Cisco CCENT CCNA ICND1 100 105 Official Cert Guide Academic Edition pdf pdf

In addition to the wealth of updated content, this new edition includes a series of free hands-on exercises
to help you master several real-world configuration and troubleshooting activities. These exercises
can be performed on the CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Network Simulator Lite software included for
free on the DVD or companion web page that accompanies this book. This software, which simulates
the experience of working on actual Cisco routers and switches, contains the following 24 free lab
exercises, covering all the topics in Part II, the first hands-on configuration section of the book:
1. Configuring Hostnames
2. Configuring Local Usernames
3. Configuring Switch IP Settings
4. Interface Settings I
5. Interface Settings II
6. Interface Settings III
7. Interface Status I
8. Interface Status II
9. Interface Status III
10. Interface Status IV
11. Setting Switch Passwords
on New
12. Switch CLI Configuration Process I
13. Switch CLI Configuration Process II
14. Switch CLI Exec Mode

15. Switch Forwarding I
See DVD sleeve
16. Switch IP Address
for offer details
17. Switch IP Connectivity I
18. Switch Security I
19. Switch Security II
20. Switch Security III
21. Switch Security IV
22. Switch Security Configuration Scenario
23. Switch Interfaces and Forwarding Configuration Scenario
24. Port Security Troubleshooting Scenario
If you are interested in exploring more hands-on labs and practicing configuration and
troubleshooting with more router and switch commands, see the special 50% discount offer in the
coupon code included in the sleeve in the back of this book.

Save

50%

CCENT&CCNA
Simulators

Windows system requirements (minimum):
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CCENT/
CCNA

ICND1 100-105
Official Cert Guide
Academic Edition
WENDELL ODOM, CCIE No. 1624

Cisco Press
800 East 96th Street
Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA

ii CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition

CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide,
Academic Edition
Wendell Odom
Copyright© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Published by:
Cisco Press
800 East 96th Street
Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage
and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief
quotations in a review.
Printed in the United States of America
Second Printing April 2017
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016936349
ISBN-13: 978-1-58720-597-2
ISBN-10: 1-58720-597-1

Warning and Disclaimer
This book is designed to provide information about the Cisco ICND1 100-105 exam for CCENT
certification. Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible,
but no warranty or fitness is implied.
The information is provided on an “as is” basis. The authors, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc.
shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs
that may accompany it.
The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of
Cisco Systems, Inc.

Trademark Acknowledgments

All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc., cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or
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iii

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Business Operation
Manager, Cisco Press

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Executive Editor

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Managing Editor

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iv

CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition

About the Author
Wendell Odom, CCIE No. 1624 (Emeritus), has been in the networking industry since
1981. He has worked as a network engineer, consultant, systems engineer, instructor,
and course developer; he currently works writing and creating certification study tools.
This book is his 27th edition of some product for Pearson, and he is the author of all
editions of the CCNA R&S and CCENT Cert Guides from Cisco Press. He has written
books about topics from networking basics, certification guides throughout the years
for CCENT, CCNA R&S, CCNA DC, CCNP ROUTE, CCNP QoS, and CCIE R&S. He
helped develop the popular Pearson Network Simulator. He maintains study tools, links
to his blogs, and other resources at www.certskills.com.

About the Technical Reviewers
Aubrey Adams is a Cisco Networking Academy instructor in Perth, Western Australia.
With a background in telecommunications design, Aubrey has qualifications in electronic engineering and management; graduate diplomas in computing and education;
and associated industry certifications. He has taught across a broad range of both related vocational and education training areas and university courses. Since 2007, Aubrey
has technically reviewed several Pearson Education and Cisco Press publications,
including video, simulation, and online products.
Elan Beer, CCIE No. 1837, is a senior consultant and Cisco instructor specializing in
data center architecture and multiprotocol network design. For the past 27 years, Elan
has designed networks and trained thousands of industry experts in data center architecture, routing, and switching. Elan has been instrumental in large-scale professional

service efforts designing and troubleshooting internetworks, performing data center
and network audits, and assisting clients with their short- and long-term design objectives. Elan has a global perspective of network architectures via his international clientele. Elan has used his expertise to design and troubleshoot data centers and internetworks in Malaysia, North America, Europe, Australia, Africa, China, and the Middle
East. Most recently, Elan has been focused on data center design, configuration, and
troubleshooting as well as service provider technologies. In 1993, Elan was among the
first to obtain the Cisco Certified System Instructor (CCSI) certification, and in 1996,
he was among the first to attain the Cisco System highest technical certification, the
Cisco Certified Internetworking Expert. Since then, Elan has been involved in numerous large-scale data center and telecommunications networking projects worldwide.

v

Dedications
For Hannah Grace Odom, my wonderful daughter:
Tomato softball, equiangular equilateral quadrilaterals, being Jesus’s hands and
feet, wasabi, smart brain and a bigger heart, movies while other kids are at school,
Underdog stories, math homework—hooray!, singing scat. Love you, precious girl.

