Wideband, Multiband, and Smart Reconfigurable Antennas for Modern Wireless Communications pdf pdf

  Wideband, Multiband,

and Smart Reconfigurable

Antennas for Modern

Wireless Communications

Mohammad A. Matin Institut Teknologi Brunei, Brunei Darussalam

  Managing Director: Lindsay Johnston Managing Editor: Keith Greenberg Director of Intellectual Property & Contracts: Jan Travers Acquisitions Editor: Kayla Wolfe Production Editor: Christina Henning Development Editor: Rachel Ginder Typesetter: Amanda Smith; Kaitlyn Kulp Cover Design: Jason Mull Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)

  701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com

  Copyright © 2016 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including

photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark.

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wideband, multiband, and smart reconfigurable antennas for modern wireless communications / Mohammad A. Matin, editor. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index.

  

ISBN 978-1-4666-8645-8 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-8646-5 (ebook) 1. Adaptive antennas.

  

2. Wireless communication systems--Equipment and supplies. 3. Cell phone systems--Equipment

and supplies. I. Matin, Mohammad A., 1977- TK7871.67.A33W53 2016 621.3841’35--dc23 2015015762 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in

this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.

  Editorial Advisory Board

  Christos N. Capsalis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Bernard Huyart, Telecom ParisTech, France Monai Krairiksh, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology, Thailand Tharek Abd Rahman, Universiti Teknologi (UTM), Malaysia Eva Rajo-Iglesis, Carlos III University, Spain Abdel-Razik Sebak, Concordia University, Canada

  List of Reviewers

  Qammer Hussain Abbasi, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Qatar Anargyros Baklezos, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Yvan Duroc, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France Rupesh Kumar, Telecom ParisTech (ENST), France Christos Nikolopoulos, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Atiqur Rahman, North South University, Bangladesh Masood Ur Rehman, University of Bedfordshire, UK Kumaresh Sarmah, Gauhati University, India Mohammad Sharawi, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia

  Table of Contents ; ^;

  

Preface ................................................................................................................xiii

_{; ;}

Acknowledgment .............................................................................................xviii

_;

  Chapter 1 _{; ;}

  Recent Trends in Antennas for Modern Wireless Communications ...................... 1 _{; ;}

  

Mohammad Abdul Matin , Institut Teknologi Brunei, Brunei Darussalam

_;

  Chapter 2 _{; ;}

  Broadband Antennas ............................................................................................ 27 _{; ;}

  Zhiya Zhang , Xidian University, China

_{; ;}

Masood Ur-Rehman , University of Bedfordshire, UK _{; ;} Xiaodong Yang , Xidian University, China _{; ;} Erchin Serpedin , Texas A&M University, USA _{; ;} Aifeng Ren , Xidian University, China _{; ;} Shaoli Zuo , Xidian University, China _{; ;} Atiqur Rahman , North South University, Bangladesh _{; ;} Qammer Hussain Abbasi , Texas A&M University at Qatar, Qatar _;

  Chapter 3 High-Gain Broadband Antennas for 60-GHz Short-Range Wireless _{; ;}

  Communications .................................................................................................. 72 _{; ;}

  Osama Haraz , Assiut University, Egypt _; Sultan Almorqi , King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology _; (KACST), Saudi Arabia

_{; ;}

Abdel-Razik Sebak , Concordia University, Canada _{; ;} Saleh A. Alshebeili , King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

  Chapter 4 ^;

  Christos D. Nikolopoulos ^; , National Technical University of Athens, Greece ^; Anargyros T. Baklezos ^; , National Technical University of Athens, Greece ^; Christos N. Capsalis ^; , National Technical University of Athens, Greece ^;

  Novel Nature-Derived Intelligent Algorithms and Their Applications in Antenna Optimization ^; ........................................................................................ 296 ^;

  Chapter 10 ^;

  Trong Duc Nguyen ^; , Vietnam Maritime University, Vietnam ^; Yvan Duroc ^; , University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France ^; Tan-Phu Vuong ^; , Grenoble INP, France ^;

  Reconfigurable Antennas for Cognitive Radio: Classification and Reconfiguration Techniques – Examples and Case of a Frequency Reconfigurable PIFA Antenna System Using a Microcontroller ^; ....................... 264 ^;

  Chapter 9 ^;

