.
RAM grew out of the IEEE Robotics
& Automation Newsletter (R&A),
which was founded in 1987 by the
IEEE Council on Robotics & Automation with Wesley Snyder as an editor
and Rosalyn Snyder as a staff assistant.
When Wesley Snyder stepped down in
1990, the R&A Council had just
become the IEEE’s newest Technical
Society, and R&A had grown substantially in size and substance. Due to its
growth, Society President Art Sanderson suggested to the Administrative
Committee (AdCom) that it was time
to think about upgrading the newsletter to a magazine.
W
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MRA.2012.2236271
Date of publication: 8 March 2013
102
t
IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE
t
Succeeding Wesley Snyder as the
newsletter editor was Michael Leahy,
a young U.S. Air Force Captain, who
received his Ph.D. degree from the
Rensselaer Institute of Technology
under the supervision of Dr. George
Saridis and was a professor at the Air
Announcement for the new RA Magazine.
Force Institute of Technology. In
1992, R&A was publishing reports
from robotics & automation laboratories all over the world and occasional technical reports in addition
to the IEEE and Society news and
conference announcements, and had
started carrying paid advertising.
The RAS Publications Committee,
chaired by Robert Kelley of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and
Leahy, decided it was time to transition R&A to a real magazine.
MARCH 2013
Efforts on New Publication
Active planning for the new publication
got underway in December 1992, when
the AdCom approved a proposal from
Leahy and Kelley to change R&A into
an official IEEE magazine. Over the
next six months, Kelley, Leahy, and
Rosalyn Snyder, with assistance from
RAS President T.J. Tarn, Vice President
for Financial Activities T.S. (Steve) Hsia,
and Secretary David Orin worked hard.
The Society had to present a formal
proposal to show that the RAS was prepared to satisfy all of the IEEE’s requirements for a new publication.
The Society also had to convince
other IEEE Societies that the new publication would be complementary, not
competing, and would not trespass on
their fields of interest. RAS had to
demonstrate that the new magazine
could attract high-quality technical features and could recruit qualified volunteers to serve as editors, columnists,
and reviewers. Last, but by no means
least, the Society would have to show
that it would be able to financially
support the magazine for three years
without receiving any income from
IEEE Xplore downloads or nonmember and institutional subscriptions.
This involved getting bids from the
IEEE and other outside vendors, making decisions about paper quality and
use of color, setting advertising rates—
all kinds of decisions that bore little
relation to robotics & automation.
At the same time, Leahy was busy
organizing the editorial board, soliciting
submission, and planning the departments in anticipation of publishing the
first issue in March 1994. Rosalyn Snyder contacted potential advertisers from
book publishers and robotics manufacturers and suppliers.
The last hurdle was getting the final
approval for the new magazine, which
was granted at the June 1993 meeting of
the IEEE Board of Directors. Work on
the first issue went into high gear to
meet the IEEE magazine Production
Department’s deadline, which was no
easy task given that manuscripts were
still submitted by post or courier and
not everyone, even in the academic
community, had access to e-mail.
The First Issue of RAM
Finally, the March 1994 issue appeared
with a bright cover featuring a graphical
interface from Sandia National Laboratories that enabled operators to see and
review robotic programs before they
were implemented. The 48 pages
included three technical articles,
“PPA—A Precise Data-Driven Component Tool” by David C. Loose and James
C. Colson, “Robotica: Mathematical
Package for Robot Analysis” by Mark W.
Spong and John F. Netherly, and
“Review of the Robotica Software Package for Robotic Manipulators” by Dean
L. Schneider. John Canny and Ken
Goldberg contributed a “Research
Forum” column titled “A RISC
Approach to Robotics.” In addition to
letters from Editor-in-Chief Leahy and
new RAS President Richard Klafter, columns included “Conference Reports,”
“Student Scene” (featuring a description
by Robert Michelson of the Aerial
Robotics Competition), a new product
review by Robert Kelley, Ph.D.