vi

CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition

Acknowledgments
Brett Bartow again served as executive editor on the book. We’ve worked together on
probably 20+ titles now. Besides the usual wisdom and good decision making to guide
the project, he was the driving force behind adding all the new apps to the DVD/web.
As always, a pleasure to work with, and an important part of deciding what the entire
Official Cert Guide series direction should be.
As part of writing these books, we work in concert with Cisco. A special thanks goes out
to various people on the Cisco team who work with Pearson to create Cisco Press books.
In particular, Greg Cote, Joe Stralo, and Phil Vancil were a great help while we worked on
these titles.
Chris Cleveland did the development editing for the very first Cisco Press exam certification guide way back in 1998, and he’s been involved with the series ever since. It’s
always great to work with Chris, even though I’m jealous of his office setup. This book
has more moving parts than most, and Chris’s part of the work happened on a challenging timeline. Thanks, Chris, for the many late-night hours working through the different
elements, and especially for keeping us on track with the new features.
As for technical editors, ho hum, Elan Beer did his usual amazing job. It is truly abnormal
to find one person who can do all aspects of technical editing in the same pass, with
excellence. From finding small technical errors, to noticing phrasing that might mislead, to suggesting where an extra thought or two rounds out a topic, Elan does it all.
Fantastic job as usual; thanks, Elan.
Aubrey Adams tech edited the book, his first time tech editing one of my books, and he
also provided some excellent feedback. Aubrey’s experience teaching the material was
a big help in particular, because he knows of the common mistakes that students make
when learning these same topics. Diligent, objective, useful comments all around; thanks,
Aubrey!
Welcome and thanks to a new team member, Lisa Matthews, new at least in terms of
someone I interact with during the writing process. Lisa handled all the practice app
development: taking various appendixes, learning some subnetting (fun, huh Lisa?), and
building apps to make the practice experience more interactive. Thanks for guiding us
through the process, Lisa!
I love the magic wand that is production. Presto, word docs with gobs of queries and
comments feed into the machine, and out pops these beautiful books. Thanks to Sandra
Schroeder, Tonya Simpson, Mandie Frank, for jumping into the fray to keep the schedule moving, and all the production team for making the magic happen. From fixing
all my grammar, crummy word choices, passive-voice sentences, and then pulling the
design and layout together, they do it all; thanks for putting it all together and making
it look easy. And Tonya, once again getting the “opportunity” to manage two books
with many elements at the same timeline, once again, the juggling act continues, and
done well. Thanks for managing the whole production process again.
Mike Tanamachi, illustrator and mind reader, did a great job on the figures again. I use a
different process with the figures than most authors, with Mike drawing new figures as
soon as I outline a new section or chapter. It means more edits when I change my mind,

vii
and lots of mind reading of what Wendell really wanted versus what I drew poorly on
my Wacom tablet. Mike came through again with some beautiful finished products. And
a thanks goes out to Laura Robbins for working on helping make sure all the figures follow
our color standards—standards she helped develop over several other editions of
other books.
I could not have made the timeline for this book without Chris Burns of Certskills
Professional. Chris owns the mind map process now, owns big parts of the lab development process for the associated labs added to my blogs, does various tasks related to
specific chapters, and then catches anything I need to toss over my shoulder so I can
focus on the books. Chris, you are the man!
Sean Wilkins played the largest role he’s played so far with one of my books. A longtime co-collaborator with Pearson’s CCNA Simulator, Sean did a lot of technology work
behind the scenes. No way the books are out on time without Sean’s efforts; thanks for
the great job, Sean!
A special thanks you to you readers who write in with suggestions and possible errors,
and especially those of you who post online at the Cisco Learning Network. Without
question, the comments I receive directly and overhear by participating at CLN made
this edition a better book.
Thanks to my wonderful wife, Kris, who helps make this sometimes challenging work
lifestyle a breeze. I love walking this journey with you, doll. Thanks to my daughter
Hannah (see dedication). And thanks to Jesus Christ, Lord of everything in my life.

viii

CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition

Contents at a Glance
Introduction

xxxvi

Your Study Plan 2

Part I: Networking Fundamentals 13
Chapter 1 Introduction to TCP/IP Networking
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs

14

38

Chapter 3 Fundamentals of WANs 60
Chapter 4 Fundamentals of IPv4 Addressing and Routing 78
Chapter 5 Fundamentals of TCP/IP Transport and Applications
Part I Review

102

120

Part II: Implementing Basic Ethernet LANs
Chapter 6 Using the Command-Line Interface
Chapter 7 Analyzing Ethernet LAN Switching

124
146

Chapter 8 Configuring Basic Switch Management
Chapter 9 Configuring Switch Interfaces

123

166

188

Part II Review 210

Part III: Ethernet LANs: Design, VLANs, and Troubleshooting
Chapter 10 Analyzing Ethernet LAN Designs 216
Chapter 11 Implementing Ethernet Virtual LANs 240
Chapter 12 Troubleshooting Ethernet LANs 268
Part III Review

296

Part IV: IP Version 4 Addressing and Subnetting 299
Chapter 13 Perspectives on IPv4 Subnetting 300
Chapter 14 Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks 322
Chapter 15 Analyzing Subnet Masks

336

Chapter 16 Analyzing Existing Subnets 352
Part IV Review 374

Part V: Implementing IPv4 377
Chapter 17 Operating Cisco Routers

378

Chapter 18 Configuring IPv4 Addresses and Static Routes 396

215

ix
Chapter 19 Learning IPv4 Routes with RIPv2

426

Chapter 20 DHCP and IP Networking on Hosts
Part V Review

460

488

Part VI: IPv4 Design and Troubleshooting

493

Chapter 21 Subnet Design 494
Chapter 22 Variable-Length Subnet Masks
Chapter 23 IPv4 Troubleshooting Tools

518

532

Chapter 24 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing

552

Part VI Review 574

Part VII

IPv4 Services: ACLs and NAT 579

Chapter 25 Basic IPv4 Access Control Lists

580

Chapter 26 Advanced IPv4 Access Control Lists 602
Chapter 27 Network Address Translation

630

Part VII Review 654

Part VIII

IP Version 6 659

Chapter 28 Fundamentals of IP Version 6

660

Chapter 29 IPv6 Addressing and Subnetting 678
Chapter 30 Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers 694
Chapter 31 Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Hosts

718

Chapter 32 Implementing IPv6 Routing 740
Part VIII Review

760

Part IX Network Device Management
Chapter 33 Device Management Protocols
Chapter 34 Device Security Features 788
Chapter 35 Managing IOS Files 806
Chapter 36 IOS License Management
Part IX Review