  Mohamad Kamal A Rahim ^; , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia ^; Huda A. A. Majid ^; , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia ^; Mohamad Rijal Hamid ^; , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia ^;

  Reconfigurable Antenna: Narrowband Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna ^; ..... 237 ^;

  Chapter 8 ^;

  Reconfigurable Antennas: Theory and Techniques – A Survey ^; ........................ 203 ^;

  Multiband Antenna for Modern Wireless Communication ^; ............................... 123 ^;

  Chapter 7 ^;

  Nassrin Elamin ^;

, International University of Africa, Sudan

^; Tharek Rahman ^; , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia ^;

  Limited Size MIMO Antenna Systems and Mutual Coupling Challenge ^; ......... 176 ^;

  Chapter 6 ^;

  Eva Rajo-Iglesias ^; , Carlos III University, Spain ^; Mohammad S. Sharawi ^; , King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia ^;

  MIMO Antennas ^; ................................................................................................ 145 ^;

  Chapter 5 ^;

  Nassrin Elamin ^;

, International University of Africa, Sudan

^; Tharek Rahman ^; , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia ^;

  Bo Xing ^; , University of Limpopo, South Africa ^;

  ;

Chapter 11 Antenna System and Architecture-Circular Polarized UWB Antenna for

  _{; ;} Indoor Positioning Application .......................................................................... 340 _{; ;}

  Rupesh Kumar , Telecom ParisTech, France _{; ;} Bernard Huyart , Telecom ParisTech, France _{; ;} Jean-Christophe Cousin , Telecom ParisTech, France _{; ;}

Compilation of References .............................................................................. 362

_{; ;}

About the Contributors ................................................................................... 408

_{; ;} Index

  .................................................................................................................. 419 Detailed Table of Contents ; ^;

  

Preface ................................................................................................................xiii

_{; ;}

Acknowledgment .............................................................................................xviii

_;

  Chapter 1 _{; ;}

  Recent Trends in Antennas for Modern Wireless Communications ...................... 1 _{; ;}

  

Mohammad Abdul Matin , Institut Teknologi Brunei, Brunei Darussalam

  The rapid development in wireless communications has demanded multiband or wideband antennas to support wireless communication devices such as smart phones, tablets, laptop computers, radar system, satellite communication, airplane, and unmanned airborne vehicle (UAV) radar. It has also demanded compact wireless devices that allow more space to integrate other electronic components. The aim of this chapter is to provide an idea of current R&D trends and novel approaches in design, analysis and synthesis of broadband, multiband and reconfigurable antennas for the new generation of mobile communication devices, as well as for UWB _; communications, radars and so on. _;

  Chapter 2 _{; ;}

  Broadband Antennas ............................................................................................ 27 _{; ;}

  Zhiya Zhang , Xidian University, China

_{; ;}

Masood Ur-Rehman , University of Bedfordshire, UK _{; ;} Xiaodong Yang , Xidian University, China _{; ;} Erchin Serpedin , Texas A&M University, USA _{; ;} Aifeng Ren , Xidian University, China _{; ;} Shaoli Zuo , Xidian University, China _{; ;} Atiqur Rahman , North South University, Bangladesh _{; ;} Qammer Hussain Abbasi , Texas A&M University at Qatar, Qatar

  Apart from the sleeve monopole, this chapter discusses other broadband antennas as well, and the performance evaluation in terms of various measured and simulated parameters is also illustrated. This chapter will help antenna engineers get a better understanding of the antennas discussed and make a comparison with other broadband antennas. The broadband antennas that have been discussed in this chapter include: Low-profile sleeve monopole antenna, Dual-sleeve monopole antenna, Disc-conical sleeve monopole antenna, Wideband with dumbbell-shaped open sleeve antenna, Wideband unidirectional patch antenna with Γ-shaped strip feed, Wideband folded bowtie antenna with Γ-shaped strip feed and tuning stubs, Wideband bowtie antenna _; with inverted L-shaped coupling feed and tuning stubs. _;

  Chapter 3 High-Gain Broadband Antennas for 60-GHz Short-Range Wireless _{; ;}

  Communications .................................................................................................. 72 _{; ;}

  Osama Haraz , Assiut University, Egypt _; Sultan Almorqi , King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology _; (KACST), Saudi Arabia _{; ;} Abdel-Razik Sebak , Concordia University, Canada _{; ;} Saleh A. Alshebeili , King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

