A study of code switching as displayed by part-time lecturers of the English Department of Widya Mandala Catholic University - Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya Repository

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

CTIAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1

The Background
It

of

Study

the

known that

is

language

human beings.

It

differentiate

human beinqs

To

this

adalah

menbedakannya

rol-e in

The language
what

he

hlmself

cognitive

the

spoken

does

for

and

most

Language is
signals

(1988,2)

like

one' s

a

information

essential,

it

of

can

khas

manusiari
lain/

language plays

he

j_t conveys.

speaker

that

identif

comes

is,
j-es

from.

a flag

addition

Since

an

interactron.

who the

in

that

creatures)

a badge or

said

'.Bahasa

-mahluk

soci-al

where

membership

be

says

wj_th whom he

apparently
a uniform,

that

about

livj_ng,

that

characteristic

from other

process

for

,creatures.

other

pal-ing

claims

important

(1984,1)

one

tell_s

group

the

mahluk

is

human being

Marjohan
important

dari

language

differentiate

from

yang

ciri

very

characteristics

the

Nababan

satu

(translate:

is

one of

statement
salah

yanlt

is

is

which
to

the

communication

languase

is

an

important

their

express

people

qroups,

languages.

uses

or

with

others .

people
which

many kinds

only

are

where

we

and whatever

same

ft

it's

that

Choosing
kind

partlclpants,

the

1)

by

matters

of

to

that

socj-aI

the

that

same

soci_al

setting

in
us

same message maybe
people.

things

these

ask and to
a variety
paying

and

functions

involves

consi_derati_ons, -

and the

topic

She

language serves

Language provides

any of

wav

context

We use language to

the

the

who can hear

different

a fact

one

communicating

states

The

differently

saying

compliments,

different

while

language

information.

of

of

one

functions.

people

many ethnic

who speaks only

talking.

are

of

no individual-

talking.

very

a range of

in

j-nf luenced

goes on saying

the

may speak

is

they

ways

consists

Hol-mes (L992,

talk

expressed

socJ-ety that

There is

code

of

to

communicate,

ideas

feelings,

thoughts,

every

In

glve

to

have in mind.

they

and

people

for

instrument

the

or purpose of

interaction.
Although
speech

the

community

main characteristic
is

the

sharJ-ng

of

that

defines

one

linguistic

a

variety,

most

between

which

According

they

to

naturaf.

or

further
happen

informal

in'

that

this

most

code

1983,

of

the

two

switching
but

is

nati-ons

languages.

situations

1-2).

si-tuation

with

different

that

languages

(Marasigan

multilingual

speaking

explains

several

( 1 - 9 7 7, 1 ) ,

states

even

groups

have

switch

Hornby

He also

bilingual
ethnic

communities

or

are
more

Marasigan

does

n/if

also

in

nn

l rr

formal

situations.
People
of

language

classroom

switch
in

codes by using

certain

teaching

pertanyaan

dari

says

about what I've

there

code

He then
moleh
lets

go

teacher
1ittle
in

switching

continues

ae rek!"

"Baiklah
(A11 right

home then. )
who speaks

English

settlngs

"

penjelasan

questions
is

such

learning

teacher

example

setting

The

Baiklah

just

at

home,

For

students,

ada

(Okay students,

fndonesj-an

kalau
if
two

is

examples
Javanese

switches

such as a classroom.

any

shows that
to

Enqllsh.

gak ono questions

there

in

etc.

explained?)

Indonesian,

humorously

as

varieties

activj_ties,

tadi?"

from

distinct

these

no

yo

questions

show that

a

and maybe a
codes

even

Because Indonesia
groups,

many ethnic
one

language.

use at

(bahasa

languages.

According

many ethnic

41-8 kinds
most

of

some

of

languages
languages

communication.

r yc l
-I ! -i Lrvr ir r n

ri l ln

conversations
that

a

Ianguages.
Indonesian
and

because
that

i-n his

So
is

it

is

abouc

He claims
chance

nf1- an

r-h.rnna

use

verbal

are

different

that

to

their

have

are

so

manv

Ianguage
€rn-

while

One

having

people.