848

Part X Final Review

851

Chapter 37 Final Review 852

832

764

763

x

CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition

Part XI

Appendixes

869

Appendix A Numeric Reference Tables 870
Appendix B
Glossary
Index

CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Exam Updates 876

878

904

DVD Appendixes
Appendix C

Answers to the Review Questions

Appendix D

Practice for Chapter 14: Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks

Appendix E

Practice for Chapter 15: Analyzing Subnet Masks

Appendix F

Practice for Chapter 16: Analyzing Existing Subnets

Appendix G

Practice for Chapter 21: Subnet Design

Appendix H

Practice for Chapter 22: Variable-Length Subnet Masks

Appendix I

Practice for Chapter 25: Basic IPv4 Access Control Lists

Appendix J

Practice for Chapter 28: Fundamentals of IP Version 6

Appendix K

Practice for Chapter 30: Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers

Appendix L

Mind Map Solutions

Appendix M

Study Planner

Appendix N

Classless Inter-domain Routing

Appendix O

Route Summarization

Appendix P

Implementing Point-to-Point WANs

Appendix Q

Topics from Previous Editions

Appendix R

Exam Topics Cross Reference

xi

Contents
Introduction

xxxvi

Your Study Plan

2

Part I Networking Fundamentals 13
Chapter 1

Introduction to TCP/IP Networking

14

Foundation Topics 15
Perspectives on Networking 15
TCP/IP Networking Model 16
History Leading to TCP/IP 17
Overview of the TCP/IP Networking Model 18
TCP/IP Application Layer 19
HTTP Overview 19
HTTP Protocol Mechanisms 20
TCP/IP Transport Layer 20
TCP Error Recovery Basics 21
Same-Layer and Adjacent-Layer Interactions 21
TCP/IP Network Layer 22
Internet Protocol and the Postal Service 22
Internet Protocol Addressing Basics 23
IP Routing Basics 24
TCP/IP Link Layer (Data Link Plus Physical) 25
TCP/IP Model and Terminology 26
Comparing the Original and Modern TCP/IP Models 27
Data Encapsulation Terminology 27
Names of TCP/IP Messages 28
OSI Networking Model 28
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP 29
Describing Protocols by Referencing the OSI Layers 29
OSI Layers and Their Functions 30
OSI Layering Concepts and Benefits 31
OSI Encapsulation Terminology 31
Chapter Summary 33
Review Questions 34
Chapter Review 35
Chapter 2

Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs

38

Foundation Topics 39
An Overview of LANs 39
Typical SOHO LANs 39
Typical Enterprise LANs 40
The Variety of Ethernet Physical Layer Standards 41
Consistent Behavior over All Links Using the Ethernet Data Link Layer 41

xii CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition
Building Physical Ethernet Networks with UTP 42
Transmitting Data Using Twisted Pairs 42
Breaking Down a UTP Ethernet Link 43
UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T 45
Straight-Through Cable Pinout 45
Choosing the Right Cable Pinouts 47
UTP Cabling Pinouts for 1000BASE-T 48
Sending Data in Ethernet Networks 48
Ethernet Data-Link Protocols 49
Ethernet Addressing 49
Identifying Network Layer Protocols with the Ethernet Type Field 51
Error Detection with FCS 52
Sending Ethernet Frames with Switches and Hubs 52
Sending in Modern Ethernet LANs Using Full Duplex 52
Using Half Duplex with LAN Hubs 53
Chapter Summary 55
Review Questions 56
Chapter Review 57
Chapter 3

Fundamentals of WANs 60

Foundation Topics 61
Leased-Line WANs 61
Positioning Leased Lines with LANs and Routers 61
Physical Details of Leased Lines 62
Leased-Line Cabling 62
Building a WAN Link in a Lab 64
Data-Link Details of Leased Lines 64
HDLC Basics 65
How Routers Use a WAN Data Link 66
Ethernet as a WAN Technology 67
Ethernet WANs that Create a Layer 2 Service 68
How Routers Route IP Packets Using Ethernet Emulation 68
Accessing the Internet 69
The Internet as a Large WAN 69
Internet Access (WAN) Links 71
Digital Subscriber Line 72
Cable Internet 73
Chapter Summary 75
Review Questions 76
Chapter Review 77
Chapter 4

Fundamentals of IPv4 Addressing and Routing

Foundation Topics 79
Overview of Network Layer Functions

79

78

xiii
Network Layer Routing (Forwarding) Logic 79
Host Forwarding Logic: Send the Packet to the Default Router 80
R1 and R2’s Logic: Routing Data Across the Network 80
R3’s Logic: Delivering Data to the End Destination 81
How Network Layer Routing Uses LANs and WANs 81
IP Addressing and How Addressing Helps IP Routing 82
Routing Protocols 83
IPv4 Addressing 84
Rules for IP Addresses 84
Rules for Grouping IP Addresses 84
Class A, B, and C IP Networks 85
The Actual Class A, B, and C IP Networks 87
IP Subnetting 89
IPv4 Routing 90
IPv4 Host Routing 90
Router Forwarding Decisions and the IP Routing Table 91
A Summary of Router Forwarding Logic 91
A Detailed Routing Example 92
IPv4 Routing Protocols 93
Other Network Layer Features 94
Using Names and the Domain Name System 95
The Address Resolution Protocol 96
ICMP Echo and the ping Command 97
Chapter Summary 98
Review Questions 99
Chapter Review 101
Chapter 5

Fundamentals of TCP/IP Transport and Applications

102

Foundation Topics 103
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP and UDP 103
Transmission Control Protocol 103
Multiplexing Using TCP Port Numbers 104
Popular TCP/IP Applications 106
Connection Establishment and Termination 108
Error Recovery and Reliability 109
Flow Control Using Windowing 110
User Datagram Protocol 111
TCP/IP Applications 112
Uniform Resource Identifiers 112
Finding the Web Server Using DNS 113
Transferring Files with HTTP 114
How the Receiving Host Identifies the Correct Receiving Application 115

xiv

CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition
Chapter Summary 117
Review Questions 118
Chapter Review 119