  This chapter introduces design and implementation of high-gain broadband antennas for 60-GHz short-range communications. It presents different antenna configurations and architectures that can be good candidates for the 60-GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band. Printed dipole array (PDA) antennas and especially the Printed log-periodic dipole array (PLPDA) antennas will be discussed in this chapter. Loading these kind of antennas with low-cost spherical or hemispherical dielectric lenses will also be presented and demonstrated to increase the gain of the antenna. Another type of antennas called electromagnetically coupled (EMC) elliptical patch antenna arrays will be investigated. Antipodal Vivaldi antenna and corrugated antipodal Vivaldi antenna are also introduced as good candidates for _; 60-GHz short-range communication applications. _;

  Chapter 4 _{; ;}

  Multiband Antenna for Modern Wireless Communication ............................... 123 _{; ;}

  Nassrin Elamin , International University of Africa, Sudan _{; ;} Tharek Rahman , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia

  Wireless technology lately became subjected to the rapid enormous changes in frequency allocation, policies and procedures of operations, and techniques in order to enhance the performance of the wireless system as whole. A lot of wired applications are converted into wireless, for example wired LAN is turned into a wireless, which due to the huge sophisticated researches. Currently due to the advanced of the integrated technology, engineers are able to fit many diversified applications working at different frequencies in one wireless device. Consequently an increased demand for multiple antennas covering different wireless communication bands on _; the same platform increased extremely.

  ;

  Chapter 5 _{; ;}

  MIMO Antennas ................................................................................................ 145 _{; ;}

  Eva Rajo-Iglesias , Carlos III University, Spain _; Mohammad S. Sharawi , King Fahd University of Petroleum and _; Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia

  Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology has appeared to overcome the data throughput limit faced by conventional Single-Input-Single-Output (SISO) wireless communication systems. In MIMO, a significant increase in the data throughput is obtained using multiple data streams sent and received by multiple antenna elements on the transmitter and receiver ends, and this is why fourth generation (4G) wireless systems are supporting more real time multimedia applications and videos compared to older generations. The design of MIMO antenna systems is not a trivial task, and needs careful design practices. Several performance metrics have been identified for MIMO antenna systems that need to be evaluated on top of the conventional single element antenna systems. In this chapter, we will start by giving a brief background on wireless systems evolution and then highlighting the advantages of MIMO technology and its use in current 4G and future 5G wireless communication standards. The second section will treat in detail the various performance metrics that are needed to evaluate the behavior of a MIMO antenna system. The new metrics that are required for MIMO performance characterization such as the total active reflection coefficient (TARC) for multi-port antenna systems, correlation coefficient, diversity gain and channel capacity evaluation will be discussed in details. Several examples of single-band and Multi-band MIMO antenna systems are considered next with various types of antenna elements and covering a variety of wireless applications and device sizes. The chapter ends with a discussion on _; some of the challenges encountered in the design of MIMO antennas. _;

  Chapter 6 _{; ;}

  Limited Size MIMO Antenna Systems and Mutual Coupling Challenge ......... 176 _{; ;}

  Nassrin Elamin , International University of Africa, Sudan _{; ;} Tharek Rahman , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia

  The wireless communication high data rate is achievable by installing more than one antenna in receiver and transmitter terminals as MIMO antenna. In order to obtain the MIMO gain (Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) ≤ 0.5), the antenna elements must be at least separated by a distance of 0.5λ (λ is the operating wavelength of 0.7~3.8 GHz which is the frequency range of most of the current wireless communication applications). This value is big relative to limited sizes devices. A practical MIMO antenna should have a low signal correlation between the antenna elements and good matching features for input impedance. Moreover, MIMO system performance can be improved by reducing mutual coupling between closely spaced antenna elements. Miniature high isolated MIMO antenna system has been presented in this chapter; also many MIMO antenna systems were analyzed and categorized based on the implemented isolation techniques. Furthermore several _; MIMO antenna evaluation methods have been discussed. _;

  Chapter 7 _{; ;}

  Reconfigurable Antennas: Theory and Techniques – A Survey ........................ 203 _;

  Christos D. Nikolopoulos , National Technical University of Athens, _; Greece _{; ;}