Lfamzon

ethnic
stands

quoted

as

Indonesia

a bilingual

nationaf

there

It

big

language

other

of

a

namely

vernacular

12),

Indonesia.

have

Thcrr

point

plurality

their

there

(1-9'79:260)argues that
of

and

is
group

with

languages,

fndonesj_a.

of

people,

other

two

in

another

L9

with

languages

T
r rnr d
\ ,n1n( Je tst i_ , _ _ a

1--^,,-^^
rarrg
Llcrgv

To

in

people

It

ethnic

in

consists

know more than

Nababan (1984,

to

different

different

least

Indonesia)

Indonesian

that

people

the

communicating

Indonesian

so

a country

most of

In

people

Indonesian

is

is

by

Nababan

a country

made up

groups,
to

reason

speaking

language,

culture,

in

his

Indonesian.

that

and
everv

vernacular
This

is,

however,
of

the

not

to

languages

imply

any place

of

fact,

including

Cathol j-c Univers-i tv tend

that

to

students.
that

At

the

the

tend

the

of

f here

switch

are

when

full-time

co-'e switch

could

happen

Wi-dya Mandala

of

many lecturers
teachinq

Department

both

proficiency

same.

classroom

Here -

English

to

Ievel

code switching

the

code

lecturers,

lecturers,

his

he speaks is

As a matter
in

that

it

their

al_so happens
part-time

and the

when teachinq

in

the

classroom.
There
l'rrr tha

have been studi_es on code swj_tching

cani nr

Department

of

as

I

far

as

-+.udents

know,

on the

Iecturers

of

writer

was

is

languages
make the

there

-

Mandala

t ^^

the

really
of

has

the

not

important
people

conversation

to
run

Enqli_sh

Unlversity
anv

but

research
part-time

Universj-tv.

The

studying

l-n

studying
that

the

done by the

interested

fact

of

been

Cathofic

because by
of

Catholic

code swj-tching

Widya

sociolinguistics

people

.Lg9LL

Wi-dya Mandala

conducted

became aware

and l_ecturers

done

it,

the

writer

speaking

with

other

and

understandi-ng

whom we are talklng
smoothly.

The writer

the

to

can

chose

as the area of

code switching

with

experiences
she

switch
Since

to

there

were

other

during

the

doer

the

in

are expert
wanted to

1.2

of

questions

l-j-ne with

teachi-ng
is

the reasons

to

the background

their

part-time
in

lecturers
the

who

writer

code switchinq.

of

the

were as fol-lows

i-n teachinq

code switch

to

process.

of

1. What languages are code switched

2. Why do the

Here

tended

learning
her

her

Prob].en

the

investigated

fecturers

campus.

the language teaching,

investiqate

of

on her

due to

some lecturers

code switchinq

using

The Statenents
In

code swi-tching

that

found

research

her

3. What effects

does

make on the

students ?

this

the

:

by the

part

time

student?

lecturers

teachinq

research,

their
code

have the

tendencv

students?
switching

activity

1.3

The Objectives
In

the

teaching
to

this

the

the

background

study

languages

part

time

and

the

intended
that

were code switched

lecturers

in

thei-r

classroom

activities

describe

the

reasons

part-tJ_me

the

Study
with

questions,

describe

by

Z.

the

accordance

research
l-. to

of

of

code switching

f ecturers

in

their

done by
classroom

teachj-ng activities

3. to describe
the part

1.4

the

time

lecturers

The Significance

of

The findings
more l-nput

to

of

this

study

of

the

English

effects

the

of

of

code

on their

thi_s thesis

also

students

are

expected

studies.

expexted

Department

Unj-versity

of

to

this

case

that

not

only

know about

text-books

their

services.

but

also

Besides,

the

students

understanding

in

from

from
the

qive

Widya Mandala Catholic

l-.^++^-

students

to

The findings

give

sociolinguistics.
the

made by

Study

Sociolinguistlc
are

switching

code

the

wrl-ter

switching,

on
so

code switchrng
experiences
al-so wants

of
to

give
is

1.5

contribution

to

sociolinguistics

The Limitation

as a part

of, the

The study
Part

limited

to

1.

subjects

The

lecturers

The

area

of

communl-cation

this

case

language teaching.

English

this

Dj_splayed by The

Department

in

the

the

stucry were

English

Mandala Cathol_ic University
2.

in

of Widya

Classroom,,

is

ways such as :
of

of

the

Uni_versity

several

of

..Code Switching
of

Catholic

teaching,

Study

about

Time Lectures

Mandala

language

analysis

was

that

takes

three

part

Department

of

time
Widva

Surabaya.
focused

on

pJ_ace

the

formal_

inside

the

theories

of

classroom.