Part I Review 120
Part II

Implementing Basic Ethernet LANs

Chapter 6

123

Using the Command-Line Interface 124

Foundation Topics 125
Accessing the Cisco Catalyst Switch CLI 125
Cisco Catalyst Switches 125
Accessing the Cisco IOS CLI 126
Cabling the Console Connection 127
Accessing the CLI with Telnet and SSH 129
User and Enable (Privileged) Modes 130
Password Security for CLI Access from the Console
CLI Help Features 132
The debug and show Commands 134
Configuring Cisco IOS Software 134
Configuration Submodes and Contexts 135
Storing Switch Configuration Files 137
Copying and Erasing Configuration Files 139
Chapter Summary 140
Review Questions 141
Chapter Review 142
Chapter 7

Analyzing Ethernet LAN Switching

146

Foundation Topics 147
LAN Switching Concepts 147
Overview of Switching Logic 147
Forwarding Known Unicast Frames 148
Learning MAC Addresses 151
Flooding Unknown Unicast and Broadcast Frames 151
Avoiding Loops Using Spanning Tree Protocol 152
LAN Switching Summary 153
Verifying and Analyzing Ethernet Switching 154
Demonstrating MAC Learning 154
Switch Interfaces 155
Finding Entries in the MAC Address Table 157
Managing the MAC Address Table (Aging, Clearing) 158
MAC Address Tables with Multiple Switches 159

131

xv
Chapter Summary 161
Review Questions 161
Chapter Review 163
Chapter 8

Configuring Basic Switch Management

166

Foundation Topics 167
Securing the Switch CLI 167
Securing User Mode and Privileged Mode with Simple Passwords 167
Securing User Mode Access with Local Usernames and Passwords 171
Securing User Mode Access with External Authentication Servers 173
Securing Remote Access with Secure Shell 174
Enabling IPv4 for Remote Access 177
Host and Switch IP Settings 177
Configuring IPv4 on a Switch 179
Configuring a Switch to Learn Its IP Address with DHCP 180
Verifying IPv4 on a Switch 180
Miscellaneous Settings Useful in Lab 181
History Buffer Commands 181
The logging synchronous, exec-timeout, and no ip domain-lookup Commands
Chapter Summary 183
Review Questions 184
Chapter Review 185
Chapter 9

182

Configuring Switch Interfaces 188

Foundation Topics 189
Configuring Switch Interfaces 189
Configuring Speed, Duplex, and Description 189
Configuring Multiple Interfaces with the interface range Command 191
Administratively Controlling Interface State with shutdown 191
Removing Configuration with the no Command 193
Autonegotiation 194
Autonegotiation Under Working Conditions 194
Autonegotiation Results When Only One Node Uses Autonegotiation 195
Autonegotiation and LAN Hubs 197
Port Security 197
Configuring Port Security 198
Verifying Port Security 200
Port Security Violation Actions 201
Port Security MAC Addresses as Static and Secure but Not Dynamic 202

xvi

CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition
Chapter Summary 203
Review Questions 204
Chapter Review 205

Part II Review 210
Part III

Ethernet LANs: Design, VLANs, and Troubleshooting 215

Chapter 10

Analyzing Ethernet LAN Designs

216

Foundation Topics 217
Analyzing Collision Domains and Broadcast Domains 217
Ethernet Collision Domains 217
10BASE-T with Hub 217
Ethernet Transparent Bridges 218
Ethernet Switches and Collision Domains 219
The Impact of Collisions on LAN Design 219
Ethernet Broadcast Domains 220
Virtual LANs 221
The Impact of Broadcast Domains on LAN Design 222
Analyzing Campus LAN Topologies 223
Two-Tier Campus Design (Collapsed Core) 223
The Two-Tier Campus Design 223
Topology Terminology Seen Within a Two-Tier Design 224
Three-Tier Campus Design (Core) 226
Topology Design Terminology 227
Analyzing LAN Physical Standard Choices 228
Ethernet Standards 229
Choosing the Right Ethernet Standard for Each Link 229
Wireless LANs Combined with Wired Ethernet 231
Home Office Wireless LANs 231
Enterprise Wireless LANs and Wireless LAN Controllers 232
Chapter Summary 235
Review Questions 236
Chapter Review 237
Chapter 11

Implementing Ethernet Virtual LANs

240

Foundation Topics 241
Virtual LAN Concepts 241
Creating Multiswitch VLANs Using Trunking 242
VLAN Tagging Concepts 243

xvii
The 802.1Q and ISL VLAN Trunking Protocols 244
Forwarding Data Between VLANs 245
Routing Packets Between VLANs with a Router 245
Routing Packets with a Layer 3 Switch 247
VLAN and VLAN Trunking Configuration and Verification 248
Creating VLANs and Assigning Access VLANs to an Interface 248
VLAN Configuration Example 1: Full VLAN Configuration 249
VLAN Configuration Example 2: Shorter VLAN Configuration 251
VLAN Trunking Protocol 252
VLAN Trunking Configuration 253
Implementing Interfaces Connected to Phones 257
Data and Voice VLAN Concepts 257
Data and Voice VLAN Configuration and Verification 259
Summary: IP Telephony Ports on Switches 261
Chapter Summary 262
Review Questions 264
Chapter Review 265
Chapter 12

Troubleshooting Ethernet LANs 268

Foundation Topics 270
Perspectives on Applying Troubleshooting Methodologies 270
Troubleshooting on the Exams 270
A Deeper Look at Problem Isolation 271
Troubleshooting as Covered in This Book 273
Analyzing Switch Interface Status and Statistics 273
Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States 274
Interface Speed and Duplex Issues 275
Common Layer 1 Problems on Working Interfaces 277
Predicting Where Switches Will Forward Frames 279
Predicting the Contents of the MAC Address Table 279
Analyzing the Forwarding Path 281
Analyzing Port Security Operations on an Interface 282
Troubleshooting Shutdown Mode and Err-disabled Recovery 283
Troubleshooting Restrict and Protect Modes 284
Analyzing VLANs and VLAN Trunks 286
Ensuring That the Right Access Interfaces Are in the Right VLANs 287
Access VLANs Not Being Defined 287
Access VLANs Being Disabled 288
Mismatched Trunking Operational States 288

xviii

CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition
Chapter Summary 290
Review Questions 291
Chapter Review 293