Anargyros T. Baklezos , National Technical University of Athens, Greece

_{; ;}

Christos N. Capsalis , National Technical University of Athens, Greece

  This chapter provides an overview of the demands in today’s technologies and how reconfigurability contributes in a significant manner. After reviewing the mechanisms underlying the reconfigurability aspect of the antennas and identifying the challenges, the chapter provides all current techniques that are used to reconfigure the antenna parameters for different applications (frequency, radiation pattern, and polarization). Following the different methods and features characterizing the reconfigurability of antenna technologies, the chapter delves into the literature and provides an overview of the most promising techniques. Next, a comparative study of the aforementioned methodologies is given based on the fundamental reconfigurable principles and techniques. Closing this chapter, the auspicious approach of variable reactive loading is discussed. The proposed chapter aims at filling a gap in the literature and providing the readers (researchers, engineers and business organizations) with _; a useful reference. _;

  Chapter 8 _{; ;}

  Reconfigurable Antenna: Narrowband Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna ..... 237 _{; ;}

  Mohamad Kamal A Rahim , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia _{; ;} Huda A. A. Majid , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia _{; ;} Mohamad Rijal Hamid , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

  Reconfigurable antennas have attracted a lot of attention especially in future wireless communication systems. Superior features such as reconfigurable capability, low cost, multi-purpose functions and size miniaturization have given reconfigurable antennas advantage to be integrated into a wireless systems. In this chapter, two types of reconfigurable antennas are discussed. First, frequency reconfigurable narrowband microstrip slot antenna (FRSA) is presented. The proposed antenna is designed to operate at six reconfigurable frequency bands from 2 GHz to 5 GHz with bidirectional radiation pattern. The second antenna design is frequency reconfigurable narrowband patch-slot antenna (FRPSA) is presented. The antenna is a combination of a microstrip patch and slot antenna. Nine different narrow bands are produced by tuning the effective length of the slot. The performances of the antenna in term of simulated and measured results are presented. In conclusion, good agreement _; between the simulated and measured results has been attained.

  ;

  Chapter 9 Reconfigurable Antennas for Cognitive Radio: Classification and Reconfiguration Techniques – Examples and Case of a Frequency _{; ;}

  Reconfigurable PIFA Antenna System Using a Microcontroller ....................... 264 _{; ;}

  Trong Duc Nguyen , Vietnam Maritime University, Vietnam _{; ;} Yvan Duroc , University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France _{; ;} Tan-Phu Vuong , Grenoble INP, France

  With the development of the cognitive radio, that is a system (transceiver) aware of its own operational capabilities and needs which aims at a more efficient use of radio resources (e.g., more universal solution for the co-existence of multiple radio standards, but also limitation of electromagnetic radiations), the antennas with reconfiguration capabilities will become unavoidable. This chapter describes the different types of existing reconfigurable antennas and related approaches allowing the reconfiguration. The presentation relies on many examples from the literature and an example of designing a complete system of reconfigurable antenna frequency _; is finally detailed. _;

  Chapter 10 Novel Nature-Derived Intelligent Algorithms and Their Applications in _{; ;}

  Antenna Optimization ........................................................................................ 296 _{; ;}

  Bo Xing , University of Limpopo, South Africa

  With the rapidly developing of wireless communications, their adoption and utilization is increasing swiftly in various contexts. Among others, the issues relevant to antenna optimization are popularly known as the most important research subject for different wireless communications. Nowadays, a large number of studies have been published but spreading in a number of unrelated publishing directions which may hamper the use of such published resources. Furthermore, traditional approaches applied to this topic are normally based on simplified electromagnetic calculations which can only approximate real antenna performance. More recently, nature-inspired intelligent algorithms have become available to investigate antenna characteristics before construction. The advent of these algorithms has allowed different antenna design to be improved using mathematical optimization techniques. These provide us with the motivation of analyzing the existing studies in order to categorize and _; synthesize them in a meaningful manner.