1.6

The Theoretical

This
sociollngui
multilj-nguaf
In

Franework

study
stics

languages.

based

+L-.r

hi
I .i n ^'.
- l i ^*
vr_!_!rrguo_L_LDtLl/

ism and code swj_tching.

many parts

requirement

bras

of

of

daily

John

the wor1d,
life

Lyons

that

it

is

people

(1gBI,2gI)

just

a normal

speak

states

several

that

some

countries
in

are

the

officially

sense

that

or

regional

national
including

they

or

communities

have

are

their

daily

1ives.

In

most
are

not/

bilingual

members commonly use

more

they

or

their

or

two

whether

multilingual
that

and mul-tilingual

languages.

Indonesia,

bilingual

bilingual

two

offici-a1,
countries,
officially

there

are

or

multilingual

or

more

whol-e
that

languages

in

to Hornby (7977,3)

According

The
best
way
deal
to
with
the
language
variation
in
definition
would
seem
to
recogzrise
that
the
bi1ingual.ism
is
an
individualcharacteristic
that
may exist
to
the degrees
varying
from niniuat
conpetency
to
complete mastery of nore than one language.
The

theories

multilingualism

to

and muftilingualism
the

bj-1i-ngualism

were used to

code switching

at

of

English

note the

the

infl_uence of

towards

department

support

part

the

of

and

theory

of

bilinguatism

time

lecturers

Widya Mandala Cathofic

U nj - v e r s i t y .
Marasigan
the

use

Similar
(1980,56)

of
to

(1983,7) states

tiro
this

who

languages
view

states

is
that

that

in
the

the

code switching

same discourse.

statement

code

j_s

of

switchj-nq

Hudson
is

the

automatic

consequence of

sj-nce the

same speaker

reglsters
code

on the

switching

the

necessarily

different

of

registers,

uses

different

occasions.

to

used

existence

analyse

the

The theorv
data

in

of

this

study.
Sociolinguistics,
the

part

main

society

to

examine

influence

understand
itseff

one

ir-

from

/'

the

is

el-ements of

Ianguage

the

sentence)

because

study

ft

is

other.

the

(7984,
of

language takes
language

and

impossible

to

Sociolinquistics

words

Nababan

linguistlcs

and

it

one another.

without

comes

\\Iinrrrricf

as the study of

"socio"
2)

and

states

that

Ianguage especially

(such as phoneme, morpheme/ word

incl-uding

the

essence

and

Socio

connected

establishment

of

with

the group of peopte and the function

society,

people.

He

those

concludes

efements.

that

study of language relating
the soci-etv.

the

is

Sociolinguistics
to

is

the

of
the

the user of language in

1- 7 The Definitions
The

the

of

rnajor

terms

sociolinguistics,
To

to

define

2. Code is

to

according
3. Switch

is

switching

misinterpretation,

the

study

of

linguistic

it

and
is

of

language

in

forms which patterns
(Holmes, 1992:9).

social- factors

a

are

(Hudson, 1980:4).

society

to

code

study

then below:
is

any set

this

switch,

avoid

1. Sociolinguistics
relation

of

code,

bilingualism.
necessary

Key Te:ms.

change

from

one

language

to

another

(Hofmes, 1992:42).
4. Code switchj-ng

i-s the

m:v

cxi

is

si-

competency

languages

two

in

the

(Marasigan, 1983:7).

same discourse
5. Bilingual-j-sm

use of

an lndividuaf

trr

to

dorrraa<

characteristj_cs

rvrcrr rr yr r.rrt 'vi n r r

compJ_ete mastery

!f J _r \^J h
lrr

m
i ni-l
lrr-tl.r_LlLlct_L

more

of

that

than

one

Ianguage (Hornby, !9'l'7:I) .

1.8

The Organisation

of

This thesis
is

introductj-on

Background

of

the

Thesis.

consists
that

the

of

consists

study,

five
of

chapters.
eight

Statements

of

Chapter I

sub
the

topics:
problem,

il

Objective
Scope

study.

is

of

the

Chapter
explains

Chapter
the

The last

III

study.

Significance

limitation,

and

Definition

that

the

of

If

key
is

about
is

the

Data Analysis
chapter

the

of

Theoretical
terms

the
the

basic

Research

Related

theories

of

Methodology.

and Interpretation

,chapter

framework,

and Organisation

Review of

V, is

the

study,

of

Literature
the

study.

Chapter
of

the

IV

Findings.

Conclusion.