Abstracts, (Ole Jacob Sordalen and
Zhen-Lei Zhou), a report from the Society’s seven technical committees, a profile of Jill Crisman, the first female RAS
AdCom member, and “Society News,”
reporting the results of the AdCom election and the RAS-members-elected
IEEE Fellow. The first issue also featured
three cover advertisements and several
inside advertisements. By the next issue,
there would be additional advertisements, with a waiting list for cover spots
to come open. Although the magazine
was not intended for publishing
scholarly papers, articles were cited by
others often enough to rank among the
top four or five robotics publications
listed in Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports.
Improvements in RAM
In 1998, another RPI graduate,
Kimon Valavanis from the University
of Southwestern Louisiana, took the
helm of RAM. His term saw steady
increases in the number and diversity
of submissions. He was followed in
2006 by Stefano Stramigioli, of the
University of Twente, The Netherlands, who streamlined the submission and review process by moving to
the Paper Plaza Web-based submission and review system. Stramigioli
also led a major overhaul of the RAS
Web site that had been originally
established in 2000. The new site featured a PHP-based interactive site,
which had many new features including online access to the RAS member
directory and the transactions and
magazine submission pages, direct
links to conference Web sites, Society
minutes, and reports.
In 2009, Stramigioli became the
RAS vice president elect for Member
Activities, and Peter Corke from
Australia’s CSIRO, and later the
Queensland University of Technology,
became the fourth RAM editor-inchief. Corke, whose 1997 RAM article,
“A Robotics Toolbox for MATLAB,”
continues to be among the magazine’s
most frequently downloaded features.
He oversaw a redesign of the magazine
layout that included photographic
front covers and digital delivery, introduced many new columns, and has
established a close working relationship with some of IEEE Spectrum’s
writers. See pages 104–108 for pictures
of all the covers from 1994–2012.
After Rosalyn Snyder retired in
2012, Rachel O. Warnick took on the
role of editorial assistant for the magazine, and RAM is still going strong
with more to come.
More About the Past Editors
Michael Leahy is currently the chief
architect for Northrop Grumman
Aerospace Systems Advanced Programs and Technology Division. He
is responsible for establishing the
architectural framework standard to
ensure a consistent and competitive
level of design, development, and
transition for each capability. Prior to
joining Northrop Grumman, he had
a distinguished 27-year career with
the U.S. Air Force and made significant contributions to the advancement of aerospace technology and
advanced systems before retiring as a
colonel in 2007. He has received
numerous honors, including the
AIAA 2010 Hap Arnold Award and
the Association of Unmanned Vehicles 2000 International Pioneer
Award.
Kimon Valavanis is currently a professor and chair of the Electrical and
Computer Engineering Department
at the University of Denver and is
also a guest professor at the University of Zagreb, Croatia. His other
positions have included the University of South Florida (2003–2008),
the Technical University of Crete
(1999-2003), where he was a professor and director of the Laboratory of
Intelligent Systems and Robotics,
University of Southwestern Louisiana
(1991–1999), where he held the
A-CIM/[TC]2/Regents Professorship
in Manufacturing, and the director of
the Robotics Laboratory at Northeastern University (1987–1990). He
has published over 300 book chapters, technical journal papers, and
refereed conference papers and has
coauthored several books. He is currently editor in chief of the Journal of
Intelligent and Robotic Systems.
Stefano Stramigioli is an associate
professor at the Drebbel Institute of
Mechatronics of the University of
Twente, The Netherlands. His main
interests lie in the geometrical
approach to physical systems and
control and in particular robotics.
He is the author of Modeling and
IPC Control of Interactive Mechanical Systems, Springer 2001, and
coordinator of the European-sponsored project GeoPlex (http://www.
geoplex.cc).