  ;

Chapter 11 Antenna System and Architecture-Circular Polarized UWB Antenna for

  _{; ;} Indoor Positioning Application .......................................................................... 340 _{; ;}

  Rupesh Kumar , Telecom ParisTech, France _{; ;} Bernard Huyart , Telecom ParisTech, France _{; ;} Jean-Christophe Cousin , Telecom ParisTech, France

  Indoor environment can be characterized as sever attenuating and depolarizing medium for electromagnetic (radio) waves propagation. These signals are radiated from transmitters to space (free-space propagation channel) and received from space to receivers through antennas. These signals are commonly radiated or received with pre-defined signal’s polarization schemes and these schemes are always controlled by the antenna. In this chapter, the two-dimensional antenna designs and its polarization schemes are presented for minimizing the sever effects of an indoor environment. Emphasis is on understanding the special attention required for designing an antenna dedicated to an Indoor Positioning/Localization System. Some recent developments in antenna designs are presented as an example for the _; better understanding and its future perspective. _{; ;}

  

Compilation of References .............................................................................. 362

_{; ;}

About the Contributors ................................................................................... 408

_{; ;}

Index .................................................................................................................. 419

  Preface

  The tremendous growth of wireless mobile communication has supported the pro- motion of GSM/EDGE, WCDMA-HSPA/HSPA+, and 4G/LTE systems worldwide for flourishing of mobile broadband, enhanced multimedia, and voice services. The transformation of mobile network to internet from their telecom root has started from second generation (2G) to third generation (3G) which first launched in 2001 and has become more Internet protocol (IP)-based network as in fourth generation (4G). 4G has developed around 2005 with orthogonal frequency-division multiplex- ing (OFDM), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), and link adaptation tech- nologies and enables a wide range of services including computing and multimedia applications ranging from navigation to mobile video streaming. The emergence of such technologies and the increasing growth of subscriber demand have triggered the researcher and industries to move on to the 5G network that are expected to be launched in 2020. Devices like cars, clothing and home appliances will be con- nected to the Internet via mobile networks and can do wireless communication with one another. In this regard, the antenna community has played an important role that targeted low-profile, small, and multiband antennas together with multiple antenna systems design for emergent multifunction wireless devices. Concurrently, UWB systems operating at short range communication has attracted a lot of atten- tion due to the advantages of high data transmission rate, good privacy, low power consumption, and simple structures. Its main applications includes remote sensing, through-the-wall radar imaging. However, the frequency range for UWB systems between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz will cause interference to the existing wireless commu- nication systems such as wireless local area networks operating in 5.15-5.35 GHz and 5.725-5.825 GHz bands, WiMAX. In addition to that indoor radio wave prop- agation usually suffers multiple reflections which lead to signal depolarization along with strong signal attenuations because of the presence of dense clutters such as walls, floors, furniture, doors, etc. Therefore, a novel radiation system is required which can be achieved with a careful design of antenna system. Moreover, for practical implementation of antennas in wireless devices, a number of challenges still remain such as antenna packaging, antennas on chip without sacrificing its bandwidth and achievable gain. As a result, innovative solutions are required to reduce the degree of complexity and difficulty in the design of wireless device antenna systems.

  The objective of this book is to present current R&D trends and novel approaches in design, analysis of broadband, multiband, and reconfigurable antennas for wireless and UWB applications, as well as to the identification of integration techniques. This book provides theoretical and experimental approach to some extent that is more useful to the reader. Also highlights unique design issues to help the reader to be able to understand more advanced research.

  It is worth mentioning that 27 chapter proposals were received from 18 differ- ent countries (China, Australia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Canada, France, Bangladesh, Hong Kong, Greece, India, Malaysia, Spain, Brunei Darussalam, Thailand, South Africa, Singapore, United Kingdom and United States of America) for this book. A rigorous review process was enforced with the help of 10 experts, almost all of them with a PhD in topics related to the book.

  After reviewing the chapter proposals and complete chapters, 11 were accepted to be published (41% acceptance ratio). All authors and coauthors (except two) of the accepted chapters are holding PhD.

  Chapter 1 provides an idea of current research trends and novel approaches in design, analysis and synthesis of broadband, multiband and reconfigurable anten- nas for the new generation of mobile communication devices, as well as for UWB communications, radars and so on. The modern wireless devices will operate in smart cognitive systems, switches to different bands with a single terminal antenna to optimize services on the different radio standards. In this chapter, some of the latest advances in wideband, multiband and reconfigurable antenna technology have been also described.

  Chapter 2 discusses the design idea, structure and working mechanism of vari- ous wideband antennas including low-profile sleeve monopole antenna, dual-sleeve monopole antenna, disc-conical sleeve monopole antenna, wideband with dumbbell- shaped open sleeve antenna, wideband unidirectional patch antenna with Γ-shaped strip feed, wideband folded bowtie antenna with Γ-shaped strip feed and tuning stubs, wideband bowtie antenna with inverted L-shaped coupling feed and tuning stubs.