Part III Review
Part IV

296

IP Version 4 Addressing and Subnetting

Chapter 13

Perspectives on IPv4 Subnetting

299

300

Foundation Topics 301
Introduction to Subnetting 301
Subnetting Defined Through a Simple Example 301
Operational View Versus Design View of Subnetting 302
Analyze Subnetting and Addressing Needs 303
Rules About Which Hosts Are in Which Subnet 303
Determining the Number of Subnets 304
Determining the Number of Hosts per Subnet 305
One Size Subnet Fits All—Or Not 306
Defining the Size of a Subnet 306
One-Size Subnet Fits All 307
Multiple Subnet Sizes (Variable-Length Subnet Masks) 307
This Book: One-Size Subnet Fits All (Mostly) 308
Make Design Choices 308
Choose a Classful Network 309
Public IP Networks 309
Growth Exhausts the Public IP Address Space 309
Private IP Networks 310
Choosing an IP Network During the Design Phase 311
Choose the Mask 311
Classful IP Networks Before Subnetting 312
Borrowing Host Bits to Create Subnet Bits 312
Choosing Enough Subnet and Host Bits 313
Example Design: 172.16.0.0, 200 Subnets, 200 Hosts 314
Masks and Mask Formats 314
Build a List of All Subnets 315
Plan the Implementation 316
Assigning Subnets to Different Locations 316
Choose Static and Dynamic Ranges per Subnet 318
Chapter Summary 319
Review Questions 319
Chapter Review 321

xix
Chapter 14

Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks 322

Foundation Topics 323
Classful Network Concepts 323
IPv4 Network Classes and Related Facts 323
The Number and Size of the Class A, B, and C Networks 324
Address Formats 325
Default Masks 325
Number of Hosts per Network 326
Deriving the Network ID and Related Numbers 326
Unusual Network IDs and Network Broadcast Addresses 328
Practice with Classful Networks 329
Practice Deriving Key Facts Based on an IP Address 329
Practice Remembering the Details of Address Classes 329
Chapter Summary 331
Review Questions 331
Chapter Review 332
Chapter 15

Analyzing Subnet Masks 336

Foundation Topics 337
Subnet Mask Conversion 337
Three Mask Formats 337
Converting Between Binary and Prefix Masks 338
Converting Between Binary and DDN Masks 338
Converting Between Prefix and DDN Masks 340
Practice Converting Subnet Masks 341
Identifying Subnet Design Choices Using Masks 341
Masks Divide the Subnet’s Addresses into Two Parts 342
Masks and Class Divide Addresses into Three Parts 343
Classless and Classful Addressing 344
Calculations Based on the IPv4 Address Format 344
Practice Analyzing Subnet Masks 346
Chapter Summary 347
Review Questions 348
Chapter Review 349

xx

CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition
Chapter 16

Analyzing Existing Subnets

352

Foundation Topics 353
Defining a Subnet 353
An Example with Network 172.16.0.0 and Four Subnets 353
Subnet ID Concepts 354
Subnet Broadcast Address 355
Range of Usable Addresses 356
Analyzing Existing Subnets: Binary 356
Finding the Subnet ID: Binary 356
Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address: Binary 358
Binary Practice Problems 359
Shortcut for the Binary Process 360
Brief Note About Boolean Math 361
Finding the Range of Addresses 361
Analyzing Existing Subnets: Decimal 362
Analysis with Easy Masks 362
Predictability in the Interesting Octet 363
Finding the Subnet ID: Difficult Masks 364
Resident Subnet Example 1 364
Resident Subnet Example 2 365
Resident Subnet Practice Problems 366
Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address: Difficult Masks 366
Subnet Broadcast Example 1 366
Subnet Broadcast Example 2 367
Subnet Broadcast Address Practice Problems 368
Practice Analyzing Existing Subnets 368
A Choice: Memorize or Calculate 368
Chapter Summary 369
Review Questions 370
Chapter Review 371

Part IV Review 374
Part V Implementing IPv4
Chapter 17

377

Operating Cisco Routers

378

Foundation Topics 379
Installing Cisco Routers 379
Installing Enterprise Routers 379
Cisco Integrated Services Routers
Physical Installation 381
Installing Internet Access Routers 381

380

xxi
Enabling IPv4 Support on Cisco Router Interfaces 383
Accessing the Router CLI 383
Router Interfaces 384
Interface Status Codes 385
Router Interface IP Addresses 386
Bandwidth and Clock Rate on Serial Interfaces
Router Auxiliary Port 390
Chapter Summary 391
Review Questions 392
Chapter Review 393
Chapter 18

388

Configuring IPv4 Addresses and Static Routes 396

Foundation Topics 398
IP Routing 398
IPv4 Routing Process Reference 398
An Example of IP Routing 400
Host Forwards the IP Packet to the Default Router (Gateway) 401
Routing Step 1: Decide Whether to Process the Incoming Frame 401
Routing Step 2: De-encapsulation of the IP Packet 402
Routing Step 3: Choosing Where to Forward the Packet 402
Routing Step 4: Encapsulating the Packet in a New Frame 403
Routing Step 5: Transmitting the Frame 404
Configuring IP Addresses and Connected Routes 404
Connected Routes and the ip address Command 404
The ARP Table on a Cisco Router 406
Routing Between Subnets on VLANs 407
Configuring Routing to VLANs Using 802.1Q on Routers 407
Configuring Routing to VLANs Using a Layer 3 Switch 411
Configuring Static Routes 412
Static Route Configuration 413
Static Host Routes 414
Static Routes with No Competing Routes 415
Static Routes with Competing Routes 415
Static Default Routes 417
Troubleshooting Static Routes 418
Troubleshooting Incorrect Static Routes that Appear in the IP Routing
Table 418
The Static Route Does Not Appear in the IP Routing Table 418
The Correct Static Route Appears but Works Poorly 419
Chapter Summary 420
Review Questions 421
Chapter Review 422