MARCH 2013
t
IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE
t
103
A Look at RA Magazine
Through the Years
1994—2012
104
t
Vol.1, No. 1—March 1994
Vol.1, No. 2—June 1994
Vol.1, No. 3—September 1994
Vol.1, No. 4—December 1994
Vol. 2, No. 1—March 1995
Vol. 2, No. 2—June 1995
Vol. 2, No. 3—September 1995
Vol. 2, No. 4—December 1995
Vol. 3, No. 1—March 1996
Vol. 3, No. 2—June 1996
Vol. 3, No. 3—September 1996
Vol. 3, No. 4—December 1996
IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE
t
MARCH 2013
Vol. 4, No. 1—March 1997
Vol. 4, No. 2—June 1997
Vol. 4, No. 3—September 1997
Vol. 4, No. 4—December 1997
Vol. 5, No. 1—March 1998
Vol. 5, No. 2—June 1998
Vol. 5, No. 3—September 1998
Vol. 5, No. 4—December 1998
Vol. 6, No. 1—March 1999
Vol. 6, No. 2—June 1999
Vol. 6, No. 3—September 1999
Vol. 6, No. 4—December 1999
Vol. 7, No. 4 December 2000
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 7, No. 1—March 2000
Vol. 7, No. 2—June 2000
Vol. 7, No. 3—September 2000
MARCH 2013
t
Vol. 7, No. 4—December 2000
IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE
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105
Vol. 8, No. 2 June 2001
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 8, No. 1—March 2001
Vol. 8, No. 2—June 2001
Vol. 9, No. 1 March 2002
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 9, No. 2—June 2002
Vol. 10, No. 1 March 2003
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 10, No. 2 June 2003
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 10, No. 1—March 2003
Vol. 10, No. 2—June 2003
Vol. 11, No. 1 March 2004
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 11, No. 2 June 2004
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 11, No. 1—March 2004
t
IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE
Vol. 8, No. 3—September 2001
Vol. 9, No. 3 September 2002
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 9, No. 1—March 2002
106
Vol. 8, No. 3 September 2001
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 11, No. 2—June 2004
t
MARCH 2013
Vol. 9, No. 3—September 2002
Vol. 10, No. 3 September 2003
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 10, No. 3—September 2003
Vol. 11, No. 3 September 2004
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 11, No. 3—September 2004
Vol. 8, No. 4—December 2001
Vol. 9, No. 4 December 2002
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 9, No. 4—December 2002
Vol. 10, No. 4 December 2003
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 10, No. 4—December 2003
Vol. 11, No. 4 December 2004
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 11, No. 4—December 2004
Vol. 12, No. 1 March 2005
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 12, No. 1—March 2005
Vol. 13, No. 1 March 2006
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 13, No. 1—March 2006
Vol. 14, No. 1 March 2007
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 12, No. 2 June 2005
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 12, No. 2—June 2005
Vol. 13, No. 2 June 2006
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 13, No. 2—June 2006
Vol. 14, No. 2 June 2007
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 12, No. 4 December 2005
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 12, No. 3 September 2005
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 12, No. 3—September 2005
Vol. 13, No. 3 September 2006
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 12, No. 4—December 2005
Vol. 13, No. 4 December 2006
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 13, No. 3—September 2006
Vol. 14, No. 3 September 2007
ISSN 1070-9932
Vol. 13, No. 4—December 2006
Vol. 14, No. 4 December 2007
ISSN 1070-9932
Toward Robotic
System Autonomy
Vol. 14, No. 1—March 2007
Vol. 14, No. 2—June 2007
Vol. 14, No. 3—September 2007
Vol. 14, No. 4—December 2007
Vol. 15, No. 2—June 2008
Vol. 15, No. 3—September 2008
Vol. 15, No. 4—December 2008
Vol. 15, No. 1 March 2008
ISSN 1070-9932
State-of-the-Art
Research and
Development
Vol. 15, No. 1—March 2008
MARCH 2013
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107
108
t
Vol. 16, No. 1—March 2009
Vol. 16, No. 2—June 2009
Vol. 16, No. 3—September 2009
Vol. 16, No. 4—December 2009
Vol. 17, No. 1—March 2010
Vol. 17, No. 2—June 2010
Vol. 17, No. 3—September 2010
Vol. 17, No. 4—December 2010
Vol. 18, No. 1—March 2011
Vol. 18, No. 2—June 2011
Vol. 18, No. 3—September 2011
Vol. 18, No. 4—December 2011
Vol. 19, No. 1—March 2012
Vol. 19, No. 2—June 2012
Vol. 19, No. 3—September 2012
Vol. 19, No. 4—December 2012
IEEE ROBOTICS & AUTOMATION MAGAZINE
t
MARCH 2013