  Chapter 3 presents the design, simulation, fabrication and testing of different high gain broadband antennas for 60-GHz short-range wireless communications. Printed dipole array (PDA) antennas, particularly the printed log-periodic dipole array (PLPDA) antennas are studied in this chapter. Loading these types of anten- nas with low-cost spherical or hemispherical dielectric lenses is presented which increase the gain of the antenna. Another type of antennas called electromagneti- cally coupled (EMC) elliptical patch antenna arrays is also investigated. Antipodal Vivaldi antenna and corrugated antipodal Vivaldi antenna are also introduced as good candidates for 60-GHz short-range communication applications. Detailed comparisons is carried out among those entire antennas in terms of size, impedance bandwidth, gain, radiation efficiency, total efficiency, half power beam width, side love levels (SLLs), front-to-back (FTB) ratio, cross-polarization levels (XPLs),etc.

  Chapter 4 discusses few issues in designing multiband antenna which includes size reduction required by the limited size wireless devices against the antenna ef- ficiency, the complexity and difficulty in adjusting the multi resonating system to match the required frequency bands. Three new multiband antennas were presented to successfully demonstrate the multiband characteristics. Consequently, innova- tive solutions are presented to reduce the degree of efficient power complexity and difficulty in the design of wireless device antenna systems. Therefore two, three, and four separated bands antennas have been discussed and present their simulated and measured results.

  Chapter 5 highlights the advantages of MIMO technology and its use in current

  4G and future 5G wireless communication standards. It provides the various perfor- mance metrics that are needed to evaluate the behavior of a MIMO antenna system. The new metrics for MIMO performance characterization such as the total active reflection coefficient (TARC) for multi-port antenna systems, correlation coefficient, diversity gain and channel capacity evaluation are also discussed in details. Several examples of single band and Multi-band MIMO antenna systems are considered next with various types of antenna elements covering a variety of wireless applications and device sizes. This chapter is concluded with some general design guidelines for practicing engineers and researchers involved in MIMO antenna design.

  Chapter 6 presents miniature high isolated MIMO antenna system. A practical MIMO antenna system should have a low signal correlation between the antenna elements and good matching features for input impedance. Moreover, MIMO system performance can be improved by reducing mutual coupling between closely spaced antenna elements. Furthermore, several MIMO antenna evaluation methods have been discussed in this chapter. It is difficult to evaluate and compare the mutual coupling isolation techniques used in MIMO antenna due to the conflicting indi- vidual characteristics (such as operating frequency, antenna area, and the achieved isolation value S12). Therefore, this chapter concludes by recommending a new method to evaluate isolation methods and MIMO antenna systems.

  Chapter 7 reviews the mechanisms underlying the reconfigurability aspect of the antennas and identifies the challenges and provides all current techniques that are used to reconfigure the antenna parameters for different applications (fre- quency, radiation pattern, and polarization). Following the different methods and features characterizing the reconfigurability of antenna technologies, this chapter makes available the summarization of the most promising techniques. Moreover, a comparative study of the aforementioned methodologies is given based on the fundamental reconfigurable principles and techniques. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the promising approach of variable reactive loading. The ultimate goal of this chapter is to provide a detailed survey of reconfigurable antennas to the readers (researchers, engineers and business organizations) which might be useful as reference for them.

  Chapter 8 presents two new design of narrowband to narrowband frequency reconfigurable slot antenna. For the first reconfigurable antenna, a compact mi- crostrip slot antenna is used to reconfigure six different narrow bands. The authors have achieved 33% size reduction with the bending of slot and transmission line. In addition to size reduction, an easy and compact biasing circuit is integrated into the ground plane which does not affect the performances of the antenna. The second reconfigurable antenna is a combination of microstrip patch and slot antenna. The slot is positioned in the ground plane, underneath the patch. The combination of these two antennas has the potential to provide extra functionality as each antenna has its own characteristics in term of frequency and radiation pattern. The simulated and measured results are used to demonstrate the performance of these antennas.