xxii

CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition
Chapter 19

Learning IPv4 Routes with RIPv2

426

Foundation Topics 427
RIP and Routing Protocol Concepts 427
History of Interior Gateway Protocols 427
Comparing IGPs 427
Distance Vector Basics 429
The Concept of a Distance and a Vector 429
Full Update Messages and Split Horizon 429
Split Horizon 430
Route Poisoning 431
Summarizing RIPv2 Features 432
Core RIPv2 Configuration and Verification 433
Configuring Core RIPv2 Features 433
Understanding the RIP network Command 433
RIP Configuration Example, with Many IP Networks 434
RIP Configuration Example, with One IP Network 435
RIPv2 Verification 436
Examining RIP Routes in the IP Routing Table 436
Comparing Routing Sources with Administrative Distance 438
Revealing RIP Configuration with the show ip protocols Command 439
Examining the Best RIP Routes Using RIP Database 440
Optional RIPv2 Configuration and Verification 440
Controlling RIP Updates with the passive-interface Command 441
Supporting Multiple Equal-Cost Routes with Maximum Paths 441
Understanding Autosummarization and Discontiguous Classful Networks 442
Verifying Optional RIP Features 444
RIPv2 Default Routes 446
Learning Default Routes Using Static Routes and RIPv2 446
Learning a Default Route Using DHCP 448
Troubleshooting RIPv2 449
Symptoms with Missing and Incorrect network Commands 450
Issues Related to Passive Interfaces 452
Issues Related to auto-summary 452
RIP Issues Caused by Other Router Features 453
Summary of RIP Troubleshooting Issues 453
Chapter Summary 454
Review Questions 456
Chapter Review 458
Chapter 20

DHCP and IP Networking on Hosts

460

Foundation Topics 461
Implementing and Troubleshooting DHCP
DHCP Concepts 461

461

xxiii
Supporting DHCP for Remote Subnets with DHCP Relay 462
Information Stored at the DHCP Server 464
DHCP Server Configuration on Routers 465
IOS DHCP Server Verification 467
Troubleshooting DHCP Services 468
DHCP Relay Agent Configuration Mistakes and Symptoms 469
IOS DHCP Server Configuration Mistakes and Symptoms 469
IP Connectivity from DHCP Relay Agent to DHCP Server 471
LAN Connectivity Between the DHCP Client and Relay Agent 471
Summary of DHCP Troubleshooting 472
Detecting Conflicts with Offered Versus Used Addresses 472
Verifying Host IPv4 Settings 473
IP Address and Mask Configuration 473
Name Resolution with DNS 475
Default Routers 475
IPv4 Address Types 477
Review of Unicast (Class A, B, and C) IP Addresses 477
IP Broadcast Addresses 478
IPv4 Multicast Addresses (Class D Addresses) 479
Comparing and Contrasting IP Address Types 481
Chapter Summary 482
Review Questions 483
Chapter Review 485

Part V Review 488
Part VI

IPv4 Design and Troubleshooting 493

Chapter 21

Subnet Design 494

Foundation Topics 495
Choosing the Mask(s) to Meet Requirements 495
Review: Choosing the Minimum Number of Subnet and Host Bits 495
No Masks Meet Requirements 496
One Mask Meets Requirements 497
Multiple Masks Meet Requirements 497
Finding All the Masks: Concepts 498
Finding All the Masks: Math 499
Choosing the Best Mask 499
The Formal Process 500
Practice Choosing Subnet Masks 500
Practice Problems for Choosing a Subnet Mask 500
Finding All Subnet IDs 501
First Subnet ID: The Zero Subnet 501
Finding the Pattern Using the Magic Number 502

xxiv CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition
A Formal Process with Less Than 8 Subnet Bits 503
Example 1: Network 172.16.0.0, Mask 255.255.240.0 504
Example 2: Network 192.168.1.0, Mask 255.255.255.224 505
Finding All Subnets with Exactly 8 Subnet Bits 506
Finding All Subnets with More Than 8 Subnet Bits 507
Process with 9–16 Subnet Bits 507
Process with 17 or More Subnet Bits 509
Practice Finding All Subnet IDs 509
Practice Problems for Finding All Subnet IDs 510
Chapter Summary 511
Review Questions 511
Chapter Review 513
Chapter 22

Variable-Length Subnet Masks 518

Foundation Topics 519
VLSM Concepts and Configuration 519
Classless and Classful Routing Protocols 519
VLSM Configuration and Verification 520
Finding VLSM Overlaps 521
Designing Subnetting Plans with VLSM 521
An Example of Finding a VLSM Overlap 523
Practice Finding VLSM Overlaps 524
Adding a New Subnet to an Existing VLSM Design 524
An Example of Adding a New VLSM Subnet 525
Chapter Summary 527
Review Questions 528
Chapter Review 529
Chapter 23

IPv4 Troubleshooting Tools

532

Foundation Topics 533
Problem Isolation Using the ping Command 533
Ping Command Basics 533
Strategies and Results When Testing with the ping Command 534
Testing Longer Routes from Near the Source of the Problem 534
Using Extended Ping to Test the Reverse Route 537
Testing LAN Neighbors with Standard Ping 539
Testing LAN Neighbors with Extended Ping 539
Testing WAN Neighbors with Standard Ping 540

xxv
Using Ping with Names and with IP Addresses 541
Problem Isolation Using the traceroute Command 542
traceroute Basics 542
How the traceroute Command Works 543
Standard and Extended traceroute 544
Using traceroute to Isolate the Problem to Two Routers 545
Telnet and SSH 547
Common Reasons to Use the IOS Telnet and SSH Client 547
IOS Telnet and SSH Examples 548
Chapter Summary 550
Chapter Review 550
Chapter 24

Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing

552

Foundation Topics 553
Problems Between the Host and the Default Router 553
Root Causes Based on a Host’s IPv4 Settings 553
Ensure IPv4 Settings Correctly Match 553
Mismatched Masks Impact Route to Reach Subnet 554
Typical Root Causes of DNS Problems 556
Wrong Default Router IP Address Setting 557
Root Causes Based on the Default Router’s Configuration 558
DHCP Issues 558
Router LAN Interface and LAN Issues 560
Problems with Routing Packets Between Routers 561
IP Forwarding by Matching the Most Specific Route 562
Using show ip route and Subnet Math to Find the Best Route 562
Using show ip route address to Find the Best Route 563
show ip route Reference 564
Routing Problems Caused by Incorrect Addressing Plans 565
Recognizing When VLSM Is Used or Not 565
Overlaps When Not Using VLSM 566
Overlaps When Using VLSM 567
Configuring Overlapping VLSM Subnets 568
Pointers to Related Troubleshooting Topics 569
Router WAN Interface Status 569
Filtering Packets with Access Lists 570
Chapter Summary 571
Chapter Review 571

xxvi CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition

Part VI Review 574
Part VII IPv4 Services: ACLs and NAT 579
Chapter 25

Basic IPv4 Access Control Lists

580

Foundation Topics 581
IPv4 Access Control List Basics 581
ACL Location and Direction 581
Matching Packets 582
Taking Action When a Match Occurs

583

Types of IP ACLs 583
Standard Numbered IPv4 ACLs 583
List Logic with IP ACLs 584
Matching Logic and Command Syntax 585
Matching the Exact IP Address 585
Matching a Subset of the Address with Wildcards 586
Binary Wildcard Masks 587
Finding the Right Wildcard Mask to Match a Subnet 587
Matching Any/All Addresses 588
Implementing Standard IP ACLs 588
Standard Numbered ACL Example 1 589
Standard Numbered ACL Example 2 590
Troubleshooting and Verification Tips 592
Practice Applying Standard IP ACLs 593
Practice Building access-list Commands 593
Reverse Engineering from ACL to Address Range 594
Chapter Summary 596
Review Questions 596
Chapter Review 597
Chapter 26

Advanced IPv4 Access Control Lists 602

Foundation Topics 603
Extended Numbered IP Access Control Lists 603
Matching the Protocol, Source IP, and Destination IP 603
Matching TCP and UDP Port Numbers 604
Extended IP ACL Configuration 607
Extended IP Access Lists: Example 1 608
Extended IP Access Lists: Example 2 609
Practice Building access-list Commands 610
Named ACLs and ACL Editing 610
Named IP Access Lists 611
Editing ACLs Using Sequence Numbers 612
Numbered ACL Configuration Versus Named ACL Configuration
ACL Implementation Considerations 615

614

xxvii
Troubleshooting with IPv4 ACLs 616
Analyzing ACL Behavior in a Network 616
ACL Troubleshooting Commands 618
Example Issue: Reversed Source/Destination IP Addresses 619
Steps 3D and 3E: Common Syntax Mistakes 620
Example Issue: Inbound ACL Filters Routing Protocol Packets 620
ACL Interactions with Router-Generated Packets 621
Local ACLs and a Ping from a Router 621
Router Self-Ping of a Serial Interface IPv4 Address 622
Router Self-Ping of an Ethernet Interface IPv4 Address 623
Chapter Summary 624
Review Questions 625
Chapter Review 626
Chapter 27

Network Address Translation 630

Foundation Topics 631
Perspectives on IPv4 Address Scalability 631
CIDR 631
Private Addressing 632
Network Address Translation Concepts 633
Static NAT 633
Dynamic NAT 636
Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation
NAT Configuration and Troubleshooting 638
Static NAT Configuration 638
Dynamic NAT Configuration 640
Dynamic NAT Verification 642
NAT Overload (PAT) Configuration 644
NAT Troubleshooting 646
Chapter Summary 648
Review Questions 649
Chapter Review 651

Part VII Review
Part VIII
Chapter 28

654

IP Version 6 659
Fundamentals of IP Version 6

660

Foundation Topics 661
Introduction to IPv6 661
The Historical Reasons for IPv6

661

637

xxviii

CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition
The IPv6 Protocols 663
IPv6 Routing 664
IPv6 Routing Protocols 666
IPv6 Addressing Formats and Conventions 666
Representing Full (Unabbreviated) IPv6 Addresses 667
Abbreviating and Expanding IPv6 Addresses 667
Representing the Prefix Length of an Address 669
Calculating the IPv6 Prefix (Subnet ID) 669
Finding the IPv6 Prefix 669
Working with More-Difficult IPv6 Prefix Lengths 671
Chapter Summary 672
Review Questions 673
Chapter Review 674
Chapter 29

IPv6 Addressing and Subnetting

678

Foundation Topics 679
Global Unicast Addressing Concepts 679
A Brief Review of Public and Private IPv4 Addresses 679
Review of Public IPv4 Addressing Concepts 679
Review of Private IPv4 Addressing Concepts 680
Public and Private IPv6 Addresses 681
The IPv6 Global Routing Prefix 682
Address Ranges for Global Unicast Addresses 683
IPv6 Subnetting Using Global Unicast Addresses 684
Deciding Where IPv6 Subnets Are Needed 684
The Mechanics of Subnetting IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses 685
Listing the IPv6 Subnet Identifier 687
List All IPv6 Subnets 687
Assign Subnets to the Internetwork Topology 688
Assigning Addresses to Hosts in a Subnet 688
Unique Local Unicast Addresses 689
Subnetting with Unique Local IPv6 Addresses 689
The Need for Globally Unique Local Addresses 690
Chapter Summary 691
Review Questions 692
Chapter Review 693
Chapter 30

Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers 694

Foundation Topics 695
Implementing Unicast IPv6 Addresses on Routers 695

xxix
Static Unicast Address Configuration 696
Configuring the Full 128-Bit Address 696
Enabling IPv6 Routing 697
Verifying the IPv6 Address Configuration 697
Generating a Unique Interface ID Using Modified EUI-64 699
Dynamic Unicast Address Configuration 702
Special Addresses Used by Routers 703
Link-Local Addresses 703
Link-Local Address Concepts 704
Creating Link-Local Addresses on Routers 704
Routing IPv6 with Only Link-Local Addresses on an Interface 706
IPv6 Multicast Addresses 706
Local Scope Multicast Addresses 706
Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses 708
Anycast Addresses 709
Miscellaneous IPv6 Addresses 710
IPv6 Addressing Configuration Summary 710
Chapter Summary 712
Review Questions 713
Chapter Review 714
Chapter 31

Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Hosts

718

Foundation Topics 719
The Neighbor Discovery Protocol 719
Discovering Routers with NDP RS and RA 719
Discovering Addressing Info for SLAAC with NDP RS and RA 720
Discovering Neighbor Link Addresses with NDP NS and NA 721
Discovering Duplicate Addresses Using NDP NS and NA 722
NDP Summary 723
Dynamic Configuration of Host IPv6 Settings 724
Dynamic Configuration Using Stateful DHCP and NDP 724
Differences Between DHCPv6 and DHCPv4 725
DHCPv6 Relay Agents 725
Using Stateless Address Auto Configuration 727
Building an IPv6 Address Using SLAAC 727
Combining SLAAC with NDP and Stateless DHCP 728
Troubleshooting IPv6 Addressing 729
Verifying Host IPv6 Connectivity from Hosts 729
Verifying Host Connectivity from Nearby Routers 731
Chapter Summary 734
Review Questions 735
Chapter Review 736

xxx

CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition
Chapter 32

Implementing IPv6 Routing 740

Foundation Topics 741
Connected and Local IPv6 Routes 741
Rules for Connected and Local Routes 741
Example of Connected IPv6 Routes 742
Examples of Local IPv6 Routes 743
Static IPv6 Routes 744
Static Routes Using the Outgoing Interface 744
Static Routes Using Next-Hop IPv6 Address 746
Example Static Route with a Global Unicast Next-Hop Address 746
Example Static Route with a Link-Local Next-Hop Address 747
Static Default Routes 748
Static IPv6 Host Routes 749
Floating Static IPv6 Routes 749
Default Routes with SLAAC on Router Interfaces 751
Troubleshooting Static IPv6 Routes 752
Troubleshooting Incorrect Static Routes That Appear in the IPv6 Routing
Table 752
The Static Route Does Not Appear in the IPv6 Routing Table 754
Chapter Summary 756
Review Questions 756
Chapter Review 758

Part VIII Review
Part IX

760

Network Device Management 763

Chapter 33

Device Management Protocols

764

Foundation Topics 765
System Message Logging (Syslog) 765
Sending Messages in Real Time to Current Users 765
Storing Log Messages for Later Review 766
Log Message Format 766
Log Message Severity Levels 767
Configuring and Verifying System Logging 768
The debug Command and Log Messages 770
Network Time Protocol (NTP) 771
Setting the Time and Timezone 772
Implementing NTP Clients, Servers, and Client/Server Mode 773
NTP Using a Loopback Interface for Better Availability 775
Analyzing Topology Using CDP and LLDP 776
Examining Information Learned by CDP 776
Configuring and Verifying CDP Itself 779
Implementing Link Layer Discovery Protocol 780
Chapter Summary 782
Review Questions 783
Chapter Review 784

xxxi
Chapter 34

Device Security Features

788

Foundation Topics 789
Securing IOS Passwords 789
Encrypting Older IOS Passwords with service password-encryption 789
Encoding the Enable Passwords with Hashes 790
Interactions Between Enable Password and Enable Secret 791
Making the Enable Secret Truly Secret with a Hash 791
Improved Hashes for Cisco’s Enable Secret 793
Hiding the Passwords for Local Usernames 794
Cisco Device Hardening 794
Configuring Login Banners 794
Securing Unused Switch Interfaces 796
Controlling Telnet and SSH Access with ACLs 797
Firewalls 797
Typical Location and Uses of Firewalls 798
Security Zones 799
Chapter Summary 801
Review Questions 802
Chapter Review 803
Chapter 35

Managing IOS Files

806

Foundation Topics 807
Managing Cisco IOS Images and Upgrades 807
The IOS File System 807
Upgrading IOS Images 808
Copying a New IOS Image to a Local IOS File System Using TFTP 809
Verifying IOS Code Integrity with MD5 811
Copying Images with FTP 811
Copying Images with SCP 812
The Cisco IOS Software Boot Sequence 813
The Configuration Register 814
How a Router Chooses Which OS to Load 815
Verifying the IOS Image Using the show version Command 817
Password Recovery 818
The General Ideas Behind Cisco Password Recovery/Reset 819
A Specific Password Reset Example 820
Managing Configuration Files 821
Copying and Erasing Configuration Files 822
Traditional Configuration Backup and Restore with the copy Command 822
Alternatives for Configuration Backup and Restore 823
Erasing Configuration Files 825
Initial Configuration (Setup Mode) 825
Chapter Summary 827
Review Questions 828
Chapter Review 829

xxxii

CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition
Chapter 36

IOS License Management

832

Foundation Topics 833
IOS Packaging 833
IOS Images per Model, Series, and per Software Version/Release 833
Original Packaging: One IOS Image per Feature Set Combination 834
New IOS Packaging: One Universal Image with All Feature Sets 834
IOS Software Activation with Universal Images 835
The Future: Cisco ONE Licensing 836
Managing Software Activation with Cisco License Manager 837
Manually Activating Software Using Licenses 838
Example of Manually Activating a License 839
Showing the Current License Status 840
Adding a Permanent Technology Package License 842
Right-to-Use Licenses 843
Chapter Summary 845
Review Questions 846
Chapter Review 846

Part IX Review
Part X

848

Final Review 851

Chapter 37

Final Review 852

Advice About the Exam Event 852
Learn the Question Types Using the Cisco Certification Exam Tutorial 852
Think About Your Time Budget Versus Number of Questions 853
A Suggested Time-Check Method 854
Miscellaneous Pre-Exam Suggestions 854
Exam-Day Advice 854
Reserve the Hour After the Exam in Case You Fail 855
Exam Review 856
Practice Subnetting and Other Math-Related Skills 856
Take Practice Exams 858
Practicing Taking the ICND1 Exam 858
Advice on How to Answer Exam Questions 859
Tak