  Chapter 9 provides an overview of different types of reconfigurable antennas and illustrates how a complete reconfigurable antenna system can be designed by an example using basic components (PIFA antenna, PIN diode and microcontroller). In this chapter, the complete 8-shape RPIFA antenna system is simulated, optimized and realized. An AVR microcontroller is integrated onboard with the antenna. The control of PIN diodes is carried out through programs in the memory in the AVR. The combination of AVR, PC and ED allows that the AVR processes the data ob- tained from those devices and produces feedback signals, which then automatically corrects the antenna and allows an adaptive operating system like in cognitive radio. In summary, we can say that this chapter better defines the role and the principle of reconfigurable antennas which provides ways for the design of future antennas dedicated to cognitive radio.

  Chapter 10 provides an overview of nature-inspired algorithms which analyze and synthesize antenna characteristics in a meaningful manner. Traditional approaches to this topic are based on simplified electromagnetic calculations which can only approximate real antenna performance. Currently, nature-derived computational in- telligent methods are used to facilitate improved antenna design using mathematical optimization techniques before construction. Among the presented algorithms in this chapter, the invasive weed optimization (IWO) is very suitable for electromagnetics. In addition, some new optimization methods such as biogeography-based optimization (BBO), seeker optimization algorithm (SOA), and central force optimization (CFO) are likely be an attractive alternate in the electromagnetics and antennas research.

  Chapter 11 gives the conceptual and the empirical research details about the recent development of low cost circularly polarized UWB antennas for indoor po- sitioning. This chapter also talks about the difference between circular polarization and linear polarization as well as the advantages of the former compared to later one in an indoor environment. The propagation of radio wave usually suffers multiple reflections which lead to signal depolarization along with strong signal attenuations because of the presence of dense clutters such as walls, floors, furniture, doors, etc. The use of circular polarization gives more chance of signal reception as it uses all planes during propagation whereas linear polarization remains confined in a given single plane. Following the above discussion, two-dimensional antenna designs and its polarization schemes for minimizing the sever effects of an indoor environment are presented for indoor positioning/Localization System. Some recent developments in antenna designs are also presented as an example for the better understanding and its future perspective.

  This book attempts to present current and emerging trends in research and de- velopment of wideband, multiband, and smart reconfigurable antennas for modern wireless communications featuring a structured approach. Features include:

  Reviews design methodologies as well as offering an in-depth treatment • of wideband, multiband and reconfigurable antennas for modern wireless communications. Provide up-to-date materials for wideband, multiband antennas and practical • design information and extensive discussion. Include an extensive survey of broadband, MIMO and reconfigurable anten- • nas literature published over the past several years. Presents simulation and experimental results to illustrate concepts. • The chapters are written by experts at the forefront of antenna research, high- • light current design and engineering practices, emphasizing challenging is- sues related to antennas for modern wireless applications. The book includes more than 180 illustrations and analytical techniques for • all types of broadband and multiband antennas which is reference for R&D organizations, researchers, practitioners, consultants, RF professionals and communication engineers. This book supplements its content with extensive references to enable re- • searchers for further investigation of broadband, multiband antennas and applications. It is also hoped that this book will serve as a comprehensive reference for gradu- ate students who wish to enhance their knowledge of all aspects of antennas for wireless communications.

  Mohammad A. Matin Institut Teknologi Brunei, Brunei Darussalam

  Acknowledgment

  First of all, I am very grateful to my Lord Almighty ALLAH who helped and guided me throughout my life and made it possible. I could never have done it by myself! My sincere thanks to the authors of different chapters whose invaluable contributions, help me in completing this book, also thanks to the authors whose manuscript was not included due to rigorous review based selection process. I would like to mention here that all authors are so cooperative during different stages of book development process. I am also beholden to the IGI Global team and Miss Rachel Ginder for assisting me throughout this project. I wish to include here a word of appreciation to them for smoothly and efficiently handling the project. I would also like to thank my wife Momtaz Begum and my children Zabeer Ahmed and Zawad Ahmed for their patience and support. My special thanks to Mrs. Sufia Khaton (dearest mother), for the motivation that has encouraged me to keep going.

  1 Chapter 1 Recent Trends in

Antennas for Modern

  

Wireless Communications

Mohammad Abdul Matin

  

Institut Teknologi Brunei, Brunei Darussalam

ABSTRACT

The rapid development in wireless communications has demanded multiband or

wideband antennas to support wireless communication devices such as smart phones,

tablets, laptop computers, radar system, satellite communication, airplane, and

unmanned airborne vehicle (UAV) radar. It has also demanded compact wireless

devices that allow more space to integrate other electronic components. The aim of

this chapter is to provide an idea of current R&D trends and novel approaches in

design, analysis and synthesis of broadband, multiband and reconfigurable anten-

nas for the new generation of mobile communication devices, as well as for UWB

communications, radars and so on.

1. INTRODUCTION

  The world is undergoing a major wireless revolution both in terms of wireless and mobile technology that provides ubiquitous communication access to citizens (Matin, 2012). As the society moves forward to the information centricity, the wireless communication industry brings new product with advance feature to support wire- less services at any where, any time. The huge competition in the wireless industry and the mass acceptance of wireless devices have caused costs associated with the

  DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-8645-8.ch001 terminals and air time to come down significantly in the last 10 years. However, the rapid development of the communication technology such as wearable computers, cell phone technology, Personal Area Networks (PANs) for remote retrieval and monitoring of surroundings information has demanded for antennas suitable to operate with dual or multi-bands characteristics in wireless communication devices. For example, mobile communication system which operates in different frequency ranges require multiband antenna. Concurrently, ultrawideband (UWB) systems used in short range communications, remote sensing, and through-the-wall radar imaging require wideband antennas with stable gain and linear phase characteristics which creates a new arena of antenna design. Moreover, recently, there has been tremendous research interest in designing compact size of antenna in order to offer more space to integrate other electronic components for reduction the volume of wireless devices. All these desirable attributes push the researcher into challenge in designing new broadband, multiband and reconfigurable antennas for the new generation of mobile communication devices, as well as for UWB communications, radars and so on. This chapter provides an idea of current R&D trends in design, analysis and synthesis of broadband, multiband and reconfigurable antennas for modern wireless communications.

  To facilitate the idea of current R&D trends towards different wireless applica- tions, this chapter is organized as follows. In section 2, different design approaches are discussed for mobile and wireless applications. A low-profile multiband loop antenna design is presented for wireless routers and access points to cover the op- eration bands of 3G, 4G, WiMAX, and WLAN. This section also describes MIMO antenna on laptop for multiband LTE services. For radar applications, few antenna prototypes are presented in section 3. Section 4 describes the features of most recent antennas for UWB applications. In addition, this chapter also describes wearable antennas. The wearable antennas have gained a lot of attention due to its potential applications in healthcare, entertainment, identification systems, sport, smart home, and space in section 5. The presented antenna offers good integration features that make it suitable for on-body devices.

2. ANTENNAS FOR 3G, 4G, WiMAX AND WLAN

2.1 Antennas for Mobile Handheld Devices

  Mobile phones available in the current markets support more and more features and applications that combine work, leisure and commercial aspects in an attractive way. This handheld device is becoming slimmer and lighter weight and has a large display with touch screen but still be small enough to fit inside a pocket. Moreover, it provides high data rate services and operates in numerous bands. Thus, this de- vice creates challenges in implementing antenna for multiple RF bands with a wide range of frequencies. Furthermore, external to internal multiband antenna designing in a limited space is also desired. To incorporate the multiband functions, more than one antenna is required to cover the whole communication bands. However, antennas have restrictions in size and function. For these reasons, conventional planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) has been received attention for mobile handsets. As a result, most of the conventional multiband internal antennas are in the form of monopoles or PIFAs (Guo et al., 2004; Wong et al.,2006;Martinez-Vazquez et al. 2006), but usually narrow-banded and hard to cover the whole communication bands. Other techniques are, loops (Wong & Huang, 2008) slots (Lin &Wong, 2007; Wu & Wong, 2008), balanced antennas (Collins et al., 2006), and combinations (Lin &Wong, 2007; Anguera et al., 2010) for multiband operations.

  Multiband antennas can support numerous standards for mobile communication systems which are in use of different frequency ranges. For example the CDMA800/ GSM900 systems operate in the 824 -960 MHz band, while the WCDMA/CDMA2000 systems operate in the 1880-2170 MHz. The future LTE system will operate in the 2300-2400 MHz and 2550-2690-MHz bands (3GPP, 2010). More standards are integrated into antennas of the device, such as GSM, 3G, 4G, WLAN, WiMAX, etc. Therefore, antennas that simultaneously cover the 806-960-MHz and 1880-2690- MHz bands, which can provide 2G/3G/LTE multifunctional services are necessary for modern communication systems. In this section, we will present few recent multiband antennas for mobile communications.